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-{"text": "Fritz Gazzera\n\nFritz Gazzera (4 December 1907 \u2013 5 January 1996) was a German fencer. He competed in the individual and team foil and team \u00e9p\u00e9e events at the 1928 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1907 births\nCategory:1996 deaths\nCategory:German male fencers\nCategory:Olympic fencers of Germany\nCategory:Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Bonn"}
-{"text": "Meoto Iwa\n\n, or the Married Couple Rocks, are two rocky stacks in the sea off Futami, Mie, Japan. They are joined by a shimenawa (a heavy rope of rice straw) and are considered sacred by worshippers at the neighboring Futami Okitama Shrine (). According to Shinto, the rocks represent the union of the creator of kami, Izanagi and Izanami. The rocks, therefore, celebrate the union in marriage of man and woman. The rope, which weighs over a ton, must be replaced several times a year in a special ceremony. The larger rock, said to be male, has a small torii at its peak.\n\nAt dawn during the summer, the sun appears to rise between the two rocks. Mount Fuji is visible in the distance. At low tide, the rocks are not separated by water.\n\nOkitama Shrine is dedicated to Sarutahiko \u014ckami and imperial food goddess Ukanomitama. There are numerous statues of frogs around the shrine. The shrine and the two rocks are near the Grand Shrine of Ise, the most important location of purification in Shinto.\n\nReferences\n\nJapan-guide\nA Day Tripper's Guide to Ise and Toba Japanzine By Zack Davisson\n\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Mie Prefecture\nCategory:Stacks of Japan\nCategory:Landforms of Mie Prefecture\nCategory:Rock formations of Japan\nCategory:Coasts of Japan\nCategory:Shinto in Japan\nCategory:Sexuality in Shinto\nCategory:Sacred rocks"}
-{"text": "Gr\u00e9zian\n\nGr\u00e9zian is a commune in the Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es department in south-western France.\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Hautes-Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es"}
-{"text": "Lawrence Timmons\n\nLawrence Olajuwon Timmons (born May 14, 1986) is a former American football linebacker.  He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. He would later win Super Bowl XLIII with the Steelers over the Arizona Cardinals. He played college football at Florida State.\n\nEarly years\nTimmons attended Wilson High School in Florence, South Carolina, where he played football and ran track. In football, he played tight end on offense and linebacker on defense. He was teammates with Justin Durant until his junior season. During his senior year, Timmons registered over 150 tackles and two sacks, while also catching 47 passes for over 800 yards and five touchdowns as a tight end, which earned him all-state first-team honors. He was also awarded as the Defensive Player of the Year and received Super Prep Elite 50 honors. He was also selected to play in the 2003 East-West Shrine Game.\n\nIn track & field, Timmons competed in the long jump event, recording a career-best leap of 6.55 meters at the 2003 SCHSL State Championships, where he placed sixth in the finals. He was also a member of the 4 \u00d7 100 m and 4 \u00d7 200 m relay squads and was timed at 4.6 seconds in the 40-yard dash.\n\nRegarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Timmons was ranked as the No. 5 outside linebacker prospect in the nation, just behind Brandon Siler. He took official visits to North Carolina, Florida State, Florida, and Tennessee, before committing to the Seminoles.\n\nCollege career\nIn his true freshman year, Timmons played in all 12 games including the Seminoles' Gator Bowl victory over West Virginia, although only limited minutes mainly on special teams and as a backup linebacker. He recorded 12 tackles, 11 of which were unassisted, which ranked second among the Seminole freshmen behind Jae Thaxton. A season-high three tackles came against Alabama\u2013Birmingham.\n\nAs a sophomore, Timmons ranked second on the Seminoles' depth chart at strongside linebacker behind Ernie Sims. He played in all 13 games, both at linebacker and on special teams, as well as defensive end in some third-and-long formations. Timmons finished the year with 35 tackles (17 solo), which ranked him third on the team behind Buster Davis and Sam McGrew, as well as three quarterback sacks, which also was third-best among all Seminoles behind Kamerion Wimbley and Marcello Church. His season-best performance came in the ACC Championship Game against Virginia Tech, when he recorded eight tackles, six solo, two quarterback sacks and two QB hurries.\n\nAfter Sims decided to forgo his senior season, Timmons took over as the starter at strongside linebacker. He had a great season recording 79 tackles and five sacks, and was honored with All-American third-team and All-Atlantic Coast Conference first-team. He finished his college career with 126 tackles and eight sacks.\n\nProfessional career\n\nPittsburgh Steelers\n\n2007 season\nTimmons was drafted by the Pittsburgh Steelers 15th overall in the 2007 NFL Draft. He began his rookie season as the backup right outside linebacker to James Harrison. He made his professional debut in the Steelers' season opener against the Cleveland Browns, making one tackle in the Steelers' victory. The following week, he made a season-high two solo tackles during a 26\u20133 victory over the Buffalo Bills. As a rookie, he was used rarely as a rotational player and on special teams but appeared in all 16 regular-season contests. He made 13 tackles throughout his rookie season.\n\n2008 season\nThe following season, he was moved over to right inside linebacker, backing up veteran Larry Foote on a Steelers defensive linebacking corps with veteran depth and talent that included himself, Foote, Harrison, LaMarr Woodley, and James Farrior. In the season opener, he made four solo tackles in a 38\u201317 victory over the Houston Texans. On September 29, 2008, Timmons made four combined tackles, a pass deflection, and sacked Baltimore Ravens' quarterback Joe Flacco for his first career sack as the Steelers defeated them, 23\u201320, in overtime on Monday Night Football. In Week 7, he had his best game of the season statistically, finishing with a season-high ten combined tackles and had a season-high two sacks after getting to Bengals' quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick twice during the Steelers' 38\u201310 victory. On November 3, 2008, Timmons earned his first career start during a victory over the Washington Redskins during Monday Night Football and finished the game with four combined tackles.\n\nOn November 30, he made four tackles and intercepted Patriots's quarterback Matt Cassel for his first career interception during the Steelers' 33\u201310 victory. On January 11, 2009, he played in his first career playoff game when the Steelers defeated the San Diego Chargers, 35\u201324, in the wildcard round. He finished the game with six combined tackles, three of them being solo. The Steelers defeated the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship and went on to play the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII. In his first Super Bowl, Timmons recorded five tackle, helping his team win, 27\u201323. He finished his second season with 65 tackles, five sacks and an interception, while starting three games and playing in all 16 regular-season contests.\n\n2009 season\nTimmons took over as starter for the 2009 season following the release of Larry Foote, who asked for his release, foreseeing Timmons's future emergence as the starter and increased playing time. Timmons was slated as the Steelers' starting right inside linebacker to begin the season but missed the season opener against the Tennessee Titans. He returned the following week, making three solo tackles and two pass deflections during a 14\u201317 loss to the Chicago Bears. The next game, he made his first start of the season during a loss to the Bengals and finished the game with three combined tackles and a pass deflection. During Week 5, Timmons made five tackles and forced two fumbles as the Steelers routed the Cleveland Browns, 27\u201314. He finished the 2009 season with a total of 78 combined tackles, 7 sacks, 4 pass deflections, and 3 forced fumbles in 13 starts and 14 games.\n\n2010 season\nTimmons started the season opener against the Atlanta Falcons and finished the 15\u20139 victory with 11 tackles. The next week, he recorded a career-high 15 combined tackles (12 solo) and a forced fumble during a win over the Tennessee Titans.\n\nIn 2010, he had a career year for the Steelers and finished off the season as the highest-rated inside linebacker by Pro Football Focus. He led the team with 135 tackles, and recorded 3 sacks, 9 pass deflections, 2 forced fumbles and 2 interceptions. The Steelers finished with the No. 1 run defense in the league, allowing only 63.2 yards per game. Timmons started 15 of the 16 regular season game,  while playing in all of them.\n\nAt the end of the 2010 season, Timmons and the Steelers appeared in Super Bowl XLV against the Green Bay Packers. He was a starter and had three total tackles in the 31\u201325 loss.\n\n2011 season\nOn August 23, 2011, the Steelers gave Timmons a five-year, $47.79 million contract extension that included $11 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million for his performance throughout the 2010 NFL season. His rookie deal expired at the end of the 2010 season and he was a free agent; however, the Steelers signed him to an extension after the NFL lockout was resolved. In the season opener against the Ravens, he collected a season-high 12 tackles as the Steelers lost, 7\u201335. Timmons' numbers dropped from the previous season due to his moving from his normal inside linebacker position to outside linebacker, filling in for an injured James Harrison. He recorded 93 tackles, 2.0 sacks, 2 forced fumbles, and an interception.\n\n2012 season\nHe started the season making five solo tackles in a 19\u201331 loss to the Denver Broncos. During a Week 6 contest against the Tennessee Titans, he made six total tackles and intercepted Titans quarterback Matt Hasselbeck for his first pick of the season. On November 25, 2016, Timmons racked up ten combined tackles and intercepted Brandon Weeden and scored a 52-yard touchdown for the first of his career. The Steelers went on to lose to the Browns 14\u201320. During Week 14, he made a season-high 11 solo tackles in a loss to the San Diego Chargers. He finished his sixth NFL season with a total of 106 tackles, 6.0 sacks, 2 forced fumbles and a career-high 3 interceptions. This was his first season starting all 16 regular season contests.\n\n2013 season\nOn October 20, 2013, Timmons collected a season-high 17 tackles (12 solo) during a 17\u201313 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.\n\nIn 2013, Timmons led the team with 126 tackles, 3.0 sacks, 2 interceptions, and a forced fumble.  This was the second time in the last 3 years he led the team in tackles. He started all 16 games for the second consecutive year.\n\n2014 season\nOn September 11, 2014, he made 12 total tackles during a 6\u201326 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. On October 20, Timmons made a season-high 11 solo tackles and an assisted tackle against the Houston Texans. During a Week 10 loss to the Jets, he collected a season-high 13 combined tackles. On December 21, 2014, Timmons tied his season-high of 13 combined tackles during a 20\u201312 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs.\n\nHe had another excellent season and was recognized for it by being named to his first career Pro Bowl on December 23, 2014. On January 2, 2015, Lawrence Timmons was named Second-Team All-Pro for the first time of his career. He finished the 2014 season with 132 combined tackles, 87 solo tackles, and two sacks. He played in all 16 games for the third consecutive season.\n\n2015 season\nDuring Week 4 of the 2015 season, Timmons had a season-high 11 tackles and sacked Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco for his first of the season during a 20\u201323 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. On October 18, 2015, he had six combined tackles and intercepted Carson Palmer in a 25\u201313 defeat over the Arizona Cardinals. On January 3, 2016, he recorded ten combined tackles and a season-high 1.5 sacks in a 28\u201312 win over the Cleveland Browns. Timmons finished the season with 119 combined tackles, 77 solo tackle, one interception, and a forced fumble.\n\nThe Pittsburgh Steelers finished the season 10\u20136 and received a playoff berth. On January 9, 2016, Timmons recorded four combined tackles in an 18\u201316 AFC Wildcard victory over the Cincinnati Bengals. On January 17, 2016, he made six combined tackles in a 23\u201316 divisional loss to the eventual Super Bowl champions, the Denver Broncos.\n\n2016 season\nOn October 20, 2016, the Steelers lost to the New England Patriots and Timmons racked up a season-high 11 solo tackles during the game. In Week 11, Timmons recorded eight combined tackles and made his first sack of the season in a 24\u20139 victory over the Cleveland Browns. During Week 13, he made seven combined tackles and intercepted New York Giant's quarterback Eli Manning and returned it 58-yards. He finished the season with 114 combined tackles, 2.5 sacks, 5 pass deflections, two interceptions, and a forced fumble in 16 games and 16 starts.\n\nOn January 8, 2017, Timmons recorded a team-leading 14 combined tackles and sacked quarterback Matt Moore twice in a 30\u201312 AFC Wild Card Round victory over the Miami Dolphins.\n\nMiami Dolphins\nOn March 10, 2017, Timmons signed a two-year, $12 million contract with the Miami Dolphins.\n\nOn September 19, 2017, the Dolphins suspended Timmons indefinitely after he went missing before the team's Week 2 match-up against the Los Angeles Chargers. It was revealed that Timmons was reported missing from the team's hotel in Los Angeles, and the Dolphins filed a missing persons report. Timmons was later found at the Los Angeles International Airport, but was headed to see his daughter who lives in Pennsylvania. On September 26, 2017, Timmons was reinstated by the team.\n\n2018\nOn March 13, 2018, Timmons was released by the Dolphins.\n\nNFL statistics\n\nPersonal life\nTimmons's mother, a huge basketball fan, named Timmons after NBA legend and Basketball Hall of Famer Hakeem Olajuwon by giving him the middle name Olajuwon.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\nPittsburgh Steelers bio\nFlorida State Seminoles bio\n\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American players of American football\nCategory:American football linebackers\nCategory:Florida State Seminoles football players\nCategory:Miami Dolphins players\nCategory:Pittsburgh Steelers players\nCategory:Players of American football from South Carolina\nCategory:Sportspeople from Florence, South Carolina\nCategory:Super Bowl champions\nCategory:Unconferenced Pro Bowl players"}
-{"text": "Sacachispas F\u00fatbol Club\n\nSacachispas F\u00fatbol Club is an Argentine football club from the Villa Soldati district of Buenos Aires. The team currently plays in Primera B Metropolitana, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system.\n\nHistory\n\nIn 1948, Roberto Gonz\u00e1lez and Aldo V\u00e1zquez, neighbors of Nueva Pompeya at the south of Buenos Aires, decided to form a football team to play the Evita championships. V\u00e1zquez played at River Plate lower divisions and contacted former player Carlos Peucelle (who was the coordinator by then) with the objective of River Plate allowed some of its players to play for the recently formed team.\n\nThe name \"Sacachispas\" was taken from the fictitious squad that starred in Pelota de Trapo, a movie that had been a huge success in Argentina. Sacachispas reached the Evita championship final at Estadio Monumental, with president Juan Per\u00f3n and his wife Eva Duarte (who had given her name to the tournament) attending the match. After Per\u00f3n noted that Sacachispas did not have a field, he made the arrangements to get a land where the club could build a stadium.\n\nThe first stadium was built in Lacarra and Corrales Avenue. The club set an official date of foundation on October 17, 1948, as a tribute to Per\u00f3n's intercession. Sacachispas affiliated to the Argentine Football Association in 1954, winning the Primera D tournament in its debut season. Nevertheless, Sacachispas has never reached the Primera Divisi\u00f3n.\n\nIn 2012, the club changed its name to \"Sacachispas Mercado Central F\u00fatbol Club\", after an agreement signed with Club Atl\u00e9tico Mercado Central, the sports club of Mercado Central de Buenos Aires. The agreement stated that the Mercado Central would make a monthly payment of $ 100,000 to Sacachispas. This agreement was an alliance but not a merger of both clubs.\n\nNevertheless, the agreement between Sacachispas and Mercado Central came to an end in 2014 and Sacachispas returned to its original name and emblem.\n\nTitles\nPrimera C: 2016\u201317\nPrimera D: 1954, 1999\u201300, 2002\u201303\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1948\nCategory:Football clubs in Buenos Aires\nCategory:1948 establishments in Argentina"}
-{"text": "Paladins (video game)\n\nPaladins: Champions of the Realm is a free-to-play online Hero shooter video game by Hi-Rez Studios. The game was developed by Evil Mojo Games, an internal studio of Hi-Rez, and was released in 2016 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.\n\nPlot\n\nPaladins: Champions of the Realm takes place in a sci-fi fantasy world. There are elements of both fantasy and science fiction, including medieval-looking soldiers who use ranged weapons such as shotguns and assault rifles instead of swords.\n\nIn the world of Paladins, there is a conflict between two factions; the Magistrate and the Paladins. Champions were recruited in order to minimize casualties of regular foot soldiers. The champions would be considered \"special forces\" as they are more efficient at combat than a regular soldier. Not all champions are committed, however. There were a few who did not pick sides during the war, rather they would contract with both, rendering them mercenaries. The rest of these special forces were committed to a faction, either the magistrate or the paladins/resistance. There are also minor factions in the game as well, the \"Abyss\", the \"Thousand Hands\" and the \"Pyre\".\n\nGameplay\n\nPaladins provides various characters, called Champions, for the players to choose during their gaming sessions. Each of these Champions falls into one of the following categories: Front Line, Damage, Support, and Flank. Being a team-based shooter, players must rely on strategy, character knowledge, coordination, and teamwork in order to attain victory. Players may use VGS, along with text and voice chat to communicate. A good team will have a balanced choice of classes that will support each other during the game.\n\nGame modes\nThere are different gameplay modes for Paladins:\n\nSiege: The 'main' Paladins game mode, two teams of 5 race against each other to capture the map's central capture point and, if successful, push a payload that spawns from it to the enemy base. Each successful push or capture grants one point. Preventing the enemy team from pushing the payload also grants one point. The first team to score four points wins the game. A team cannot score their fourth point on defense, however, meaning that the team must capture a point or push the payload to win.\nOnslaught: Teams battle over a large combat area in an attempt to take point control and earn points. Along with holding an uncontested presence on the control point, slaying enemy players also scores points for the team, akin to a team deathmatch.\nTeam Deathmatch: A classic game mode in most first-person shooter games, where two teams fight against each other to score kills. The first team to score 40 kills wins the game.\nRanked: The same game mode as Siege, however when players are choosing a champion, each team can pick two champions to ban, which makes them unavailable for either team. Also, each team can see the opponent's champions that are picked and selected, and once a champion is picked by any player on a team, the other team cannot use that same champion.\nMonthly Quests and Battle Pass: You can compete in quests and monthly battle pass quests to earn skins, crystals, and chests. Note you can complete Quests and Battle Pass objectives in training matches, but not in custom matches.\n\nChampions \nThe game has 44 playable characters, called champions, each with unique abilities, talents and load outs. New champions are added thorough the year, and the rotate free playable characters monthly. and The champions are organised into 4 categories: Front Line, Damage, Supports and Flanks. There are 11 front line, 14 damage, 9 support and 10 flank champions. Front line champions are the tanks of the game and specialized in holding objectives. Damage champions have the ability to deal the most amount of damage in a game. Supports have abilities centered around healing teammates while also dealing damage of their own. Flanks have strong mobility and were designed to deal damage and secure kills in the enemies' back line.\n\nFront Lines \n\n Ash\n Atlas\n Barik\n Fernando\n Inara\n Khan\n Makoa\n Raum\n Ruckus\n Terminus\n Torvald\n\nDamages \n\n Bomb King\n Cassie\n Dredge\n Drogoz\n Imani\n Kinessa\n Lian\n Sha Lin\n Strix\n Tiberius [New]\n Tyra\n Viktor\n Vivian\n Willo\n\nSupports \n\n Furia\n Grohk\n Grover\n Io\n Jenos\n Mal'Damba\n Pip\n Series\n Ying\n\nFlanks \n\n Androxus\n Buck\n Evie\n Koga\n Lex\n Maeve\n Moji\n Skye\n Talus\n Zhin\n\nReception\n\nIn response to accusations that the game is an Overwatch clone, Hi-Rez COO Todd Harris said that \"Overwatch was not the inspiration for Paladins\", and \"the game that deserves the most credit is Team Fortress 2\".\n\nThe game was nominated for \"Best Competitive Game\" at the 2018 Golden Joystick Awards.\n\nSee also\nRealm Royale \u2013 previously Paladins: Battlegrounds. Realm Royale is a battle royale spinoff game that involves similar characters and weapons as Paladins. This game is free to play and available on all platforms.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2018 video games\nCategory:Early access video games\nCategory:First-person shooter multiplayer online games\nCategory:Free-to-play video games\nCategory:MacOS games\nCategory:Nintendo Switch eShop games\nCategory:PlayStation 4 games\nCategory:PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games\nCategory:Video games developed in the United States\nCategory:Windows games\nCategory:Xbox One games\nCategory:Unreal Engine games\nCategory:Hero shooters\nCategory:Video games containing battle passes"}
-{"text": "Semyonovskaya, Ivanovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast\n\nSemyonovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Ivanovskoye Rural Settlement, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2002.\n\nGeography \nThe distance to Lipin Bor is 53 km, to Ivanovskaya is 2 km. Ivanovskaya  is the nearest rural locality.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Vologda Oblast"}
-{"text": "Timothy Alden\n\nRev Timothy Alden, Jun. (Yarmouth, Massachusetts, August 28, 1771 \u2013 July 5, 1839) was an educator and founder of Allegheny College. After receiving a  theology degree from Harvard University in 1794, he was appointed as a pastor in 1799. As an educator, he held posts in Boston, Cincinnati, and Newark. He founded Allegheny College in 1817, and held the post of President there for 14 years.\n\nFounder of Allegheny College \nAllegheny College was founded in April 1815 by Alden, a graduate of Harvard Divinity School. The college was historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church after 1833, although it is currently non-sectarian.\n\nThe first class, consisting of four male students, began their studies on July 4, 1816, without any formal academic buildings. Within six years, Alden accumulated sufficient funds to begin building a campus. The first building erected, the library, was designed by Alden himself, and is a notable example of early American architecture. Bentley Hall is named in honor of William Bentley, who donated his private library to the College, a collection of considerable value and significance. In 1824, Thomas Jefferson wrote to Alden, expressing the hope that his University of Virginia could someday possess the richness of Allegheny's library.\n\nAlden served as president of the college until 1831, when financial and enrollment difficulties forced his resignation.\n\nLiterary works \nHe wrote \"Missions among the Senecas,\" and prepared a catalogue of the New York historical society's library. He died July 5, 1839.\n\nCourtship of Myles Standish \n\nSet against the backdrop of a fierce Indian war, the tale focuses on a love triangle among three Pilgrims: Myles Standish, Priscilla Mullens, and John Alden. Longfellow claimed the story was true, but the historical evidence is inconclusive. Nevertheless, the ballad was very popular in nineteenth-century America, immortalizing the Mayflower Pilgrims.\n\nIn 1814, Rev. Alden was the first to publish a popular family tradition about the love triangle of his Mayflower pilgrim ancestors in his book American Epitaphs.  This story would later become famous in a poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called The Courtship of Miles Standish.  Both are direct descendants of pilgrims John Alden and Priscilla Mullins.\n\nThe families of the alleged lovers remained close for several generations, and intermarried, moving together to Duxbury, Massachusetts, in the late 1620s. Descendants still retell the love triangle of their ancestors; the story is nearly 400 years old now.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1771 births\nCategory:1839 deaths\nCategory:Methodist ministers\nCategory:American Methodist missionaries\nCategory:Methodist missionaries in the United States\nCategory:Harvard Divinity School alumni\nCategory:People from Yarmouth, Massachusetts\nCategory:Presidents of Allegheny College"}
-{"text": "Gordon H. Winton\n\nGordon H. Winton  (August 21, 1913 - ?) served in the California legislature and during World War II he served in the United States Navy.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American military personnel of World War I\nCategory:Members of the California State Legislature\nCategory:1913 births\nCategory:year of death missing"}
-{"text": "Luiggy Llanos\n\nLuiggy Llanos Cruz (born August 22, 1978 in R\u00edo Piedras, Puerto Rico) is a male  decathlete from Puerto Rico.\n\nBiography\nHe set his personal best (7704 points) at the 2003 Pan American Games in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, where he claimed the silver medal.\n\nAchievements\n\nExternal links\n\nsports-reference\n\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Puerto Rican decathletes\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2003 Pan American Games\nCategory:Olympic track and field athletes of Puerto Rico\nCategory:People from R\u00edo Piedras, Puerto Rico\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCategory:Pan American Games silver medalists for Puerto Rico"}
-{"text": "Barbara Hines (disambiguation)\n\nBarbara Hines is an American artist.\n\nBarbara Hines may also refer to:\nBarbara Hines (baseball), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League ballplayer\nBarbara Hines (lawyer), American immigration attorney"}
-{"text": "Mala Mala (film)\n\nMala Mala is a 2014 Puerto Rican documentary film directed by Antonio Santini and Dan Sickles, starring Jason \"April\" Carri\u00f3n, Samantha Close and Ivana Fred. The film shows several stories of the transgender community in Puerto Rico, including April Carrion, well-known drag queen who participated in the reality show RuPaul's Drag Race. Mala Mala also includes the historic victory of the LGBT community with the approval and signature of Law 238-2014 (in Puerto Rico), which prevents discrimination in employment based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity. Mala Mala has been presented in festivals around the world, including London, Ukraine, Los Angeles, Austin, Costa Rica and Mexico. In addition to schools such as The Boston Conservatory at Berklee, University of Pennsylvania, New York University and Harvard University.\n\nCast\nJason Carri\u00f3n as Himself / as April Carri\u00f3n\nSamantha Close as Herself\nIvana Fred as Herself\nCarlos Pascual as Himself / as Queen Bee Ho\nPaxx Moll as Themself\nAlberic Prados as Himself / as Zahara Montiere\nDenise \"Sandy\" Rivera as Herself\nSoraya Santiago Solla as Herself\nSophia Voines as Herself\n\nCritical reception\nCritical reception for Mala Mala has been very positive. Writing for Out, Max McCormack describes that \"Santini's and Sickles's style is as much a piece of modern investigation as it is a nod to films that came before. There are references to Paris is Burning, Pedro Almod\u00f3var features, Valley of the Dolls, and even '90s Nickelodeon stylistic choices. The two men hope to make an impact in driving this notoriously ignored issue forward.\"\n\nIn The Huffington Post, Priscilla Frank said that the film \"shows a life in which the line between performance and reality fades away, where fantasy and fact contribute to one's reality. Mala Mala provides a thought-provoking look at where gender identity and cultural identity intersect, while showing that life still revolves around the search for selfhood and the love between friends\".\n\nFrank Scheck from The Hollywood Reporter reviewed the film after their showcase at the Tribeca Film Festival,\n\nThe film examines the myriad personal issues of its interviewees who emerge as articulate spokespeople for their largely marginalized subculture. Sure to be a staple at gay-themed film festivals, the film should garner significant attention upon its commercial release. Its subjects are indeed a fascinating and diverse lot. Interspersed with the insightful interviews are glossily photographed scenes of the subjects clearly relishing playing to the camera, from Alberic sexily splashing about in his bathtub to Samantha bathing nude in a river to Sophia lip-synching a Barbra Streisand song using a dildo for a microphone.\n\nDiana Clarke wrote for The Village Voice, \"In the Puerto Rican queer and drag communities, \"mala\" is used to mean something closer to \"fierce.\" How rare and necessary to find a beautifully shot, kind and immersive movie that centers the stories and lives of brown transgender folks. This film does not pander. Rather, it demands that the viewer rise to the occasion.\"\n\nIn December 2015 The Advocate published its list of \"The 10 Best LGBT Documentaries of 2015\" where Mala Mala figured as a favorite.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nSee also\n List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films of 2014\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2014 films\nCategory:2010s documentary films\nCategory:2010s LGBT-related films\nCategory:American LGBT-related films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:LGBT in Puerto Rico\nCategory:Puerto Rican films\nCategory:Puerto Rican documentary films\nCategory:Killer Films films\nCategory:Transgender-related documentary films"}
-{"text": "Guam\u00e1 River (Cuba)\n\nGuam\u00e1 River (Cuba) is a river of southern Cuba.\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Cuba\n\nReferences\nThe Columbia Gazetteer of North America. 2000.\n\nCategory:Rivers of Cuba"}
-{"text": "Duhonw\n\nDuhonw is a rural community in Powys, Wales, to the south of Builth Wells (), in the historic county of Breconshire, comprising scattered farms and dwellings. Covering an area of , it is bounded to its north by the Afon Irfon, to its south by Mynydd Epynt and Banc y Celyn (472m) and to its east the rivers Duhonw and Wye (). Llangammarch Wells' () is to its west.\n\nIts population was 294, according to the 2011 census; a 2% fall since the 300 people noted in 2001.\n\nThe 2011 census showed 14.6% of the population could speak Welsh, a rise from 9.2% in 2001.\n\nDuhonw Community Council was created following a 1985 review by the Local Government Boundary Commission for Wales, amalgamating the four small communities of Llanddewi'r Cwm, Llangynog, Llanynis and Maesmynis.\n\nDuhonw is part of the Sennybridge Training Area, and is listed as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.\n\nSee also\nBuellt - for the area's history\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\nList of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Brecknock\n\nCategory:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Brecknock"}
-{"text": "Georg J. Lober\n\nGeorg John Lober (November 7, 1891 \u2013 December 14, 1961) was an American sculptor best known for his 1959 statue of composer George M. Cohan situated in Times Square, a 1949 sculpture of statesman Thomas Paine in Morristown, New Jersey, and a bronze sculpture of Swedish writer Hans Christian Andersen located in Central Park, Manhattan. He served for nearly two decades as executive secretary for the New York City Municipal Art Commission, from 1943 to 1960.\n\nBackground\nBorn in Chicago, Illinois in 1892, Lober moved to Keyport, New Jersey as a teenager. Lober studied sculpture at the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design and at the National Academy of Design. He apprenticed to sculptor Gutzon Borglum, who is credited with the statesmen at Mount Rushmore.\n\nCareer\nLober's first major works were bas reliefs of Robert Fulton, inventor of the steamship, and explorer Henry Hudson in 1909. A bronze statue of Eve that he created for the 1939 New York World's Fair in Flushing, Queens was destroyed by vandals. A 1949 sculpture of Revolutionary War figure Thomas Paine is located in Morristown, New Jersey's Burnham Park.\n\nLober was appointed to the New York City Municipal Art Commission in 1942; it was responsible for supervising the artistic quality of all city matters. He served as its executive secretary from 1943 to 1960. \n\nIn 1946 he and the Commission were tasked by Mayor of New York City William O'Dwyer to restore portraits in New York City Hall that had deteriorated severely. A June 1950 editorial in The New York Times thanked Lober and the Art Commission, saying that they \"deserve a pat on the back for their careful and painstaking work\" in preserving the city's heritage for future generations.\n\nLober created an  seated figure of Hans Christian Andersen on a granite bench for New York City's Central Park, which was installed in 1956. It was cast in bronze at Long Island City's Modern Art Foundry. The statue was designed to accompany an outdoor center for story-telling, and was placed on a 40-foot square stone platform surrounded by benches, trees and shrubs. The $75,000 cost of the monument was covered in part by contributions from Danish and American schoolchildren. Lober returned to the theme with his 1955 medal commemorating the 150th anniversary of Anderson's birth, created for the Society of Medalists.\n\nComposer Oscar Hammerstein II was the chairman of a committee that selected Lober and architect Otto F. Langmann to develop a statue of composer, playwright, and actor George M. Cohan. It was installed in Father Duffy Square on Broadway at the northern end of Times Square in Midtown Manhattan. The statue was formally unveiled and dedicated on September 11, 1959 by Mayor Robert F. Wagner.\n\nDenmark\nIn 1912, Lober created an emblem for the Rebild National Park (Danish: Rebild Bakker] in Rebild, Region Nordjylland, Denmark. He also made a bronze relief of United States President Abraham Lincoln that was installed in Rebild National Park. Lober's bronze portrait of native son Hans Christian Andersen is in the Odense Museum. Denmark recognized Lober in 1950 with an appointment as a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog.\n\nPersonal life\nLober lived at 33 West 67th Street in Manhattan. He died on December 14, 1961, and was interred in St. Joseph's Cemetery in Keyport.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nArchives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. Georg John Lober papers.\n\nCategory:1892 births\nCategory:1961 deaths\nCategory:Artists from Chicago\nCategory:People from Keyport, New Jersey\nCategory:Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog\nCategory:20th-century American sculptors\nCategory:American male sculptors\nCategory:Sculptors from Illinois\nCategory:People from the Upper West Side"}
-{"text": "Dassault Mercure\n\nThe Dassault Mercure is a twin-engined narrow-body jet-powered airliner developed and manufactured by French aircraft firm Dassault Aviation. According to Dassault, it was the first large-scale European cooperative civil aeronautics programme. The Mercure 100 was the first commercial airliner operated by an entirely female crew.\n\nDuring 1967, the Mercure was proposed as a French counterpart to the American Boeing 737. It was Dassault's first venture into the commercial jet airliner market, the company having traditionally built fighters and executive jets. On 28 May 1971, the prototype conducted its maiden flight, while the type entered service on 4 June 1974 with French airline Air Inter.\n\nAttempts were made to market the type in the US, including partnerships with American manufacturers Douglas, Lockheed and General Dynamics, with the vision of producing it in the United States. However, the Mercure had very little success on the market, which has been attributed to several factors, including a lack of range in comparison to rival aircraft. As a consequence, there were only 12 aircraft constructed, all of which having been built between 1971 and 1975. The Mercure performed its final flight in 1995.\n\nDevelopment\n\nOrigins\nDuring the mid-1960s, Marcel Dassault, the founder and owner of French aircraft company Dassault Aviation, as well as other parties such as the French Directorate General for Civil Aviation (DGAC), examined the civil aviation market and noticed that there was no existing aircraft that was intended specifically to serve low-distance air routes. Thus, it was found that there could be a prospective market for such an airliner, if it were to be developed. The DGAC was keen to promote a French equivalent to the popular American Boeing 737, and suggested the development of a 140-seat airliner to Dassault.\n\nIn 1967, with the issuing of backing by the French government, Dassault decided to commence work on its short-haul airliner concept. During 1968, the initial studies performed by the company's research team were orientated around a 110 to 120-seat airliner which was powered by a pair of rear-mounted Rolls Royce Spey turbofan engines; as time went on, a specification for a 150-seat aircraft with a 1000-km range (540\u00a0nm) was developed. As envisioned, the new airliner would attack this market segment at the upper end with a 140-seat jetliner, contrasting against the 100-seat Boeing 737-100 and the 115-seat Boeing 737-200 variants then in production. In April 1969, the development programme was officially launched.\n\nThis aircraft was viewed as being a major opportunity for Dassault to demonstrate upon the civilian market its knowledge of high-speed aerodynamics and low-speed lift capability that had previously been developed in the production of a long line of jet fighters, such as the Ouragan, Myst\u00e8re and Mirage aircraft. The French Government contributed 56 per cent of the programme's total development costs, which was intended to be repaid by Dassault via a levy on sales of the airliner, the company also financed the initiative with $10 million of its own money, as well as being mainly responsible for costs related to manufacture.\n\nAccording to aerospace publication Flight International, the design of the new airliner had been shaped by Dassualt's \"philosophy of aiming the aircraft at a corner of the market which it believes existing types do not adequately serve\". Marcel Dassault decided to name the aircraft Mercure (French for Mercury). \"Wanting to give the name of a god of mythology, I found of them only one which had wings with its helmet and ailerons with its feet, from where the Mercure name..\" said Marcel Dassault. Extremely modern computer tools for the time were used to develop the wing of the Mercure 100. Even though it was larger than the Boeing 737, the Mercure 100 was the faster of the two. In June 1969, a full scale mockup was presented during the Paris Airshow at Le Bourget Airport. On 4 April 1971, the prototype Mercure 01 rolled out of Dassault's Bordeaux-Merignac plant.\n\nOn 28 May 1971, the maiden flight of the first prototype, powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney JT8D-11 turbofan engines, capable of generating up to 6800\u00a0kg of thrust, took place at M\u00e9rignac. On 7 September 1972, the second prototype, which was powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15 engines, which would be used on all subsequent Mercures built, flew for the first time. On 19 July 1973, the first production aircraft conducted its maiden flight. On 12 February 1974, the Mercure received its Type certificate and, on 30 September 1974, was certified for Category IIIA approach all-weather automatic landing (minimum visibility = 500\u00a0ft, minimum ceiling = 50\u00a0ft). The Mercure 100 was also the first commercial airliner to be operated by a 100% female crew on one of its flights.\n\nDassault tried to attract the interest of major airlines and several regional airlines, touting the Mercure 100 as a replacement for the Douglas DC-9. A few airlines showed some initial interest but only Air Inter, a domestic French airline, placed an order. This lack of interest was due to several factors, including the devaluation of the dollar and the oil crisis of the 1970s, but mainly because of the Mercure's operating range \u2013 suitable for domestic European operations but unable to sustain longer routes; at maximum payload, the aircraft's range was only 1,700\u00a0km. Consequently, the Mercure 100 achieved no foreign sales. With a total of only ten sales with one of the prototypes refurbished and sold as the 11th Mercure to Air Inter, the airliner represented one of the worst failures of a commercial airliner in terms of aircraft sold.\n\nFurther development\n\nAfter the commercial failure of the Mercure 100, Marcel Dassault requested of his engineers to develop a new version of the Mercure, the Mercure 200C, in cooperation with Air France. The variant was to carry a maximum of 140 passengers across a range of 2,200\u00a0km. Several major airlines in the United States showed some interest in the project. However, the project's design costs were also high. This might have been mitigated if the original Mercure had had a larger fuel capacity or sufficient design strength so that additional fuel tanks could have been easily added.\n\nAt the beginning of 1973, an agreement was formed with the French government to finance this programme. Dassault was to receive a loan of 200-million French Francs from the French government, which would be paid back based on sales after the 201st aircraft was delivered. However, by this point, Air France sought an airliner that was powered by the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-117 engine, which was quieter and larger than the older JT8D-15. Dassault needed an additional loan of 80-million French Francs from the government to accommodate Air France's request. The French government replied to Dassault that it had to carry half of the development costs of the Mercure 200C on their own, which was impossible after the commercial failure of the Mercure 100. As a consequence, the Mercure 200C project was canceled.\n\nLater, in order to answer a request from the DGAC (Direction G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l'Aviation Civile, the French civil aviation authority), Dassault proposed a Mercure equipped with a new engine developed by General Electric/Snecma called the CFM International CFM56; this version came to be known as the Mercure 200. In 1975, contacts were made with Douglas and Lockheed to build and sell the Mercure 200 in the US, and with SNIAS to build it in France. However, Marcel Dassault was concerned about the fact that the CFM56 had not had a single order yet, and production might end before the Mercure 200 could be built. Meanwhile, Douglas proceeded to introduce a stretched version of the DC-9, which was in direct competition for orders with the Mercure 200; accordingly, contacts with Douglas were terminated shortly thereafter. Dassault then initiated contacts with another American manufacturer, General Dynamics, who was at the time their primary competitor in the military jet market, where the Dassault Mirage F1 was facing the F-16 Fighting Falcon. Nothing would come out of these contacts.\n\nDesign\n\nThe Dassault Mercure was a jet-powered narrow-body jet airliner, optimised for short-haul routes. It intentionally exchanged capacity for fuel in order to carry a greater passenger load; as such, the Mercure had up to a 17 per cent greater seating capacity than the competing Boeing 737 while having a shorter range. It was designed to be outfitted with a two-crew flight deck, although operator Air Inter had its aircraft flown by three-man crews. According to Flight International, the basic model of the Mercure featured a degree of built-in stretch potential; elements of the design were reportedly capable of supporting the envisioned expanded model with little or no change, including much of the wing, cabin, and the undercarriage, the latter being spaced in order to accommodate the fitting of longer legs to in turn enable larger engines and an elongated fuselage to be later adopted.\n\nThe wing of the Mercure was largely conventional; it was relatively thick, possessing a section of 12.5 per cent thickness at the wing root, slimming to 8.5 per cent thickness at the tip of the wing. Aspects of the Mercure's wing, such as the general layout and individual wing sections, were optimised using a combination of wind tunnel tests and computer-generated simulations by Dassault's design team. The wing had a good lift/drag ratio and a high block efficiency; the flaps formed a continuous spanwise unit when deployed in the take-off position, neither low-speed ailerons or cut-outs to accommodate jet exhaust due to the engines have been fixed low down upon deep pylons.\n\nProduction Mercures were powered by a pair of Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15 turbofan engines, capable of generating a maximum of 15,500\u00a0lb (69\u00a0kN) thrust. These were mounted on underwing pylons, which were designed with anti-vibration mountings; the engines themselves featured joint Snecma/Dassault-developed thrust reverser and noise suppression system. Significant attention had been paid to reducing engine noise, this issue having been one of the final topics of research during the Mercure's development; according to Flight International, there was a perception that the Federal Aviation Administration of the United States, a major potential market for the Mercure, may enact regulations that would necessitate the implementation of a noise-attenuation retrofit programme, and thus Dassault needed to be prepared to address this foreseen scenario.\n\nDassault emphasised the commercial value of the Mercure, highlighting its low operating costs across short sectors, which principally resulted from its refined aerodynamic features and low structural weight. The design also benefitted from an advanced fail-safe structure, the majority of which having been milled in accordance to Dassault's traditional military manufacturing practices. The Mercure featured in-house-developed triplicated, fail-safe hydraulic flight control system; the flight controls lacked any manual reversion. Air conditioning also featured independent duplicated systems with a cross-feed tapped from the engines compressors along with, unusually, the auxiliary power unit for use during takeoffs and on the ground, as well as in the instance of a double-engine failure scenario. The electrics were composed of a pair of independent 120/128 volt three-phase 400\u00a0Hz AC systems fed via engine-driven alternators, while a third AC system was driven by the APU; in addition, there are three independent 28 volt DC sources.\n\nOperational history\n\nIntending for the Mercure to be mass-produced in substantial numbers (According to Flight International, the 300th aircraft was projected to be delivered by the end of 1979), Dassault established a total of four plants especially for the Mercure program: Martignas (close to Bordeaux), Poitiers, Seclin (close to Lille) and Istres. Additional manufacturing work was distributed across locations throughout Europe, the production programme being a collaborative effort between Dassault, Fiat Aviazione of Italy, SABCA (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme Belge de Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques) of Belgium, Construcciones Aeron\u00e1uticas SA (CASA) of Spain and the Swiss National Aircraft Factory at\nEmmen, all of which acted as risk-sharing partners in the venture.\n\nOn 30 January 1972, Air Inter placed an order for ten Mercures, which had to be delivered between 30 October 1973 and 13 December 1975. At this point, the break-even point was anticipated to be around 125\u2013150 aircraft. However, due to the lack of other orders, the production line was shut down on 15 December 1975. Only a total of two prototypes and ten production aircraft were built. One of the prototypes (number 02) was eventually refurbished and purchased by Air Inter to add it to its fleet.\n\nOn 29 April 1995, the last two Mercures in service flew their last commercial flights. Throughout their combined cumulative operational lifetimes, the Mercure accumulated a total of 360,000 flight hours, during which 44 million passengers were carried across 440,000 individual flights without any accidents occurring, and a 98% in-service reliability.\n\nOperators\n\n Air Inter\n Ecole Sup\u00e9rieure des M\u00e9tiers de l'A\u00e9ronautique used fifth produced Mercure (registered F-BTTE and painted in fictional Air Littoral colours), as a ground instructional airframe.\n\nSurvivors\n\n F-BTTB, c/n 2 is on display at the Technik Museum Speyer in Germany. The cabin of the aircraft although closed to the public can be seen through a grille. It is presented in the same condition as it left service (on its last commercial flight), complete with French magazines on the passenger seating.\n F-BTTD, c/n 4 is on display at the Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019air et de l\u2019espace at Paris\u2013Le Bourget Airport in France.\n F-BTTE, c/n 5 is preserved as an instructional airframe at Montpellier\u2013M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Airport.\n F-BTTF, c/n 6 is stored at Bordeaux\u2013M\u00e9rignac Airport in France.\n F-BTTH, c/n 8 is preserved at Marseille Provence Airport.\n F-BTTI, c/n 9 is preserved as an instructional airframe at Bordeaux\u2013M\u00e9rignac Airport in France.\n F-BTTJ, c/n 10 is preserved at the Mus\u00e9e Delta in Athis-Mons, near Paris-Orly Airport.\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n \"Air Transport\". Flight International, 22 April 1971, pp.\u00a0538\u2013540.\n Middleton, Peter. \"Dassault Mercure\". Flight International, 20 May 1971, pp.\u00a0721\u2013726.\n Taylor, John W. R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976\u201377. London: Jane's Yearbooks, 1976. .\n Uijthoven, Ren\u00e9 L. \"An 'Airbus' Before Its Time: Dassault's Mercure Airliner\". Air Enthusiast, No. 115, January/February 2005, pp.\u00a070\u201373. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.\n\nExternal links\n YouTube video of an Air Inter Mercure\n Safety card of an Air Inter Mercure\n\nMercure\nCategory:1970s French airliners\nCategory:Low-wing aircraft\nCategory:Twinjets\nCategory:Aircraft first flown in 1971"}
-{"text": "Ricanula\n\nRicanula is a genus of planthopper belonging to family Ricaniidae.\n\nSpecies\nSpecies within this genus include:\n Ricanula adjuncta\n Ricanula stigmatica\n Ricanula sublimata\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Auchenorrhyncha genera\nCategory:Ricaniidae"}
-{"text": "Gary Lucy\n\nGary Edward Lucy (born 27 November 1981) is an English actor, television personality and model who is best known for playing Will Fletcher in the ITV police drama The Bill, Luke Morgan in  Hollyoaks, Kyle Pascoe in Footballer's Wives and Danny Pennant in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. He also played a part in the show The Dumping Ground as a footballer named Billy.\n\nCareer\nLucy was born in Chigwell, Essex, and appeared in Grange Hill and Dream Team before getting the role that brought him to public attention, Luke Morgan in the Channel 4  soap opera Hollyoaks. Lucy undertook a male rape storyline, for which he won the Best Newcomer Award at the 2000 British Soap Awards. Lucy then went on to do three series of the ITV football drama Footballers' Wives where he played Kyle Pascoe, a football player for fictional football club Earl's Park. In 2004, Lucy starred as Michael Sands with Ray Winstone in the   ITV drama She's Gone. From 2005 to 2010, he portrayed DC Will Fletcher in the ITV police drama The Bill and appeared in Sky1 show The Match. In 2009, he took part and appeared in the drama film, Whatever It Takes. That same year, he departed from The Bill to \"explore other projects\". Lucy took part in the fifth series of the ITV talent show Dancing on Ice, paired with series regular skater Maria Fillipov. On 28 March 2010, Lucy finished as runner-up.  On 29 November 2010, he appeared as Ben Lloyd in an episode of the BBC One drama Missing. \n\nOn 27 September 2012, Lucy made his first screen appearance as Danny Pennant in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. On 6 March 2013, it was announced that Lucy would be returning to EastEnders as a permanent cast member.\n\nIn early 2014, Lucy appeared again as a contestant in the 'All-Stars Series' of Dancing on Ice. He was paired with series regular and skater Katie Stainsby.\n\nIn September 2014, Lucy began playing the lead role of Gaz in the touring production of The Full Monty.\n\nIn July 2014, it was announced that Lucy would appear in one episode of BBC medical drama Casualty as patient Val Kildare. He was described as \"a loveable rogue, born charmer and conman who exists very much on the wrong side of the tracks\". He appeared on 15 November 2014. He also played a part in the CBBC show The Dumping Ground as a footballer named Billy who was the fantasised father of character Finn.\n\nIn 2017, Lucy returned to Hollyoaks. He is currently taking time off but will return in 2019.\n\nPersonal life\nLucy was born at Chigwell in Essex. He attended Trinity Catholic High School in Woodford Green. He had his own company, Gary Lucy Real Estate. however this was dissolved in 2014. He also owns Driving Lessons Finder, an internet based directory of driving schools and driving instructors.  Lucy manages several online E-shops for his parents and several smaller online businesses.\n\nLucy married his wife Natasha Gray on 16 November 2014 and was covered and featured with a magazine deal with OK!. They have four children, daughters India Jasmine (born 2005) and Sadie (born 2015)  and sons Elvis (born 2011) and Theodore (born 2018)  In November 2018 it was announced that Lucy and Gray had separated.\n\nFilmography\n\nTheatre\n The Full Monty (musical) \u2013 2014\u2013present, stage adaptation of the film The Full Monty, Theatre Royal, Newcastle\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Gary Lucy Site  (clothes store site)\n \n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English male models\nCategory:English male television actors\nCategory:People from Chigwell\nCategory:English male soap opera actors\nCategory:English male stage actors\nCategory:Male actors from Essex"}
-{"text": "Robert Dixon Herman\n\nRobert Dixon Herman (September 24, 1911 \u2013 April 5, 1990) was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania.\n\nEducation and career\n\nBorn in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, Herman received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from Bucknell University in 1935 and a Bachelor of Laws from Cornell Law School in 1938. He was in private practice in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania between 1938 and 1958, and was an assistant district attorney of Dauphin County from 1942 to 1944. He was a United States Naval Reserve Lieutenant for the JAG Corps at the end of World War II, from 1944 to 1946. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 1948 to 1950, and was a solicitor for Dauphin County from 1950 to 1957. Herman was a Republican. He was a judge of the Dauphin County Court of Common Pleas from 1957 to 1970, and of the Dauphin County Juvenile Court from 1965 to 1970.\n\nFederal judicial service\n\nOn October 2, 1969, Herman was nominated by President Richard Nixon to a seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania vacated by Judge Frederick Voris Follmer. Herman was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 10, 1969, and received his commission the following day. He assumed senior status on September 25, 1981, serving in that capacity until his death on April 5, 1990, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n\nCategory:1911 births\nCategory:1990 deaths\nCategory:People from Northumberland, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Bucknell University alumni\nCategory:Cornell Law School alumni\nCategory:Military personnel from Pennsylvania\nCategory:Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Navy\nCategory:United States Navy officers\nCategory:Pennsylvania Republicans\nCategory:Judges of the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas\nCategory:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives\nCategory:Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania\nCategory:United States district court judges appointed by Richard Nixon\nCategory:20th-century American judges\nCategory:20th-century American politicians"}
-{"text": "Erik Johannessen (footballer, born 1952)\n\nErik Johannessen (born 20 March 1952) is a Norwegian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Viking between 1971 and 1983. He won the Norwegian league six times and earned six caps while playing for Norway. Johannessen has later been a part of Viking coaching-staff as a goalkeeping-coach.\n\nClub career\nJohannesse was born in Stavanger and started his career in Viking in 1971, where he soon became Sverre Andersen's successor as the first-choice goalkeeper. Johannessen was a part of Viking's golden generation that won four consecutive Norwegian league championships between 1972 and 1975, and he was voted Viking-player of the year in both 1974 and 1975. Johannessen also kept a clean sheet for 672 minutes in the 1974 1. divisjon. As of the end of the 2012 season, this is still the record in the top league of Norway, with Kenneth Udjus 557 minutes from 2011 and 2012 as the second-longest clean sheet.\n\nJohannessen also won the league with Viking in 1979 and 1982, and is with his six championship the most-winning Viking-player of all times. His last match for Viking was the 2\u20139 loss against Brann in the last match of the 1983 season. He played 245 league-matches for Viking between 1971 and 1983, and with 501 matches for Viking, including friendlies, he is the Viking-player with third most appearances for the club, behind Svein Kvia and Sigbj\u00f8rn Slinning.\n\nInternational career\nJohannessen played 11 matches for the Norway under-19 team between 1968 and 1970, before he played 8 matches for the under-21 team between 1972 and 1975. He made his debut for the senior team against Finland on 15 May 1975, and was capped a total of 6 times playing for Norway.\n\nCoaching career\nJohannessen was working as Benny Lennartsson's goalkeeping-coach at Viking in 1989 and 1990. He later worked as goalkeeping-coach at Hinna before he was coaching Viking's youth-team. He was also working as a teacher at Kristianlyst Ungdomskole, but left this job when he replaced Kurt Hegre as Viking's goalkeeping-coach ahead of the 2007 season. He quit the job in the coaching staff after the 2010 season, and joined Viking's administrative staff before he returned to his teacher-job from 1 January 2012 and became J\u00f8rn \u00d8vreb\u00f8's assistant coach at Hinna in the 3. Divisjon.\n\nPersonal life\nJohannessen had two daughters, Josefine and Martine, and was married to Brit Tone who died from cancer in 2011. Four days after his wife's burial, he got a large rift in the aorta. The doctors claimed he had a 50% chance of surviving, but Johannessen recovered after a ten-hour-long surgery at Haukeland Sykehus.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Stavanger\nCategory:Norwegian footballers\nCategory:Norway international footballers\nCategory:Viking FK players\nCategory:Eliteserien players\nCategory:Viking FK non-playing staff\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers"}
-{"text": "Crema (dairy product)\n\nCrema, sometimes referred to as crema espesa (English: \"thick cream\"), and referred to as crema fresca (English: \"fresh cream\") in Mexico, is a Mexican and Central American dairy product prepared with heavy cream and buttermilk. Salt and lime juice may also be used in its preparation. Its fat content can range from 18 percent to 36 percent. In Mexico, it is sold directly to consumers by ranches outside large cities, and is available in Mexican and Latino grocery stores in the United States. Crema is used as a food topping, a condiment and as an ingredient in sauces. It is similar in texture and flavor to cr\u00e8me fra\u00eeche and sour cream.\n\nProduction\nAway from the larger cities in Mexico, crema is sold directly to consumers by ranches that prepare the product. In the United States, commercial preparations of crema are typically pasteurized, packaged in glass jars, and sold in the refrigerated section of Mexican and Latino grocery stores.\n\nUses\nCrema is used as a topping for foods and as an ingredient in sauces. It can be dolloped or drizzled atop various foods and dishes. For example, crema is added as a condiment atop soups, tacos, roasted corn, beans and various Mexican street foods, referred to as antojitos. Its use can impart added richness to the flavor of foods and dishes. It may have a mildly salty flavor. In Mexican cuisine, rajas are roasted chili peppers that are traditionally served with crema. The creaminess of crema can serve to counterbalance the spiciness of dishes prepared with roasted chili peppers, such as chipotle.\n\nSimilar foods\nCrema is similar to cr\u00e8me fra\u00eeche in flavor and consistency. Compared with sour cream, crema has a softer and tangier flavor, and has a thinner texture. Some recipes that call for the use of crema state that sour cream or cr\u00e8me fra\u00eeche can be used as a viable substitute.\n\nSee also\n\n Clotted cream\n List of dairy products\n Smetana\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Condiments\nCategory:Dairy products\nCategory:Guatemalan cuisine\nCategory:Honduran cuisine\nCategory:Mexican cuisine\nCategory:Salvadoran cuisine"}
-{"text": "Margaret Catchpole Public House\n\nThe Margaret Catchpole Public House is a public house in Cliff Lane, Ipswich. Built in 1936 by the local architect Harold Ridley Hooper for Tolly Cobbold brewery, it is a Grade II* listed building. Most of its interior features have remained unaltered since the 1930s, making it one of the finest examples of this period in England. Since 2003 it has been part of the Holywells Park Conservation Area.\n\nMargaret Catchpole\n\nThe building was named after Margaret Catchpole, previously a servant of the writer Elizabeth Cobbold. After providing good service to the Cobbold's, she left their employ. However, in 1797 she stole a horse from them to ride to London to find her lover. She was arrested and after being found guilty in a trial she was sentenced to death, subsequently commuted to transportation to Australia. Her story was subsequently turned into a novel by Elizabeth's son, Richard Cobbold, in 1845 and has remained popular ever since.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Grade II* listed buildings in Ipswich\nCategory:Pubs in Ipswich\nCategory:Cobbold pubs"}
-{"text": "Who You Are\n\nWho You Are may refer to:\n\n Who You Are (Cary Brothers album), 2007\n Who You Are (Desperation Band album), 2006\n Who You Are (Jessie J album), 2011\n \"Who You Are\" (Jessie J song)\n \"Who You Are\" (Pearl Jam song), 1996\n \"Who You Are\", a song by Oomph! from Ego\n \"Who You Are\", a song by Unspoken from Get to Me EP, 2012\n \"Who You Are\" (Damien Leith song), 22 Steps single\n\nSee also\n Who Are You (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Community Preservation Act\n\nThe Community Preservation Act (CPA) is a Massachusetts state law (M.G.L. Chapter 44B) passed in 2000. It enables adopting communities to raise funds to create a local dedicated fund for open space preservation, preservation of historic resources, development of affordable housing, and the acquisition and development of outdoor recreational facilities.\n\nFunds are raised locally for these purposes through imposition of a voter-authorized surcharge on local property tax bills of up to 3%. Several exemptions to the CPA surcharge can also be authorized by voters at the time of adoption. Local adoption of CPA by a community triggers annual distributions from the state's Community Preservation Trust Fund, a statewide fund held by the Massachusetts Department of Revenue, which the law also establishes. Deed recording fees charged by the state's Registries of Deeds are the funding source for the statewide Community Preservation Trust Fund. Revenues from these two sources\u2014the local CPA property tax surcharge and annual distributions from the state's Community Preservation Trust Fund\u2014combine to form a city or town's Community Preservation Fund.\n\nDetails of the Law \nAdoption of the CPA requires a two-step process: 1) initial approval by the local legislative body OR local certification of a ballot question petition with signatures of 5% of the registered voters of the community, followed by: 2) approval by the majority of the local electorate at a municipal ballot election. Communities must decide during the process of adoption what level of CPA property tax surcharge, up to 3%, to implement, and which of three possible exemptions to the CPA surcharge will be allowed. The voters then authorize, through their acceptance vote at the municipal election at which the CPA ballot question appears, this proposed surcharge level and exemptions.\n\nOnce a community has adopted the CPA, it is required to establish a local Community Preservation Committee, composed of from five to nine members, to administer the CPA program locally. There are five required members of a Community Preservation Committee, including a designated representative of each of the five following municipal boards: the Conservation Commission, the Historical Commission, the Planning Board, the Housing Authority and the Board of Park Commissioners. Communities can add up to four additional Community Preservation Committee members at their own discretion, drawn from the public, local government, or other municipal boards or committees. These can be elected or appointed positions, again, at the discretion of the community. The primary statutory responsibility of the Community Preservation Committee is to accept applications for, review, and recommend CPA projects to the community's local legislative body for approval. Only CPA projects that are approved by the local legislative body can receive funds from the community's Community Preservation Fund.\n\nCommunities may spend their CPA funds for projects in the following broad programmatic areas: Open Space, Historic Preservation, Affordable Housing and Outdoor Recreation. The CPA requires each adopting community to annually appropriate, or reserve for future appropriation, at least 10% of its estimated annual CPA fund revenues for open space projects (excluding recreational uses), 10% for historic preservation projects, and 10% for affordable housing projects. The remaining funds each year can be used on projects in any CPA programmatic area, or for recreation projects. The CPA statute describes in detail allowable uses of the funds within the four broad programmatic purpose areas, determining what projects are eligible for CPA funding.\n\nTo date, 148 cities and towns, 42% of the state's municipalities, have adopted the CPA. The number of communities participating in the program has risen concurrently with a decline in fees collected by the Registry of Deeds, due to the contraction of the housing market after 2005-6. This has resulted in a decline in revenues to the state's Community Preservation Trust Fund, and thus a decline in annual distributions from the state's Community Preservation Trust Fund to most participating communities over time. (Communities that adopt CPA with the full 3% CPA surcharge are eligible to participate in two additional annual CPA fund distribution rounds each year, and the funding formula within the CPA law governing these rounds allows some smaller, less resource rich communities to still receive a dollar for dollar annual match for CPA funds raised locally.)\n\nDistributions from the state's Community Preservation Fund occur on or around October 15 of each year. From 2002 to 2007, communities received a dollar for dollar match of funds raised through the CPA program locally. In October 2008, the FY2009 CPA annual distribution fell below the dollar for dollar match rate for the first time, to a level of 67% of local surcharge revenue on the first distribution round. In October 2009, the FY2010 distribution again fell, to a level of 34% of local CPA revenues raised on the first round. In October 2010, the FY2011 distribution was 27% of local revenues on the first round.\n\nCPA Trust Fund Distributions \nOctober 15, 2002 - $17.8 million to 34 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2003 - $27.1 million to 54 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2004 - $30.8 million to 61 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2005 - $46.3 million to 82 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2006 - $58.6 million to 102 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2007 - $68.1 million to 113 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2008 - $54.6 million to 127 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2009 - $31.5 million to 135 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2010 - $25.9 million to 143 communities\n\nOctober 15, 2011 - TBD to 148 communities\n\nExternal links \n Text of the Act, with amendments integrated\n Community Preservation Coalition For CPA history, CPA project database, data on individual communities, and technical assistance.\n\nCategory:Massachusetts law"}
-{"text": "Heliastrum\n\nHeliastrum is a genus of fungi within the class Sordariomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Sordariomycetes genera\nCategory:Sordariomycetes incertae sedis"}
-{"text": "Turlogh Dubh O'Brien\n\nTurlogh Dubh O'Brien or Black Turlogh, is a fictional 11th Century Irishman created by Robert E. Howard.\n\nStories\n\n The Gods of Bal-Sagoth (first published in Weird Tales, October 1931) - Also known as The Blond Goddess of Bal-Sagoth, this is a sequel to The Dark Man despite seeing print before that story. This story can be found on Wikisource. It was adapted as a Conan story by Marvel Comics in Conan the Barbarian #17 (Aug 1972).\n The Dark Man (first published in Weird Tales, December 1931) - Turlogh rescues the daughter of King Brian Boru from a tribe of Vikings. This story features a cameo of another Howard character, Bran Mak Morn, albeit post-apotheosis as the titular Dark Man.  This story can be found on Wikisource. Adapted as a Conan story.\nThe Shadow of the Hun (first published in Shadow of the Hun, 1975) - This story can be found on Wikisource\n Spears of Clontarf (first published in Spears of Clontarf, 1978) - A historical story set against the Battle of Clontarf (1014). Howard also rewrote this unsold story twice.  One version, The Grey God Passes, is close to Spears of Clontarf with added fantasy elements and the other The Cairn on the Headland is a modern horror story.\n The Twilight of the Grey Gods (first published in Eons of the Night, 1996) - Also known as The Grey God Passes. This is the re-write of Spears of Clontarf (see above) with added fantasy elements\n\nIn addition to these there is an untitled and unfinished piece that begins \"The Dane came in with a rush, hurtling his huge body forward...\"  This was first published in Shadow of the Hun, 1975.\n\nExternal links\n List of Turlogh Dubh O'Brien stories at HowardWorks.com\n\nCategory:Characters in pulp fiction\nCategory:Literary characters introduced in 1931\nCategory:Robert E. Howard characters\nCategory:Fictional Irish people\nCategory:Fiction set in the 11th century"}
-{"text": "Wobbly hedgehog syndrome\n\nWobbly hedgehog syndrome (WHS) is a progressive, degenerative, neurological disease of the African pygmy hedgehog. The cause is believed to be genetic. Nearly 10 percent of pet African pygmy hedgehogs are affected, due to their limited bloodlines.\n\nSymptoms\n\nThe disease slowly degrades the hedgehog's muscle control. This first appears as a wobble while the hedgehog is attempting to stand still. Over time, the hedgehog will lose control of all muscles from the rear of its body to the front. A tentative diagnosis can be based purely on the clinical signs, but definitive diagnosis is only possible from post-mortem examination of spinal cord and brain tissues.\n\nThe hedgehog's health will deteriorate over the course of weeks or months, and in the advanced stages of this disease, they become completely immobilized, making euthanasia a recommended consideration. Most animals die within two years of diagnosis.\n\nSymptoms usually begin in hedgehogs before they reach two years old, but can occur at any age.\n\nTreatment\nThere is no known cure for WHS, which has been compared to human multiple sclerosis. Various vitamin supplements, antibiotic and steroid treatments have been used; some appear to temporarily improve the signs or slow the progression of the disease, but as signs of WHS wax and wane, it is difficult to assess the benefit of treatments. No treatment has been shown to prevent the progression of paralysis.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hedgehogs\nCategory:Mammal diseases\nCategory:Neurodegenerative disorders\nCategory:Syndromes"}
-{"text": "Ficus subpisocarpa\n\nFicus subpisocarpa (called \u7b14\u7ba1\u6995 in China and \u96c0\u6995 in Taiwan) is a species of small deciduous tree native to Japan, China, Taiwan and southeast Asia to the Moluccas (Ceram). Two subspecies are recognised. Terrestrial or hemiepiphytic, it reaches a height of 7\u00a0m (23\u00a0ft). Ants predominantly of the genus Crematogaster have been recorded living in stem cavities. Ficus subpisocarpa is pollinated by Platyscapa ishiiana (Agaonidae).\n\nTaxonomy\nFrench botanist Fran\u00e7ois Gagnepain described Ficus subpisocarpa in 1927, from a collection near Haiphong in Vietnam. It was reduced to a synonym of F. superba variety japonica by E. J. H. Corner in 1965, before being raised to species status again by Cornelis Christiaan Berg in 2005. Two subspecies are recognised. \nWithin the genus, Ficus subpisocarpa belongs in the banyan subgenus Urostigma section Urostigma subsection Urostigma.\n\nDescription\nFicus subpisocarpa is a tree that grows up to 7 metres (23\u00a0ft) high, growing from the ground or directly on other trees (hemiepiphyte). The bark is dark brown, while the branches are reddish brown to dark grey. The tree is deciduous. The tree's leaves and petioles are glabrous (smooth), and the leaves are symmetrical, elliptical and oblong with a rounded base, and can measure anywhere from 4 to 24\u00a0cm (1.6\u20139.5\u00a0in) long by 1.5\u201313\u00a0cm (0.6\u20135.1\u00a0in) wide. They are spirally arranged on the stem. The growth of new tissue occurs when a whole section of the branch undergoes budding and becomes covered with leaves. The figs are ramiflorous, that is they grow on the branches, in groups of one to three. There is a high variation in color between trees and seasons; mature figs are whitish pink to dark purple, and are bulbous in shape and measure 0.5 to 0.8\u00a0cm (0.2\u20130.3\u00a0in) in diameter. Two to four crops of figs can be produced in a year.\n\nSubspecies pubipoda is distinguished by having the base of the petiole covered in white fur.\n\nDistribution and habitat\nThe nominate subspecies is found from Southern Japan, Taiwan, Hainan and eastern China (where it occurs in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, southern Yunnan and southeastern Zhejiang provinces), through Vietnam, Laos and Thailand into Indonesia where it reaches Ceram in the Moluccas. It is possibly found in Cambodia. Subspecies pubipoda is found in Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia.\n\nBoth subspecies are found in deciduous and evergreen forests, the nominate at low altitudes and subspecies pubipoda to 1400\u00a0m (4500\u00a0ft).\n\nEcology\nIn a field study in Taiwan, ants were found to inhabit cavities within internodes of young branches of Ficus subpisocarpa. They feed on wasps, more commonly on non-pollinating rather than the pollinating species necessary for the fig to reproduce. It is possible that the fig developed the cavities to accommodate the ants. 75% of ants recorded in the study belonged to the genus Crematogaster, with the remainder belonging to the genera Technomyrmex, Myrmica and Prenolepis. Sometimes two ant species shared the cavities. The cavities mostly ranged between 2 and 14\u00a0cm (0.8\u20135.5\u00a0in) in length. The ants appear to tend aphids and scale insects that are present on the fig plant.\nFicus subpisocarpa is the second Ficus species observed with ants inhabiting branch cavities, the first observation was done in Borneo on Ficus obscura var. borneensis.\n\nReferences\n\nsubpisocarpa\nCategory:Trees of China\nCategory:Trees of Indo-China\nCategory:Trees of Japan\nCategory:Trees of the Maluku Islands\nCategory:Trees of Peninsular Malaysia\nCategory:Trees of Taiwan"}
-{"text": "Nerima Station\n\nis a railway station in Nerima, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Seibu Railway and the Tokyo subway operator Toei Subway.\n\nLines\nNerima Station is served by the Seibu Ikebukuro Line, Seibu Yurakucho Line, and Seibu Toshima Line, and also by the Toei Oedo Line subway. It is located 6.0\u00a0km from the terminus of the Ikebukuro Line at .\n\nStation layout\n\nNerima is an elevated station with two island platforms serving four tracks, with an additional outer track on either side used by passing trains. Elevators and escalators connect the platforms to the ticket entrances, and the station contains a waiting room as well.\n\nThe Toei station consists of an underground island platform serving two tracks.\n\nPlatforms\n\nSeibu\n\nToei\n\nAdjacent stations\n\nHistory\nThe Seibu station opened on 15 April 1915. The Toei station opened on 10 December 1991.\n\nThe original ground-level station was rebuilt as an elevated station in 1997, and at the same time, the number of tracks was increased to six to allow non-stop trains to pass.\n\nFrom 1998, inter-running of some services commenced to and from the Seibu Yurakucho Line.\n\nStation numbering was introduced on all Seibu Railway lines during fiscal 2012, with Nerima Station becoming \"SI06\".\n\nThrough-running to and from  and  via the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line commenced on 16 March 2013.\n\nPassenger statistics\nIn fiscal 2013, the station was the fourth busiest on the Seibu network with an average of 118,601 passengers daily. In fiscal 2012, the Toei station was used by an average of 35,765 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The passenger figures for the Seibu station in previous years are as shown below.\n\nCultural references \nThe station and other parts of the Toei \u014cedo Line are referenced in the Digimon Adventure franchise.\n\nSee also\n List of railway stations in Japan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Nerima Station information (Seibu Railway) \n Nerima Station information (Toei) \n\nCategory:Seibu Ikebukuro Line\nCategory:Seibu Y\u016brakuch\u014d Line\nCategory:Stations of Seibu Railway\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1915\nCategory:Railway stations in Tokyo\nCategory:1915 establishments in Japan"}
-{"text": "24th Intelligence Squadron\n\nThe 24th Intelligence Squadron, headquartered at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, was activated in January 2003.\n\nMission\nThe 24th Intelligence Squadron plans, directs and conducts multi-source ISR tasking, processing, exploitation and dissemination (TPED) operations in support of USAFE, USEUCOM, USAFRICOM, USCENTCOM, NATO, and Joint/Combined Force Air Component Commanders.  The squadron operates two primary mission systems:  Distributed Ground System (DGS-4) and Eagle Vision One.\n\nDGS-4 is a part of the greater Distributed Common Ground System (AF DCGS), which is the Air Force's \"Sentinel\" weapon system (AN/GSQ-272).  DGS-4 is one of five core sites executing collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination of intelligence data derived from Air Force ISR platforms including U-2 and PREDATOR UAV.  DGS-4 has the unique distinction to be the only DGS involved in operations across three different commands on a recurring basis (USEUCOM, USCENTCOM and USAFRICOM).\n\nEagle Vision One executes collection, processing, exploitation and dissemination of Commercial Satellite Imagery (CSI). The 24th Intelligence Squadron\u2019s Eagle Vision One is one of only five Eagle Vision systems worldwide.  It is the only active duty Eagle Vision unit with its own pool of Eagle Vision imagery analysts.  Eagle Vision is a deployable ground station with the capability to produce CSI and geospatial products.\n\nHistory\nThe 24th Intelligence Squadron (IS) traces its roots back to World War II.  It was constituted as the 24th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942 and activated on 27 February 1942 under the 76th Observation (later 76th Reconnaissance) Group at Wilmington, NC.  The unit was redesignated, inactivated and reactivated numerous times over the years, finally activating in its current form on 8 June 2003 as the 24 IS.\n\nLineage\n Constituted as the 24th Observation Squadron (Light) on 5 February 1942\n Activated on 6 March 1942\n Redesignated 24th Observation Squadron on 4 July 1942\n Redesignated 24th Reconnaissance Squadron (Bombardment) on 2 April 1943\n Redesignated 33d Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron on 11 August 1943\n Inactivated on 4 October 1945\n Redesignated 24th Air Intelligence Squadron on 1 February 1992\n Activated on 11 February 1992\n Inactivated on 1 December 1995\n Redesignated 24th Intelligence Squadron on 17 December 2002\n Activated on 8 January 2003\n\nAssignments\n 76th Observation Group (later 76th Reconnaissance Group), 27 February 1942\n III Reconnaissance Command (later III Tactical Air Command), 11 August 1943\n 10th Photographic Group, 1 May 1944\n 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 13 June 1944 (attached to 10th Photographic Group until 11 August 1944)\n XXIX Tactical Air Command (Provisional), 7 October 1944 (attached to 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Group until 2 November 1944)\n 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Group, 30 October 1944\n 67th Tactical Reconnaissance (later 67 Reconnaissance Group), 17 May 1945\n 363d Reconnaissance Group, c. 5 July 1945\n Unknown (probably Boston Port of Embarkation), c. 20 August\u20134 October 1945\n 24th Operations Group, 11 February 1992 \u2013 1 December 1995\n United States Air Forces in Europe Air and Space Operations Center, 8 January 2003\n 616th Support Group, 1 November 2005\n 603d Support Group, 1 December 2006\n 693d Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, 1 April 2008 \u2013 present\n\nStations\n Army Air Base, Wilmington, North Carolina, 27 February 1942\n Pope Field, North Carolina, 28 March 1942\n Vichy Army Air Field, Missouri, 14 December 1942\n Morris Field, North Carolina, 8 May 1943\n Gainesville Army Air Field, Texas, 30 October 1943\n Will Rogers Field, Oklahoma, 16 January\u201312 April 1944\n RAF Chalgrove, England, 27 April 1944\n Le Molay Airfield, France, 15 August 1944\n Toussus le Noble Airfield, France, 30 August 1944\n Gosselies Airfield, Belgium, 21 September 1944\n Le Culot Airfield, Belgium, 5 November 1944\n Venlo Airfield, Netherlands, 10 March 1945\n Gutersloh Airfield, Germany, 16 April 1945\n Braunschweig Airfield, Germany, 25 April 1945\n Eschwege Airfield, Germany, 17 May\u201323 August 1945\n Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 3\u20134 Oct 1945\n Howard Air Force Base, Panama, 11 February 1992 \u2013 1 December 1995\n Ramstein Air Base, Germany, 8 January 2003 \u2013 present\n\nAwards and campaigns\n\nReferences\n Notes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n http://www.afisr.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=11982\n\n024"}
-{"text": "Pontia edusa\n\nPontia edusa, the eastern Bath white, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae.\n\nDescription\nPontia edusa is a small to medium-sized migrant butterfly, with a wingspan reaching about 45\u00a0mm. The upperside of the wings is white, with black stains on the top of the forewing and hindwing. The hindwing undersides have greenish-grey spots. The butterfly is nearly identical to Pontia daplidice. Investigations of the genitals are the only way to distinguish between these two types.\n\nThe adults fly from March to October with two to four generations depending on the latitude. The eggs are laid singly and have an incubation period of seven days. The caterpillars are present from May. They are greyish-greenish, with black dots and broad yellow stripes, quite similar to the larva of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae). The larvae feed on Resedaceae species. Pontia edusa hibernates in the chrysalis stage.\n\nDistribution\nIt is found from the south east of Europe (southern France, Italy, Corsica, Sardinia) up to central Europe and the Middle East in Iran and Iraq. It is a migrant which can also be encountered in Belgium, Holland, northern Germany and Poland, in the Baltic states and in southern Sweden and Norway.\n\nHabitat\nThis species can be found in any open grassy or flowery areas, in stony or rocky places and in roadsides, especially where the host plants grow, at an altitude of .\n\nSubspecies\n P. e. edusa (Fabricius, 1777) (Finland and north east and south east Central Europe, Italy, Turkey, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Russia)\n P. e. persica (Bienert, 1869) (Iran, Afghanistan)\n P. e. nubicola (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (Turkestan)\n P. e. amphimara (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (China (Szetschwan), Yunnan)\n P. e. praeclara Fruhstorfer, 1910 (south west China)\n P. e. moorei (R\u00f6ber, 1907) (Kashmir, Baluchistan, Tibet, Yunnan, south east China, Thailand)\n P. e. avidia (Fruhstorfer, 1908) (southern China, ? Korea)\n P. e. davendra Hemming, 1934 (Siberia (Ussuri))\n\nReferences\n\n M.Chinery et P.Leraut Photoguide des papillons d'Europe Delachaux et Niestl\u00e9\n Guide des papillons d'Europe et d'Afrique du Nord de Tom Tolman, Richard Lewington, \u00e9ditions Delachaux et Niestl\u00e9, 1998\n\nExternal links\n Moths and butterflies in Europe and North Africa\n Video\n Lepiforum.de\n\nedusa\nCategory:Butterflies of Asia\nCategory:Butterflies of Europe\nCategory:Butterflies of Iran\nCategory:Butterflies of Indochina\nCategory:Fauna of Western Asia\nCategory:Butterflies described in 1777"}
-{"text": "Vishnyovogorsk\n\nVishnyovogorsk () is an urban-type settlement in Kaslinsky District of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Population:\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n\nCategory:Urban-type settlements in Chelyabinsk Oblast"}
-{"text": "Egyptian Army\n\nThe Egyptian Army or Egyptian Ground Forces ( al-Quww\u0101t al-Barriyya al-Mi\u1e63riyya) is the largest service branch within the Egyptian Armed Forces. The modern army was established during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805\u20131849), widely considered to be the \"founder of modern Egypt\". Its most significant engagements in the 20th century were in Egypt's five wars with the State of Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1967\u20131970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the armies of Britain, and France. The Egyptian army was also engaged heavily in the protracted North Yemen Civil War, and the brief Libyan-Egyptian War in July 1977. Its last major engagement was Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, in which the Egyptian army constituted the second-largest contingent of the allied forces.\n\nAs of 2019, the army has an estimated strength of 380,000 soldiers, of which, approximately 130,000\u2013200,000 are professionals with the rest being conscripts.\n\nHistory\n\nFor most parts of its long history, ancient Egypt was unified under one government. The main military concern for the nation was to keep enemies out. The arid plains and deserts surrounding Egypt were inhabited by nomadic tribes who occasionally tried to raid or settle in the fertile Nile river valley. Nevertheless, the great expanses of the desert formed a barrier that protected the river valley and was almost impossible for massive armies to cross. The Egyptians built fortresses and outposts along the borders east and west of the Nile Delta, in the Eastern Desert, and in Nubia to the south. Small garrisons could prevent minor incursions, but if a large force was detected a message was sent for the main army corps. Most Egyptian cities lacked city walls and other defenses.\n\nThe history of ancient Egypt is divided into three kingdoms and two intermediate periods. During the three kingdoms Egypt was unified under one government. During the intermediate periods (the periods of time between kingdoms) government control was in the hands of the various nomes (provinces within Egypt) and various foreigners. The geography of Egypt served to isolate the country and allowed it to thrive. This circumstance set the stage for many of Egypt's military conquests. They weakened their enemies by using small projectile weapons, like bows and arrows. They also had chariots which they used to charge at the enemy.\n\nUnder the Muhammad Ali Dynasty\n\nFollowing his seizure of power in Egypt, and declaration of himself as khedive of the country, Muhammad Ali Pasha set about establishing a bona fide Egyptian military. Prior to his rule, Egypt had been governed by the Ottoman Empire, and while he still technically owed fealty to the Ottoman Porte, Muhammad Ali sought to gain full independence for Egypt. To further this aim, he brought in European weapons and expertise, and built an army that defeated the Ottoman Sultan, wresting control from the Porte of the Levant, and Hejaz. The Egyptian Army was involved in the following wars during Muhammad Ali's reign:\n Greek War of Independence\n Egyptian\u2013Ottoman War (1831\u20131833)\n Egyptian\u2013Ottoman War (1839\u20131841)\n Egyptian Conquest of Sudan (1820-1824) \n\nIn addition, he utilised his army to conquer Sudan, and unite it with Egypt.\n\nIn 1882 Valentine Baker (\"Baker Pasha\") was offered the command of the newly formed Egyptian Army, which he accepted. On his arrival at Cairo, however, the offer was withdrawn and he only obtained command of the Egyptian police.  In this post he devoted by far the greater amount of his energy to the training of the gendarmerie, which he realised would be the reserve of the purely military forces. Egypt was then involved in the long-running 1881\u201399 Mahdist War in the Sudan.\n\nIn 1914 the Egyptian Army was a largely native home-defence force. It comprised 17 battalions of infantry (8 Sudanese and 9 Egyptian), 3 companies of mounted infantry, a Camel Corps, support services and various local militia groups. It was organised, expanded and equipped by the British during the prewar years, and led by British officers. Although a few field artillery units participated voluntarily in the defence of the Suez Canal in early 1915, the Egyptian Army was primarily employed to maintain order in the troubled Sudan. It has been estimated that a million Egyptian soldiers participated in the First World War during the reign of Hussein Kamel of Egypt, of whom half a million perished.\n\nMaking of a professional army\n\nDuring Muhammad Ali Pasha's reign, the Egyptian army became a much more strictly regimented and professional army. The recruits were separated from daily civilian life and a sense of the impersonal of law was imposed. Muhammad Ali Pasha previously attempted to create an army of Sudanese slaves and Mamluks, but most died under the intense military training and practices of the Pasha. Instead, the Pasha enforced conscription in 1822 and the new military recruits were mostly Egyptian farmers, also known as fellah. Because of harsh military practices, the 130,000 soldiers conscripted in 1822 revolted in the south in 1824.\n\nThe Pasha's goal was to create military order through indoctrination by two new major key practices: isolation and surveillance. In previous times, the wives and family were allowed to follow the army wherever they camped. This was no longer the case. The Pasha sought to create a whole new life for the soldier distinct from that of civilian life. In order to be completely indoctrinated and adapted to the military, they needed to be stripped of their daily lives, habits, and practices. Inside these barracks, soldiers were also subjected to new practices. The rules and regulations were not made to inflict punishment on the recruits but rather to impose a sense of respect for the law; the threat of punishment was enough to keep them in line and from deserting. The roll-call was taken twice a day and those found missing would be declared deserters and would have to face the punishment for their actions. Troops were kept busy to prevent the men from being left idle in the camps. The trivial tasks that filled the soldiers live was an attempt to keep the men constantly engaged in useful tasks and not thinking about leaving. There were also many other reasons why the Pasha enforced this strict isolation. Previously, soldiers would ransack towns and cause mayhem wherever they went. Military disobedience was so frequent that the Bedouins were employed to keep the soldiers in check. Unfortunately this backfired when the Bedouins also indulged in the same destructive behavior. Thus, with the new isolation practices, there was more peace in civilian life.\n\nIsolation also allowed for more intense surveillance. The idea was to promote order through initial obedience rather than through punishment. Though this idea seems humane in nature, the change in mindset went from trust to mistrust and the consequences of disobedience were often fatal. Complete subservience was the Pasha's ultimate goal. An example of this extreme surveillance was the Tezkere. The Tezkere was a certificate with a military official's stamp of approval that allowed the soldier to leave the camp premises. The certificate specified the soldier's reason for and specific details of his absence. The soldier would be invoked to show his certificate when he traveled to prove the legitimacy of his excursion. Even outside the camp surveillance, the soldier is still closely watched.\n\nThe Pasha himself also served as a form of surveillance. The law and its strict implementation thereof gave the impression of the Pasha's constant presence. The Pasha highly regarded law and fabricated in his society a strong link between crime and punishment. If a soldier committed crime, its discovery was assumed to be definite along with the punishment thereof. For example, a deserter would receive 15 days imprisonment and 200 lashes for his crime. The harsh punishment, coupled with the fact that roll was called three times daily, dispelled any thought of desertion on the part of the soldier. The previous conception of punishment changed from vengeance to certainty. By far the biggest military reform in this period was crafting the military mindset into one of absolute obedience to prevent any want of dissent. As the soldiers left their old lives for their new military life, they learned their new place in society through their own unique law code and practice.\n\nThe transition from corporal punishment as the official policy for punishment to imprisonment is important to the modernization of Egypt's army. The reasoning was that the law can always be applied and a soldier can always be punished for his crimes and that is a better deterrent for crimes than public physical punishments are. However, corporal punishment was not entirely removed. Oftentimes, corporal punishment, such as whipping, will be used along with imprisonment. Prison sentences were divided into three types: light house arrest, heavy house arrest, and imprisonment in the camp jail. Light house arrest had the soldier in isolation for up to two months. Heavy house arrest is limited to one month and has a guard watching over the prisoner and the last option is imprisonment in the camp jail for up to fifteen days.\n\nPolicies was also enacted to modernize the army in the way they are structured outside the battlefield. Soldiers were given identification numbers to use on paperwork. A wider variety of uniforms were used to differentiate between ranks. Even buildings has regulations placed on them. Tents were to be placed a set distance between each other and every building had an assigned location within the camp. All of these policies were designed to instill discipline and a sense of collective regularity in every soldier.\n\nPassing laws with a strict punishment regime was not sufficient for the soldiers to internalize the different army regulations that they were asked to obey. For this to succeed these soldiers had to be interned and isolated from outside influences. They then had to be taught to follow rules and regulations that came with army life. This process helped to transform the fellah into disciplined soldiers.\n\nAfter the Egyptian Revolution of 1952\n\nAfter the defeat of the Egyptian army in the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War, a revolutionary organisation was created secretly by the Egyptian officers under the name of Free Officers. This Free Officers, led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian Coup d'etat of 1952. The Free Officers then concluded the Anglo\u2013Egyptian Agreement of 1954, with Great Britain. This agreement stated Britain would withdraw its troops based in the Suez Canal.  \n\nThe first action for the army in the Cold War was the Suez Crisis, known in Egypt and the Arab World as the Tripartite Aggression. Just before the Suez Crisis, politics rather than military competence was the main criterion for promotion. The Egyptian commander, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer, was a purely political appointee who owed his position to his close friendship with Nasser. A heavy drinker, he would prove himself grossly incompetent as a general during the Crisis. Rigid lines between officers and men in the Egyptian Army led to a mutual \"mistrust and contempt\" between officers and the men who served under them. Egyptian troops were excellent in defensive operations, but had little capacity for offensive operations, owing to the lack of \"rapport and effective small-unit leadership\".\n\nTsouras writes that the mobilised strength of the army in October 1956 was 100,000, in 18 brigades (of which 10 were infantry, 2 armoured, 1 armoured training, and 1 medium machine-gun). The main manoeuvre formations were concentrated in the Sinai (30,000 in two divisions) or in the Canal Zone (one division). The field formations were preoccupied with changing over from British and American to Soviet military equipment. But after the Israeli attack started, \"[t]he Egyptians in the Sinai never had a chance.' The Israelis seized the advantage, severed all the fragile seams in the organisation of the Egyptian forces, and destroyed their defences. Nasser ordered retreat from the Sinai which turned into a rout.\n\nLater the army fought in the North Yemen Civil War from 1962 to 1967, and the 1967 Six-Day War.\n\nNorth Yemen Civil War\n\nWithin three months of sending troops to Yemen in 1962, Nasser realized that the engagement would require a larger commitment than anticipated. By early 1963, he would begin a four-year campaign to extricate Egyptian forces from Yemen, using an unsuccessful face-saving mechanism, only to find himself committing more troops. A little less than 5,000 troops were sent in October 1962. Two months later, Egypt had 15,000 regular troops deployed. By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen. Late 1965 represented the high-water mark of Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of one artillery division, one tank division and several Special Forces as well as airborne regiments. All the Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of topographical maps causing a real problem in the first months of the war.\n\nSix-Day War\n\nBefore the June 1967 War, the army divided its personnel into four regional commands (Suez, Sinai, Nile Delta, and Nile Valley up to the Sudan). The remainder of Egypt's territory, over 75%, was the sole responsibility of the Frontier Corps.\n\nIn May 1967, Nasser closed the Straits of Tiran to passage of Israeli ships. On 26 May Nasser declared, \"The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel\". Israel considered the closure of the Straits of Tiran a casus belli. The Egyptian army then comprised two armoured and five infantry divisions, all deployed in the Sinai.\n\nIn the weeks before the Six-Day War began, Egypt made several significant changes to its military organisation. Field Marshal Amer created a new command interposed between the general staff and the Eastern Military District commander, Lieutenant General Salah ad-Din Muhsin. This new Sinai Front Command was placed under General Abdel Mohsin Murtagi, who had returned from Yemen in May 1967. Six of the seven divisions in the Sinai (with the exception of the 20th Infantry 'Palestinian' Division) had their commanders and chiefs of staff replaced. What fragmentary information is available suggests to authors such as Pollack that Amer was trying to improve the competence of the force, replacing political appointees with veterans of the Yemen war.\n\nAfter the war began on 5 June 1967, Israel attacked Egypt and occupied the Sinai Peninsula. The forward-deployed Egyptian forces were shattered in three places by the attacking Israelis, and a retreat to the mountain passes fifty miles east of the canal was ordered. This developed into a rout as the Israelis harried the retreating troops from the ground and from the air.\n\nPresidents Sadat and Mubarak\n\nAfter the 1967 debacle, the army was reorganised into two field armies, the Second Army and the Third Army, both of which were stationed in the eastern part of the country.\n\nThe October War of 1973 began with a massive and successful Egyptian crossing of the Suez Canal. After crossing the cease-fire lines, Egyptian forces advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula. The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. As Egyptian president Anwar Sadat began to worry about Syria's fortunes, he believed that capturing two strategic mountain passes located deeper in the Sinai would make his position stronger during the negotiations. He therefore ordered the Egyptians to go back on the offensive, but the attack was quickly repulsed. The Israelis then counterattacked at the juncture of the Second and Third Armies, crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt, and began slowly advancing southward and westward in over a week of heavy fighting which inflicted heavy casualties on both sides.\n\nOn October 22 a United Nations-brokered ceasefire quickly unraveled, with each side blaming the other for the breach. By October 24, the Israelis had improved their positions considerably and completed their encirclement of Egypt's Third Army and the city of Suez. This development led to tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. As a result, a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war. At the conclusion of hostilities, Israeli forces were just  from Damascus and  from Cairo.\n\nEgypt claimed victory in the Yom Kippur War because its military objective of capturing a foothold of Sinai was achieved. The army had an estimated strength of 320,000 in 1989. About 180,000 of these were conscripts. Beyond the Second Army and Third Army in the east, most of the remaining troops were stationed in the Nile Delta region, around the upper Nile, and along the Libyan border. These troops were organized into eight military districts. Commando and airborne units were stationed near Cairo under central control but could be transferred quickly to one of the field armies if needed. District commanders, who generally held the rank of major general, maintained liaison with governors and other civil authorities on matters of domestic security.\n\nAfter 1967 the army fought in the 1969\u20131970 War of Attrition, the 1973 October War, and the 1977 Libyan-Egyptian War.\n\nDecision making in the army continued to be highly centralized during the 1980s. Officers below brigade level rarely made tactical decisions and required the approval of higher-ranking authorities before they modified any operations. Senior army officers were aware of this situation and began taking steps to encourage initiative at the lower levels of command. A shortage of well-trained enlisted personnel became a serious problem for the army as it adopted increasingly complex weapons systems. Observers estimated in 1986 that 75 percent of all conscripts were illiterate when they entered the military.\n\n1990s and after\n\nSince the 1980s the army has built closer and closer ties with the United States, as evidenced in the bi-annual Operation Bright Star exercises. This cooperation eased integration of the Egyptian Army into the Gulf War coalition of 1990\u201391, during which the Egyptian II Corps under Major General Salah Halabi, with 3rd Mechanized Division and 4th Armoured Division, fought as part of the Arab Joint Forces Command North.\n\nThe Army conducted Exercise Badr '96 in 1996 in the Sinai. The virtual enemy during the exercise was Israel. Egypt conducted several Badr exercises again in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012 and 2014. The exercises in the Sinai were part of a larger exercise that involved 35,000 men in total.\n\nUp until the end of the Cold War, Egyptian military participation in UN peacekeeping operations had been restricted to a battalion with ONUC in the Congo. The Egyptians appear to have arrived by September 1960, but left by early 1961 after a dispute about the UN's role. But after 1991, many more United Nations Military Observers and troops were dispatched, alongside police in some cases. Military observers served in Western Sahara (MINURSO), Angola (UNAVEM II), the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) in the former Yugoslavia, Somalia, Mozambique, Georgia, Macedonia, Eastern Slavonia, UNMOP (Prevlaka), and Sierra Leone. UN official sources say Egypt participated in UNCRO, but Berman and Sams, citing official Egyptian sources at the Egyptian Delegation to the United Nations, say this is incorrect. Troops were dispatched to UNPROFOR (a battalion of 410 men), UNOSOM II in Somalia, the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic (MINURCA) (328 troops in June 1999), and MONUC (15 troops in 2004). The Egyptian contribution in the Congo expanded significantly after 2004; in 2013, an Egyptian battalion was part of the mission, with at least a company stationed at the Kavumu airfield in South Kivu.\n\nToday conscripts without a college degree serve three years as enlisted soldiers. Conscripts with a General Secondary School degree serve two years as enlisted soldiers. Conscripts with a college degree serve 14 months as enlisted or 27 months as a reserve officer.\n\nOn 31 January 2011, during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Israeli media reported that the 9th, 2nd, and 7th Divisions of the Army had been ordered into Cairo to help restore order.\n\nMedical\nThe nation\u2019s armed forces operate some twenty hospital facilities across Egypt. Many of these centers accept civilian patients. Cairo\u2019s Bridge Military Hospital (opened 2011; new additions planned through 2019), is part of an ongoing effort by the Egyptian Army to offer cutting-edge treatment and patient care. The facility has 840 beds spread between major surgery, respiratory disease, and emergency units. Smaller specialized centers in dental, cardiac, and ophthalmological care account for an additional 205 beds.\n\nEgypt\u2019s Military Medical Academy was founded in 1979 with the purpose of educating and training medical officers in all branches of Egypt\u2019s armed forces. The facility is located on Ihsan Abdul Quddus Street in Cairo. It is associated with the Armed Forces Medical College, founded in 1827. This was the Middle East\u2019s first modern school of medicine and was a product of Egypt\u2019s newly established Military Department of Health during the administration of Muhammad Ali Pasha.\n\nIt was reported at a press conference in February 2014 by Egyptian Gen. Ibrahim Abdel-Atti, chief of the medical branch, that the Egyptian Army has \"defeated AIDS... with a rate of 100%\" as well as hepatitis C. Abdel-Atti claimed to construct a method to extract the disease and break it into amino acids, \"so that the virus becomes nutrition for the body instead of disease.\" It is said that this treatment process could take anywhere between 20 days and 6 months to cure having no side effects. Egypt intends to delay exporting their new technology to generate medical tourism into the country. The claims were eventually confirmed to be false.\n\nStructure\nThe Egyptian Military Operations Authority, governed by the Ministry of Defense, is headquartered in Cairo. The Egyptian Armed Forces' Chief of Staff's office is in Cairo. He is the Chief of Staff of the Army, as well as the Navy and Air Forces, although the latter two typically report to the Ministry of Defense. Three command-and-control headquarters and nine command-and-control field headquarters are directed from the Chief of Staff's office.\n\nHQ, Central Military High Command: Heliopolis, Cairo \n\n HQ, Central Military Region: Greater Cairo\n Field HQ, Heliopolis, Central Military Region\n Field HQ, El Qanater, Central Military Region\n Sub-Field HQ, Tanta, Central Military Region\n Sub-Field HQ, Zagazig, Central Military Region\n Field HQ, Qom Ushim, El Fayum, Central Military Region\n Field HQ, Beni Suef, Central Military Region\n\nHQ, Northern Military Region: Alexandria \n Field HQ, Alexandria, Northern Military Region\n Sub-Field HQ, Abou Qir, Northern Military Region\n Sub-Field HQ, Mariout, Northern Military Region\n Field HQ, Rashid, Northern Military Region\n Field HQ, Damietta, Northern Military Region\n\nHQ, Eastern Military Region: El Suez \n Field HQ, Port Said, Northern Suez Canal Military Region\n Field HQ, Ismaelia, Central Suez Canal Military Region\n Field HQ, El Mansoura, El Daqahliya, Eastern Delta Military Region\n Field HQ, El Suez, Southern Suez Canal Military Region\n Field HQ, Cairo-Suez Highway Military Region\n Field HQ, Hurghada, Red Sea Military Region\n\nHQ, Western Military Region: Mersa Matruh \n Field HQ, Sidi Barrani, Western Military Region\n Field HQ, Marsa Matrouh, Western Military Region\n Field HQ, Salloum, Western Military Region\n\nHQ, Southern Military Region: Assiut \n Field HQ, El Menia, Southern Military Region\n Field HQ, Qena, Southern Military Region\n Field HQ, Sohag, Southern Military Region\n Field HQ, Aswan, Southern Military Region\n\nRanks and insignia\n\nCommissioned officers\n\nEnlisted\n\nUniform\n\nThe Egyptian Army utilizes a British style ceremonial outfit, with desert camouflage implemented in 2012. Identification between the different branches of the Egyptian Army depended on the insignia on the upper left shoulder of the uniform, and also the color of the beret. The Airborne, Thunderbolt, and Republican Guard units each utilize their own camouflaged uniforms.\n\nCamouflage Suit\n\nBerets\n\nWeapons inventory\n\nEgypt's varied army weapons inventory complicates logistical support for the army. National policy since the 1970s has included the creation of a domestic arms industry (including the Arab Organization for Industrialization) capable of indigenous maintenance and upgrades to existing equipment, with the ultimate aim of Egyptian production of major ground systems. This target was finally met with the commencement of M-1 Abrams production in 1992. (Egypt had received permission to build an M-1 factory in 1984.) Prior to this, large acquisitions had included nearly 700 M-60A1 main battle tanks from the US from March 1990, as well as nearly 500 Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles.\n\nSee also \n Egyptian Military museum\n List of Battles of Egypt\n Central Security Forces\n List of countries by number of active troops\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Steve Rothwell, Military Ally or Liability, The Egyptian Army 1936-42, accessed February 2009\n\nEgypt\nCategory:Military of Egypt"}
-{"text": "Suzanne Cloutier\n\nSuzanne Cloutier (July 10, 1923 \u2013 December 2, 2003) was a Canadian film actress.\n\nBiography\nShe was born in Ottawa, Ontario. In 1952 she appeared in the film Derby Day as a maid who wins a trip to The Derby in the company of a famous film star. She appeared as Desdemona in Orson Welles's 1951 film adaptation of Othello.\n\nMarriage\nIn 1953, she met Peter Ustinov. They married in 1954 and had three children, Andrea, Igor and Pavla, before divorcing in 1971.\n\nDeath\nShe died of liver cancer in 2003, aged 80.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1927 births\nCategory:2003 deaths\nCategory:20th-century Canadian actresses\nCategory:Actresses from Ottawa\nCategory:Canadian film actresses\nCategory:Deaths from cancer in Quebec\nCategory:Deaths from liver cancer\nCategory:Ustinov family"}
-{"text": "Raptors Basketball Academy\n\nRaptors Basketball Academy, better known as Raptors, is a Nigerian basketball team based in Lagos. It plays in the Nigerian Premier League.\n\nIn November 2019, Raptors reached the final of the 2019 NBBF President Cup after beating Niger Potters in the semifinals. In the final, the team lost to Rivers Hoopers.\n\nHonours\nNigerian Premier League\nRunners-up: 2019\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFacebook page\nTwitter profile\nCategory:Basketball teams in Nigeria\nCategory:Sport in Lagos"}
-{"text": "Profit in Peace\n\n\"Profit in Peace\" is a rock song by Ocean Colour Scene (OCS).\n\nThe song was released in 1999 and reached number 13 in the UK Singles Chart.  It is taken from their 1999 album One From The Modern and was the first single to be released from the album.\n\nThe song title came from a phrase drummer Oscar Harrison often used, \"There's no profit in Peace\".  Simon Fowler then took that title and wrote the song about the war at the current time and the message is saying because there is no profit in peace - war will not stop.\n\nTrack listing \nCD & 7\" Vinyl\n \"Profit in Peace\"\n \"If You Get Your Way\"\n \"Flood Tide Rising\"\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Ocean Colour Scene songs\nCategory:1999 singles\nCategory:Anti-war songs\nCategory:1999 songs\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Brendan Lynch (music producer)\nCategory:Island Records singles"}
-{"text": "Theretra turneri\n\nTheretra turneri is a moth of the  family Sphingidae. It is known from Queensland.\n\nThe wingspan is about 60\u00a0mm. Adults have light brown forewings with a number of dark brown markings. They have plain brown hindwings.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Theretra\nCategory:Moths described in 1891"}
-{"text": "Elizabeth Bentley (writer)\n\nElizabeth Bentley (1767\u20131839) was an English poet.\n\nBiography\nShe was born in Norwich to Elizabeth Lawrence and Daniel Bentley. The latter, a journeyman cordwainer who had himself received a good education, educated Elizabeth, his only child. The family faced financial difficulties after he suffered a stroke in 1777 and was unable to work at his usual trade. He died in 1783, when his daughter was sixteen.\n\nTwo years later, Bentley reported a new-found desire to write poetry \"which [she] had no thought or desire of being seen.\" Her first collection, Genuine Poetical Compositions (1791), had an impressive 1,935 subscribers, including literary notables Elizabeth Carter, Elizabeth Montagu, William Cowper, and Hester Chapone. As a labouring-class poet, Bentley\u2014\"content to be the last and lowest of the tuneful train\"\u2014adopted a humble stance towards her readers and let it be known that the venture was intended to establish an annuity for she and her mother. Both her collections, however, contained portraits of the author and accounts of her life; the account written in 1790 and published in the first volume is the source of most that is known of her. Her poetry celebrates the countryside and engages in public debates on topics such as abolitionism and cruelty to animals. Cowper compared her favourably with Mary Leapor, a labouring-class poet of the previous generation, citing her \"strong natural genius.\"\n\nAfter the publication of her first volume, Bentley kept a small boarding school and did not publish much\u2014some poems for children; an ode on the Battle of Trafalgar (1805)\u2014for three decades. This hiatus ended with the publication of her Poems in 1821.\n\nShe died nine years later in an almshouse.\n\nWorks\n Genuine Poetical Compositions, on Various Subjects (Norwich, by subscription, 1791) (Etext, British Women Romantic Poets Project)\n Tales for Children in Verse\n Poems; being the Genuine Compositions of Elizabeth Bentley (by subscription, 1821)\n\nNotes\n\nResources\n\n Blain, Virginia, et al., eds. \"Bentley, Elizabeth.\" The Feminist Companion to Literature in English. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1990. 85.\n Landry, Donna. \"Bentley, Elizabeth (bap. 1767, d. 1839).\" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. 12 April 2007.\n\nCategory:English women poets\nCategory:1767 births\nCategory:1839 deaths\nCategory:18th-century British women writers\nCategory:19th-century British women writers\nCategory:People from Norwich\nCategory:18th-century English writers\nCategory:19th-century English writers"}
-{"text": "Scott Sowers\n\nScott Nicolai Sowers (November 5, 1963 April 1, 2018) was an American actor, probably best known for his roles as Detective Parker in the late 1990s ABC series Cracker and for his role as Stanley Kowalski on stage in A Streetcar Named Desire.  He established the Signature Theatre Company in 1991, and the following year he won the Drama-Logue Award for Performance for his role as the colonel in \"A Few Good Men\" at the Shubert Theatre. In film he has played some notable minor roles, such as a mercenary in Under Siege 2: Dark Territory (1995), a prison guard in Dead Man Walking (1995), and a condemned man in True Grit (2010). Aside from numerous dramatic readings for audiobooks, Sowers has also provided his voice for videogames such as  Batman: Dark Tomorrow (2003), Manhunt 2 (2007) and Homefront (2011).\n\nEarly life\nSowers was born on November 5, 1963, in Arlington County, Virginia. There, he graduated from Washington-Lee High School in 1982 (along with friend Sandra Bullock). Sowers went on to study at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts before moving to New York City.\n\nBackground and stage work\nSowers began his career as a stage actor. In 1989 New York Magazine praised his \"excellent\" performance as Starns in the play Heathen Valley. In 1991 he established the Signature Theater Company with James Houghton. In 1992 the Chicago Sun-Times noted Sowers's \"formidable colonel\" in a stage production of A Few Good Men at the Shubert Theatre. The production later went on a national tour, which won him the Drama-Logue Award for Performance.\n\nIn 1996, Sowers played Will Masters on stage in a Broadway production of Bus Stop. In 2004 he played Stanley Kowalski, a major character in A Streetcar Named Desire at Studio 54 in New York City; the following year, John C. Reilly played the part and Sowers played the more minor part of Steve. In 2007 he appeared on Broadway in Inherit the Wind.\n\nWith the Ensemble Studio Theatre, Sowers appeared in productions of Matthew and the Pastor\u2019s Wife, Lenin\u2019s Embalmers, Princes of Waco, Lucy and Hand to God. He has also appeared on stage in the Wilma Theater of Philadelphia, the Long Wharf Theater of New Haven, Connecticut in 2003, the Actor's Theater of Louisville, the Baltimore Center Stage, and the Oslo Festival in Norway. In September 2012 he appeared at the Valborg Theatre of Appalachian State University in Romulus Linney ... Back Home in the Mountains: A Tribute to Romulus Linney.\n\nFilm and television roles\nSowers starred in the 1995 Steven Seagal film Under Siege 2: Dark Territory as one of the mercenaries, and has played detectives and police officers in various films and television series, including Cracker, where he played Detective Parker from 1997 to 1999, and a prison guard in the 1995 film Dead Man Walking. He appeared in A Season for Miracles (1999), and several episodes of Law & Order and its spinoffs, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Law & Order: Criminal Intent. He also made an appearance in Erin Brockovich in 2000.\n\nIn 2009 he portrayed Uncle Drake in the TV series Get Hit. This was followed by a role as Joseph Earl Dinler in the Boardwalk Empire episode \"Anastasia\" in 2010. In 2010 he also played an unrepentant condemned man in the acclaimed Coen Brothers film True Grit opposite Jeff Bridges. In 2013 he had a minor role as Russo in an episode of the CBS series Blue Bloods.\n\nOther work\nSowers has done dramatic readings for audiobooks, and provided voice characterization for the short documentary film An American Synagogue. California Bookwatch praised Sowers's \"dramatic prowess which translates well to audio as he tells of a police chief forced into identifying a dead woman\". In 2003 he provided the voice of Victor Zsasz for the video game Batman: Dark Tomorrow, and in 2011 he provided the voice of Arnie in the videogame Homefront.\n\nDeath\nOn April 1, 2018, Sowers had a heart attack and died, aged 54, at a friend's home in New York City.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nScott Sowers audiobook titles at Amazon.com\n\nCategory:American male stage actors\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:1963 births\nCategory:2018 deaths\nCategory:American male voice actors\nCategory:American male video game actors\nCategory:20th-century American male actors\nCategory:21st-century American male actors\nCategory:Deaths from cardiac arrest\nCategory:Disease-related deaths in New York (state)\nCategory:Male actors from Virginia"}
-{"text": "Shadow Hearts (album)\n\nShadow Hearts is a third studio album by a German metalcore band Caliban.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCategory:2003 albums\nCategory:Caliban (band) albums"}
-{"text": "East Side Review\n\nThe East Side Review is an American, English language newspaper headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota. It is the only neighborhood-focused, general-interest weekly newspaper in either Minneapolis or St. Paul.\n\nCoverage\nWith a circulation of 20,000, the East Side Review reports on the entire East Side area, all 28 neighborhoods and 90,000 residents in St. Paul located east of Interstate Highway 35E.\n\nPublished also online, the free weekly newspaper is the only urban newspaper published by Lillie Suburban Newspapers, a third-generation publisher of 10 other suburban weeklies based out of North Saint Paul. Staff at the East Side Review have gone on to write and photograph for publications as prestigious as Life Magazine and The New York Times.\n\nNeighborhoods covered include:\n\nArlington Heights\nBattle Creek\nBeaver Lake\nConway\nDayton's Bluff\nDuluth-Case\nFrost Lake\nEast Phalen\nEastview\nHayden Heights\nHazel Park\nHighwood\nHillcrest\nLafayette Park\nLincoln Park\nMounds Park\nParkway\nPayne-Arcade\nPhalen Heights\nPhalen Village/Ames Lake\nPig's Eye\nProsperity\nRailroad Island\nRivoli Bluff\nUpper Swede Hollow\nVento\nWheelock Park\nWilliams Hill\n\nReferences\n\n{{Minnesota newspapers}\n\nCategory:Newspapers published in Minnesota\nCategory:Media in Minneapolis\u2013Saint Paul"}
-{"text": "N\u00f3s\u2013Unidade Popular\n\nN\u00f3s\u2013Unidade Popular (We\u2013People's Unity) was a Galician left-wing Galician independentist political party. It was formed by the merger of Assembleia da Mocidade Independentista, Primeira Linha and other organizations. N\u00f3s\u2013UP never gained any institutional representation. The party announced its self-dissolution in June 2015.\n\nActivities\nIn 2004, the party contested the European Parliamentary elections, obtaining 1,331 votes in Galicia (0.12%) and 2,516 votes in Spain. In the Galician elections of 2005, 1,749 votes (0.1%) were obtained. In 2005, the party organized a campaign to eliminate symbolic vestiges of Francoist rule from Galicia, presenting their concerns to the Xunta de Galicia. During some demonstrations associated with this campaign, N\u00f3s-UP party members were arrested. The current leader is .\n\nElection results\n\nEuropean elections\n\nGalician elections\n\nLocal elections\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website \n\n \n\nCategory:Socialist parties in Galicia (Spain)\nCategory:Secessionist organizations in Europe\nCategory:Galician nationalist parties\nCategory:Defunct socialist parties in Spain"}
-{"text": "Debi Ghosal\n\nDebi Ghosal is an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from Barrackpore , West Bengal as a member of the Indian National Congress.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website\n\nCategory:Indian National Congress politicians"}
-{"text": "Natural History (Pliny)\n\nThe Natural History () is a work by Pliny the Elder.  It is one of the largest single works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day and purports to cover all ancient knowledge. The work's subject area is thus not limited to what is today understood by natural history; Pliny himself defines his scope as \"the natural world, or life\". It is encyclopedic in scope, but its structure is not like that of a modern encyclopedia. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published. He published the first 10 books in AD 77, but had not made a final revision of the remainder at the time of his death during the AD\u00a079 eruption of Vesuvius. The rest was published posthumously by Pliny's nephew, Pliny the Younger.\n\nThe work is divided into 37 books, organised into ten volumes. These cover topics including astronomy, mathematics, geography, ethnography, anthropology, human physiology, zoology, botany, agriculture, horticulture, pharmacology, mining, mineralogy, sculpture, painting, and precious stones.\n\nPliny's Natural History became a model for later encyclopedias and scholarly works as a result of its breadth of subject matter, its referencing of original authors, and its index.\n\nOverview\n\nPliny's Natural History was written alongside other substantial works (which have since been lost). Pliny (AD 23\u201379) combined his scholarly activities with a busy career as an imperial administrator for the emperor Vespasian. Much of his writing was done at night; daytime hours were spent working for the emperor, as he explains in the dedicatory preface addressed to Vespasian's elder son, the future emperor Titus, with whom he had served in the army (and to whom the work is dedicated). As for the nocturnal hours spent writing, these were seen not as a loss of sleep but as an addition to life, for as he states in the preface, Vita vigilia est, \"to be alive is to be watchful\", in a military metaphor of a sentry keeping watch in the night. Pliny claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work, in his prayer for the blessing of the universal mother:\n\nHail to thee, Nature, thou parent of all things! and do thou deign to show thy favour unto me, who, alone of all the citizens of Rome, have, in thy every department, thus made known thy praise.\n\nThe Natural History is encyclopaedic in scope, but its format is unlike a modern encyclopaedia. However, it does have structure: Pliny uses Aristotle's division of nature (animal, vegetable, mineral) to recreate the natural world in literary form. Rather than presenting compartmentalised, stand-alone entries arranged alphabetically, Pliny's ordered natural landscape is a coherent whole, offering the reader a guided tour: \"a brief excursion under our direction among the whole of the works of nature\u00a0...\" The work is unified but varied: \"My subject is the world of nature\u00a0... or in other words, life,\" he tells Titus.\n\nNature for Pliny was divine, a pantheistic concept inspired by the Stoic philosophy which underlies much of his thought. But the deity in question was a goddess whose main purpose was to serve the human race: \"nature, that is life\" is human life in a natural landscape. After an initial survey of cosmology and geography, Pliny starts his treatment of animals with the human race, \"for whose sake great Nature appears to have created all other things\". This teleological view of nature was common in antiquity and is crucial to the understanding of the Natural History. The components of nature are not just described in and for themselves, but also with a view to their role in human life. Pliny devotes a number of the books to plants, with a focus on their medicinal value; the books on minerals include descriptions of their uses in architecture, sculpture, painting and jewellery. Pliny's premise is distinct from modern ecological theories, reflecting the prevailing sentiment of his time.\n\nPliny's work frequently reflects Rome's imperial expansion which brought new and exciting things to the capital: exotic eastern spices, strange animals to be put on display or herded into the arena, even the alleged phoenix sent to the emperor Claudius in AD 47 \u2013 although, as Pliny admits, this was generally acknowledged to be a fake. Pliny repeated Aristotle's maxim that Africa was always producing something new. Nature's variety and versatility were claimed to be infinite: \"When I have observed nature she has always induced me to deem no statement about her incredible.\" This led Pliny to recount rumours of strange peoples on the edges of the world. These monstrous races \u2013 the Cynocephali or Dog-Heads, the Sciapodae, whose single foot could act as a sunshade, the mouthless Astomi, who lived on scents \u2013 were not strictly new. They had been mentioned in the 5th century BC by the Greek historian Herodotus (whose history was a broad mixture of myths, legends and facts) but Pliny made them better known.\n\n\"As full of variety as nature itself\", stated Pliny's nephew, Pliny the Younger, and this verdict largely explains the appeal of the Natural History since Pliny's death in the Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79. Pliny had gone to investigate the strange cloud \u2013 \"shaped like an umbrella pine\", according to his nephew \u2013 rising from the mountain.\n\nThe Natural History was one of the first ancient European texts to be printed, in Venice in 1469. Philemon Holland's English translation of 1601 has influenced literature ever since.\n\nStructure\n\nThe Natural History consists of 37 books. Pliny devised a summarium, or list of contents, at the beginning of the work that was later interpreted by modern printers as a table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.\n\nProduction\n\nPurpose\n\nPliny's purpose in writing the Natural History was to cover all learning and art so far as they are connected with nature or draw their materials from nature. He says:My subject is a barren one \u2013 the world of nature, or in other words life; and that subject in its least elevated department, and employing either rustic terms or foreign, nay barbarian words that actually have to be introduced with an apology. Moreover, the path is not a beaten highway of authorship, nor one in which the mind is eager to range: there is not one of us who has made the same venture, nor yet one among the Greeks who has tackled single-handed all departments of the subject.\n\nSources\n\nPliny studied the original authorities on each subject and took care to make excerpts from their pages. His indices auctorum sometimes list the authorities he actually consulted, though not exhaustively; in other cases, they cover the principal writers on the subject, whose names are borrowed second-hand from his immediate authorities. He acknowledges his obligations to his predecessors: \"To own up to those who were the means of one's own achievements.\"\n\nIn the preface, the author claims to have stated 20,000 facts gathered from some 2,000 books and from 100 select authors. The extant lists of his authorities cover more than 400, including 146 Roman and 327 Greek and other sources of information. The lists generally follow the order of the subject matter of each book. This has been shown in Heinrich Brunn's Disputatio (Bonn, 1856).\n\nOne of Pliny's authorities is Marcus Terentius Varro. In the geographical books, Varro is supplemented by the topographical commentaries of Agrippa, which were completed by the emperor Augustus; for his zoology, he relies largely on Aristotle and on Juba, the scholarly Mauretanian king, studiorum claritate memorabilior quam regno (v. 16). Juba is one of his principal guides in botany; Theophrastus is also named in his Indices, and Pliny had translated Theophrastus's Greek into Latin. Another work by Theophrastus, On Stones was cited as a source on ores and minerals. Pliny strove to use all the Greek histories available to him, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, as well as the Bibliotheca Historica of Diodorus Siculus.\n\nWorking method\n\nHis nephew, Pliny the Younger, described the method that Pliny used to write the Natural History:\n\nDoes it surprise you that a busy man found time to finish so many volumes, many of which deal with such minute details?... He used to begin to study at night on the Festival of Vulcan, not for luck but from his love of study, long before dawn; in winter he would commence at the seventh hour... He could sleep at call, and it would come upon him and leave him in the middle of his work. Before daybreak he would go to Vespasian\u00a0\u2013 for he too was a night-worker\u00a0\u2013 and then set about his official duties. On his return home he would again give to study any time that he had free. Often in summer after taking a meal, which with him, as in the old days, was always a simple and light one, he would lie in the sun if he had any time to spare, and a book would be read aloud, from which he would take notes and extracts.\n\nPliny the Younger told the following anecdote illustrating his uncle's enthusiasm for study:\n\nAfter dinner a book would be read aloud, and he would take notes in a cursory way.  I remember that one of his friends, when the reader pronounced a word wrongly, checked him and made him read it again, and my uncle said to him, \"Did you not catch the meaning?\" When his friend said \"yes,\" he remarked, \"Why then did you make him turn back?  We have lost more than ten lines through your interruption.\"  So jealous was he of every moment lost.\n\nStyle\nPliny's writing style emulates that of Seneca. It aims less at clarity and vividness than at epigrammatic point. It contains many antitheses, questions, exclamations, tropes, metaphors, and other mannerisms of the Silver Age. His sentence structure is often loose and straggling. There is heavy use of the ablative absolute, and ablative phrases are often appended in a kind of vague \"apposition\" to express the author's own opinion of an immediately previous statement, e.g.,\n\ndixit (Apelles)\u00a0... uno se praestare, quod manum de tabula sciret tollere, memorabili praecepto nocere saepe nimiam diligentiam.\n\nThis might be translated\n\nEverything from \"a salutary warning\" onwards represents the ablative absolute phrase starting with \"memorabili praecepto\".\n\nPublication history\n\nFirst publication\n\nPliny wrote the first ten books in AD 77, and was engaged on revising the rest during the two remaining years of his life. The work was probably published with little revision by the author's nephew Pliny the Younger, who, when telling the story of a tame dolphin and describing the floating islands of the Vadimonian Lake thirty years later,\n\nThe absence of the author's final revision may explain many errors, including why the text is as John Healy writes \"disjointed, discontinuous and not in a logical order\"; and as early as 1350, Petrarch complained about the corrupt state of the text, referring to copying errors made between the ninth and eleventh centuries.\n\nManuscripts\n\nAbout the middle of the 3rd century, an abstract of the geographical portions of Pliny's work was produced by Solinus. Early in the 8th century, Bede, who admired Pliny's work, had access to a partial manuscript  which he used in his \"De Rerum Natura\", especially the sections on meteorology and gems. However, Bede updated and corrected Pliny on the tides.\n\nThere are about 200 extant manuscripts, but the best of the more ancient manuscripts, that at Bamberg State Library, contains only books XXXII\u2013XXXVII. In 1141 Robert of Cricklade wrote the Defloratio Historiae Naturalis Plinii Secundi consisting of nine books of selections taken from an ancient manuscript.\n\nPrinted copies\n\nThe work was one of the first classical manuscripts to be printed, at Venice in 1469 by Johann and Wendelin of Speyer, but J.F. Healy described the translation as \"distinctly imperfect\". A copy printed in 1472 by Nicolas Jenson of Venice is held in the library at Wells Cathedral.\n\nTranslations\nPhilemon Holland made an influential translation of much of the work into English in 1601. John Bostock and H. T. Riley made a complete translation in 1855.\n\nTopics\n\nThe Natural History is generally divided into the organic plants and animals and the inorganic matter, although there are frequent digressions in each section. The encyclopedia also notes the uses made of all of these by the Romans. Its description of metals and minerals is valued for its detail in the history of science, being the most extensive compilation still available from the ancient world.\n\nBook I serves as Pliny's preface, explaining his approach and providing a table of contents.\n\nAstronomy\n\nThe first topic covered is Astronomy, in Book II. Pliny starts with the known universe, roundly criticising attempts at cosmology as madness, including the view that there are countless other worlds than the Earth. He doubts the four (Aristotelian) elements, fire, earth, air and water, but records the seven \"planets\" including the sun and moon. The earth is a sphere, suspended in the middle of space. He considers it a weakness to try to find the shape and form of God, or to suppose that such a being would care about human affairs. He mentions eclipses, but considers Hipparchus's almanac grandiose for seeming to know how Nature works. He cites Posidonius's estimate that the moon is 230,000 miles away. He describes comets, noting that only Aristotle has recorded seeing more than one at once.\n\nBook II continues with natural meteorological events lower in the sky, including the winds, weather, whirlwinds, lightning, and rainbows. He returns to astronomical facts such as the effect of longitude on time of sunrise and sunset, the variation of the sun's elevation with latitude (affecting timetelling by sundials), and the variation of day length with latitude.\n\nGeography\n\nIn Books III to VI, Pliny moves to the Earth itself. In Book III he covers the geography of the Iberian peninsula and Italy; Book IV covers Europe including Britain; Book V looks at Africa and Asia, while Book VI looks eastwards to the Black Sea, India and the Far East.\n\nAnthropology\n\nBook VII discusses the human race, covering anthropology and ethnography, aspects of human physiology and assorted matters such as the greatness of Julius Caesar, outstanding people such as Hippocrates and Asclepiades, happiness and fortune.\n\nZoology\n\nZoology is discussed in Books VIII to XI. The encyclopedia mentions different sources of purple dye, particularly the murex snail, the highly prized source of Tyrian purple. It describes the elephant and hippopotamus in detail, as well as the value and origin of the pearl and the invention of fish farming and oyster farming. The keeping of aquariums was a popular pastime of the rich, and Pliny provides anecdotes of the problems of owners becoming too closely attached to their fish.\n\nPliny correctly identifies the origin of amber as the fossilised resin of pine trees. Evidence cited includes the fact that some samples exhibit encapsulated insects, a feature readily explained by the presence of a viscous resin. Pliny refers to the way in which it exerts a charge when rubbed, a property well known to Theophrastus. He devotes considerable space to bees, which he admires for their industry, organisation, and honey, discussing the significance of the queen bee and the use of smoke by beekeepers at the hive to collect honeycomb. He praises the song of the nightingale.\n\nBotany\n\nBotany is handled in Books XII to XVIII, with Theophrastus as one of Pliny's sources. The manufacture of papyrus and the various grades of papyrus available to Romans are described. Different types of trees and the properties of their wood are explained in Books XII to XIII. The vine, viticulture and varieties of grape are discussed in Book XIV, while Book XV covers the olive tree in detail, followed by other trees including the apple and pear, fig, cherry, myrtle and laurel, among others.\n\nPliny gives special attention to spices, such as pepper, ginger, and cane sugar. He mentions different varieties of pepper, whose values are comparable with that of gold and silver, while sugar is noted only for its medicinal value.\n\nHe is critical of perfumes: \"Perfumes are the most pointless of luxuries, for pearls and jewels are at least passed on to one's heirs, and clothes last for a time, but perfumes lose their fragrance and perish as soon as they are used.\" He gives a summary of their ingredients, such as attar of roses, which he says is the most widely used base. Other substances added include myrrh, cinnamon, and balsam gum.\n\nDrugs, medicine and magic\n\nA major section of the Natural History, Books XX to XXIX, discusses matters related to medicine, especially plants that yield useful drugs. Pliny lists over 900 drugs, compared to 600 in Dioscorides's De Materia Medica, 550 in Theophrastus, and 650 in Galen.\nThe poppy and opium are mentioned; Pliny notes that opium induces sleep and can be fatal. Diseases and their treatment are covered in book XXVI.\n\nPliny addresses magic in Book XXX. He is critical of the Magi, attacking astrology, and suggesting that magic originated in medicine, creeping in by pretending to offer health. He names Zoroaster of Ancient Persia as the source of magical ideas. He states that Pythagoras, Empedocles, Democritus and Plato all travelled abroad to learn magic, remarking that it was surprising anyone accepted the doctrines they brought back, and that medicine (of Hippocrates) and magic (of Democritus) should have flourished simultaneously at the time of the Peloponnesian War.\n\nAgriculture\n\nThe methods used to cultivate crops are described in Book XVIII. He praises Cato the Elder and his work De Agri Cultura, which he uses as a primary source. Pliny's work includes discussion of all known cultivated crops and vegetables, as well as herbs and remedies derived from them. He describes machines used in cultivation and processing the crops. For example, he describes a simple mechanical reaper that cut the ears of wheat and barley without the straw and was pushed by oxen (Book XVIII, chapter 72). It is depicted on a bas-relief found at Trier from the later Roman period. He also describes how grain is ground using a pestle, a hand-mill, or a mill driven by water wheels, as found in Roman water mills across the Empire.\n\nMetallurgy\n\nPliny extensively discusses metals starting with gold and silver (Book XXXIII), and then the base metals copper, mercury, lead, tin and iron, as well as their many alloys such as electrum, bronze, pewter, and steel (Book XXXIV).\n\nHe is critical of greed for gold, such as the absurdity of using the metal for coins in the early Republic. He gives examples of the way rulers proclaimed their prowess by exhibiting gold looted from their campaigns, such as that by Claudius after conquering Britain, and tells the stories of Midas and Croesus. He discusses why gold is unique in its malleability and ductility, far greater than any other metal. The examples given are its ability to be beaten into fine foil with just one ounce, producing 750 leaves four inches square. Fine gold wire can be woven into cloth, although imperial clothes usually combined it with natural fibres like wool. He once saw Agrippina the Younger, wife of Claudius, at a public show on the Fucine Lake involving a naval battle, wearing a military cloak made of gold. He rejects Herodotus's claims of Indian gold obtained by ants or dug up by griffins in Scythia.\n\nSilver, he writes, does not occur in native form and has to be mined, usually occurring with lead ores. Spain produced the most silver in his time, many of the mines having been started by Hannibal. One of the largest had galleries running up to two miles into the mountain, while men worked day and night draining the mine in shifts. Pliny is probably referring to the reverse overshot water-wheels operated by treadmill and found in Roman mines. Britain, he says, is very rich in lead, which is found on the surface at many places, and thus very easy to extract; production was so high that a law was passed attempting to restrict mining.\n\nFraud and forgery are described in detail; in particular coin counterfeiting by mixing copper with silver, or even admixture with iron. Tests had been developed for counterfeit coins and proved very popular with the victims, mostly ordinary people. He deals with the liquid metal mercury, also found in silver mines. He records that it is toxic, and amalgamates with gold, so is used for refining and extracting that metal. He says mercury is used for gilding copper, while antimony is found in silver mines and is used as an eyebrow cosmetic.\n\nThe main ore of mercury is cinnabar, long used as a pigment by painters. He says that the colour is similar to scolecium, probably the kermes insect. The dust is very toxic, so workers handling the material wear face masks of bladder skin. Copper and bronze are, says Pliny, most famous for their use in statues including colossi, gigantic statues as tall as towers, the most famous being the Colossus of Rhodes. He personally saw the massive statue of Nero in Rome, which was removed after the emperor's death. The face of the statue was modified shortly after Nero's death during Vespasian's reign, to make it a statue of Sol. Hadrian moved it, with the help of the architect Decrianus and 24 elephants, to a position next to the Flavian Amphitheatre (now called the Colosseum).\n\nPliny gives a special place to iron, distinguishing the hardness of steel from what is now called wrought iron, a softer grade. He is scathing about the use of iron in warfare.\n\nMineralogy\n\nIn the last two books of the work (Books XXXVI and XXXVII), Pliny describes many different minerals and gemstones, building on works by Theophrastus and other authors. The topic concentrates on the most valuable gemstones, and he criticises the obsession with luxury products such as engraved gems and hardstone carvings. He provides a thorough discussion of the properties of fluorspar, noting that it is carved into vases and other decorative objects. The account of magnetism includes the myth of Magnes the shepherd.\n\nPliny moves into crystallography and mineralogy, describing the octahedral shape of the diamond and recording that diamond dust is used by gem engravers to cut and polish other gems, owing to its great hardness. He states that rock crystal is valuable for its transparency and hardness, and can be carved into vessels and implements. He relates the story of a woman who owned a ladle made of the mineral, paying the sum of 150,000 sesterces for the item. Nero deliberately broke two crystal cups when he realised that he was about to be deposed, so denying their use to anyone else.\n\nPliny returns to the problem of fraud and the detection of false gems using several tests, including the scratch test, where counterfeit gems can be marked by a steel file, and genuine ones not. Perhaps it refers to glass imitations of jewellery gemstones. He refers to using one hard mineral to scratch another, presaging the Mohs hardness scale. Diamond sits at the top of the series because, Pliny says, it will scratch all other minerals.\n\nArt history\n\nPliny's chapters on Roman and Greek art are especially valuable because his work is virtually the only available classical source of information on the subject.\n\nIn the history of art, the original Greek authorities are Duris of Samos, Xenocrates of Sicyon, and Antigonus of Carystus. The anecdotic element has been ascribed to Duris (XXXIV:61); the notices of the successive developments of art and the list of workers in bronze and painters to Xenocrates; and a large amount of miscellaneous information to Antigonus. Both Xenocrates and Antigonus are named in connection with Parrhasius (XXXV:68), while Antigonus is named in the indexes of XXXIII\u2013XXXIV as a writer on the art of embossing metal, or working it in ornamental relief or intaglio.\n\nGreek epigrams contribute their share in Pliny's descriptions of pictures and statues. One of the minor authorities for books XXXIV\u2013XXXV is Heliodorus of Athens, the author of a work on the monuments of Athens. In the indices to XXXIII\u2013XXXVI, an important place is assigned to Pasiteles of Naples, the author of a work in five volumes on famous works of art (XXXVI:40), probably incorporating the substance of the earlier Greek treatises; but Pliny's indebtedness to Pasiteles is denied by Kalkmann, who holds that Pliny used the chronological work of Apollodorus of Athens, as well as a current catalogue of artists. Pliny's knowledge of the Greek authorities was probably mainly due to Varro, whom he often quotes (e.g. XXXIV:56, XXXV:113, 156, XXXVI:17, 39, 41).\n\nFor a number of items relating to works of art near the coast of Asia Minor and in the adjacent islands, Pliny was indebted to the general, statesman, orator and historian Gaius Licinius Mucianus, who died before 77. Pliny mentions the works of art collected by Vespasian in the Temple of Peace and in his other galleries (XXXIV:84), but much of his information about the position of such works in Rome is from books, not personal observation. The main merit of his account of ancient art, the only classical work of its kind, is that it is a compilation ultimately founded on the lost textbooks of Xenocrates and on the biographies of Duris and Antigonus.\n\nIn several passages, he gives proof of independent observation (XXXIV:38, 46, 63, XXXV:17, 20, 116 seq.). He prefers the marble Laoco\u00f6n and his Sons in the palace of Titus (widely believed to be the statue that is now in the Vatican) to all the pictures and bronzes in the world (XXXVI:37). The statue is attributed by Pliny to three sculptors from the island of Rhodes: Agesander, Athenodoros (possibly son of Agesander) and Polydorus.\n\nIn the temple near the Flaminian Circus, Pliny admires the Ares and the Aphrodite of Scopas, \"which would suffice to give renown to any other spot\". He adds:\n\nAt Rome indeed the works of art are legion; besides, one effaces another from the memory and, however beautiful they may be, we are distracted by the overpowering claims of duty and business; for to admire art we need leisure and profound stillness (XXXVI:27).\n\nMining\n\nPliny provides lucid descriptions of Roman mining. He describes gold mining in detail, with large-scale use of water to scour alluvial gold deposits. The description probably refers to mining in Northern Spain, especially at the large Las M\u00e9dulas site.  Pliny describes methods of underground mining, including the use of fire-setting to attack the gold-bearing rock and so extract the ore. In another part of his work, Pliny describes the use of undermining to gain access to the veins. Pliny was scathing about the search for precious metals and gemstones: \"Gangadia or quartzite is considered the hardest of all things\u00a0\u2013 except for the greed for gold, which is even more stubborn.\"\n\nBook XXXIV covers the base metals, their uses and their extraction. Copper mining is mentioned, using a variety of ores including copper pyrites and marcasite, some of the mining being underground, some on the surface. Iron mining is covered, followed by lead and tin.\n\nReception\n\nMedieval and early modern\n\nThe anonymous fourth-century compilation Medicina Plinii contains more than 1,100 pharmacological recipes, the vast majority of them from the Historia naturalis; perhaps because Pliny's name was attached to it, it enjoyed huge popularity in the Middle Ages.\n\nIsidore of Seville's Etymologiae (The Etymologies, c. 600\u2013625) quotes from Pliny 45 times in Book XII alone; Books XII, XIII and XIV are all based largely on the Natural History. Through Isidore, Vincent of Beauvais's Speculum Maius (The Great Mirror, c. 1235\u20131264) also used Pliny as a source for his own work. \nIn this regard, Pliny's influence over the medieval period has been argued to be quite extensive. For example. one twentieth century historian has argued that Pliny's reliance on book-based knowledge, and not direct observation, shaped intellectual life to the degree that it  \"stymie[d] the progress of western science\". This sentiment can be observed in the early modern period when Niccol\u00f2 Leoniceno's 1509 De Erroribus Plinii (\"On Pliny's Errors\") attacked Pliny for lacking a proper scientific method, unlike Theophrastus or Dioscorides, and for lacking knowledge of philosophy or medicine.\n\nSir Thomas Browne expressed scepticism about Pliny's dependability in his 1646 Pseudodoxia Epidemica:\n\nModern\n\nGrundy Steiner of Northwestern University, in a 1955 judgement considered by Thomas R. Laehn to represent the collective opinion of Pliny's critics, wrote of Pliny that \"He was not an original, creative thinker, nor a pioneer of research to be compared either with Aristotle and Theophrastus or with any of the great moderns. He was, rather, the compiler of a secondary sourcebook.\"\n\nThe Italian author Italo Calvino, in his 1991 book Why Read the Classics?, wrote that while people often consult Pliny's Natural History for facts and curiosities, he is an author who \"deserves an extended read, for the measured movement of his prose, which is enlivened by his admiration for everything that exists and his respect for the infinite diversity of all phenomena\". Calvino notes that while Pliny is eclectic, he was not uncritical, though his evaluations of sources are inconsistent and unpredictable. Further, Calvino compares Pliny to Immanuel Kant, in that God is prevented by logic from conflicting with reason, even though (in Calvino's view) Pliny makes a pantheistic identification of God as being immanent in nature. As for destiny, Calvino writes:\n\nThe art historian Jacob Isager writes in the introduction to his analysis of Pliny's chapters on art in the Natural History that his intention is:to show how Pliny in his encyclopedic work \u2013 which is the result of adaptations from many earlier writers and according to Pliny himself was intended as a reference work \u2013 nevertheless throughout expresses a basic attitude to Man and his relationship with Nature; how he understands Man's role as an inventor (\"scientist and artist\"); and finally his attitude to the use and abuse of Nature's and Man's creations, to progress and decay. More specifically, Isager writes that \"the guiding principle in Pliny's treatment of Greek and Roman art is the function of art in society\", while Pliny \"uses his art history to express opinions about the ideology of the state\".\n\nPaula Findlen, writing in the Cambridge History of Science, asserts that Natural history was an ancient form of scientific knowledge, most closely associated with the writings of the Roman encyclopedist Pliny the Elder\u00a0... His loquacious and witty Historia naturalis offered an expansive definition of this subject. [It] broadly described all entities found in nature, or derived from nature, that could be seen in the Roman world and read about in its books: art, artifacts, and peoples as well as animals, plants, and minerals were included in his project. Findlen contrasts Pliny's approach with that of his intellectual predecessors Aristotle and Theophrastus, who sought general causes of natural phenomena, while Pliny was more interested in cataloguing natural wonders, and his contemporary Dioscorides explored nature for its uses in Roman medicine in his great work De Materia Medica.\n\nIn the view of Mary Beagon, writing in The Classical Tradition in 2010:the Historia naturalis has regained its status to a greater extent than at any time since the advent of Humanism. Work by those with scientific as well as philological expertise has resulted in improvements both to Pliny's text and to his reputation as a scientist. The essential coherence of his enterprise has also been rediscovered, and his ambitious portrayal, in all its manifestations, of 'nature, that is, life'.. is recognized as a unique cultural record of its time.\n\nSee also\n Famulus \u2013 his biography is featured in Natural History\n Naturales quaestiones \u2013 a similar, shorter encyclopedia written by Seneca\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\nPrimary\n\n Latin\n Complete Latin text at LacusCurtius \n Complete Latin text with translation tools at Perseus Digital Library\n Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder. Johannes de Spira. Venice. before 18 September 1469. at Corning Museum of Glass. (Once owned by the Earls of Pembroke)\n Naturalis Historia. Pliny the Elder. Karl Friedrich Theodor Mayhoff. Lipsiae. Teubner. 1906.\n\n English\n First English translation, by Philemon Holland, 1601\n Second English translation, by John Bostock and Henry Thomas Riley, 1855;  complete, with index\n \n Pliny's Natural History Translated by H. Rackham (vols. 1-5, 9) and W.H.S. Jones (vols. 6-8) and D.E. Eichholz (vol. 10) Harvard University Press, Massachusetts and William Heinemann, London; 1949\u20131954.\n\nSecondary\n\n Article on Pliny by Jona Lendering, with detailed table of contents of the Natural History\n\nCategory:1st-century Latin books\nCategory:Ancient Roman medicine\nCategory:Geoponici\nCategory:Incunabula\nCategory:Latin encyclopedias\nCategory:Latin prose texts\nCategory:Natural history books\nCategory:Encyclopedias in Classical Antiquity"}
-{"text": "Pinet Butte\n\nPinet Butte () is a small butte comprising the westernmost portion of the Caudal Hills, in Victoria Land. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960-64. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Paul R. Pinet, geologist at McMurdo Station, 1966-67.\n\nCategory:Buttes of Antarctica\nCategory:Landforms of Victoria Land\nCategory:Pennell Coast"}
-{"text": "Averin\n\nAverin or Averina may refer to:\nAverin (surname) (fem. Averina), a Russian last name\nAverin, a protein found in oats\nAverin, common name in Scotland of Rubus chamaemorus, a rhizomatous herb\nAverina (Everina) Wollstonecraft, sister of Mary Wollstonecraft"}
-{"text": "Inorganic carbodiimide\n\nInorganic carbodiimides (or cyanamides depending on the NCN2- form) design a family of compounds containing the carbodiimide (or cyanamide) anion NCN2- bonded to an inorganic group such as a metal. \n\nAdolph Frank and Nikodem Caro were the first to synthesize calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) and to develop a route for its production at the industrial level in 1898. But, the very first beginning of the metal carbodiimides/cyanamides goes back to the 1870s. One can find detailed reports by E. Drechsel on the preparation of Ag2NCN, CaNCN, BaNCN, K2NCN and Li2NCN between 1875 and 1898 (before even XRD invention). The preparation of\u00a0 Cd, Zn, Tl, Cu, Pb and Hg carboimides has been described during the 1950s. CaNCN is by the far the most known since it has been produced since 1898 and used as a fertilizer.\n\nStarting from 2000s, rare earth metal carbodiimides Ln2(NCN)3 (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm and Tm) and transition metal carbodiimides TNCN (T= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)  and Cr2(NCN)3have been reported. Non-metallic carbodiimides are also known such as Si(NCN)2.\n\nTx(NCN)y binaries adopt generally structures with cationic layers made of octahedrally coordinated T2+/T3+ cations alternating with anionic layers of NCN2\u2013 in various structures such as rock-salt, NiAs- and NaN3-like structures. A side of binary carbodiimides, ternary (SrZn(NCN)2) and quaternary ones (Li2Sm2Sr(NCN)5 ) have also been prepared via solid-state metathesis.\n\nDimorphism is observed in inorganic carbodiimide. HgNCN for example can adopt two structures with two different NCN configurations, this means that HgNCN can have either carbodiimide or cyanamide structures.\n\nRecently, metal carbodiimides are explored as anode materials for lithium and sodium ion batteries and found to present better specific capacities compared to conventional graphite and hard carbon electrode materials.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Cyanamides"}
-{"text": "Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (film)\n\nGrandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer is a 2000 Canadian\u2013American animated Christmas TV special, directed by Phil Roman. The special first aired October 31, 2000, on The WB. Despite this film's Christmas theme, the date for its original release on home video was Halloween. It has subsequently aired on The CW (the successor to The WB), Cartoon Network, Boomerang, Freeform and AMC during Advent. Since Warner Home Video distributed this special,  Warner Bros. owns the copyrights. The title and plot are based on the novelty song of the same name.\n\nPlot\nThe special begins by introducing Jake Spankenheimer and his family, most notably his Grandma, who owns a small general store in the town of Cityville. The store happens to be the only piece of property not owned by Austin Bucks, the wealthiest man in town, whose CEO corporation specializes in making Christmas easier and less involved for the town's busy residents. Grandma tells Austin that his method of trying to make Christmas easier is not really for the best and refuses to sell the store. This runs afoul of the gold-digging Cousin Mel, who plans to sell the store anyway.\n\nJake and Grandma love the holiday season, though the rest of the family aren't as excited. Jake and his sister Daphne argue over Santa Claus' existence, and their parents gently try to break the news to him that Santa is not real. Meanwhile, Cousin Mel comes up with a plan to sabotage Grandma's famous fruitcake recipe, secretly adding a disgusting ingredient with hopes that they won't sell, forcing Grandma to sell the store to Austin. Grandma, who hasn't taken her medication that evening, leaves the house with the fruitcake on Christmas-Eve night as Santa's reindeer fly overhead. Suddenly they go out of control and crash into her. Jake witnesses the accident, but the family doesn't believe him. The next morning, Grandma is indeed missing and the police find an imprint of her in the snow, along with her belongings. Cousin Mel found a letter that she quickly hides from the others.  \n\nNine months pass without Grandma and the store's business drops. During this time, Cousin Mel comes up with a new plan to sell the store to Austin, by tricking Grandpa into giving her his power of attorney. When Jake objects, Austin agrees to give him another week in order to find Grandma before going through with the deal. Adamant in his belief that Santa ran over her, Jake emails Santa, and soon Quincy, Santa's head elf, comes to take Jake to the North Pole. It turns out that Santa had taken Grandma back to the North Pole for medical treatment. Unfortunately she has amnesia, and until receiving Jake's e-mail Santa had no idea of who she was. After Jake explains the situation, Santa, Quincy, and Grandma agree to go with him to stop the deal.\n\nWhen they arrive in Cityville, however, Cousin Mel and her attorney, I.M. Slime, quickly trick Grandma into going with them. After Santa explains to Austin what happened, Jake and Quincy discover that Grandma has gone missing once again. Cousin Mel uses the opportunity to accuse Santa of being behind her disappearance, and he is put on trial for kidnapping, leaving the scene of an accident, and \"sleighicular negligence\". The two then plot to sue him, deducing that someone who can pay for billions of presents must be incredibly wealthy.\n\nThree months later, Daphne suspects that Cousin Mel may have been involved in Grandma's second disappearance, and Jake and Quincy follow her to a cabin in the woods where she and I.M. Slime are keeping Grandma out of sight. They rescue Grandma and find Santa's letter explaining what happened, that Cousin Mel had found at the site of Grandma's accident, and also the vial of the ingredient Cousin Mel added to Grandma's fruit cake that Christmas Eve night, which had the effect of \"reindeer-nip\" irresistible to reindeer. They manage to restore Grandma's memory by feeding her some of her own fruit cake, and rush to the courthouse to prove Santa's innocence.\n\nConfronted with the evidence, Cousin Mel is forced to confess everything she did. She even admits that she hates the true meaning of Christmas and is nothing more than a greedy person. She is then placed under arrest for obstructing justice and \"almost ruining Christmas,\" and the judge lets Santa go after finally discovering the truth. Austin approaches Grandma again, this time offering to franchise her store throughout the country, having seen how much she and Jake care about their family and business.\n\nThe show ends with Grandma accidentally picking up the tainted fruit cake instead of her own recipe, with the result that Santa hits her again as he is trying to fly back to the North Pole. Grandpa and Jake pick her up; this time she did not suffer amnesia. Santa's sleigh takes off into the night with him saying the Spanish phrase for \"Merry Christmas\": \"Feliz Navidad.\"\n\nCharacters\n Grandma Spankenheimer (voiced by Susan Blu) \u2013 The titlular character. Jake and Daphne's loving grandmother and Frank's mother who loves Christmas. Grandma is the owner of a general store in Cityville. Merchandise at the store includes ornaments, toys, and Grandma's famous \"Killer Fruitcake.\"\n Jake Spankenheimer (voiced by Alex Doduk) \u2013 The main protagonist of the film, Jake leads the search for Grandma when she mysteriously disappears, and Grandma being hit by Santa's sleigh. A firm believer in Santa Claus, Jake proves his family wrong when he finds the real Santa Claus.\n Cousin Mel (voiced by Michele Lee) \u2013 The main antagonist of the film. Cousin Mel is a money-grubbing do-badder who wears too much makeup and jewelry and beats Grandpa at cards. Cousin Mel is out to sell the store to the wealthy Austin Bucks, and makes Santa Claus the fall guy in a lawsuit over Grandma's disappearance so she can get all his money. Her partner in crime was her lawyer, I.M. Slime, who was also in on Mel's scheme. At the end of the film, she is arrested, imprisoned, and is on Santa's naughty list for life. Other than simply \"a cousin,\" it is unclear as to her exact relationship within the family or even if she is a Spankenheimer.\n Grandpa Spankenheimer & The Narrator (both voiced by Elmo Shropshire) \u2013 Jake and Daphne's grandfather, Grandma's daffy husband and Frank's father. Grandpa accidentally gives Cousin Mel power of attorney, giving Cousin Mel the power to sell Spankenheimer's General Store to Austin Bucks. The narrator is the adult Jake telling the story.\n Austin Bucks (voiced by Cam Clarke) \u2013 A monopolizing store tycoon that wants to buy the store from the Spankenheimers, but near the end of the special, decides instead of buying out the Spankenheimers, he decides to franchise the store, which Grandma eventually accepts the offer to franchise the store. Bucks is completely unaware of Cousin Mel's plots and, in fact, gives Jake the opportunity to prove his story, despite not really believing it.\n Santa Claus (voiced by Jim Staahl) \u2013 A jolly old man who delivers gifts around the world on Christmas Eve. Santa accidentally runs over Grandma with his reindeer-drawn sleigh, and takes her to his hospital at his North Pole workshop.\n Mrs. Claus (voiced by Kathleen Barr) She is known for making cookies with the elves, caring for the reindeer, and preparing toys with her husband. She makes an appearance in this film reading an article in the newspaper about her husband getting arrested and later flying home with him after he was acquitted.\n Daphne Spankenheimer (voiced by Maggie Blue O'Hara) \u2013 Jake's older sister, Grandma and Grandpa's granddaughter and Mr. and Mrs. Spankenheimer's daughter. Daphne is a bit more skeptical and less apt to helping Grandma than Jake is, but she is not as apathetic as Cousin Mel. Despite this, she still cares about her brother and Grandma and Grandpa.\n Frank Spankenheimer (voiced by Scott McNeil) \u2013 Jake and Daphne's father and Grandma and Grandpa's son.\n Rita Spankenheimer (voiced by Kathleen Barr) \u2013 Jake and Daphne's mother and Grandma and Grandpa's daughter-in law.\n I.M. Slime (voiced by Kathleen Barr) \u2013 Cousin Mel's money-loving lawyer.  Sent to prison with Cousin Mel.\n Officers - (voiced by Jim Fisher and Kathleen Barr) - Two police officers who investigate Grandma's disappearance and later arrest Cousin Mel.\n\nHome media releases\nWarner Home Video released Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer to VHS on October 31, 2000 and to DVD on October 16, 2001.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2000 films\nCategory:2000 animated films\nCategory:2000s comedy-drama films\nCategory:American Christmas films\nCategory:Television programs directed by Phil Roman\nCategory:Films set in 1999\nCategory:Films set in 2000\nCategory:Christmas television specials\nCategory:Direct-to-video animated films\nCategory:American fantasy-comedy films\nCategory:Santa Claus in film\nCategory:Santa Claus in television\nCategory:Films based on songs\nCategory:American comedy-drama films\nCategory:Film Roman television specials"}
-{"text": "Jungang Station\n\nJungang Station (Central station) may refer to the following stations in South Korea:\n\n Jungang Station (Ansan), a station on the Seoul metro line 4\n Jungang Station (Uijeongbu), a station of the U Line in Uijeongbu\n Jungang Station (Busan), a station on the Busan metro line 1\n Dongducheon Jungang Station, a station on the Seoul metro line 1 and the Gyeongwon train line\n Changwon Jungang Station, a train station on the Gyeongjeon Line\n Gwanggyo Jungang Station, a station on the Sinbundang line in Yongin\n Samseong Jungang Station, a station on the Seoul metro line 9\n\nSee also\n Central Station (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Robert McKeown\n\nRobert John McKeown (12 May 1869 \u2013 9 April 1925) was a Northern Irish businessman and Ulster Unionist Party politician.\n\nBorn in Coagh, County Tyrone, he was educated privately and was a director of a linen manufacturing company. From 1914 - 1920 he was chairman of the Irish Power Loom Manufacturers' Association and a member of the Flax Control Board during the First World War. In 1920 he was president of the Ulster Reform Club, and chairman of the Ulster Liberal Unionist Association in 1921. \n\nHe was a Stormont MP for North Belfast from 1921 until his death in 1925, and served as Parliamentary Secretary to both the Ministry for Education and Ministry for Commerce during that time.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1921\u20131925\nCategory:Ulster Unionist Party members of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland\nCategory:Northern Ireland junior government ministers (Parliament of Northern Ireland)\nCategory:1869 births\nCategory:1925 deaths"}
-{"text": "1919\u201320 Ottawa Senators season\n\nThe 1919\u201320 Ottawa Senators season was the club's 35th season of play and third season in the NHL. It was a very successful season, as they set an NHL record for wins (19), points (38), and won both halves of the season, therefore the Sens automatically were awarded the NHL championship and the right to play in the Stanley Cup Finals. The Senators defeated Seattle to win their eighth Stanley Cup title.\n\nRegular season\n\nThe Quebec Bulldogs team was relaunched and added to the league and the schedule changed from 18 games to 24.  Also, the Toronto Arenas would get new ownership and be renamed the Toronto St. Pats.\n\nFrank Nighbor led the Sens offensively with 26 goals, good for 3rd in the NHL, and his 33 points ranked him 4th.  Clint Benedict would set an NHL record with 5 shutouts, and he led the league in both wins (19) and GAA (2.66).\n\nDecember\nThe Senators opened the 1919-20 season on home ice against the Toronto St. Patricks on December 23rd. Ottawa, led by goaltender Clint Benedict, shutout the St. Patricks by a 3-0 score. Four nights later, the Senators played their first road game of the series, and were once again by Benedict, as well as a two point game by Sprague Cleghorn, as Ottawa shutout the Montreal Canadiens 2-0.\n\nOttawa finished December with a 2-0-0 record, earning four points. The Senators were in first place in the NHL, as second place Toronto also had four points, however, they had played more games by the end of December.\n\nJanuary\nThe Senators opened the 1920s with a road game against the Quebec Bulldogs, their first meeting against the club on New Year's Day. The Senators defeated Quebec 3-2 to remain perfect on the season with a 3-0-0 record.\n\nOttawa's winning streak was snapped with a 4-3 loss to the Toronto St. Patricks in their next game. The Senators responded by winning their next three games, highlighted by a 7-1 thrashing of the Bulldogs on January 20th, bringing their overall record to 6-1-0.\n\nOn January 17th, Ottawa lost a close 3-2 game to the Montreal Canadiens, ending their winning streak, as Montreal closed within two points of Ottawa for first place in the NHL. The Senators returned to the win column in their following game, blowing out Quebec by a 12-1 score, as both Sprague Cleghorn and Frank Nighbor scored three goals in the win.\n\nOttawa then faced the St. Patricks in a home-and-home series, with the first game played in Toronto on January 24. The St. Patricks defeated the Senators 5-2, as Ottawa fell into a tie for first place with the Canadiens with a 7-3-0 record. The Senators rebounded in the game played in Ottawa four nights later, shutting out Toronto 7-0.\n\nThe Senators played their final game of the first half of the season on January 31 against the Montreal Canadiens, as the winning team would clinch first place. The Senators, led by three goals by Punch Broadbent, humiliated the Canadiens by a score of 11-3 to clinch first place in the first half of the season.\n\nFebruary\nOttawa opened the second half of the season with 5-0 shutout victory over the Quebec Bulldogs on February 4, as Sprague Cleghorn scored twice and Clint Benedict earned the shutout. Three nights later, the Senators dropped a close game to the Toronto St. Patricks, losing 4-3 to drop their second half record to 1-1-0.\n\nThe Senators faced the Montreal Canadiens for a home-and-home series starting on February 11 in Ottawa. The Senators Jack Darragh scored the game winning goal late in the third period, as Ottawa won 4-3. Three nights later, the Senators Cy Denneny scored the overtime winner in Montreal, as Ottawa defeated the Canadiens 3-2.\n\nThe Senators would close out February by winning their remaining four games, including a blowout 9-3 win over Quebec on February 18, and a 1-0 shutout victory against Toronto on February 28.\n\nThe Senators finished February with a 7-1-0 record, earning 14 points, and sitting in first place in the second half standings.\n\nMarch\nThe Senators winning streak extended to seven games, as Ottawa defeated the Toronto St. Patricks 7-4 on home ice on March 3. Three nights later, the Senators defeated the Montreal Canadiens 4-3 in overtime, as Frank Nighbor scored the winning goal.\n\nThe regular season ended with a home-and-home series against the Quebec Bulldogs. In the first game played in Ottawa on March 8, the Bulldogs held a 5-4 lead over the Senators in the third period. Ottawa would storm back and score seven unanswered goals, defeating the Bulldogs 11-6. As the Senators had clinched first place for the second half of the season, the club rested some players in the season finale. Quebec took advantage and defeated Ottawa 10-4.\n\nOverall, Ottawa had a record of 3-1-0 in March. The Senators won the second half of the NHL season as they posted a league best 10-2-0 record, earning 20 points.\n\nFinal standings\n\nRecord vs. opponents\n\nPlayoffs\nOttawa won both halves of the schedule, and no NHL playoffs were played.\n\nStanley Cup Finals\n\nThe Senators would face the Seattle Metropolitans for the Stanley Cup, with all games scheduled to be played in Ottawa.  However an unseasonably warm spring in the Ottawa area led to some problems with the ice at Dey's Arena, and the final two games were moved to Toronto's Arena Gardens, which had artificial ice equipment.\n\nThe series opened on March 22 in Ottawa. The Metropolitans Frank Foyston scored the lone goal of the first period, giving Seattle a 1-0 lead over the Senators. Foyston scored his second goal of the game 5:46 into the second period, as Seattle went up 2-0. Frank Nighbor finally got Ottawa on the scoreboard with a goal 14:15 into the second period, cutting the Metropolitans lead to 2-1. In the third period, Nighbor scored his second goal of the game 10:00 into the period, tying the game 2-2. The Senators Jack Darragh scored with 4:00 remaining in the game, as Ottawa held on to a 3-2 win and a 1-0 series lead.\n\nThe second game was played in Ottawa on March 24. The Senators Jack Darragh scored the only goal of the first period, as Ottawa took a 1-0 into the first intermission. Neither team scored in the second period, as this was a very tightly defensive game. In the third period, Eddie Gerard scored 6:00 into the period, giving Ottawa a 2-0 lead. Frank Nighbor scored a late goal, as the Senators shutout the Metropolitans 3-0 and took a commanding 2-0 series lead.\n\nThe third game was played on March 27 in Ottawa, as the Senators could close out the series and win the Stanley Cup with a victory. The Senators Georges Boucher got Ottawa on the board first with a goal 5:00 into the game. The Metropolitans Frank Foyston replied with his third goal of the series three minutes later, tying the game 1-1 after the first period. In the second period, Foyston scored once again, as Seattle took a 2-1 lead into the third period. The Metropolitans Roy Rickey scored the only goal of the third period, as the Senators couldn't beat Hap Holmes. Seattle won the game 3-1 and cut the Senators series lead to 2-1.\n\nThe fourth game was moved to Arena Gardens in Toronto due to ice problems in Ottawa on March 30. The Metropolitans used this to their advantage, as they took a 2-0 lead after the first period. Frank Nighbor brought the Senators to within a goal as he scored 2:00 into the second period, however, the Metropolitans responded with a goal six minutes later, taking a 3-1 lead in the game. Ottawa would once again bring the game to within a goal by the end of the period, as Nighbor scored his second of the game, making it 3-2 Seattle after two periods. In the third period, the Metropolitans scored two goals, including the sixth of the series by Frank Foyston, as they won the game 5-2 and tied the series up at 2-2.\n\nThe fifth and deciding game was played in Toronto on April 1. The Metropolitans Bobby Rowe gave Seattle an early 1-0 lead with a goal 10:00 into the first period, however, the Senators Georges Boucher tied the game four minutes later, making it 1-1 after the first period. The teams skated to a scoreless second period, as the game remained tied heading into the third period. Ottawa's Jack Darragh broke the tie with a goal 5:00 into the period, giving Ottawa a 2-1 lead. At the 10:00 mark of the period, the Senators took a 3-1 lead after a goal by Eddie Gerard. Darragh then scored two goals within a minute, giving the Senators a 5-1 lead. Frank Nighbor closed out the scoring with a goal 30 seconds after Darragh's second goal, as Ottawa crushed the Metropolitans 6-1 to clinch the Stanley Cup for the first time since the club joined the NHL.\n\nOttawa Senators 3, Seattle Metropolitans 2\n\n Game 4 and Game 5 played at Arena Gardens in Toronto, Ontario.\n\nSchedule and results\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nScoring leaders\n\nGoaltending\n\nAwards and records \n\n NHL champion (O'Brien Cup not awarded)\n\nTransactions\n\nOttawa Senators 1920 Stanley Cup champions\n\nSee also\n 1919\u201320 NHL season\n List of Stanley Cup champions\n\nReferences\nSHRP Sports\nThe Internet Hockey Database\nNational Hockey League Guide & Record Book 2007\n\nCategory:Stanley Cup championship seasons\nCategory:Ottawa Senators (original) seasons\nOttawa Senators season, 1919-20\nOttawa"}
-{"text": "\u010centur\n\n\u010centur () is a settlement 5 km southeast of Koper in the Littoral region of Slovenia. It is divided into two separate hamlets: Veliki \u010centur and Mali \u010centur (literally, 'big \u010centur' and 'little \u010centur').\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\u010centur on Geopedia\n\nCategory:Populated places in the City Municipality of Koper"}
-{"text": "Knox National Forest\n\nKnox National Forest was established in Kentucky by the U.S. Forest Service on June 5, 1925 with  from part of the Camp Knox Military Reservation. On April 6, 1928 the executive order for its creation was rescinded and the forest was abolished.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nForest History Society\nListing of the National Forests of the United States and Their Dates (from the Forest History Society website) Text from Davis, Richard C., ed. Encyclopedia of American Forest and Conservation History. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company for the Forest History Society, 1983. Vol. II, pp. 743-788.\n\nCategory:Former National Forests that were military bases\nCategory:National Forests of Kentucky"}
-{"text": "Tarwin Lower, Victoria\n\nTarwin Lower is a small town located  south-east of Melbourne, Australia.  It rests on the south bank of the Tarwin River and at the , had a population of 115.\n\nHistory\nThe original settlement is believed to have started at an area called Tarwin Meadows. The area south of Tarwin Lower is still called by this name. Tarwin Lower is on the banks of the Tarwin River.  The first major land-holder in the area was George Black. Black leased land from the Bass River through to Cape Liptrap. Black bought the Tarwin Meadows Run in 1851.(http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/black-george-2999)\n\nSeveral drowning fatalities have occurred over the years primarily because of the tidal nature of the river. One of the most well-known is that of a young man who drowned in the river many years ago. His gravestone is situated on River Drive just before the roundabout.\nUntil 1990  camping along the banks of the river was a summer pastime for many families from around the state. This was discouraged because of the risk of flooding, and the lack of supervision of swimmers in a tidal river.\n\nThe Post Office opened on 1 February 1881.\n\nThe Town today\nThe majority of the town is on its main street \u2014 River Drive \u2014 and is often passed through by holiday makers on their way to nearby Venus Bay, or as a scenic route to Walkerville and Waratah Bay. The main shopping strip is home to several small shops [including supermarket], Community Church (Uniting and Anglican services alternate each Sunday, Catholic Mass on Saturday 6pm), local Mechanics Institute [hall], tennis courts and CFA. Behind River Drive is the small primary school and the Community Centre which hosts several small groups and is visited by doctors, welfare nurse and occasional other medical plus education services for under school-age children.\n\nDuring main holiday weekends and periods throughout the year Tarwin Lower hosts a decent market catering to all tastes.  It is mainly based at the Mechanic's Institute hall and its surrounding land, and continues to sprawl each time it runs.\n\nAt the western end of the town is the local fishing jetty and a very long picnic table.\n\nThe town is home to the local football team, the Tarwin Sharks, who were premiers in 2004 in the local Alberton Football League.\n\nUntil recently a small golf-course operated on River Drive.\n\nA walk along the boardwalk exists along the banks of the River from Venus Bay to Tarwin Lower. This is very busy during summer months with walkers and cyclists of all ages.\n\nThe town has hosted the Unify Gathering Heavy Music Festival from 2015 to 2019, and will again in 2020. The campsite and arena have been situated on the football grounds and surrounding fields.\n\nNotable people\nNotable people from or who have lived in the area of Tarwin Lower include:\n Frank Vale, cold storage industry and dairy factory industry pioneer\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Towns in Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Gippsland\nCategory:Coastal towns in Victoria (Australia)"}
-{"text": "DARWARS\n\nDARWARS was a research program at DARPA intended to accelerate the development and deployment of military training systems. These were envisioned as low-cost, mobile, web-centric, simulation-based, \u201clightweight\u201d systems designed to take advantage of the ubiquitous presence of the PC and of new technology, including multi-player games, virtual worlds, off-the-shelf PC simulations, intelligent agents, and on-line communities.  The project started in 2003 under the leadership of DARPA Program Manager Dr. Ralph Chatham, a former U.S. Navy officer.\n\nThe program is producing an architectural framework, including a set of web services, tools, and system interface definitions that facilitate the development of networked training systems. The scalable framework supports training for individuals, teams, or teams of teams (involving students at PCs interacting on a virtual battlefield). Training systems keep track of student performance in order to offer individual and group feedback. The program envisions an online community of students, instructors and developers around the DARWARS family of training systems, although, realistically the creators only hoped to get this kind of training started - not see it to that complete end.\n\nSponsorship\n\nDARWARS is sponsored by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and is co-sponsored by U.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) and the United States Marine Corps Program Manager for Training Systems (PM TRASYS). The integration and architecture contractor for the DARWARS project is BBN Technologies. The program is the core DARPA's Training Superiority initiative.\n\nExemplar trainers\n\nAs part of the DARWARS program, several training systems have been developed as exemplars of what is possible. Some of these systems have been deployed to meet training needs related to current U.S. military efforts. Among these is the DARWARS Ambush! tactical trainer and the language trainer Tactical IraqiTM.\n\nDARWARS Ambush!\nDARWARS Ambush! is a PC-based, networked, multiplayer training simulator, or, serious game. It provides military training based on experiences of personnel in the field, and includes capabilities to ensure the capture and dissemination of lessons learned. The initial application involved road-convoy-operations training, while subsequent applications include training for platoon level mounted infantry tactics, dismounted infantry operations, Rules-of-Engagement training, cross-cultural communications training, and other areas. The software was developed by Total Immersion Software, based on the technology of Operation Flashpoint.\n\nDARWARS Ambush! is generally restricted to U.S. Military and U.S. Government organizations and personnel.  The DARWARS Ambush! software is free of charge. The costs of the underlying game engine and networking infrastructure is nominal compared to traditional simulation-training systems.\nThe most important innovation of DARWARS Ambush! is that it is user-authorable. Soldiers themselves can create new scenarios and training in a few hours or days without a contractor between them and their tactics, techniques and procedures.\n\nTactical Language & Culture Training System\nTactical Language & Culture Training Systems are PC-based courses that teach foreign languages and cultural knowledge needed to conduct tasks effectively and safely during both daily life and military missions. They are self-paced foreign-language training programs that use numerous research-based pedagogic and technologic innovations\u2014including interactive 3D video game simulations\u2014to teach what to say, how to say it, and when to say it. The courses to learn Iraqi, Pashto, French, and Dari {under development} are available to any member of the U.S. Armed Forces by free download from the company's website.\n\nReplacement\nGame After Ambush, which is based on VBS2 is scheduled to replace DARWARS Ambush! during 2009.\n\nSee also\nVirtual battlefield\nOperation Flashpoint\n\nExternal links\n DARPA\n DARPA Training Superiority initiative\n Tactical Language & Culture Training Systems\n DARWARS Ambush!\n U.S. Marine Corps Program Manager for Training Systems (PM TRASYS)\n\nCategory:Military exercises and wargames\nCategory:DARPA"}
-{"text": "Whelton\n\nWhelton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nBill Whelton (born 1959), American ice hockey player\nDaniel A. Whelton (1872\u20131953), American politician\nJames Whelton, Irish computer programmer\nJoe Whelton (born 1956), American basketball coach\nPaul Whelton, American physician"}
-{"text": "Los Santos de Maimona\n\nLos Santos de Maimona is a municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. It has a population of 8,245 in 2012 and an area of 108\u00a0km\u00b2.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Municipalities in the Province of Badajoz\nCategory:Populated places in the Province of Badajoz"}
-{"text": "Alluvial (horse)\n\nAlluvial (foaled 1969 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred broodmare.\n\nBackground\nAlluvial was sired by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee Buckpasser, who in turn was sired by the 1953 United States Horse of the Year, Tom Fool, out of the Hill Prince mare Bayou.  Alluvial was a half-sister, through Bayou, to the graded stakes race winning filly Batteur, who won the Santa Monica Handicap, Santa Margarita Handicap, Santa Maria Handicap, and Santa Barbara Handicap, as well as the New York Handicap.\n\nBreeding record\nAlluvial was unraced and is known for her success as a broodmare.  She is the dam of Belmont Stakes winner Coastal, by Majestic Prince, and champion Slew o' Gold, by Seattle Slew.\n\nHer daughter Dokki is the dam of Aptitude, who was second in both the 2000 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes, and stakes winner Sleep Easy.\n\nOn May 23, 1994, Alluvial died at Claiborne Farm due to the infirmities of old age.\n\nResources\n Pedgigree & Partial Stats\n\nCategory:1969 racehorse births\nCategory:1994 racehorse deaths\nCategory:Racehorses bred in Kentucky\nCategory:Racehorses trained in the United States\nCategory:Thoroughbred family 9-f"}
-{"text": "Athletics at the 1970 Summer Universiade \u2013 Men's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay\n\nThe men's 4 \u00d7 100 metres relay event at the 1970 Summer Universiade was held at the Stadio Comunale in Turin in September 1970.\n\nRecords\n\nResults\n\nHeats\n\nFinal\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Athletics at the 1970 Summer Universiade"}
-{"text": "New York State Route 143\n\nNew York State Route\u00a0143 (NY\u00a0143) is a  state highway in Albany County, New York, in the United States. The highway runs from an intersection with NY\u00a085 in the town of Westerlo to a junction with NY\u00a0144 in the hamlet of Coeymans. The entire route is two lanes wide. NY\u00a0143 follows the path of the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road, a plank road that operated from 1850 to the early 20th century. The road became a state highway by 1915 and was designated NY\u00a0143 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York.\n\nRoute description\n\nNY\u00a0143 begins at an intersection with NY\u00a085 (Delaware Turnpike) in the town of Westerlo. It proceeds south through the town as a two-lane highway, serving residential areas that become less densely populated as the route heads away from NY\u00a085. The number of homes along the road rises slightly as NY\u00a0143 enters the small hamlet of Westerlo, located at the intersection of NY\u00a0143 and the eastern terminus of County Route\u00a01 (CR\u00a01, named Switz Kill Road). At CR\u00a01, NY\u00a0143 turns eastward to serve Westerlo's central business district. The route passes north of Westerlo Town Park and intersects CR\u00a0412 (Airport Road) before leaving the hamlet on a winding, generally easterly alignment.\n\nContinuing through the town of Westerlo, NY\u00a0143 passes south of a large airstrip located in a rural area between NY\u00a0143 and CR\u00a0412. The route remains on an eastward track for another half-mile (0.8\u00a0km), meandering through dense woods before turning southeastward into an open area with a handful of isolated homes. NY\u00a0143 soon enters the hamlet of Dormansville, where it intersects with the southern terminus of CR\u00a0312 and passes some small businesses ahead of a junction with NY\u00a032 just east of the community. NY\u00a0143 joins NY\u00a032, forming an overlap that takes both roads eastward toward Alcove Reservoir. The conjoined routes connect two sections of CR\u00a0411 and pass over Hannacrois Creek before crossing into the town of Coeymans as Indian Fields Road.  \n\nNot far from the town line, NY\u00a0143 and NY\u00a032 begin to trend northeastward as they approach and eventually cross the Alcove Reservoir on a narrow causeway. The overlap ends just east of the crossing, with NY\u00a032 bending northward along Indian Fields Road and NY\u00a0143 forking to the southeast on an unnamed highway. For the next , NY\u00a0143 runs along the eastern edge of the reservoir, passing by little more than dense forests. The route breaks from the shoreline at the hamlet of Alcove, which comprises several isolated homes connected by a handful of local streets. Here, NY\u00a0143 meets the northern terminus of CR\u00a0111 as it turns to follow Hannacrois Creek eastward along the base of a narrow, winding valley.\n\nAbout  from Alcove, NY\u00a0143 reaches the hamlet of Coeymans Hollow, a residential community at the route's junction with CR\u00a0103 (Blodgett Hill Road). East of the community, the roadside homes give way to less developed areas of forests and fields as the highway intersects with CR\u00a0106 (Tompkins Road) in front of the Sycamore Country Club. The trend soon reverses, however, as NY\u00a0143 exits the creek valley and serves another stretch of homes ahead of an intersection with CR\u00a0102 (Starr Road). Here, NY\u00a0143 turns to the southeast, following Hannacrois Creek to the hamlet of Aquetuck, located about  north of the Greene County line. While the creek continues into Greene County, NY\u00a0143 curves northeastward toward the nearby village of Ravena as Martins Hill Road.\n\nFrom Aquetuck, the route crosses a series of hills to reach Ravena, where it meets U.S. Route\u00a09W (US\u00a09W) in the southwestern part of the community. At this point, NY\u00a0143 changes names to Main Street as it runs generally east\u2013west through Ravena's commercial center. While traversing the village, NY\u00a0143 crosses over a CSX-owned railroad line and passes crosses under the New York State Thruway (Interstate\u00a087). Past the Thruway, the commercial buildings give way to homes as NY\u00a0143 transitions from the village of Ravena to the adjacent hamlet of Coeymans. The highway becomes known as Church Street for its final few blocks before descending into the Hudson River valley and ending at an intersection with NY\u00a0144 (Main Street) just west of the river. While NY\u00a0143 ends here, its right-of-way continues east towards the riverfront as Fourth Street.\n\nHistory\nMost of NY\u00a0143 follows the right-of-way of the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road, a plank road partially constructed in the early 19th century by the New Baltimore and Rensselaerville Turnpike, which ran from the Greene County town of New Baltimore to Rensselaerville in Albany County. The New Baltimore and Rensselaerville Turnpike Company suffered from financial troubles in the middle of the century, which led the company to sell the road to the Coeymans and Westerlo Plank Road Company, a new company incorporated in 1850. After purchasing the old New Baltimore\u2013Rensselaerville road, the company built a  spur leading from the original plank road to the hamlet of Coeymans Landing (now Coeymans).\n\nFrom Coeymans Landing, the newly established Coeymans Landing\u2013Rensselaerville route proceeded generally southwestward through Ravena to Peacock's Corners, where the Coeymans Landing spur met the old road to New Baltimore. Here, the route turned to follow a northwesterly track through southern Albany County to the Delaware Turnpike (now part of NY\u00a085) west of Westerlo. Six toll gates were installed along the route, with the easternmost of the stops positioned midway between Coeymans Landing and Ravena. The other five collection points were placed about  apart in Peacock's Corners, Coeymans Hollow, Indian Fields, Dormansville, and Westerlo. While most of the hamlets still exist in some form, Indian Fields was eventually abandoned to create the Alcove Reservoir.\n\nThe plank road operated for over 60 years, connecting farmers in Coeymans and Westerlo to the Hudson River at Coeymans Landing. The road was resurfaced with stone in 1860, and the company's 30-year charter was renewed in 1880 for another 30 years. By 1915, ownership of the highway had been transferred to the state of New York. While most of the old plank road was retained as a state highway, the piece west of Westerlo was abandoned by 1926 in favor of a north\u2013south connection between the hamlet and the Delaware Turnpike. The Westerlo\u2013Coeymans state road went unnumbered until the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, when it was designated NY\u00a0143.\n\nMajor intersections\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n143\nCategory:Transportation in Albany County, New York"}
-{"text": "Jocks Lagoon\n\nJocks Lagoon is an  freshwater coastal lagoon in north-eastern Tasmania, Australia. In 1982 it was designated a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.\n\nDescription\nThe lagoon is located approximately  south-east of the town of St Helens. It lies partly on private land and partly at the southern end of the St Helens Point conservation area. One of a chain of wetlands along St Helens Point, it is  inland from the coast, near a dunefield. About  long and  wide, it is dystrophic, with tannin-stained, low-nutrient, acidic waters. Water levels fluctuate with rainfall and reach a depth of .\n\nVegetation\nWhile the northern half of the lagoon is mainly open water, the southern half is mostly covered with emergent rushes and sedges. Threatened plants recorded from the site, or suspected to be present, include jointed twigsedge, slender twigsedge, zigzag bogsedge, yellow onion orchid and erect marshflower.\n\nA total of 51 vascular plant species were recorded from the lagoon by a recent study. Of that total, half were species that grow in swamps or damp areas; vegetation common to dry areas, coastal woodland and Melaleuca forest made up the remainder of the list. The lagoon's aquatic flora is equally rich. Several rare species occur there.\n\nRamsar criteria\nAlthough Jocks Lagoon is listed as a Ramsar Site, it does not meet all four criteria that determine a site as a Ramsar Site. The lagoon does not meet criterion four, which states that a Ramsar Site is one that \"supports species at critical stages or provides refuge in adverse conditions.\"\n\nSee also\n\n List of Ramsar sites in Australia\n List of lakes in Tasmania\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ramsar sites in Australia\nCategory:Lakes of Tasmania\nCategory:East Coast Tasmania"}
-{"text": "Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ\n\nHey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ was a Japanese music variety show on Fuji Television hosted by the comedy duo Downtown, which consists of Hitoshi Matsumoto and Masatoshi Hamada. It is a very popular show with comical hosts who like to pick on their guests. An episode usually consists of live performances (of recently released songs) from popular artists, chat segments and other fun and games.\n\nMany famous singers such as Ayumi Hamasaki, Britney Spears, Utada Hikaru, and Namie Amuro have performed almost all of their singles on this show.  Japanese rock artists such as Glay, X Japan, Alice Nine, The Gazette, Nightmare, Gackt, and L'Arc-en-Ciel have also been on the show performing their hit singles as well as playing games with the hosts. All bands signed under Johnny & Associates have also appeared on the show as guests and have performed their latest hit songs. South Korean boybands SS501, Big Bang, TVXQ and girl groups S.E.S., Girls' Generation, and Kara have also appeared on the show.\n\nOn September 18, 2012, Fuji TV announced that \"Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ\" would end its run after eighteen years. The series finale aired on December 17, 2012.\n\nSegments\n\nMusic mixture\nIn this quiz game segment, four or five teams of one or more individuals try to guess songs as they are played four at a time. (As each song is correctly guessed, they are eliminated from the mixture.) Each song has a descending point value, from 40 for the first song guessed to 10 for the last.\n\nThe game is played in four rounds, with the final round determining the winner in one of two ways through a random draw. The \"NG\" variation has one of the four songs in the final rounds taking away 100 points from the individual/team who guessed it. The \"Lucky\" variation is exactly the reverse: one of the final round songs gives 100 points to the individual/team who guessed it.\n\nTelephone box\nIn this interview segment, guests are interviewed over a telephone in an English-style phone box.\n\nRainichi-In\nThis interview segment focuses on non-Japanese artists that have a loyal following in Japan, such as Ne-Yo and Britney Spears.\n\nHoshi no resutoran (The Star restaurant)\nThis segment is a combination interview/cooking show: a chef from a restaurant selected by the guest(s) as his/her/their favorite restaurant cooks for that guest and Downtown. One notable example of this is when X Japan co-founder Yoshiki noted the Shibuya-based restaurant La Rochelle as his favorite place.\n\nThe restaurant's owner/head chef, Hiroyuki Sakai, came on the show to cook a special dish for Yoshiki.\n\nOther competitions\nMiscellaneous competition segments have also occurred over the show's run, many of which started rivalries between Downtown and guests. One such example is a 1999 billiards competition between entertainer Masaharu Fukuyama and Hitoshi Matsumoto, which led to an Iron Chef battle between the two.\n\nSee also\n FNS Music Festival\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  \n\nCategory:Fuji Television shows\nCategory:Japanese music television series\nCategory:1994 Japanese television series debuts\nCategory:2012 Japanese television series endings"}
-{"text": "The Gentle Art of Burglary\n\nThe Gentle Art of Burglary is a 1916 American silent short comedy directed by Raymond L. Schrock and starring William Garwood, Violet Mersereau and Paddy Sullivan.\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1910s comedy films\nCategory:1916 films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American comedy films\nCategory:American silent short films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:1910s short films\n\nCategory:Comedy short films"}
-{"text": "24th Grey Cup\n\nThe 24th Grey Cup was played on December 5, 1936, before 5,883 fans at Varsity Stadium at Toronto.\n\nThe Sarnia Imperials defeated the Ottawa Rough Riders 26 to 20.\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:Grey Cup\nGrey Cup\nCategory:Grey Cups hosted in Toronto\nGrey Cup\nCategory:1936 in Ontario\nCategory:December 1936 sports events\nCategory:1930s in Toronto\nCategory:Ottawa Rough Riders"}
-{"text": "WeirFoulds LLP\n\nWeirFoulds LLP is a Canadian law firm based in Toronto, Ontario. The firm specializes in litigation, corporate, property and government law. It is one of Canada's oldest law firms.\n\nHistory\nIn 1860, Theodore H. Spencer, LL.B., began his practice and opened the firm's first office at 20 Toronto Street, site of the Masonic Temple, built in 1858 by William Kaufman.\n\nWeirFoulds is deeply rooted in Canadian history, stretching back to when Toronto became the industrial center of Ontario in the late 1800s. The firm was founded initially as Spencer and MacDonald in 1870. The firm is currently located in the Toronto-Dominion Bank Tower, at 66 Wellington Street West, in Toronto, Ontario.\n\nIn 1883, partner John Rose became the first of 13 lawyers from the firm to be appointed as a federal judge, in the court of Common Pleas. Eight of these judges were appointed to courts of appeal in Canada, including the Supreme Court of Canada.\n\nA number of other WeirFoulds partners became judges. These include former Ontario Chief Justice George Alexander Gale; former SCC justice Roy Kellock; former Ontario Court of Appeal justices John Arnup, who was also a treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada, James Carthy and Allan McNiece Austin; Canadian Supreme Court Justice Thomas Cromwell (Canadian jurist); and Ontario Superior Court justices Joan Lax and Paul Perell.\n\nIn 1966, the firm prevailed in Leitch Gold Mines v. Texas Gulf, a dispute over vast mineral wealth. At the time, it was the longest civil trial in Commonwealth history. The firm's corporate practice represented the T. Eaton Company in 1920 to develop what was then the largest department store in Canada, beginning a long relationship with the company that lead the firm, in 1965, to act on its behalf to assemble the land for the Eaton Centre in Toronto, the largest urban redevelopment project in Canada at the time. In 2003, Derry Millar of the firm was appointed lead counsel in the Ipperwash Inquiry concerning the events surrounding the death of Dudley George who died in 1995 during a First Nations protest at Ipperwash Provincial Park, see Ipperwash Crisis.\n\nIn 2009, the firm was criticized by a judge for spending \"excessive\" time when acting for the Ontario government in a case involving allegations of corruption at Ontario's real estate arm.\n\nThe current executive partner (and previous managing partner) of WeirFoulds, Lisa Borsook, was one of the few women managing partners of any of Canada's major law firms.\n\nNotable members and alumni\nJohn Arnup, 1970\u20131985 Court of Appeal, LSUC Treasurer (1963\u20131966) (see List of Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada)\nThomas Cromwell, 1997 Appointed to Nova Scotia Court of Appeal,  2008 Appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada\nGeorge Alexander Gale, 1946\u20131963 High Court of Justice, 1963\u20131964 Court of Appeal, 1964\u20131967 Chief Justice of High Court of Justice, 1967\u20131976 Chief Justice of Ontario \nRoy Kellock, 1942\u20131944 Court of Appeal, 1944\u20131958 Supreme Court of Canada\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n weirfoulds.com\n Canadian Lawyer Magazine - From Good to Great: Ontario's mid-size business firms are thriving\n Canadian Lawyer Magazine - Lisa Borsook: Managing Success\n\nCategory:Law firms of Canada\nCategory:Companies based in Toronto\nCategory:Law firms established in 1860\nCategory:1860 establishments in Canada"}
-{"text": "Georgios Vafeiadis\n\nGeorgios Vafeiadis (born 1894, date of death unknown) was a Greek sports shooter. He competed in the 25 m rapid fire pistol event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1894 births\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:Greek male sport shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of Greece\nCategory:Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics\nCategory:People from Volos"}
-{"text": "Land of the Rising Sun (disambiguation)\n\nLand of the Rising Sun is a popular Western name for Japan.\n\nLand of the Rising Sun may also refer to:\n\nLand of the Rising Sun (national anthem), of the secessionist African state of Biafra\nLand of the Rising Sun (role-playing game), a 1980 samurai game\n\nSee also\nArunachal Pradesh, a state of India known as \"Land of the Dawn-Lit Mountains\"\nGreater Khorasan (the literal translation of \"Khorasan\" is \"sunrise\"), a historical region of Persia\nRising Sun (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "FCS Network\n\nThe FCS Network - (Future Combat Systems) Brigade Combat Team (BCT) Network consists of five layers that combine to provide seamless delivery of data to forward-deployed Army units.\n\nWhen fully adopted by the Army over the next two decades, the FCS (BCT) Network will possess the adaptability and management functionality required to maintain pertinent services, while the assigned FCS Brigade Combat Team fights on a rapidly shifting battlespace. The FCS (BCT) network will provide the FCS Family of Systems (FoS) the advantage to see first, understand first, act first, and finish decisively in the battlespace against both conventional and non-conventional enemy forces. The FCS (BCT) network will also dispatch targeting and other coordinating data to Navy and Air Force components for total force integration in the battlespace.\n\nSensors and Platforms Layer\nSensors are the hardware and software that will provide FCS with the ability to \"see first\" and achieve situational awareness and understanding of the battlefield. Sensor layer allows soldiers to detect, identify, and track both enemy and friendly systems and to survey the terrain around them. The intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance sensors will be integrated onto all manned and unmanned ground vehicles, and will be capable of accomplishing a variety of missions. The unmanned aerial vehicles will be able to maneuver to an area of attack and the onboard sensors will provide surveillance of targets and terrain, among other functions. In addition, FCS has two types of unattended ground sensor systems, Tactical-Unattended Ground Sensors (T-UGS) and Urban-Unattended Ground Sensors (U-UGS). T-UGS provide intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance awareness to the BCTs, while U-UGS support clearing operations in confined spaces or urban chokepoints. All sensors are connected to the Common Operational Picture. The Common Operational Picture (COP) gives the Soldier a good overview and understanding of their battlespace.\n\nApplications Layer\nThe applications layer is responsible for providing the integrated ability to assess, plan, and execute network-centric mission operations using a common interface. It consists of 10 software packages known as Battle Command applications. The combined capabilities of the Battle Command software packages enable full interaction among the FCS (BCTs), and provide the ability to understand the battle situation first. Understanding first is the ability to see the patterns, understand the enemy's concept of operations, his scheme of maneuver, and then exploit his decisive points and vulnerabilities. The applications layer provides the ability for cross Battlefield Functional Area (BFA) problem solving and decision aiding capability for all brigades and below echelons.\n\nServices Layer\nThe services layer is commonly referred to as System-of-Systems Common Operating Environment (SoSCOE). SoSCOE provides interoperability with existing systems, intra and inter platform networking (including e-mail and web services), data services and information assurance, and search capabilities. The Services Layer also contains administrative applications that provide capabilities including login service, startup, logoff, erase, alert/emergency restart and monitoring control. It enables straightforward integration of separate software packages, independent of their location, connectivity mechanism and the technology used to develop them. SoSCOE has three different variants: Micro Edition, Realtime Edition, Standard Edition. Multiple editions allow SoSCOE to meet performance, scalability, portability, and interoperability requirements of FCS platforms.\n\nTransport Layer\nThe transport layer is the telecommunications layer. It provides the radios and computers to process information. It improves current force communication limitations because it is primarily embedded in the mobile platforms and moves with the combat formations. The transport layer provides ground, aerial, and space communications across the battlefield. It allows information to move seamlessly between FCS variants and Soldiers. The FCS communications network consists of a three tiered transport layer; terrestrial, airborne, and space. The terrestrial tier is based on the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) Ground Mobile Radio (GMR) and Handheld, Manpackable, Small Form Factor (HMS) radios running two transformational waveforms, the Soldier Radio Waveform (SRW), and the Wideband Networking Waveform (WNW). Both radios will also run select legacy waveforms to provide current force and Joint interoperability.\n\nStandards Layer\nThe standards layer is the foundation of the FCS (BCT) network. This layer provides the governance for the implementation of the network (i.e. rules the soldier has to accommodate). It also describes how sensor data from non-FCS sources can be used by the FCS network. This ensures that FCS components will work together properly. Conformance to these standards permits seamless interoperability with combined and coalition forces for all National Security Systems (NSS) and Information Technology (IT) systems.\n\nSee also\nGlobal Information Grid\nLandWarNet\n\nReferences\n\n US Army : Future Combat Systems : Network\n SOSCOE Home Page\n US Army : Future Combat Systems : FCS White Paper: Systems Overview  \n\nCategory:Military equipment of the United States\nCategory:United States Army equipment\nCategory:Applications of distributed computing"}
-{"text": "Yeltsy, Yuryev-Polsky District, Vladimir Oblast\n\nYeltsy () is a rural locality (a selo) in Selivanovsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 15 as of 2010.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast"}
-{"text": "John Henry Moore (Texas)\n\nColonel John Henry Moore (August 13, 1800\u2013December 2, 1880) was an early Texas settler, one of the Old Three Hundred first land grantees to settle in Mexican Texas.\n\nEarly life\nMoore was born August 13, 1800, in Rome, Smith County, Tennessee.  It is said that John Henry Moore ran away from college to avoid studying Latin. He went to Spanish Texas in 1818. (His father took him back to Tennessee, and he returned to Texas in 1821.)\n\nMilitary career\nHe built Moore's Fort at present-day La Grange, Texas, in 1828; but he is best known for commanding the Battle of Gonzales on October 2, 1835. In 1839 he led a force of 60 Texans, from Austin, along with their Lipan Apache allies, under chief Castro, to the San Saba river and attacked an emcampment of Commanche, killing and wounding many and recovering a considerable number of horses and equipment from them. He was elected a colonel of the Texan army and served as a member of the council of war. Commander Stephen F. Austin ordered Moore to organize a cavalry company, who brought their own pistols and double-barreled shotguns.\n\nDuring the Civil War, Moore enlisted in Terry's Texas Rangers. Being 61 years old, he was appointed to a committee to help secure bonds for financing the Confederate cause.\n\nCommunity life\nJohn H. Moore established the first church in Fayette County, Texas, in the fort building.\n\nDeath\nMoore died December 2, 1880.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n John Henry Moore in Handbook of Texas Online \n\nCategory:1800 births\nCategory:1880 deaths\nCategory:People of Mexican Texas\nCategory:Old Three Hundred\nCategory:People of the Texas Revolution\nCategory:Army of the Republic of Texas officers"}
-{"text": "Saint Joseph (Painting by Michaelina Wautier)\n\nSaint Joseph is a painting by the Flemish artist Michaelina Wautier. It was painted some time between 1650 and 1656. The painting is one of many Wautier paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Paintings by Michaelina Wautier\nCategory:1650s paintings\nCategory:Paintings of Saint Joseph"}
-{"text": "Cliff Rock--Appledore\n\nCliff Rock - Appledore is an oil painting by American artist Childe Hassam, painted in 1903. It is currently part of the permanent collection at the Indianapolis Museum of Art.\n\nDescription\nInspired by the French impressionists, Hassam used varying brushstrokes, bold color, and confident free handling of the medium. Blue ocean reflects onto the large, sun-bleached rock, while distant shores beyond are barely hinted at with lines of cream and green. Broken brushstrokes suggest shadows and reflections of the water.\n\nHistorical information\nHassam, like many American painters at the turn of the century, studied in Paris for three years. He adopted the impressionist style as his own, and worked closely with other American Impressionists such as Mary Cassatt. H is often hailed as a pure example of the American Impressionist movement.\n\nA native New Endlander, Hassam heavily favored the New England area for his work, and spent his time painting much of the Atlantic Coast. This shore is the shore of Appledore, one of the nine islands that make up the Isles of Shoals, located off the coasts of New Hampshire and Maine. Appledore was the location of a small artist colony.\n\nAcquisition\nCliff Rock - Appledore was purchased at its inaugural exhibition in 1906 by the John Herron Art Fund.\n\nArtist\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Paintings of the Indianapolis Museum of Art\nCategory:1903 paintings\nCategory:American paintings\nCategory:Impressionist paintings\nCategory:Water in art"}
-{"text": "Sudbury, Derbyshire\n\nSudbury is a village and civil parish in Derbyshire, England, located about  south of Ashbourne. It is part of the Derbyshire Dales district. The population as recorded at the 2001 Census was 976, increasing to 1,010 at the 2011 Census. The \u00a30.5m A50 bypass opened in 1972.  The parish includes the hamlets of Aston, Aston Heath and Oaks Green.\n\nSudbury Hall and HM Prison Sudbury are located here.\n\nHistory\nSudbury was mentioned in the Domesday book as belonging to Henry de Ferrers and was worth twenty shillings.\n\nSudbury previously had its own railway station that is now closed.\n\nFamous residents\n Edward Harcourt, Archbishop of York, was born here\n William Harcourt founder of the British Association for the Advancement of Science was born here in 1789.\n George John Warren Vernon, M.P. and Dante enthusiast was born here in 1803\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Villages in Derbyshire\nCategory:Civil parishes in Derbyshire\nCategory:World War II prisoner of war camps in England\nCategory:Derbyshire Dales"}
-{"text": "The Sound, The Steel EP\n\nThe Sound, The Steel EP is an EP by the American punk rock band The Wedding. \n\nThe album features the sound of a train coming by in between tracks. It is the first release to feature Matt Shelton as lead singer, Adam Thron on guitar, and Matt Jameson on drums.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Receive\" - 3:38\n \"Return\" - 3:48\n \"Renew\" - 3:48\n \"Reveal\" - 3:50\n \"Redeem\" - 4:39\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 EPs\nCategory:The Wedding (band) albums"}
-{"text": "2014\u201315 VCU Rams men's basketball team\n\nThe 2014\u201315 VCU Rams men's basketball team represented Virginia Commonwealth University during the 2014\u201315 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. It was the 47th season of the University fielding a men's basketball program. Led by sixth-year head coach Shaka Smart, they continued to play their home games at the Stuart C. Siegel Center. They were a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. They finished the season 26\u201310, 12\u20136 in A-10 play to finish in a tie for fourth place. They defeated Fordham, Richmond, Davidson, and Dayton to become champions of the Atlantic 10 Tournament. They received an automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament where they lost in the second round to Ohio State.\n\nPrevious season\nThe 2013\u201314 VCU Rams finished the season with an overall record of 26\u20139, with a record of 12\u20134 in the Atlantic 10 regular season for second-place finish. In the 2014 Atlantic 10 Tournament, the Rams were defeated by Saint Joseph's, 65\u201361 in the championship game. They were invited to the 2014 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament which they lost in the second round to Stephen F. Austin.\n\nOff season\n\nDepartures\n\n2014\u201315 incoming team members\n\n2014\u201315 team recruits\n\nRoster\n\nSchedule \n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#F8B800;\"| Exhibition\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#F8B800;\"| Non-conference regular season\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#000000; color:#F8B800;\"| Atlantic 10 regular season\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#E11B1A; color:#FFFFFF;\"| Atlantic 10 Tournament\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#007FFF; text:#ffffff;\"| NCAA Tournament\n\nRankings\n\nReferences \n\nVCU\nCategory:VCU Rams men's basketball seasons\nVCU Rams\nVCU\nVCU Rams"}
-{"text": "Inside Out (Vonray song)\n\n\"Inside Out\" is a song by Alternative Rock band Vonray. It is their only charting single.\n\nMusic video\n\nTrack listing\n\nCD Single\n\nSmallville Single\n \"Inside Out\" - 3:40 (Radio Version)\n \"Inside Out\" - 3:30 (Smallville Unplugged Version)\n\nChart performance\n\nCategory:2003 songs"}
-{"text": "1981\u201382 Milwaukee Bucks season\n\nThe 1981\u201382 Milwaukee Bucks season was the 14th season for the Bucks.\n\nDraft picks\n\nRoster\n\nRegular season\n\nSeason Standings\n\nz = clinched division title\ny = clinched division title\nx = clinched playoff spot\n\nRecord vs. opponents\n\nGame log\n\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 1 || October 30, 1981 || @ Detroit\n| L 113\u2013118\n|Sidney Moncrief (22)\n|Mickey Johnson (10)\n|Quinn Buckner (8)\n| Pontiac Silverdome\n| 0-1\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 2 || October 31, 1981 || Boston\n| W 119\u2013103\n|Sidney Moncrief (29)\n|Harvey Catchings, Mickey Johnson (10)\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 1\u20131\n\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 3 || November 5, 1981 || Washington\n| W 98\u201390\n|Brian Winters (25)\n|Mickey Johnson (11)\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 2\u20131\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 4 || November 7, 1981 || San Diego\n| W 105\u2013102\n|Brian Winters (22)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 3\u20131\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 5 || November 10, 1981 || @ Atlanta\n| L 83\u201494\n|Mickey Johnson (20)\n|\n|\n| The Omni\n| 3\u20132\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 6 || November 11, 1981 || @ New Jersey\n| W 100\u201488\n|Bob Lanier (20)\n|\n|\n| Brendan Byrne Arena\n| 4\u20132\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 7 || November 13, 1981 || New York\n| W 105\u2013102\n|Quinn Buckner (21)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 5\u20132\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 8 || November 15, 1981 || Cleveland\n| W 98\u201396\n|Sidney Moncrief (28)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 6\u20132\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 9 || November 17, 1981 || @ Washington\n| W 99\u201495\n|\n|\n|\n| Capital Centre\n| 7\u20132\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 10 || November 18, 1981 || @ Philadelphia\n| L 100\u2014102\n|\n|\n|\n| The Spectrum\n| 7\u20133\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 11 || November 20, 1981 || @ Boston\n| L 89\u2013112\n|\n|\n|\n| Boston Garden\n| 7\u20134\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 12 || November 21, 1981 || @ New York\n| L 112\u2014118\n|\n|\n|\n| Madison Square Garden\n| 7\u20135\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 13 || November 24, 1981 || Detroit\n| W 103\u201395\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 8\u20135\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 14 || November 27, 1981 || Golden State\n| L 96\u2013113\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 8\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 15 || November 29, 1981 || San Antonio\n| W 105\u201389\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 9\u20136\n\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 16 || December 1, 1981 || @ Cleveland\n| W 126\u2014110\n|Sidney Moncrief (39)\n|\n|\n| Coliseum at Richfield\n| 10\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 17 || December 4, 1981 || Atlanta\n| W 97\u201380\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 11\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 18 || December 5, 1981 || @ Detroit\n| W 111\u2013108\n|\n|\n|\n| Pontiac Silverdome\n| 12-6\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 19 || December 9, 1981 || Houston\n| W 89\u201383\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 13\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 20 || December 11, 1981 || Indiana\n| W 103\u2013100 OT\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 14\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 21 || December 12, 1981 || @ New York\n| W 104\u201486\n|\n|\n|\n| Madison Square Garden\n| 15\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 22 || December 13, 1981 || Philadelphia\n| W 127\u2013108\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 16\u20136\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 23 || December 15, 1981 || @ Indiana\n| W 104\u201396\n|\n|\n|\n| Market Square Arena\n| 17-6\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 24 || December 18, 1981 || New Jersey\n| L 88\u2013100\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 17\u20137\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 25 || December 22, 1981 || Kansas City\n| L 101\u2013106\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 17\u20138\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 26 || December 26, 1981 || @ Cleveland\n| W 109\u2014102\n|\n|\n|\n| Coliseum at Richfield\n| 18\u20138\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 27 || December 27, 1981 || Chicago\n| W 108\u201396\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 19\u20138\n\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 39 || January 20, 1982 || @ Dallas\n| L 104\u2013109\n|\n|\n|\n| Reunion Arena\n| 26\u201313\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 42 || January 26, 1982 || @ Los Angeles\n| W 96\u201394\n|Marques Johnson (20)\n|\n|\n| The Forum\n| 28\u201314\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 43 || January 28, 1982 || @ Utah\n| W 119\u2013101\n|\n|\n|\n| Salt Palace\n| 29\u201314\n\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 44 || February 3, 1982 || Chicago\n| W 113\u201398\n|Brian Winters (25)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 30\u201314\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 45 || February 5, 1982 || Dallas\n| W 117\u201392\n|Sidney Moncrief, Brian Winters (19)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 31\u201314\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 46 || February 7, 1982 || Phoenix\n| W 107\u201392\n|Scott May, Brian Winters (32)\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 32\u201314\n\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 59 || March 6, 1982 || @ San Antonio\n| L 166\u2013171 3OT\n|\n|\n|\n| HemisFair Arena\n| 42\u201317\n|-style=\"background:#fcc;\"\n| 63 || March 12, 1982 || Seattle\n| L 110\u2013112\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 42\u201321\n|-style=\"background:#bbffbb;\"\n| 64 || March 14, 1982 || Utah\n| W 129\u2013100\n|\n|\n|\n| MECCA Arena\n| 43\u201321\n\nPlayoffs\n\nEast First Round\n\nThe Bucks had a first round bye.\n\nEast Conference Semifinals\n\n(2) Milwaukee Bucks vs. (3) Philadelphia 76ers\n76ers win series 4-2\nGame 1 @ Philadelphia: Philadelphia 125, Milwaukee 122\nGame 2 @ Philadelphia: Philadelphia 120, Milwaukee 108\nGame 3 @ Milwaukee: Milwaukee 92, Philadelphia 91 \nGame 4 @ Milwaukee: Philadelphia 100, Milwaukee 93\nGame 5 @ Philadelphia: Milwaukee 110, Philadelphia 98\nGame 6 @ Milwaukee: Philadelphia 102, Milwaukee 90\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nSeason\n\nPlayoffs\n\nAwards and Records\nSidney Moncrief, All-NBA Second Team\nSidney Moncrief, NBA All-Defensive Second Team\nQuinn Buckner, NBA All-Defensive Second Team\n\nTransactions\n\nFree agents\n\nReferences\n\n Bucks on Database Basketball\n Bucks on Basketball Reference\n\nCategory:Milwaukee Bucks seasons\nMil\nMilwaukee Bucks\nMilwaukee Bucks"}
-{"text": "Thomas Hilton (by 1500 \u2013 1559)\n\nSir Thomas Hilton (by 1500 \u2013 1559) was an English politician.\n\nHe was the eldest son of Sir William Hilton, de jure 9th Lord Hilton. He was knighted in 1523 and succeeded his father as de jure 10th Lord Hilton by 1537.\n\nHe was appointed High Sheriff of Durham for 1532\u201333 and 1533\u201334 and High Sheriff of Northumberland for 1543\u201344 and 1549\u201350.\n\nHe was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Northumberland in 1547.\n\nHe married four times: firstly Elizabeth, the daughter and coheiress of John Clervaux of Croft, Yorkshire; secondly Anne, the daughter of Sir Clement Harleston of South Ockendon, Essex, and widow of Nicholas Lambert of Owlton, County Durham; thirdly Elizabeth, the daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Boynton of Sedbury, Yorkshire and widow of Sir Henry Gascoigne of Sedbury; and fourthly Agnes, the daughter and heiress of John Ifield and widow of Matthew Baxter of Newcastle.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1559 deaths\nCategory:People of the Tudor period\nCategory:English MPs 1547\u20131552\nCategory:High Sheriffs of Durham\nCategory:High Sheriffs of Northumberland\nCategory:Year of birth uncertain"}
-{"text": "Centerville, St. Mary Parish, Louisiana\n\nCenterville is an unincorporated community in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States.\n\nHistory\n\nColumbian Chemical Plant Explosion Hoax\nThe Columbian Chemicals Plant explosion hoax involved a plant located near Centerville.\n\nEducation\nThere is one school, Centerville School (K-12) of the St. Mary Parish School Board.\n\nNotable people\nCarl W. Bauer, Louisiana politician\nThomas G. Clausen, last elected Louisiana state education superintendent from 1984 to 1988, graduated from Centerville High School, c. 1957.\nWilliam J. Seymour, a prominent African-American religious leader in the early twentieth century.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana"}
-{"text": "Alconbury Weston\n\nAlconbury Weston \u2013 in Huntingdonshire (now part of Cambridgeshire), England \u2013 is a village and civil parish, lying just outside of the Fens, having just a few hills, but a significant change to the flat of the Fens. Alconbury Weston is situated  north-west of Huntingdon.\n\nHistory\nIn 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, since the 12th century, has become known as the Domesday Book. Starting with the king himself, for each landholder within a county there is a list of their estates or manors; and, for each manor, there is a summary of the resources of the manor, the amount of annual rent that was collected by the lord of the manor both in 1066 and in 1086, together with the taxable value.\n\nAlconbury Weston was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Leightonstone in Huntingdonshire; the name of the settlement was written as Westune in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at Alconbury Weston; the annual rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been \u00a31 and the rent was the same in 1086.\n\nThe Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place but it records that there was 4 households at Alconbury Weston. There is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time; estimates range from 3.5 to 5 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of Alconbury Weston in 1086 is that it was within the range of 14 and 20 people.\n\nThe Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. In different parts of the country, these were terms for the area of land that a team of eight oxen could plough in a single season and are equivalent to ; this was the amount of land that was considered to be sufficient to support a single family. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than an actual land area; a hide was the amount of land that could be assessed as \u00a31 for tax purposes. The survey records that there was one ploughland at Alconbury Weston in 1086 and that there was the capacity for a further one ploughland.\n\nThe tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland. It was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars; by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a manor's land and other assets, a tax of so many shillings and pence per pound of value would be levied on the land holder. While this was typically two shillings in the pound the amount did vary; for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound.  For the manor at Alconbury Weston the total tax assessed was one geld.\n\nIn 1086 there was no church at Alconbury Weston.\n\nGovernment\nAs a civil parish, Alconbury Weston has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. In 2015, Alconbury Weston parish council had seven members; meetings were held on a Monday every six to eight weeks in the Memorial Hall in Alconbury.\n\nAlconbury Weston was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965. From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough. Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Alconbury Weston became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.\n\nThe second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Alconbury Weston is a part of the district ward of Alconbury and The Stukeleys and is represented on the district council by one councillor. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.\n\nThe highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Alconbury Weston is a part of the electoral division of Huntingdon and is represented on the county council by two councillors. County councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Cambridgeshire County Council.\n\nAt Westminster, Alconbury Weston is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Alconbury Weston is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001.\n\nGeography\nThe Alconbury brook runs through the village then through Alconbury and on into Hinchingbrooke park. The brook floods occasionally during winter months (see flood '98) and can cause residents to be blocked from travelling by car and have to walk to get out of the village. (Assuming they got their warning in time and moved their vehicles, outside of the flooding area.) Conversely, the brook can become almost dry in the summer in certain areas.\n\nLocation\n\nClimate\nThe climate in the United Kingdom is defined as a temperate oceanic climate, or Cfb on the K\u00f6ppen climate classification system, a classification it shares with most of northwest Europe. Eastern areas of the United Kingdom, such as East Anglia, are drier, cooler, less windy and also experience the greatest daily and seasonal temperature variations. Protected from the cool onshore coastal breezes further to the east of the region, Cambridgeshire is warm in summer, and cold and frosty in winter.\n\nThe nearest Met Office climate station to Alconbury Weston is at Monks Wood, which is  to the north-east.  The average annual rainfall for the United Kingdom between 1981 and 2010 was  but Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties with around half of the national level.    Regional weather forecasting and historical summaries are available from the UK Met Office. Additional local weather stations report periodic figures to the internet such as Weather Underground, Inc.\n\nDemography\n\nPopulation\nIn the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Alconbury Weston was recorded every ten years by the UK census.  During this time the population was in the range of 281 (the lowest in 1801) and 561 (the highest in 1861).\n\nFrom 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War).\n\nAll population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight.\n\nIn 2011, the parish covered an area of  and so the population density for Alconbury Weston in 2011 was 295.6 persons per square mile (114.1 per square kilometre).\n\nCulture and community\nThe brook is home to a number of water birds such as Mallard, Swan and Wren and the stream is also well stocked with small fish such as Roach and also larger predatory fish such as Pike. A local tale states that the biggest fish caught by a local man was a pike and weighed 11 lb.  All that is known is that the local man was known as 'Dore'.\n\nThe village used to contain a Butchers, Farm Shop, Freezer Shop, post office and Master Saddlers which have all shut down in recent years.  In 2016, the Village pub closed down suddenly leaving the village folk to trek to Alconbury to search for a pint.\n\nThe village has a number of footpaths used by walkers, Ramblers and Horses.\n\nThe village is served by St Peter's & St Paul's Church based and a primary school and a GP surgery, all of which are based in Alconbury.\n \nThe Tri-Station Area includes the RAF Stations at RAF Alconbury, RAF Molesworth and RAF Upwood; all are in the county of Cambridgeshire which consists of approximately 553,000 inhabitants.\n\nThe Alconbury Weald project is taking place near to Alconbury Weston.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nton, Cambridgeshire|Brampton]]\n\nCategory:Villages in Cambridgeshire\nCategory:Huntingdonshire\nCategory:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire"}
-{"text": "R\u012btdiena\n\nR\u012btdiena (Tomorrow) was a free newspaper published in Latvia. It was published once a week, from 2005 to December 2007 in a printed form. The newspaper claimed to have 173 thousands subscribers. At the end of 2007, Latvian Post stopped delivering R\u012btdiena, because the newspaper owed Ls 647,300 to Latvian Post. The newspaper then stopped publishing a printed version but continued publishing electronically on its website until June 2008.\n\nCategory:Defunct newspapers of Latvia"}
-{"text": "List of Saturday Night Live guests (E\u2013H)\n\nThe following is a list of people who have been guests on Saturday Night Live. This section consists of people who fall between the letter E through H.\n\nThe list below shows the people who have appeared on the show. Split into three sections: Host, if they hosted the show at any given time, Musical Guest, if a person was the musical guest on the show at any given time and a Cameo, which is for a person who has appeared on the show but did not act as host or musical guest at any given time. With help provided by\n\nE\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nSee also\nList of Saturday Night Live guests (A\u2013D)\nList of Saturday Night Live guests (I\u2013L)\nList of Saturday Night Live guests (M\u2013P)\nList of Saturday Night Live guests (Q\u2013T)\nList of Saturday Night Live guests (U\u2013Z)\n\nReferences\n\nGuests E-H\n\npt:Anexo:Lista de convidados do Saturday Night Live"}
-{"text": "Full of Hell (band)\n\nFull of Hell is an American grindcore band from Ocean City, Maryland and Central Pennsylvania, formed in 2009. They are currently signed to Relapse Records. They have released 4 studio albums \u2013 Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home (2011), Rudiments of Mutilation (2013), Trumpeting Ecstasy (2017), and Weeping Choir (2019)  \u2013 as well as 3 full-length collaborations \u2013 Full of Hell & Merzbow (2014) with Japanese noise artist Merzbow and One Day You Will Ache Like I Ache (2016) and Ascending a Mountain of Heavy Light (2017) with sludge metal band the Body \u2013 aside from numerous EPs and splits.\n\nHistory\nThe band formed in 2009. Since then, they have signed to A389 Recordings and Profound Lore Records, releasing three full-length albums. Their first album, titled Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home, was released in 2011. Their second album, titled Rudiments of Mutilation was released in 2013. Their third album, a collaboration with Japanese noise artist Merzbow, was released in 2014.\n\nIn 2015, original bassist Brandon Brown left the band. He was replaced by Sam DiGristine of Jarhead Fertilizer\u2014an associated act that also features Brown, as well as drummer Dave Bland. Dylan Walker and Spencer Hazard follow a straight edge lifestyle, while Bland is the only vegan.\n\nOn January 8, 2016, Full of Hell released a four-song EP titled Amber Mote in the Black Vault through Bad Teeth Recordings. The release featured three original tracks and a cover of Melvins' track \"Oven,\" originally released on their 1989 album Ozma. Describing their reasoning for selecting this track, the band explained: \"We had been wanting to cover a Melvins song for years, and 'Oven' had always been one of our top choices. We've always been very inspired by the Melvins on every level\u2014a totally unique and uncompromising band that has always worked their asses off. They are a band that's undefinable but always recognizable. Totally brilliant. With past covers that we've done, we've always deviated from the source material, but this time we chose to stick close to the original sound and tempo.\"\n\nFull of Hell began plotting to follow up Full of Hell & Merzbow with another collaborative album with avant-garde metal band the Body after a successful 2015 tour together. The two acts expected to head into the studio together to record an album without previously writing any material. Titled One Day You Will Ache Like I Ache, the collaboration album was released on March 25, 2016 through Neurot Recordings\u2014a label founded by members of Neurosis and Tribes of Neurot.\n\nFull of Hell's fifth studio album, Trumpeting Ecstasy was released on May 5, 2017. The album was ranked number 4 on Exclaim!'s Top 10 Metal and Hardcore Albums of 2017.\n\nOn February 13, 2018, the band announced that they had signed to Relapse Records.\n\nMembers\n\nCurrent\n Dylan Walker \u2013 lead vocals, electronics, noise (2009\u2013present)\n Spencer Hazard \u2013 guitars, noise (2009\u2013present)\n Dave Bland \u2013 drums (2009\u2013present)\n Sam DiGristine \u2013 bass, backing vocals (2015\u2013present)\n\nFormer\n Brandon Brown \u2013 bass, backing vocals (2009\u20132015)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Roots of Earth Are Consuming My Home (2011)\n Rudiments of Mutilation (2013)\n Trumpeting Ecstasy (2017)\n Weeping Choir (2019)\n\nCollaborative albums \n\nFull of Hell & Merzbow (collaboration with Merzbow) (2014)\nOne Day You Will Ache Like I Ache (collaboration with the Body) (2016)\nAscending a Mountain of Heavy Light (collaboration with the Body) (2017)\n\nEPs\n Savage (2009)\n The Inevitable Fear of Existence (2010)\n F.O.H. Noise (2011)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 2 (2011)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 3 (2012)\n F.O.H. Noise: Vol. 4 (2013)\n Amber Mote in the Black Vault (2015)\n Live at Roadburn (2016)\n\nSplits\n Full of Hell / Goldust (2011)\n Full of Hell / Code Orange Kids (2012)\n Full of Hell / Calm the Fire (2012)\n Full of Hell / The Guilt Of... (2012)\n Full of Hell / Psywarfare (2014)\n Nails / Full of Hell (2016)\n Full of Hell / Intensive Care (2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Musical groups established in 2009\nCategory:2009 establishments in Maryland\nCategory:2009 establishments in Pennsylvania\nCategory:American grindcore musical groups\nCategory:Powerviolence groups\nCategory:Sludge metal musical groups\nCategory:American doom metal musical groups\nCategory:Noise musical groups\nCategory:American experimental musical groups\nCategory:American experimental rock groups\nCategory:Hardcore punk groups from Maryland\nCategory:Hardcore punk groups from Pennsylvania\nCategory:Heavy metal musical groups from Maryland\nCategory:Heavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania\nCategory:Musical quintets"}
-{"text": "Jay R. Wells\n\nJay Ralph Wells III (born June 5, 1940) is a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives\nCategory:Pennsylvania Republicans\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1940 births"}
-{"text": "Peltodoris murrea\n\nPeltodoris murrea is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, shell-less marine gastropod mollusks in the family Discodorididae.\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nSources\n  Dayrat B. 2010. A monographic revision of discodorid sea slugs (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia, Doridina). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, Series 4, vol. 61, suppl. I, 1-403, 382 figs.\n\nCategory:Discodorididae\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1877"}
-{"text": "Gymnoscelis tristrigosa\n\nGymnoscelis tristrigosa is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880. It is found from Sri Lanka and Taiwan to Fiji, Tonga and New Caledonia.\n\nDescription\nIts wingspan is about . Palpi much shorter. Forewings long and narrow, especially in male. Body rufous, slightly with black irrorations (speckles). Head, thorax, and abdomen with black markings. Forewings with diffused black fascia from base of inner margin to the costa at the origin of the postmedial line, which is indistinct and angled at vein 4. The fascia then narrowing and continued above vein 4 to outer margin. Hindwings with a postmedial line highly angled at vein 6. A curved slightly waved submarginal line.\n\nThe larvae feed on the young foliage and flowers of Heptapleurum species, often webbing them.\n\nTaxonomy\nThe species belongs to a species complex clustered around Gymnoscelis imparatalis.\n\nSubspecies\nGymnoscelis tristrigosa tristrigosa\nGymnoscelis tristrigosa nasuta Prout, 1958\nGymnoscelis tristrigosa tongaica Prout, 1958\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1880\ntristrigosa\nCategory:Moths of Japan\nCategory:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler"}
-{"text": "Shanjapur\n\nShanjapur is a village in Parner taluka in Ahmednagar district of state of Maharashtra, India.\n\nReligion\nThe majority of the population in the village is Hindu.\n\nEconomy\nThe majority of the population has farming as their primary occupation.\n\nShahajapur is close to Supa, which is famous for Windmills. Shahajapur village itself has 50-60 windmills, all over the mountains. This place is an energy center of the Parner taluka.\n\nSee also\n Parner taluka\n Villages in Parner taluka\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Villages in Parner taluka\nCategory:Villages in Ahmednagar district"}
-{"text": "Pioneer Springs Community School\n\nPioneer Springs Community School is a charter school in Charlotte metropolitan area, South Carolina, Unite States. \n\nThe school was founded in 2012 as a small, low-tuition private school. The school was converted to a public charter school in 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n North Carolina Report Card\n\nCategory:Schools in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina\nCategory:Public elementary schools in North Carolina\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 2006\nCategory:2006 establishments in North Carolina"}
-{"text": "Nic Curry\n\nNic Curry is a Canadian provincial politician, who was elected as the Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba for the riding of Kildonan in the 2016 election. He is a member of the Manitoba Progressive Conservative Party.\n\nHe did not stand for reelection in the 2019 Manitoba general election.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:21st-century Canadian politicians\nCategory:Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba MLAs\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Counties of Liberia\n\nThe Republic of Liberia is divided into fifteen counties.  Each is administered by a superintendent appointed by the President.\n\nCounties\n\nSee also\nList of Liberian counties by Human Development Index\nAdministrative divisions of Liberia\nISO 3166-2:LR\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nOfficial Liberian Census Final Results 2008\n\n \nCategory:Subdivisions of Liberia\nLiberia, Counties\nLiberia 1\nCounties, Liberia\nCounties\nLiberia"}
-{"text": "Balearic dialect\n\nBalearic (, ) is the collective name for the dialects of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands:  in Majorca,  in Ibiza, and  in Menorca.\n\nAt the last census, 746,792 people in the Balearic Islands claimed to be able to speak Catalan, though some of these people may be speakers of mainland variants.\n\nFeatures\nDistinctive features of Catalan in the Balearic Islands differ according to the specific variant being spoken (Mallorcan, Menorcan, or Ibizan).\n\nPhonetic features\nVowels\n Most variants preserve a vocalic system of eight stressed vowels; , , , , , , , :\n The Majorcan system has eight stressed vowels , reduced to four  in unstressed position.\n The Western Minorcan system has eight stressed vowels , reduced to three  in unstressed position.\n The Eastern Minorcan and Ibizan system has seven stressed vowels  reduced to three  in unstressed position (as in Central Catalan). There are differences between the dialect spoken in Ibiza Town (eivissenc de vila) and those of the rest of the island (eivissenc pag\u00e8s) and Formentera (formenterer).\n The vowel  is central  in Ibizan (as most Catalan dialects), while it is front  in Majorcan and Minorcan.\nThe so-called \"open vowels\" (vocals obertes),  and , are generally as low as  in most Balearic subvarieties. The phonetic realizations of  approaches  (as in American English lad) and  is as open as  (as in traditional RP dog) (feature shared with Valencian). In many Majorcan dialects  can be unrounded to .\n In the most of parts of Majorca, words with ante-penultimate stress ending in -ia lose the  ; e.g. gl\u00f2ria ('glory') is pronounced as gl\u00f2ri .\n\nConsonants\n\nNotes:\n In Majorcan and some Minorcan subvarieties  and  become palatal,  and , before front vowels and word-finally; e.g. figuera  ('fig tree').\n A phonemic distinction between  and  is preserved, as in Alguerese and standard Valencian.\n As Central Catalan  is velarized, , in all instances; e.g. tela  ('fabric').\n The palatal lateral approximant  is preserved, with absence of ye\u00edsmo except for the most Castilianized speakers. Nevertheless, in most of Majorcan occurs ioditzaci\u00f3, that is, a parallel process to ye\u00edsmo ( merges with  only in Latin-derived words with intervocalic L-palatalization:  + yod (--, --), --, --, and --; e.g. palla  'straw'). Notice, this phenomenon is more restricted than ye\u00edsmo as initial L-palatalization always remains lateral in Majorcan; e.g. lluna  ('moon').\n Depalatalization of syllable-final  and  with compensatory diphthongization in Majorcan: troncs  ('logs'), anys  ('years').\n Most Balearic variants preserve final stops in clusters; e.g. , , , and : camp  'field' (feature shared with modern Valencian).\n Assimilation of intervocalic clusters in some Majorcan and Minorcan subvarieties: ; ; ; ; ; ; , etc. (notice some of these assimilations may also occur in continental Catalan, such as : capmoix  'crestfallen').\n Balearic is the variant of Catalan with the strongest tendency not to pronounce historical final  in any context; e.g. amor  'love', cor  'heart'.\n\nProsody\n Except in Ibiza, in combinations of verb and weak pronoun (clitics), the accent moves to the final element; e.g. comprar-ne  or  (Standard Central Catalan ).\n\nMorphosyntactic features\n Balearic preserves the salat definite article (derived from Latin ipse/ipsa instead of ille/illa), a feature shared only with Sardinian among extant Romance languages, but which was more common in other Catalan and Gascon areas in ancient times. However, the salat definite article is also preserved along the Costa Brava (Catalonia) and in the Valencian municipalities of T\u00e0rbena and La Vall de Gallinera.\nThe personal article en/na, n''' is used before personal names.\nThe first person singular present indicative has a zero exponent, i.e. no visible ending. For example, what in Central Catalan would be jo parlo ('I speak') is realized as jo parl.\nIn verbs of the first conjugation (in -ar), the first and second person plural forms end in -am and -au respectively. For example, cantam ('we sing'), cantau ('you pl. sing').\nAlso in verbs of the first conjugation, the imperfect subjunctive is formed with -a-, e.g. cant\u00e0s, cantassis. However, the Standard Catalan forms in  are nowadays also common in many places.\nIn combinations of two unstressed pronouns preceding a verb, one direct with the form el, la, etc. and the other indirect with the form me, te, etc., the direct pronoun appears first. For example, la me d\u00f3na ('s/he gives it to me'), Standard Catalan me la d\u00f3na.\n\nLexical features\nBalearic has a large quantity of characteristic vocabulary, especially archaisms preserved by the isolation of the islands and the variety of linguistic influences which surround them. The lexicon differs considerably depending on the subdialect. For example: al\u00b7lot for standard \"noi\" ('boy'), moix for \"gat\" ('cat'), besada for \"pet\u00f3\" ('kiss'), ca for \"gos\" ('dog'), doblers for \"diners\" ('money'), horabaixa for \"tarda\" ('evening') and rata-pinyada for \"rat-penat\" ('bat').\nMinorcan has a few English loanwords dating back to the British occupation, such as grevi ('gravy'), xumaquer ('shoemaker'), bo\u00ednder ('bow window'), xoc ('chalk') or ull blec ('black eye').\n\n Political questions \nSome in the Balearic Islands, such as the Partido Popular'' party member and former regional president, Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Bauz\u00e0, argue that the dialects of Baleric Islands are actually separate languages and not dialects of Catalan. Bauz\u00e0 has campaigned against having centralized or standardized standards of Catalan in public education.\n\nSee also\n Catalan language\n Alguerese\n Central Catalan\n Northern Catalan\n Valencian\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n\nCategory:Catalan dialects\nCategory:Balearic culture"}
-{"text": "Charles T. Dunwell\n\nCharles Tappan Dunwell (February 13, 1852 \u2013 June 12, 1908) was a U.S. Representative from New York.\n\nBorn in Newark, New York, Dunwell moved with his parents to nearby Lyons in 1854. He attended the Lyons Union School. He entered Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, in the class of 1873, where he was a member of The Kappa Alpha Society. After the end of his junior year at Cornell, Dunwell entered Columbia Law School in the city of New York, and graduated in 1874.\n\nHe was admitted to the bar in 1874 and commenced practice in New York City.\nIn 1889, he began serving as general agent for the New York Life Insurance Company. He was an unsuccessful candidate for comptroller of the city of Brooklyn in 1890. Dunwell served as a member of the New York Republican State committee in 1891-92.\n\nDunwell was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth, and Sixtieth Congresses and served from March 4, 1903, until his death in Brooklyn, New York, June 12, 1908.\nHe was interred in The Evergreens Cemetery.\n\nSee also\nList of United States Congress members who died in office (1900\u201349)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:New York (state) Republicans\nCategory:1852 births\nCategory:1908 deaths\nCategory:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)\nCategory:Columbia Law School alumni\nCategory:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nCategory:Disease-related deaths in New York (state)\nCategory:People from Brooklyn\nCategory:People from Lyons, New York\nCategory:19th-century American politicians"}
-{"text": "Penthelia\n\nPenthelia was an Egyptian priestess-musician who served  the creator god Ptah, the god of fire, in the temple of Memphis Ancient Egypt.\n\nThe eighteenth-century English writer Bryant claimed the authorship of the Iliad and the Odyssey poems were written by Penthelia, and stolen from the archives of the temple by Homer in travels through Egypt. Matilda Joslyn Gage finds support for this in Diodorus Siculus, Vol I, Chap. 7, based on the potion Helen gave Telemachus and that potion's use in historic Thebes, Egypt.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ancient Egyptian priestesses"}
-{"text": "Gisborne (New Zealand electorate)\n\nGisborne is a former New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It existed from 1908 to 1996, and it was represented by 12 Members of Parliament.\n\nPopulation centres\nIn the 1907 electoral redistribution, a major change that had to be allowed for was a reduction of the tolerance to \u00b1750 to those electorates where the country quota applied. The North Island had once again a higher population growth than the South Island, and three seats were transferred from south to north. In the resulting boundary distribution, every existing electorate was affected, and three electorates were established for the first time, including the Taumarunui electorate. These changes took effect with the .\n\nThe city of Gisborne was located within the electorate. In the initial area covered by the electorate, the city was located near the electorate's northern border, and it went as far south as just short of Bay View. Wairoa was thus also located within the initial area.\n\nIn the 1911 electoral redistribution, the southern boundary shifted north significantly, and Wairoa was lost to the  electorate. In the 1918 electoral redistribution, the Gisborne electorate lost large inland areas, but re-gained Wairoa. In the 1922 electoral redistribution, changes to the boundaries were minimal, and in the 1927 electoral redistribution, the electorate was left unaltered.\n\nIn the 1937 electoral redistribution, large inland areas were gained and Wairoa lost. The changes in the 1946 electoral redistribution were most significant, with the city of Gisborne now located near the southern boundary of the electorate, and all of the East Cape being gained. The electorate now included the settlements of Te Karaka, Matawai, Tolaga Bay, and Tokomaru Bay.\n\nHistory\nThe electorate existed from 1908 to 1996, when it was replaced by the Mahia electorate, which was renamed East Coast from 2002. Its first representative was James Carroll of the Liberal Party, who served for three terms until his defeat in the . Douglas Lysnar represented the Gisborne electorate from 1919 to 1931, when he was defeated.\n\nIn the 1928 contest Lysnar stood as an Independent supporter of the Reform Party and was successful. During 1930, he stopped supporting the Reform Party and became fully independent. At the following election in 1931 he ran as an Independent, but was not returned, beaten by Labour's David Coleman.\n\nMembers of Parliament\nKey\n\nElection results\n\n1943 election\n\n1938 election\n\n1935 election\n\n1931 election\n\n1928 election\n\n1922 election\n\n1919 election\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Historic electorates of New Zealand\nCategory:Gisborne District\nCategory:1908 establishments in New Zealand\nCategory:1996 disestablishments in New Zealand"}
-{"text": "Forward Sports\n\nForward Sports is a Pakistani company that manufactures sports equipment, primarily soccer balls. It produces 750,000 balls per month for global brands including Adidas and many other world renowned brands. It was founded in 1991 by Khawaja Masood Akhtar. it started working with adidas in 1994 and since then it has produced balls for many international events including UEFA Champions League on several occasions, and is the official provider of balls for FIFA World Cup 2014 and FIFA World Cup 2018.\n\nIt produces soccer balls, handballs, sala balls, beach balls, indoor balls, sports bags, shin guards, goalkeeping gloves and medicine balls. It is based in Sialkot and also the largest football producer in Pakistan, employing 3,000 people including 900 women.\n\nThe company has come into prominence for landing the contract of over 3,000 \"Brazuca\" balls that were used at the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. Bloomberg and BBC are among many news agencies that have covered the company. Khawaja Masud Akhtar received the Sitara-i-Imtiaz on 23 March 2019.\n\nSponsorships\nForward Sports is the official supplier and sponsor of numerous association football teams, players and associations, including:\n\nAssociations\n CFU\n\nNational teams\n\nAsia\n\nNorth America\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Privately held companies of Pakistan\nCategory:1991 establishments in Pakistan\nCategory:Companies established in 1991\nCategory:Sportswear brands\nCategory:Sporting goods manufacturers of Pakistan\nCategory:Companies based in Sialkot"}
-{"text": "The Cheetah Girls 2\n\nThe Cheetah Girls 2, also known as The Cheetah Girls: When In Spain is a 2006 American film and the sequel to the Disney Channel Original Movie, The Cheetah Girls. Its premiere received the highest ratings of all Disney Channel Movies at its time, a total of over 8.1 million viewers, beating the premiere ratings of High School Musical (7.7 million), and beating previous highest-rated DCOM record holder, Cadet Kelly (7.8 million), as well as becoming the highest-rated Cheetah Girls film in the trilogy.\n\nThe sequel is about a talented teen quartet who take a whirlwind tour of Spain to pursue their dreams of pop superstardom. Unlike its predecessor, which incorporated karaoke-like musical numbers, The Cheetah Girls 2 turned into more of a musical. This is the last film in the series to star Raven-Symon\u00e9. The film is the eighth-highest-rated Disney Channel Original Movie of all time and was the highest-rated Disney Channel Original Movie of 2006.\n\nPlot \nThe movie begins in Manhattan, three years after the first movie, where the Cheetah Girls have just completed their junior year and are performing at a Graduation Party for the Manhattan Magnet's Class of 2006 (\"The Party's Just Begun\").\n\nLater while having a sleep-over/Chinese food night at Galleria's (Raven-Symon\u00e9), Chanel (Adrienne Bailon) tells the girls that her mother, Juanita (Lori Anne Alter), is planning a trip to Barcelona, Spain, where they will be visiting Luc (Abel Folk), Juanita's boyfriend. Chanel is bummed and does not want to see Luc while the other girls are upset about being separated for the summer when Aqua (Kiely Williams) sees a shooting star and the girls make a wish together\u2014to go to Spain with Chanel. At that very moment, one of the girl's magazines flips pages until it comes across an ad for a Barcelona music festival. Galleria enters the Cheetah Girls and the next day, her mother Dorothea (Lynn Whitfield), Juanita, and the Cheetah Girls all travel to Spain.\n\nWhen the girls arrive in Barcelona, they do some shopping before resting in a Cafe. Soon they hear a guitar playing and meet Angel (Peter Vives), a mysterious guitar player who accompanies them around Barcelona as they sing to the entire city, and he becomes Galleria's love interest (\"Strut\").\n\nThe next day the girls audition for the festival and earn a spot (\"Cheetah Sisters (Barcelona Mix)\").\n\nThe next day at breakfast, they meet Joaquin (Golan Yosef), a count, Luc's godson, and a handsome dancer who becomes a love interest for Dorinda (Sabrina Bryan). The next day after Dorinda finds out Joaquin is a dancer, she goes to his studio, where he teaches her tango (\"Dance With Me\").\n\nThat night Joaquin takes the Cheetahs to The Dancing Cat, a local Spanish night club where all the new artists perform their songs (\"Why Wait\")(\"A La Nanita Nana\").\n\nThere they meet and befriended Marisol (Belinda), a Spanish pop star, beloved by all of Barcelona, and who will also compete in the Music Festival, and her manager/mother, Lola (Kim Manning), who appears nice and wins the Cheetah Girls' affection, but secretly plans a scheme to break up the Cheetah Girls, as they pose a threat to her daughter's chances in the competition, and she starts making Marisol take Chanel away from The Cheetah Girls. Meanwhile, Aqua and Dorothea have been designing clothes with Dorothea's old friends, Juanita is trying to get a proposal out of Luc, Dorinda is teaching hip hop to Joaquin's class, and Galleria is the only one focused on the competition, as she is writing a song called, \"Amigas Cheetahs\", which they will sing at the competition (\"Do Your Own Thing\").\n\nGalleria notices that everyone is getting involved in other activities except for her (\"It's Over\"), and eventually decided to take a train to Paris, where she can meet up with her father, Francobollo, and he will take her back home to Manhattan. While at a train station, the other three girls find Galleria and sing the starting sequence of \"Amigas Cheetahs\", and Galleria says she will only come back if they stay focused. While Chanel walked around the house, she overhears Juanita talking to Dorothea about how she believes that Luc doesn't want to marry her because Chanel doesn't like him. Luc later proposes to Juanita, after Chanel gives him permission, and she gladly accepts. Luc tells Chanel that she can stay in New York with her friends for her upcoming senior year. However, the Cheetah Girls' dreams are in serious trouble. After the Cheetah Girls finish performing at The Dancing Cat (\"Step Up\"), Lola convinces The Dancing Cat's manager to pay the Cheetah Girls money. The competition will only allow amateur performs to compete. Accepting payment from The Dancing Cat makes the Cheetah Girls professional performers. However, they gave the money back and Angel, who was present during the entire exchange, investigates.\n\nLola suggests that since the Cheetah Girls cannot perform as a group, Chanel should perform with Marisol instead since they can both sing in Spanish. Right before Chanel is going to get changed to perform with Marisol, the Festival Director informs that the Cheetah Girls are able to perform after getting a tip. Everyone is surprised when they see that the informer was his nephew, Angel. He informed that Lola tried to sabotage the Cheetahs, and his uncle reinstates the girls as the Cheetah Girls. Lola tries to dispute, but the Director will not hear it. Marisol finally tells off her mother, saying she is quitting the competition because she loves to sing and not to be famous, and her mother is just desperate to make her a star. The Cheetah Girls then perform \"Amigas Cheetahs\", and as a surprise, bring Marisol onto the stage (where Lola sees how happy her daughter finally is), along with Joaquin's dancing crew, Angel on the guitar and the Director on the trumpet. Their song is a hit with the crowd. An alternate ending concludes after this, where Juanita and Luc are having their wedding, and with everybody enjoying themselves (\"Cherish the Moment\"). (This scene is not shown in both TV or sing-along versions.)\n\nCast\n Raven-Symon\u00e9 as Galleria \"Bubbles\" Garibaldi\n Adrienne Bailon as Chanel \"Chuchie\" Simmons\n Kiely Williams as Aquanetta \"Aqua\" Walker\n Sabrina Bryan as Dorinda \"Do\" Thomas\n Lynn Whitfield as Dorothea Garibaldi\n Belinda as Marisol Dur\u00e1n, a world-famous pop singer who befriends the Cheetah Girls, particularly Chanel.\n Lori Alter as Juanita Simmons\n Golan Yosef as Joaquin, Dorinda's love interest. Like Dorinda, he is a talented dancer.\n Peter Vives as Angel\n Kim Manning as Lola Dur\u00e1n, Marisol's mother and manager, and the main antagonist of the film. She plans to break up the Cheetah Girls in order to ensure that her daughter wins the competition and becomes a star. In the end, she also befriends the Cheetah Girls.\n Abel Folk as Luc, Juanita's fiance-then-husband, Joaquin's godfather, and Chanel's stepfather\n\nProduction\nThe entire film, including the scenes that took place in New York City, was shot on location in Barcelona, Spain in early 2006.\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe soundtrack was released on August 15, 2006.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FZDIGS</ref> It debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200 and sold over 1.4 million copies to date.\n\nTrack listing\n\"The Party's Just Begun\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Strut\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls featuring Peter Vives and Jorge Juan Garz\u00f3n\n\"Dance With Me\" \u2013 Drew Seeley featuring Belinda\n\"Why Wait?\" \u2013 Belinda\n\"A La Nanita Nana\" \u2013 Adrienne Bailon and Belinda\n\"Do Your Own Thing\" \u2013 Raven-Symon\u00e9\n\"It's Over\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Step Up\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Amigas Cheetahs\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls featuring Belinda\n\"Cherish the Moment\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Cheetah Sisters (Barcelona Mix)\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Everyone's a Star\" \u2013 Raven-Symon\u00e9\n\"It's Gonna Be Alright\" \u2013 Raven-Symon\u00e9\n\"Studio Session with The Cheetah Girls\" \u2013 Bonus video track\n\nSpecial editions\n\nBonus tracks\n\"Route 66\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\"Strut (Ming Mix)\" \u2013 The Cheetah Girls\n\nDisneyland concert DVD tracksAll songs performed by the Cheetah Girls\"The Party's Just Begun\"\n\"Step Up\"\n\"Cinderella\"\n\"Strut\"\n\"Cheetah Sisters\"\n\nReception\n\nThe premiere of the movie became Disney Channel's highest-rated Disney Channel Original Movie with a total of 8.1 million viewers, beating the previous record holder Cadet Kelly, which had a total of 7.8 million viewers. This was then beat by Jump In!, which closely beat it with 8.2 million viewers. Currently, the highest-rated DCOM is High School Musical 2 with 17.2 million viewers. A repeat during the weekend gathered a massive 7.82 million viewers, tallying the total number of viewers to 15.9 million viewers. The Cheetah Girls 2 is currently the sixth-highest-viewed DCOM as of September 2010. It was the highest-viewed DCOM of 2006, following the footsteps of the first film, which was the highest-viewed of 2003. Feedback to the movie has been generally positive for the target audience.\n\nUltimate Disney said \"this film lays off on some of the annoyances found in the first film. The Cheetah Girls have grown up and thus grown out of the annoying tweenage girl characterizations that are now seen in the snobby minor characters of Hannah Montana.\" The review went on to say \"the nicest thing about this sequel is that on screen, the Cheetah Girls still seem to exemplify a deep friendship among a group of young women. The chemistry between the central actresses is strong, making them a believable group of friends who appear to be having a lot of fun making this movie.\"\n\nAbout.com was also favourable, commenting \"The Cheetah Girls 2 contains the expected cheesiness, drama, and unrealistic plot, but I have to admit that I was totally taken in.\" Common Sense Media also stated \"The characters have aged, and their flair for drama has taken a backseat to introspective decision making and goal setting, making them more realistic (and positive) role models.\" The Cheetah Girls 2 DVD currently holds a four-and-a-half-star rating on Amazon.com. Its score on IMDb, while the highest of the series, is only 4.3 out of 10.\n\nIn the United Kingdom, 282,000 viewers tuned in on its premiere night, becoming #1 of the week on Disney Channel UK.\n\nRelease\n\nGreece      ERT      January 9, 2010\n\nDVD releaseThe Cheetah Girls 2: Cheetah-Licious Edition was released on November 28, 2006. The Region 1 DVD includes Spanish audio tracks.The Cheetah Girls 2 \u2013 As Feras da M\u00fasica DVD was released in Brazil on April 11, 2007.The Cheetah Girls 2: Cheetah-Licious Edition DVD was released in the UK on May 21, 2007.\n The Cheetah Girls 2 DVD was released in Italy on May 23, 2007, with audio tracks in Italian, German, English, Spanish and French and with extra features.The Cheetah Girls 2: Cheetah-Licious Edition DVD was released in Hong Kong on June 26, 2007. The Region 3 DVD includes audio tracks in English, Mandarin, Japanese, Spanish and Portuguese, and subtitles in English, Traditional Chinese, Malay, Indonesian, Spanish, and Portuguese.\n\nThe DVD debuted at #10 on Billboard''s \"Top DVD sales\" chart in the U.S., where it has sold nearly one million copies since its release and has grossed over $17 million in revenue.\n\nAwards\n2007 \u2013 Nominated; Imagen Award for Best Director \u2013 Film (Kenny Ortega)\n2007 \u2013 Nominated; Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Music for Television \u2013 Long Form (Carli Barber; music editor)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:2006 films\nCategory:2000s buddy films\nCategory:2000s comedy-drama films\nCategory:2000s musical comedy films\nCategory:2000s sequel films\nCategory:2000s teen comedy films\nCategory:2000s teen drama films\nCategory:2006 in American television\nCategory:2006 television films\nCategory:American comedy-drama films\nCategory:American female buddy films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American musical comedy films\nCategory:American musical drama films\nCategory:American sequel films\nCategory:American teen comedy films\nCategory:American teen drama films\nCategory:American teen musical films\nCategory:Buddy comedy films\nCategory:Buddy drama films\nCategory:The Cheetah Girls films\nCategory:Comedy-drama television films\nCategory:Disney Channel Original Movie films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films about musical groups\nCategory:Films about orphans\nCategory:Films based on American novels\nCategory:Films based on young adult literature\nCategory:Films directed by Kenny Ortega\nCategory:Films set in Barcelona\nCategory:Films set in New York City\nCategory:Films shot in Barcelona\nCategory:Musical television films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:Television sequel films"}
-{"text": "Karen Solie\n\nKaren Solie (born 1966) is a Canadian poet.\n\nBorn in Moose Jaw, Solie grew up on the family farm in southwest Saskatchewan. Over the years, she has worked as a farm hand, an espresso jerk, a groundskeeper, a newspaper reporter/photographer, an academic research assistant, and an English teacher. She currently resides in Toronto, Ontario.\n\nKaren Solie's poetry, fiction and non-fiction have appeared in numerous North American journals, including Geist The Fiddlehead, The Malahat Review, Event, Indiana Review, Arc Poetry Magazine, Other Voices, and The Capilano Review. She has also had her poetry published in the anthologies Breathing Fire (1995), Hammer and Tongs (1999), and Introductions: Poets Present Poets (2001). One of her short stories was featured in The Journey Prize Anthology 12 (2000). Solie's poem \"Prayers for the Sick\" won second place in ARC Magazine's 2008 Poem of the Year Contest.\n\nSolie was one of the judges for the 2007 Griffin Poetry Prize, judged the 2012 Walrus Poetry Prize, and was a judge for the Poetry in Voice Canadian high school poetry recitation competition. In 2014, she was named as a trustee to the Griffin Trust for Excellence in Poetry.\n\nHer new collection, The Road in Is Not the Same Road Out, was published in 2015.\n\nIn 2015, she won the Latner Writers' Trust Poetry Prize.\n\nHer newest poetry book, The Caiplie Caves, was published in 2019.\n\nBibliography \nShort Haul Engine (2001)  - winner of the 2002 Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize, shortlisted for the 2002 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize, the Gerald Lampert Award, and the ReLit Award\nModern and Normal (2005) - shortlisted for the 2006 Trillium Book Award for Poetry, longlisted for the 2006 ReLit Award\nPigeon (2009) - winner of the 2010 Canadian Griffin Poetry Prize, Pat Lowther Award and Trillium Book Award for Poetry\nThe Living Option (2013)\nThe Road In Is Not the Same Road Out (2015)\nThe Caiplie Caves (2019)\n A sharing economy, Granta #141: Special Canada, 2017, pp 114 \u2013 115\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1966 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Canadian women poets\nCategory:People from Moose Jaw\nCategory:Writers from Saskatchewan\nCategory:21st-century Canadian poets\nCategory:21st-century Canadian women writers"}
-{"text": "Nakazato\n\nNakazato may refer to:\n\nPlaces\nNakazato Dam, dam in Mie Prefecture, Japan\nNakazato Station, Japanese railway station in Kami-Motoyama-cho, Sasebo City, Nagasaki Prefectureon the Nishi-Ky\u016bsh\u016b Line.\nEchigo-Nakazato Station, Japanese railway station on the J\u014detsu Line in Yuzawa, Minamiuonuma District, Niigata Prefecture\nKami-Nakazato Station, Japanese railway station, JR East railway station located in Kita, Tokyo\nUgo-Nakazato Station, Japanese railway station located in Semboku, Akita Prefecture\n\nPeople with the surname\nHarumi Nakazato (born 1962), Japanese sprint canoer\nKatsuhito Nakazato (born 1956), Japanese photographer \nKoichi Nakazato (born 1973), Japanese football player\nKoji Nakazato (born 1982), Japanese football player\nSh\u016bgor\u014d Nakazato (1919\u20132016), Japanese martial artist\nTakahiro Nakazato (born 1990), Japanese football player\nTsuneko Nakazato, real name Nakazato Tsune (1909\u20131987), pen-name of a novelist in Showa period in Japan\n\nSee also\nNakasato (disambiguation)\n\nCategory:Japanese-language surnames"}
-{"text": "Pedro L\u00f3pez Quintana\n\nPedro L\u00f3pez Quintana (born 27 July 1953 in Barbastro, Spain) is a Catholic archbishop and diplomat of the Holy See.\n\nBiography\nHis parents were from Galicia. He entered the Compostelano seminary where he did his ecclesiastical studies and graduated in theology, he was ordained as a priest on 15 June 1980 by Pope John Paul II and after his ordination began his priestly ministry in the Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela.\n\nHe later continued his studies in Rome, earning a licentiate in Dogmatic Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and a doctorate in Canon Law from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas (the Angelicum).\n\nOn 27 August 1986 Pope John Paul II appointed him a chaplain of His Holiness with the title monsignor.\n\nSince 22 July 1997, he was adviser to the Secretary of State of the Holy See, until 12 December 2002 when Pope John Paul II appointed him as new titular Archbishop of Acropolis, receiving episcopal consecration on 6 January 2003 from Pope John Paul II. On 8 February of that year, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to India and Nepal. On 10 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him nuncio to Canada, a post he resigned on 28 September 2013.\n\nOn 8 March 2014, Pope Francis appointed him apostolic nuncio to Lithuania. On 22 March 2014, Pope Francis also appointed him nuncio to Estonia and to Latvia.  This continues the recent practice of having a single apostolic nuncio representing the Holy See in the Baltic states but residing at the nunciature in Vilnius.\n\nOn 4 March 2019 Francis named him Apostolic Nuncio to Austria.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n catholic-hierarchy.org \n Most Rev. Pedro Lopez Quintana\n\nCategory:Spanish titular archbishops\nCategory:Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy alumni\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Canada\nCategory:Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas alumni\nCategory:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to India\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Nepal\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Estonia\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Latvia\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Lithuania\nCategory:Apostolic Nuncios to Austria\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Barbastro"}
-{"text": "List of awards and nominations received by Switchfoot\n\nThe following is a list of awards and nominations received by Switchfoot, an American alternative rock band.\n\nASCAP Awards\nAmerican Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) honors its top members in a series of annual awards shows in seven different music categories: pop, rhythm and soul, film and television, Latin, country, Christian, and concert music.\n\n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 1997\n| Switchfoot\n| Best New Artist\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\" | 2006\n| Jon Foreman\n| Impact Award awarded \"to celebrate the success and influence of his songs in mainstream rock music\"\n| \n|-\n| \"Dare You to Move\"\n| Top 50 list of Most Performed Song of 2005\n| \n|-\n\nGMA Dove Awards\nGMA Dove Award is an accolade by the Gospel Music Association (GMA) of the United States to recognize outstanding achievement in the Christian music industry.\n\n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"3\"| 2004\n| \"Ammunition\"\n| Rock Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| The Beautiful Letdown\n| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| \"Meant to Live\"\n| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year \n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"4\"| 2005\n| Switchfoot\n| Artist of the Year\n| \n|-\n| rowspan=\"2\"| \"Dare You to Move\"\n| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Short Form Music Video of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Live In San Diego\n| Long Form Music Video of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2006\n| \"Stars\"\n| Short Form Music Video of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2010\n| \"Mess of Me\"\n| Rock Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"| 2012\n| \"Dark Horses\"\n| Rock Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Vice Verses\n| Rock Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"|2013\n| \"Afterlife\"\n| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"rowspan=\"3\"| 2014\n| Switchfoot\n| Artist of the Year\n| \n|-\n| \"Love Alone Is Worth the Fight\"\n| Rock/Contemporary Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Fading West\n| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"rowspan=\"3\"| 2019\n| \"Native Tongue\"\n| Rock/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Native Tongue\n| Rock/Contemporary Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| Native Tongue\n| Recorded Music Packaging of the Year\n| \n|-\n\nGrammy Awards\nThe Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences to recognize outstanding achievement in the music industry. Switchfoot has received two Grammy nominations for their albums, and won once in 2011.\n\n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2001\n| Learning to Breathe\n| Best Rock Gospel Album\n|  \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2011\n| Hello Hurricane\n| Best Rock or Rap Gospel Album\n|  \n|-\n\nOrville H. Gibson Guitar Awards\n\n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2001\n| Jon Foreman\n| Les Paul Horizon Award (for the most promising up-and-coming guitarist)\n| \n|-\n\nRock on Request Awards\nThe Rock on Request Awards are an American annual music awards held by the music webzine Rock on Request.\n\n|-\n| 2009\n| Switchfoot\n| Best Christian Artist\n| \n|-\n\nSan Diego Music Awards\nSan Diego Music Awards are held annually in San Diego, California to recognize the best bands and artists in local music.\n\n|-\n| align=\"center\"|  1997 \n| Switchfoot\n| Best New Artist\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"| 2001\n| Switchfoot\n| Best Pop Artist\n| \n|-\n| Learning to Breathe\n| Best Pop Album\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2002\n| Switchfoot\n| Best Adult Alternative Artist\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\" | 2003\n| rowspan=\"2\" | The Beautiful Letdown\n| Best Pop Album\n| \n|-\n| Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2004\n| \"Dare You to Move\"\n| Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2006\n| Switchfoot\n| Artist of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2007 \n| Oh! Gravity\n| Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2010 \n| Hello Hurricane\n| Album of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\"| 2011\n| Switchfoot\n| Artist of the Year\n| \n|-\n| align=\"center\" rowspan=\"2\"| 2012\n| Switchfoot\n| Artist of the Year\n| \n|-\n| \"Afterlife\"\n| Song of the Year\n| \n|-\n\nReferences\n\nAwards\nSwitchfoot"}
-{"text": "Swede Ellstrom\n\nMarvin Lawrence \"Swede\" Ellstrom (May 15, 1906 \u2013 April 25, 1994) was an American football running back in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins, Philadelphia Eagles, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Chicago Cardinals.  He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1906 births\nCategory:1994 deaths\nCategory:American football running backs\nCategory:Boston Redskins players\nCategory:Boston Shamrocks (AFL) players\nCategory:Chicago Cardinals players\nCategory:Oklahoma Sooners football players\nCategory:People from Moline, Illinois\nCategory:Philadelphia Eagles players"}
-{"text": "Camuy Arriba, Camuy, Puerto Rico\n\nCamuy Arriba is a barrio in the municipality of Camuy, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,290.\n\nHistory\nThe United States took control of Puerto Rico from Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish-American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and conducted its first census of Puerto Rico, finding that the population of Camuy Arriba barrio was 774.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Barrios of Camuy, Puerto Rico"}
-{"text": "Man Asaad\n\nMan Asaad (also Assad, ; born 20 November 1993) is a Syrian heavyweight weightlifter who competes in the +105 kg category. He placed 15th at the 2016 Olympics. and fifth at the 2018 Asian Games\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Syrian male weightlifters\nCategory:Olympic weightlifters of Syria\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 2018 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games competitors for Syria\nCategory:People from Hama"}
-{"text": "Christopher Flanagan\n\nChristopher Flanagan is an Irish sportsperson.  He plays hurling with the Westmeath senior inter-county hurling team. On 22 May 2011, he made his championship debut against Carlow in the 2011 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, starting at right corner back in a 4-10 to 1-14 win.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Westmeath inter-county hurlers\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Index Theologicus\n\nThe Index Theologicus (IxTheo) is an international scientific open access bibliography for theology and religious studies.\n\nIt covers scientifically relevant information from the Middle Ages to the present day. Publishers are the University Library of T\u00fcbingen, the Faculty of Protestant Theology and the Faculty of Roman-Catholic Theology, University of T\u00fcbingen.\n\nHistory \nIts predecessor, the Zeitschrifteninhaltsdienst Theologie (\"Theology Journals Content Service\") or ZID, was started in 1975. This was a current content service which reprinted the table of contents of the main theology journals; monthly ZID issues included an index of authors, Biblical references and persons, which were later combined in an annual and a five-year index.\n\nIn 1994-1995, the ZID was converted into a database using allegro-C (a library software developed by the Library of the University of Braunschweig); the bibliographic data extracted from the journals was now stored electronically before it was published in the ZID issues, and the data which had been published in the prior ZID issues was retrospectively catalogued. In addition to subject indexing with standardized index terms, a faceted classification with 130 classes was introduced at that time.\n\nThe database itself was made available to the public in German first on floppy disks, later on CD-ROM. Starting in 2001, the subject headings and the user interface were also translated into English.\n\nAt the end of 2000, the ZID ceased the publication of its print version. The name of the database was changed to Index Theologicus in 2002, when the publishing house Mohr Siebeck started managing its distribution. Since 2007, the database is only available online and free of charge.\n\nFeatures \nAs of March 2019, IxTheo comprised about 2 million records on theological literature (including monographs and articles), and about 15,000 records are added each year.. Subject headings and search capabilities are provided in 9 languages: English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek, Russian and Chinese. A special search capability for specific Bible passages using standard abbreviations is also available.\n\nThe faceted classification (named \"IxTheo classification\") now comprises 139 classes divided into 13 main groups.\n\nSince 2013, IxTheo uses the database of the regional cataloguing network \"S\u00fcdwestdeutscher Bibliotheksverbund\" (SWB, in south-western Germany), which is shared i.a. by the theological faculties of T\u00fcbingen, Heidelberg and Freiburg. The data from the former allegro-c database (over 500,000 records) was migrated into the SWB catalog in 2016.\n\nIxTheo is implemented as a faceted Discovery System built on the VuFind library search engine. A growing number of journals are processed using semi-automated production procedures with software such as Imageware and Zotero.\n\nServices \nIn addition to the standard search capabilities for theological literature (including articles, monographs, databases, reviews and internet links), IxTheo offers the following services:\n Hosting of open access publications through Open Journal Systems.\n Digital repository for article reprints.\n Patron-driven acquisition.\n Personalized search queries.\n\nPartnerships \nIxTheo has partnerships with a number of libraries, bibliographic tools and publishing houses:\n The Faculty of Catholic Theology at the University of Innsbruck and its bibliographic tools BILDI (Biblical studies), KALDI (Canon law) and MIMESIS (on Ren\u00e9 Girard's mimetic theory).\n The Institute of Canon Law (\"Institut f\u00fcr kanonisches Recht\", IKR) at the University of M\u00fcnster and its database DaKaR.\n The Augustine Research Center (\"Zentrum f\u00fcr Augustinusforschung\") at the University of W\u00fcrzburg.\n The publishing houses Walter de Gruyter and Brill Publishers provide the metadata of their journals to IxTheo for cataloguing purposes.\n The publishing house Mohr Siebeck cooperates with IxTheo to facilitate searches in their publications.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Bibliographic databases and indexes\nCategory:Theology studies\nCategory:University of T\u00fcbingen\n\nExternal links"}
-{"text": "Boles\u0142awice\n\nBoles\u0142awice may refer to the following places in Poland:\nBoles\u0142awice, Boles\u0142awiec County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)\nBoles\u0142awice, \u015awidnica County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)\nBoles\u0142awice, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)\nBoles\u0142awice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)"}
-{"text": "Thakur Ram Singh (revolutionary)\n\nThakur Ram Singh (1911\u20132009) was an Indian Communist revolutionary and associate of Bhagat Singh. He started his political life as an Indian National Congress activist but was attracted towards the ideals of Bhagat Singh and his Hindustan Socialist Republican Army. Thakur Ram singh was sentenced to life imprisonment in Andaman Nicobar's Cellular Jail for his role in the Dogra shooting case of Ajmer. Inside the jail he formed a 'Communist Bloc', and later on after his release from the Andamans he joined the Communist Party of India. During the days of the Sino-Indian War he supported the split in the communist movement and was the founding member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) Uttar Pradesh Committee.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Communist Party of India politicians from Uttar Pradesh\nCategory:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Uttar Pradesh\nCategory:1911 births\nCategory:2009 deaths"}
-{"text": "Barbados at the 2006 Commonwealth Games\n\nBarbados was represented at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.\n\nMedals\n\nBronze\n Anderson Fitzgerald Emmanuel, Boxing, Heavyweight 91\u00a0kg\n\nBarbados' Commonwealth Games Team 2006\n\nField Hockey\n\nWomen's Team\n Lana Als\n Ann-Marie Alleyne\n Dionne Clarke\n Joana Davis\n Chiaka Drakes\n Deborah-Ann Holder\n Maria Browne\n Reyna Farnum\n Tricia-Ann Greaves\n Patrina Braithwaite\n Allison Haynes\n Cher King\n Lisa Crichlow\n Charlia Warner\n Nicole Tempro\n Tara Howard\n\nSwimming\nBradley Ally\nAndrei Cross\nAlexis Jordan\nNicholas Neckles\n\nSee also\nBarbados at the 2007 Pan American Games\n\nCategory:Nations at the 2006 Commonwealth Games\nCommonwealth Games\n2006"}
-{"text": "Lockspeiser LDA-01\n\nThe Lockspeiser LDA-01 (\"Land Development Aircraft\") was a British seven-tenths scale research and development tandem wing aircraft, which was designed and built by test pilot and engineer David Lockspeiser (1928\u20132014) to prove a concept for a low-cost utility transport.\n\nDesign and development\nThe LDA-01 was a single-seat tandem-wing monoplane, fabric covered with metal construction. The foreplane had a common design to the separately-made port and starboard wings of the main plane, giving it half the area. The intention was to reduce the number of spare parts needed by re-using the same wing component interchangeably in each location. The main wings were mounted at the rear-end of the box structure fuselage and the fore wing was attached underneath the front. The fuselage was fitted initially with a four-wheeled landing gear and was designed to be fitted with a detachable payload container to allow easy conversion between roles. The landing gear was changed later in development to a more conventional tricycle configuration. It was powered by a rear-mounted pusher engine. The LDA-01 G-AVOR first flew on 24 August 1971 at Wisley in Surrey, under the power of an 85\u00a0hp\u00a0(63\u00a0kW) Continental C85 piston engine, but was later refitted with a more powerful Lycoming O-320 engine.\n\nThe aircraft (which by this time had been re-registered G-UTIL), and had been renamed the Boxer 500, was being modified to planned production configuration by Brooklands Aerospace at Old Sarum Airfield when it was destroyed in a fire on 16 January 1987.\n\nSpecifications (LDA-01)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n 1000aircraftphotos.com \u2013 Photos of LDA-01\n \n\nCategory:1970s British experimental aircraft\nCategory:Single-engined pusher aircraft"}
-{"text": "Marc\u00e3o (footballer, born 1989)\n\nMarcos da Silva Bonfim or simply Marc\u00e3o (born 7 January 1989) is a Brazilian football midfielder who plays for Lusitano VRSA.\n\nClub career\nHe made his professional debut in the First Professional Football League for Akademik on 21 August 2010 in a game against Sliven.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile at PersianLeague\n \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from S\u00e3o Paulo\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Colo Colo de Futebol e Regatas players\nCategory:Gr\u00eamio Esportivo Juventus players\nCategory:Akademik Sofia players\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria\nCategory:First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Poland\nCategory:C.D. Feirense players\nCategory:LigaPro players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Portugal\nCategory:Rah Ahan players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Iran\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in the United Arab Emirates\nCategory:UAE Division 1 players\nCategory:Khor Fakkan Sports Club players\n\nCategory:Association football midfielders"}
-{"text": "Robert Lekachman\n\nRobert Lekachman (May 12, 1920 \u2013 January 14, 1989) was an economist known for his extensive advocacy of state intervention, and for a debating style characterized by slow, sing-song speech and circumlocution.\n\nHe received both his A.B. and Ph.D. from Columbia University.\n\nLekachman was also noted for an interpretation of Keynes's General Theory that made central its rejection of Say's Law (in favor of Walras' law). Lekachman identified as a socialist.\n\nIn his obituary, the New York Times wrote: \"Throughout his career Dr. Lekachman espoused a philosophy that sought to promote social justice simultaneously with economic growth. He advocated compassion on the part of government toward the underprivileged. His last published work, which appeared last week in The Nation magazine, was a cautionary article of advice to President-elect George Bush.\" \n\nHe died at his Manhattan home of liver cancer, survived by his wife Eva, who donated his papers in 1995.\n\nSelected publications \nNational Policy for Economic Welfare at Home and Abroad. 1955. Doubleday.\nA History of Economic Ideas. 1959. Harper.\nThe varieties of economics. 1962. Cleveland: World Pub Co.\nKeynes and the classics. 1964. Heath.\nKeynes's General Theory: Reports of Three Decades. 1964. St. Martin's Press.\nThe Age of Keynes. 1966. New York: Vintage Books.\nNational income and the public welfare. 1972. New York: Random House. \nPublic service employment: jobs for all. 1972.\nInflation: the permanent problem of boom and bust. 1973. New York: Vintage Books. \nEconomists at Bay : why the experts will never solve your problems. 1977. McGraw-Hill.\nThe great Tax debate.\nCapitalism for Beginners. 1981. Pantheon\nGreed Is Not Enough: Reaganomics. 1982. Pantheon.\nVisions and Nightmares : America after Reagan. 1987. Macmillan.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1920 births\nCategory:1989 deaths\nCategory:Economists from New York (state)\nCategory:American army personnel of World War II\nCategory:Barnard College faculty\nCategory:Deaths from cancer in New York (state)\nCategory:Columbia Business School faculty\nCategory:Columbia College (New York) alumni\nCategory:Columbia University faculty\nCategory:Deaths from liver cancer\nCategory:Lehman College faculty\nCategory:Scientists from New York City\nCategory:United States Army personnel\nCategory:American socialists\nCategory:Jewish American social scientists\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows\nCategory:20th-century American economists"}
-{"text": "Michael Questier\n\nMichael C. Questier is an English academic and historian.\n\nQuestier studied at Worth School and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1991 he completed a D.Phil at the University of Sussex on early modern politico-religious history. He has published works on post-Reformation history, and English Catholicism between the early Reformation and the Civil War, particularly focusing on anti-popery, aristocratic culture, the Jacobean exchequer, and the experience of conversion. He taught at Worcester College, Oxford, was a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow at King's College London, and in 2002, became a senior lecturer at Queen Mary, University of London, subsequently becoming its Professor of Early Modern British and European History. He has also been a Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford.\n\nPublished works\n\"Conversion, Politics and Religion in England, 1580-1625\", Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History (1996) \nThe Politics of Religious Conformity and the Accession of James I, Article (2002) \n*Newsletters from the Caroline Court, 1631-1638: Volume 26: Catholicism and the Politics of the Personal Rule, Camden Fifth Series xvi+358 (2005) \n\"Elizabeth and the Catholics\" in Catholics and the Protestant Nation: Religious Politics and Identity in Early Modern England, Manchester University Press, edited by E. Shagan, pp.\u00a063\u201394 (2005)\n\"Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England: Politics, Aristocratic Patronage and Religion, c.1550-1640\", Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History (2006) \n\"Arminianism, Catholicism and Puritanism in England during the 1630s\", Historical Journal, 49, pp.\u00a053\u201378 (2006) .\n\"Catholic Loyalism in Early Stuart England\", English Historical Review, cxxiii, pp.\u00a01132\u201365 (2008)Stuart Dynastic Policy and Religious Politics, 1621-1625, Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society (2009) \n\nCo-authored published works\nEngland's long reformation, 1500-1800, Nicholas Tyacke UCL Press Ch 8, pp 195\u2013225 (1998) with Professor Peter Lake.  | \nNewsletters from the Archpresbyterate of George Birkhead, Camden Fifth Series, (1999), with George Birkhead, The Antichrist\u2019s Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England, Yale University Press (2002), with Professor Peter Lake,  Conformity and Orthodoxy in the English Church, c.1560-1660, Studies in Modern British Religious History - Boydell and Brewer (2000), with Professor Peter Lake,  | The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England'' (2011) with Professor Peter Lake,  |\n\nFurther reading\n\n\"Religion in the State Papers 1603-1640\"\n\nCategory:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Sussex\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Academics of Queen Mary University of London\nCategory:People educated at Worth School"}
-{"text": "\u0160olaji\n\n\u0160olaji (Cyrillic: \u0428\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0458\u0438), is a village in Kne\u017eevo municipality, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nPopulation\n\nEthnic composition, 1991 census\n\nReferences \n\n Official results from the book: Ethnic composition of Bosnia-Herzegovina population, by municipalities and settlements, 1991. census, Zavod za statistiku Bosne i Hercegovine - Bilten no.234, Sarajevo 1991.\n\nCategory:Villages in Republika Srpska\nCategory:Kne\u017eevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}
-{"text": "So's Your Old Man\n\nSo's Your Old Man is a 1926 American silent comedy film directed by Gregory La Cava and starring W. C. Fields and Alice Joyce. It was written by J. Clarkson Miller based on the story \"Mr. Bisbee's Princess\" by Julian Leonard Street as adapted by Howard Emmett Rogers. It was filmed at Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City.\n\nThe film was remade as a talkie in 1934, with W. C. Fields again starring, under the title You're Telling Me!  In 2008, So's Your Old Man was added to the United States National Film Registry.\n\nPlot\nSam Bisbee (W. C. Fields) is a small-town glazier who's always trying to get rich quick, and his schemes are driving his wife (Marcia Harris) crazy.  When he invents an unbreakable glass windshield, his attempt to demonstrate it at a convention of automobile manufacturers is ruined when his car gets switched with another, and instead of bouncing off, the brick he throws at it smashes the windshield to pieces. On the train ride home, Bisbee considers suicide, but instead rescues a pretty young woman (Alice Joyce) who he believe is trying to kill herself. It turns out the woman is really Princess Lescaboura, and their friendship brings social success to the Bisbees.\n\nCast\nW. C. Fields as Samuel Bisbee\nAlice Joyce as Princess Lescaboura\nCharles \"Buddy\" Rogers as Kenneth Murchison\nKittens Reichert as Alice Bisbee (credited as Catherine Reichert)\nMarcia Harris as Mrs. Bisbee\nJulia Ralph as Mrs. A. Brandewyne Murchison\nFrank Montgomery as Jeff, a fellow scientist\nJerry Sinclair as Al\nWilliam \"Shorty\" Blanche as Caddy (uncredited)\nFrederick Burton as Senator (uncredited)\nCharles Byer as Prince Lescaboura (uncredited)\nWalter Walker as Mayor of Waukegus (uncredited)\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1926 films\nCategory:1920s comedy films\nCategory:American comedy films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:American silent feature films\nCategory:United States National Film Registry films\nCategory:Films directed by Gregory La Cava\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Films shot at Astoria Studios\nCategory:Surviving American silent films"}
-{"text": "Kenespa\n\nKenespa (, also Romanized as Kenesp\u0101) is a village in Mianrud Rural District, Chamestan District, Nur County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 131, in 29 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Nur County"}
-{"text": "Jah Screw\n\nPaul Love, better known as Jah Screw (born in Greenwich Farm, Jamaica, 9 February 1955) is a Jamaican singer and record producer best known for his work in the 1980s and 1990s with artists such as Barrington Levy, Barry Brown, and Ranking Joe\n\nBiography\nJah Screw started in the music business in the second half of the 1970s working as a selector on the Echo Vibration, Ray Symbolic, and (U-Roy's) King Stur-Gav Hi-Fi sound systems. By 1980, he had begun working as a record producer, initially working with his friend from sound system days, Ranking Joe, and they set up the Sharp Axe label together. The success from the label, with hots such as \"Ice Cream Style\" and the album Armageddon, was enough encouragement for Jah Screw to set up his own label, Time One Records.\n\nHe continued to produce Ranking Joe and also produced music for artists such as Earl 16, Tristan Palma, Dennis Brown and Barry Brown.\n\nIn 1984 he started laying rhythms in London. The version to the classic \"African Beat\" rhythm became the foundation for Barrington Levy's massive hit \"Under Mi Sensi\". Screw then produced the even more successful single \"Here I Come\" for Barrington, which reached number 41 in the UK Singles Chart in 1985. Levy moved on to work with Black Scorpio but returned to work with Jah Screw for several years. Jah Screw released his Harry J-produced album, Herb Base Function in 1986. Further collaborations from this era included Levy's Duets album, the 1991 reggae chart-topper \"Dancehall Rock\", with Levy joined by Cutty Ranks, and the 1996 hit \"Living Dangerously\". Ever since then Barrington and Jah Screw have had a fruitful relationship releasing music up in to the 90's with Jah Screw even turning his hand at producing Jungle remixes of Barrington's music.\n\nJah Screw has written, arranged, engineered and produced a lot of influential reggae music. He continued to be active as a producer until 1996, after which he said he \"wasn't getting the vibes to do any more production\". He has since been working on preserving his back-catalogue of productions.\n\nCredits\n\nWriting\nKing Tubby Meets Roots Radics - Dangerous Dub (1981)\n\nAlbums\nJah Screw - Herb Base Function (1986)\n\nProductions\nBarrington Levy - Here I Come (1985)\nBarry Brown - Right Now (198?)\nEarl Cunningham - John Tom (1984)\nEarl Sixteen - Super Duper (1982)\nKing Tubby - King At The Control (1981)\nKing Tubby Meets Roots Radics - Dangerous Dub (1981)\nRanking Joe - Armageddon (1982)\nRanking Joe - Armageddon Time (1982)\nRanking Joe - Disco Skate (1981)\nRanking Joe - Shaolin Temple (1980)\nRanking Joe - Showcase (1981)\nRanking Joe - Tribute To John Lennon (1981)\nRoots Radics Meets King Tubbys - More Dangerous Dub (1981)\nTony Tuff - Reggae In The City (1981)\nOriginal Experience (1991)\nJah Screw Presents Dancehall Glamity (1994)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJah Screw at Roots Archives\ninterview and biography from Greensleeves records\n\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica"}
-{"text": "Cephenemyia phobifer\n\nCephenemyia phobifer is a species of nose bot fly in the family Oestridae.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Oestridae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1815"}
-{"text": "Doryrhamphus japonicus\n\nDoryrhamphus japonicus, or the Honshu pipefish, is a species of flagtail pipefish from the genus Doryrhamphus that occurs in the Western Pacific Ocean, from Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, to Sulawesi, Indonesia, the Philippines, and north as far as Honshu, Japan and Korea. It is a marine demersal pipefish that inhabits coastal lagoons, rocky and coral reefs, and tidal pools down to as deep as  but it is unusual below . This species is frequently found in association with sea urchins of the genus Diadema and with sponges. It is an active cleaner, feeding on parasites found on other fishes. It frequently shares crevices with shrimps, large mud crabs and occasionally moray eels.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\njaponicus\nCategory:Fish described in 1975"}
-{"text": "Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport\n\nThe Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport  (formerly known as the Anguilla Wallblake Airport) is a small international airport located on the island of Anguilla, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean.  It is located very close to The Valley, the island's capital. Wallblake Airport is also a featured airport in one of the Flight Simulator X game demos. It has a small terminal with no jetways and is the only airport in Anguilla.\n\nThe airport became known as the \"Clayton J. Lloyd International Airport\" on 4 July 2010.  Its namesake was the first Anguillan aviator and founded the first Anguillan air service, Air Anguilla, which was later renamed Valley Air Service. The airport houses the Anguilla Outstation of the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority.\n\nAirlines and destinations\n\nPassenger\n\nCargo\n\nNotable flights \nIn recent history, a Boeing 737 landed at the airport as well as an MD-83 carrying the  F.I.F.A World Cup Trophy Tour.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Wallblake Airport\n \n \n\nCategory:Airports in Anguilla\nCategory:Geography of Anguilla"}
-{"text": "Paolo Revelli\n\nPaolo Revelli (born 12 April 1959) is an Italian former swimmer who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics, in the 1980 Summer Olympics, and in the 1984 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Italian male swimmers\nCategory:Male freestyle swimmers\nCategory:Male butterfly swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Italy\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1980 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nCategory:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy\nCategory:Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming\nCategory:Competitors at the 1975 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 1979 Mediterranean Games"}
-{"text": "2004 European Amateur Boxing Championships\n\nThe men's 2004 European Amateur Boxing Championships were held in Pula, Croatia, from February 19 to February 29. The 35th edition of thi bi-annual competition was organised by the European governing body for amateur boxing, EABA. A total number of 292 fighters from 41 countries competed at these championships. Russia's Gaydarbek Gaydarbekov afterwards received the Best Fighter Award. The tournament served as a qualification event for the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. All medal winners earned a berth for the Athens Games.\n\nMedal winners\n\nMedal table\n\nSee also\n1st AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament \n2nd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament \n3rd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament \n4th AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament\n\nExternal links\nResults\nEABA Boxing\n\nE\nCategory:European Amateur Boxing Championships\nB\nCategory:February 2004 sports events in Europe\nCategory:Boxing in Croatia\nCategory:Sport in Pula"}
-{"text": "The Runaway Skyscraper\n\n\"The Runaway Skyscraper\" is a science fiction short story by American writer Murray Leinster, first appeared in the February 22, 1919 issue of Argosy magazine.  Although Leinster had been appearing regularly in The Smart Set and pulp magazines such as Argosy and Short Stories for three years, \"The Runaway Skyscraper\" was his first published science fiction story (or more accurately, scientific romance, since Hugo Gernsback had yet to coin the phrase \"science fiction\").  Gernsback would reprint the story in the third issue of his science fiction pulp magazine Amazing Stories in June 1926.\n\nPlot summary\n\"The Runaway Skyscraper\" concerns Arthur Chamberlain, an engineer who works in a midtown Manhattan office building called the Metropolitan Tower.  When the sun suddenly begins moving backwards in the sky, setting rapidly in the east, he is the only one to realize what is actually happening: a flaw in the rock beneath the building has caused it to subside, but instead of moving in space, the building is falling backwards into the past.  When the subsidence finally ends, the building is located several thousand years in the past, and its 2000-odd inhabitants find themselves stranded in pre-Columbian Manhattan.\n\nChamberlain also realizes that the same seismic forces that caused the building to drop back into the past can also be used to return it to the present, but that doing so will require several weeks of intensive work by the building's inhabitants, and in the meantime they must concentrate on feeding themselves.  Chamberlain convinces the president of a bank on the first floor that he can return them to the present, and together they are able to organize the other inhabitants into hunting and fishing parties.\n\nTwo weeks later, Chamberlain is ready to implement his plan.  He forces a jet of soapy water into an artesian well beneath the building, and this allows the pressure that has built up in the rock to be released.  The building travels forward in time again, returning to the exact moment when it began to travel into the past.\n\nReception\n\nIn 2013, Amazing Stories described it as \"monumental\" and \"an ageless story of adventure and endurance\". Reason noted that the building \"travels backwards in time for no particular reason\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Runaway Skyscraper at Project Gutenberg.\n \n\nCategory:Science fiction short stories\nCategory:1919 short stories\nCategory:Works originally published in Argosy (magazine)\nCategory:Works by Murray Leinster"}
-{"text": "Hubbing\n\nHubbing is a metalworking process that is used to make dies. It is a cold-working process, which means that it occurs well below the melting temperature of the metal being worked.\n\nProcess\n\nIn hubbing, a male hub (master) is created with a profile that will form an impression on the female piece. The male hub is generally hardened and the female die block softened by annealing to help form the impression. As the metal flows the face of the die block is deformed, and, generally, must be machined flat. The die block is often a cylinder that is reinforced with a surrounding steel ring during the hubbing process. Hubbing is usually less expensive than die sinking, i.e., machining the female die, and multiple dies can be made from the male hub.\n\nIn the case of mild steel, a typical hubbing press exerts a pressure of approximately 1500\u00a0short tons-force per square inch (21\u00a0GPa) to transfer the image from a master hub into the master die.\n\nSee also\n\nCoining (metalworking)\nDie making\n\nReferences\n\nDeGarmo, E. Paul, J T. Black, and Ronald A. Kohser. Materials and Processes in Manufacturing. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997. \n\nCategory:Metal forming"}
-{"text": "Adrian \u0160emper\n\nAdrian \u0160emper (born 12 January 1998) is a Croatian footballer who plays as goalkeeper for Chievo Verona, on loan from Croatian club GNK Dinamo Zagreb, in Serie A.\n\nClub career\n\nEarly career\nBorn in Zagreb, \u0160emper started his football career with GNK Dinamo Zagreb youth academy in 2004. He was one of the brightest talents of a very interesting generation of Dinamo Zagreb players born in 1998, including Josip Brekalo, Nikola Moro, Borna Sosa, Branimir Kalaica and Vinko Soldo.\n\nDinamo Zagreb\nIn 2016, \u0160emper signed his first professional contract with Dinamo Zagreb. He made his league debut on 6 May 2016 against NK Slaven Belupo at Gradski stadion which Dinamo Zagreb won 3\u20130. In this match, he played 90 minutes whole the game and he lost on goals. On 16 January 2016, Chelsea made an offer of \u0160emper to Dinamo Zagreb for \u00a33.1 million, but Dinamo Zagreb rejected the offer and \u0160emper remained in Dinamo. In the 2015\u201316 season \u0160emper made his professional debut and Dinamo Zagreb achieved the double of league and cup.\n\nChievo (loan)\nOn 9 August 2018, \u0160emper joined to Italian Serie A club Chievo Verona on loan with an option to buy. He did his league debut on 20 April 2019 in a 2\u20131 away win against Lazio.\n\nInternational career\n\u0160emper has represented his country at various age groups, most recently for the Croatia national under-19 football team. In 2015, he played 2015 UEFA European Under-17 Championship and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Since March 2016, he has been member of Croatia national under-19 football team.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub\n\nHonours\n\nClub\n\nDinamo Zagreb\nCroatian First Football League (1): 2015\u201316\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1998 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Croatian footballers\nCategory:Croatian First Football League players\nCategory:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players\nCategory:NK Lokomotiva players\nCategory:A.C. ChievoVerona players\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Zagreb\nCategory:Croatian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Italy\nCategory:Serie A players"}
-{"text": "Corupella\n\nCorupella asperata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Corupella.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hesperophanini"}
-{"text": "Richard Cramm\n\nRichard Cramm (October 13, 1889 \u2013 1958) was a lawyer and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Bay de Verde in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1923 to 1928.\n\nThe son of John Cramm and Margaret King, he was born in Small Point and was educated in nearby Salem, at the Tilton Seminary in New Hampshire and at the Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut. Cramm studied law and was admitted to practice as a solicitor in 1923. He was called to the Newfoundland bar in 1924 and was named King's Counsel in 1928.\n\nIn 1924, he married Ollie Lynette Moores.\n\nCramm was elected to the Newfoundland assembly in 1923 as a Liberal. After Richard Squires stepped down as leader, Cramm supported William Warren. However, after the Hollis Walker Report was released which recommended criminal charges against Squires, he joined the opposition and moved the motion of no confidence which brought down Warren's administration. He was reelected in 1924 as a Liberal-Conservative. He was named a minister without portfolio in the new cabinet and, in 1926, became acting Attorney General. Cramm was defeated in 1928 when he ran as an independent candidate in Carbonear. He returned to practising law in St. John's. In May and June 1932, he served as a minister without portfolio in the short-lived Squires cabinet. In 1949, he ran unsuccessfully as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the Canadian federal riding of Trinity\u2014Conception.\n\nIn 1921, Cramm published a book called The First Five Hundred, about the Royal Newfoundland Regiment during World War I.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1889 births\nCategory:1958 deaths\nCategory:Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador MHAs\nCategory:Canadian Queen's Counsel\nCategory:Attorneys-General of the Dominion of Newfoundland\nCategory:Government ministers of the Dominion of Newfoundland"}
-{"text": "Hedrick, Iowa\n\nHedrick is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa, United States. The population was 764 at the 2010 census.\n\nHistory\nHedrick was incorporated on April 23, 1883. It was named for General Hedrick.\n\nBy 1991 several businesses in the community's main street closed, and the economy had declined. The school serving the town closed that year.\n\nGeography\nHedrick is located at  (41.173733, -92.308294).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land.\n\nDemographics\n\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 764 people, 310 households, and 211 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 356 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.3% White, 1.2% African American, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.\n\nThere were 310 households of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 11.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.9% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.98.\n\nThe median age in the city was 37.7 years. 24.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 10% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.9% were from 45 to 64; and 16.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.\n\n2000 census\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 832 people, 335 households, and 233 families living in the city. The population density was 543.1 people per square mile (209.8/km\u00b2). There were 371 housing units at an average density of 240.7 per square mile (93.0/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.92% White, 0.12% Native American, 0.12% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.84% of the population.\n\nThere were 335 households out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 26.3% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $30,714, and the median income for a family was $37,917. Males had a median income of $30,000 versus $20,476 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,166. About 9.0% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.4% of those under age 18 and 10.8% of those age 65 or over.\n\nEconomy\nFew businesses are open in the old historic business district; most businesses open to the public are located along Highway 149.\n\nArts and culture\nHedrick is notable for its well-preserved brick Main Street and its depot.\n\nNotable People\nNeal Edward Smith, Former U.S. Representative\n\nEducation\nHedrick is in the Pekin Community School District, which operates schools in Pekin.\n\nThe former Hedrick Community School District was involuntarily dissolved by the State of Iowa on July 1, 1991, due to not meeting state requirements to be a certified school in that state. It was the first school district in Iowa to be closed involuntarily by the state government. Students in Pekin itself were rezoned to Pekin schools.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHedrick, Iowa\nCity-Data.com\n\nCategory:Cities in Iowa\nCategory:Cities in Keokuk County, Iowa"}
-{"text": "P\u00e9ter Bacsa\n\nP\u00e9ter Bacsa (born 21 November 1970, in Dorog) is a Hungarian former wrestler who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Olympic wrestlers of Hungary\nCategory:Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Hungarian male sport wrestlers"}
-{"text": "Hemanta Sena\n\nHemanta Sena was son of Samantasena, the founder of the Hindu Sena dynasty in Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. He ruled from 1070 to 1096 CE.  His son, Vijaya Sena, reigned after him.\n\nSee also\nList of rulers of Bengal\nHistory of Bengal\nHistory of India\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rulers of Bengal\nCategory:1179 births\nCategory:1206 deaths\nCategory:12th-century Indian monarchs\nCategory:Sena dynasty\nCategory:Founding monarchs\nCategory:Bengali Hindus\nCategory:History of West Bengal\nCategory:People from West Bengal"}
-{"text": "Dhakki\n\nDhakki is a town and union council of Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 34\u00b018'17N 71\u00b046'24E and has an altitude of 359 metres (1181 feet).\n\nThe village has a higher secondary school for boys, a high school for girls and a basic health unit (BHU). It is about 50 kilometers from Peshawar.\nThe soil is very fertile, irrigated by Upper Swat Canal. The main crops are sugarcane, tobacco, wheat, maize and vegetables. Apricot, plum, peach and pear orchards are stretched all over the landscape. Former Chief Secretary Mr. Rustam Shah Muhmand belongs to Dhakki. Jehanzeb Khan Dhakki is a prominent social worker and political figure of Dhakki. Another well known figure is Syed Imran Khan ( Anwar Abad) well known social worker is also belonging Dhakki. Famous Pashto Drama  actors Mr. Syed Shensha (Late) and Syed Sardar Badshah (Pride of Performance) are also from Dhakki.\n\nReligious Personalities\nMaulana Aziz ur Rahman known as Sahib e Haq of Dhakki died in 1988, still his teachings are considered as undeniable facts. Besides a religious scholar of a high rank, qualified from Darul Uloom Deoband India, he was Ameer of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam now Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F) of district Peshawar when Charsadda was then a part of district Peshawar. After coming back from India, he started Madrassa Rahimiya in the grand mosque of Dhakki, now known as Sahib e Haq sab mosque. A PhD dissertation has also been written on his life and contributions by Dr. Abdul Salam, a research scholar from the University of Peshawar. Similarly, Maulana Lal badshah and Mufti Zahid Ullah are the well-known scholars but recently in Ramadan, Maulana lal Badshah died. Mufti Zahid-Ullah is the famous and intelligent personality in Dhakki now a days.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Union councils of Charsadda District\nCategory:Populated places in Charsadda District, Pakistan"}
-{"text": "Gigantic octopus\n\nAn unknown species of gigantic octopus has been hypothesised as a source of reports of sea monsters such as  the lusca, kraken and akkorokamui as well as the source of some of the carcasses of unidentified origin known as globsters like the St. Augustine Monster. The species that the St. Augustine carcass supposedly represented has been assigned the binomial names \"Octopus giganteus\" () and \"Otoctopus giganteus\" (Greek prefix: oton = ear; giant-eared octopus), although these are not valid under the rules of the ICZN.\n\nThey are not to be confused with the known giant Pacific octopus, which is a member of the genus Enteroctopus, and can grow to a total length of more than . The gigantic octopus is assumed to be much larger.\n\nHistory\nIn 1802, the French malacologist Pierre Denys de Montfort in Histoire Naturelle G\u00e9n\u00e9rale et Particuli\u00e8re des Mollusques, an encyclopedic description of mollusks, recognized the existence of two kinds of giant octopus. One being the kraken octopus, which Denys de Montfort believed had been described not only by Norwegian sailors and American whalers, but also by ancient writers such as Pliny the Elder. The second one being the much larger colossal octopus (the one actually depicted by the image) which reportedly attacked a sailing vessel from Saint-Malo off the coast of Angola.\n\nA gigantic octopus has been proposed as an identity for the large carcass, known as the St. Augustine Monster, that washed up in St Augustine, Florida, in 1896. However, samples of this specimen subjected to electron microscopy and biochemical analysis were found to be \"masses of virtually pure collagen\" and not to have the \"biochemical characteristics of invertebrate collagen, nor the collagen fiber arrangement of octopus mantle\". The results suggest the samples are \"large pieces of vertebrate skin ... from a huge homeotherm\".\n\nSee also\n Akkorokamui\n Colossal squid\n Cryptozoology\n Enteroctopus, or giant octopuses\n Giant squid\n Kraken\n Lusca\n Scandinavian folklore\n Te Wheke-a-Muturangi\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n\nCategory:Octopuses\nCategory:Water monsters"}
-{"text": "William Stafford (mining engineer)\n\nWilliam Stafford (November 15, 1842 - May 12, 1907) was a coal mining engineer and mine superintendent for the North Western Coal and Navigation Company who was responsible for determining the location of the City of Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada.\n\nPersonal life \n\nWilliam Stafford was born in Patna, Ayrshire, Scotland, on November 15, 1842. He was the only son of William Stafford, an English mining engineer and geologist, and Margaret Findlay Stafford. On December 31, 1863, he married Jane Gibb of Auchinleck, Ayrshire, Scotland, whose brother David Gibb became a prominent contractor in British Columbia. While residing in Auchinleck, William and Jane Stafford had three sons: William, Jr., Henry, and John. They then emigrated to Westville, Nova Scotia, in 1871, where they had five additional sons (Richard, Alexander, George, David, and James) and two daughters (Agnes and Margaret). In 1883, the family moved to the area that later became Lethbridge, Alberta, where they had an additional son (Elliott) and two additional daughters (Henrietta, the first white child born in the area, and Annie Laurie). The Staffords constructed a large ranch house on the bottomlands of the Belly River River which became a major community and social center.\n\nCareer\n\nAfter an education in Scotland, William Stafford became the manager of coal mines operated by the Acadia Coal Company of Pictou in Nova Scotia, and he continued in that capacity until 1882. In that year, he was hired by Sir Alexander Galt as manager and mine superintendent for the North Western Coal and Navigation Company to assess coal mining opportunities in the West. After investigating a number of possibilities, Stafford and his companion Captain Nicholas Bryant focused on Coal Banks on the Belly River due to the high quality of coal in that region. It was William Stafford who made the final decision as to the location of Drift Mine No. 1, which ultimately determined the location of the City of Lethbridge. In 1894, Stafford became Inspector of Mines for the company but then later resigned to pursue ranching and real estate interests. In order to provide accommodations for the increasing number of miners who were coming to the area, William Stafford purchased an area of land that became known as Staffordville, which he developed into lots for miners' houses. Stafford maintained an interest in coal mining, and at the time of his death, he was operating a private coal mine near Carmangay, north of Lethbridge.\n\nDeath and legacy \n\nWilliam Stafford died on May 12, 1907, and was buried in the family plot in Mountain View Cemetery in Lethbridge. Following his death and the Belly River flood of 1908, the Stafford family moved into the city of Lethbridge.\n\nA collection of historic photographs, documents, and personal items of William Stafford and his family is currently housed in the Galt Museum & Archives in Lethbridge. The section of north Lethbridge known as Staffordville (built around the No. 3 coal mine) as well as Stafford Drive and Stafford Place (a 10-story residential building) in Lethbridge were named in William Stafford's honor. A plaque honoring William Stafford and other coal pioneers, donated by the Lethbridge Miner's Library Club in collaboration with the Lethbridge Historical Society, was unveiled in Indian Battle Park on September 2, 1963. Entitled \"Here We Begin to Mine the Coal,\" the plaque reads in part: \"In 1882, William Stafford chose this place for the North West Coal and Navigation Company to begin mining coal, thus determining the location of Lethbridge.\"\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1842 births\nCategory:1907 deaths\nCategory:Coal miners\nCategory:History of Lethbridge\nCategory:Scottish emigrants to Canada\nCategory:Scottish people of English descent\nCategory:Scottish mining engineers\nCategory:People from East Ayrshire"}
-{"text": "Zotrix\n\nZotrix is a twin stick shooter video game developed by Zero Bit games and released on Windows in 2015 and on PlayStation 4 platform in 2016. A sequel, Zotrix 2 was announced in 2016, but never released as of 2019.\n\nReception\nThe game received mixed reviews upon release. Its PlayStation 4 version currently holds 56/100 on Metacritic based on 8 reviews. 4players.de gave it 76/100 stating \"When it comes to dualstick shooters you don\u2019t have to ask me twice. Nonetheless Zotrix isn\u2019t love at first sight. But if you get used to the quirky arcady feel \u00e0 la Galaga where positioning is as important as reflexes you might develop an interesting friendship.\". PSNStores was less positive in its review stating \"Some enjoyment can be found in Zotrix, if you can get past all of the technical issues that plague the game. However if that doesn\u2019t ruin the experience, the menu interface sure will. It can ruin all enjoyment of the game.\" and gave it 40 out of 100.\n\nExternal links\nSteam Store page\nPlayStation store page\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Action video games\nCategory:Windows games\nCategory:Steam Greenlight games\nCategory:Video games developed in Croatia\nCategory:PlayStation 4 games\nCategory:2015 video games"}
-{"text": "Bride kidnapping\n\nBride kidnapping, also known as bridenapping, marriage by abduction or marriage by capture, is a practice in which a man abducts the woman he wishes to marry. Bride kidnapping has been practiced around the world and throughout history. It continues to occur in countries in Central Asia, the Caucasus region, and parts of Africa, and among peoples as diverse as the Hmong in Southeast Asia, the Tzeltal in Mexico, and the Romani in Europe.\n\nIn most nations, bride kidnapping is considered a sex crime rather than a valid form of marriage. Some types of it may also be seen as falling along the continuum between forced marriage and arranged marriage. The term is sometimes confused with elopements, in which a couple runs away together and seeks the consent of their parents later. However, even when the practice is against the law, judicial enforcement remains lax in some areas. Bride kidnapping occurs in various parts of the world, but it is most common in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Bride kidnapping is often (but not always) a form of child marriage. It may be connected to the practice of bride price, and the inability or unwillingness to pay it.\n\nBride kidnapping is distinguished from raptio in that the former refers to the abduction of one woman by one man (and his friends and relatives), and is still a widespread practice, whereas the latter refers to the large scale abduction of women by groups of men, possibly in a time of war (see also war rape).\n\nSome cultures today maintain symbolic bride kidnapping ritual as part of traditions surrounding a wedding, in a nod to the practice of bride kidnapping which may have or may have not figured in that culture's history. According to some sources, the honeymoon is a relic of marriage by capture, based on the practice of the husband going into hiding with his wife to avoid reprisals from her relatives, with the intention that the woman would be pregnant by the end of the month.\n\nBackground and rationale \n\nThough the motivations behind bride kidnapping vary by region, the cultures with traditions of marriage by abduction are generally patriarchal with a strong social stigma on sex or pregnancy outside marriage and illegitimate births.\n\nIn some modern cases, the couple collude together to elope under the guise of a bride kidnapping, presenting their parents with a fait accompli. In most cases, however, the men who resort to capturing a wife are often of lower social status, because of poverty, disease, poor character or criminality. They are sometimes deterred from legitimately seeking a wife because of the payment the woman's family expects, the bride price (not to be confused with a dowry, paid by the woman's family).\n\nIn agricultural and patriarchal societies, where bride kidnapping is most common, children work for their family.  A woman leaves her birth family, geographically and economically, when she marries, becoming instead a member of the groom's family.  (See patrilocality for an anthropological explanation.) Due to this loss of labour, the women's families do not want their daughters to marry young, and demand economic compensation (the aforementioned bride price) when they do leave them. This conflicts with the interests of men, who want to marry early, as marriage means an increase in social status, and the interests of the groom's family, who will gain another pair of hands for the family farm, business or home. Depending on the legal system under which she lives, the consent of the woman may not be a factor in judging the validity of the marriage.\n\nIn addition to the issue of forced marriage, bride kidnapping may have other negative effects on the young women and their society. For example, fear of kidnap is cited as a reason for the lower participation of girls in the education system.\n\nThe mechanism of marriage by abduction varies by location. This article surveys the phenomenon by region, drawing on common cultural factors for patterns, but noting country-level distinctions.\n\nAfrica\nIn three African countries, bride kidnapping often takes the form of abduction followed by rape.\n\nRwanda\n\nBride-kidnapping is prevalent in areas of Rwanda. Often the abductor kidnaps the woman from her household or follows her outside and abducts her. He and his companions may then rape the woman to ensure that she submits to the marriage. The family of the woman either then feels obliged to consent to the union, or is forced to when the kidnapper impregnates her, as pregnant women are not seen as eligible for marriage. The marriage is confirmed with a ceremony that follows the abduction by several days. In such ceremonies, the abductor asks his bride's parents to forgive him for abducting their daughter. The man may offer a cow, money, or other goods as restitution to his bride's family.\n\nBride-kidnap marriages in Rwanda often lead to poor outcomes. Human rights workers report that one third of men who abduct their wives abandon them, leaving the wife without support and impaired in finding a future marriage. Additionally, with the growing frequency of bride-kidnapping, some men choose not to solemnize their marriage at all, keeping their \"bride\" as a concubine.\n\nBride kidnapping is not specifically outlawed in Rwanda, though violent abductions are punishable as rape. According to a criminal justice official, bride kidnappers are virtually never tried in court: \"When we hear about abduction, we hunt down the kidnappers and arrest them and sometimes the husband, too. But we're forced to let them all go several days later,\" says an official at the criminal investigation department in Nyagatare, the capital of Umutara. Women's rights groups have attempted to reverse the tradition by conducting awareness raising campaigns and by promoting gender equity, but the progress has been limited so far.\n\nEgypt\nThere have been cases of Coptic Christian women and girls abducted, forced to convert to Islam and then married to Muslim men.\n\nEthiopia\nBride kidnapping is prevalent in many regions of Ethiopia.  According to surveys conducted in 2003 by the National Committee on Traditional Practices in Ethiopia, the custom's prevalence rate was estimated at 69 percent nationally, and highest in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People's Region at 92 percent. A man working in co-ordination with his friends may kidnap a girl or woman, sometimes using a horse to ease the escape. The abductor will then hide his intended bride and rape her until she becomes pregnant. As the father of the woman's child, the man can claim her as his wife. Subsequently, the kidnapper may try to negotiate a bride price with the village elders to legitimize the marriage. Girls as young as eleven years old are reported to have been kidnapped for the purpose of marriage. Though Ethiopia criminalised such abductions and raised the marriageable age to 18 in 2004, this law has not been well implemented. A 2016 UNICEF evidence review (based on data from 2010 and 2013) estimated that 10 to 13 percent of marriages in the highest risk areas involved abduction, with rates of 1.4 percent to 2.4 percent in lower risk areas of the country.\n\nThe bride of the forced marriage may suffer from the psychological and physical consequences of forced sexual activity and early pregnancy, and the early end to her education. Women and girls who are kidnapped may also be exposed to sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS.\n\nKenya\nForced marriages continue to be a problem for young girls in Kenya. The United States Department of State reports that children and young teenaged girls (aged ten and up) are sometimes married to men two decades older.\n\nMarriage by abduction used to be, and to some extent still is, a customary practice for the Kisii ethnic group. In their practice, the abductor kidnaps the woman forcibly and rapes her in an attempt to impregnate her. The \"bride\" is then coerced through the stigma of pregnancy and rape to marry her abductor. Though most common in the late 19th century through the 1960s, such marriage abductions still occur occasionally.\n\nThe Turkana tribe in Kenya also practised marriage by abduction. In this culture, bridal kidnapping (akomari) occurred before any formal attempts to arrange a marriage with a bride's family. According to one scholar, a successful bridal kidnapping raised the abductor's reputation in his community, and allowed him to negotiate a lower bride price with his wife's family. Should an attempted abductor fail to seize his bride, he was bound to pay a bride price to the woman's family, provide additional gifts and payments to the family, and to have an arranged marriage (akota).\n\nSouth Africa\nThe practice is known as ukuthwalwa or simply thwala in among the nguni speaking tribes. The Basotho call it Tjhobediso. Among Zulu people, thwala, or bride abduction, was once an acceptable way for two young people in love to get married when their families opposed the match (and so actually a form of elopement). Thwala has been abused, however, \"to victimize isolated rural women and enrich male relatives.\"\n\nCentral Asia \n\nIn Central Asia, bride kidnapping exists in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan. Though origin of the tradition in the region is disputed, the rate of nonconsensual bride kidnappings appears to be increasing in several countries throughout Central Asia as the political and economic climate changes.\n\nKyrgyzstan \nDespite its illegality, in many primarily rural areas, bride kidnapping, known as ala kachuu (to take and flee), is an accepted and common way of taking a wife. A recent victimization survey in Kyrgyzstan (2015) included the crime of kidnapping of young women for marriage. Fourteen percent of married women answered that they were kidnapped at the time and that two-thirds of these cases were consensual, the woman knew the man and had agreed with it up front. This means that about five percent of current marriages in Kyrgyzstan are cases of 'Ala Kachuu'.\n\nThere is another source that mentions much higher numbers. Approximately half of all Kyrgyz marriages include bride kidnapping; of those kidnappings, two-thirds are non-consensual. Research by non-governmental organizations give estimates from a low of 40% to between 68 and 75 percent of all marriages in Kyrgyzstan involved bride kidnapping.\n\nBride kidnappings that involve rape do so to psychologically force the would-be bride to accept her kidnapper and his family's pressure to marry him, since if she then refuses she would never be considered marriageable again. Of 12,000 yearly bride kidnappings in Kyrgyzstan, approximately 2,000 women reported that their kidnapping involved rape by the would-be groom. The matter is somewhat confused by the local use of the term \"bride kidnap\" to reflect practices along a continuum, from forcible abduction and rape (and then, almost unavoidably, marriage), to something akin to an elopement arranged between the two young people, to which both sets of parents have to consent after the act.\n\nAlthough the practice is illegal in Kyrgyzstan, bride kidnappers are rarely prosecuted. This reluctance to enforce the code is in part caused by the pluralistic legal system in Kyrgyzstan where many villages are de facto ruled by councils of elders and aqsaqal courts following customary law, away from the eyes of the state legal system. Aqsaqal courts, tasked with adjudicating family law, property and torts, often fail to take bride kidnapping seriously. In many cases, aqsaqal members are invited to the kidnapped bride's wedding and encourage the family of the bride to accept the marriage.\n\nKazakhstan\nIn Kazakhstan, bride kidnapping (alyp qashu) is divided into non-consensual and consensual abductions, kelisimsiz alyp qashu (\"to take and run without agreement\") and kelissimmen alyp qashu (\"to take and run with agreement\"), respectively. Though some kidnappers are motivated by the wish to avoid a bride price or the expense of hosting wedding celebrations or a feast to celebrate the girl leaving home, other would-be husbands fear the woman's refusal, or that the woman will be kidnapped by another suitor first. Generally, in nonconsensual kidnappings, the abductor uses either deception (such as offering a ride home) or force (such as grabbing the woman, or using a sack to restrain her) to coerce the woman to come with him. Once at the man's house, one of his female relatives offers the woman a kerchief (oramal) that signals the bride's consent to the marriage. Though in consensual kidnappings, the woman may agree with little hesitation to wear the kerchief, in non-consensual abductions, the woman may resist the kerchief for days. Next, the abductor's family generally asks the \"bride\" to write a letter to her family, explaining that she had been taken of her own free will. As with the kerchief, the woman may resist this step adamantly. Subsequently, the \"groom\" and his family generally issues an official apology to the bride's family, including a letter and a delegation from the groom's household. At this time, the groom's family may present a small sum to replace the bride-price. Though some apology delegations are met cordially, others are greeted with anger and violence. Following the apology delegation, the bride's family may send a delegation of \"pursuers\" (qughysnshy) either to retrieve the bride or to verify her condition and honour the marriage.\n\nA recent victimization survey in Kazakhstan (2018) included the crime of kidnapping of young women for marriage. 4% of married women answered that they were kidnapped at the time and that two-thirds of these cases were consensual, the woman knew the man and had agreed with it up front. This means that about 1-1.5% of current marriages in Kazakhstan are the result of non-consensual abductions.\n\nUzbekistan\n\nIn Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in Uzbekistan, nearly one fifth of all marriages are conducted by bride kidnapping. Activist groups in the region tie an increase in kidnappings to economic instability. Whereas weddings can be prohibitively expensive, kidnappings avoid both the cost of the ceremony and any bride price. Other scholars report that less desirable males with inferior educations or drug or alcohol problems are more likely to kidnap their brides. In Karakalpakstan, the bride kidnapping sometimes originates out of a dating relationship and, at other times, happens as an abduction by multiple people.\n\nThe Caucasus \n\nBride kidnapping is an increasing trend in the countries and regions of the Caucasus, both in Georgia in the South and in Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia in the North. In the Caucasian versions of bride-kidnapping, the kidnap victim's family may play a role in attempting to convince the woman to stay with her abductor after the kidnapping, because of the shame inherent in the presumed consummation of the marriage.\n\nDagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia\n\nThe Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia regions in the Northern Caucasus (in Russia) have also witnessed an increase in bride kidnappings since the fall of the Soviet Union. As in other countries, kidnappers sometimes seize acquaintances to be brides and other times abduct strangers. The social stigma of spending a night in a male's house can be a sufficient motivation to force a young woman to marry her captor. Under Russian law, though a kidnapper who refuses to release his bride could be sentenced to eight to ten years, a kidnapper will not be prosecuted if he releases the victim or marries her with her consent. Bride captors in Chechnya are liable, in theory, to receive also a fine of up to 1 million rubles. As in the other regions, authorities often fail to respond to the kidnappings. In Chechnya, the police failure to respond to bridal kidnappings is compounded by a prevalence of abductions in the region. Several such kidnappings have been captured on video.\n\nResearchers and non-profit organisations describe a rise in bride kidnappings in the North Caucasus in the latter half of the 20th century. In Chechnya, women's rights organisations tie the increase in kidnappings to a deterioration of women's rights under the rule of Chechen president Ramzan Kadyrov.\n\nAzerbaijan \n\nIn Azerbaijan, both marriage by capture (q\u0131z qa\u00e7\u0131rmaq) and elopement (qo\u015fulub qa\u00e7maq) are relatively common practices. In the Azeri kidnap custom, a young woman is taken to the home of the abductor's parents through either deceit or force. Regardless of whether rape occurs or not, the woman is generally regarded as impure by her relatives, and is therefore forced to marry her abductor. Despite a 2005 Azeri law that criminalised bride kidnapping, the practice places women in extremely vulnerable social circumstances, in a country where spousal abuse is rampant and recourse to law enforcement for domestic matters is impossible. In Azerbaijan, women abducted by bride kidnapping sometimes become slaves of the family who kidnap them.\n\nGeorgia \nIn Georgia, bride kidnapping occurs in the south of the country. Although the extent of the problem is not known, non-governmental activists estimate that hundreds of women are kidnapped and forced to marry each year. In a typical Georgian model of bride kidnapping, the abductor, often accompanied by friends, accosts the intended bride, and coerces her through deception or force to enter a car. Once in the car, the victim may be taken to a remote area or the captor's home. These kidnappings sometimes include rape, and may result in strong stigma to the female victim, who is assumed to have engaged in sexual relations with her captor. Women who have been victims of bride kidnapping are often regarded with shame; the victim's relatives may view it as a disgrace if the woman returns home after a kidnapping. In other cases, the kidnapping is a consensual elopement. Human Rights Watch reports that prosecutors often refuse to bring charges against the kidnappers, urging the kidnap victim to reconcile with her aggressor. Enforcing the appropriate laws in this regard may also be a problem because the kidnapping cases often go unreported as a result of intimidation of victims and their families.\n\nEast and South Asia\n\nPakistan\n\nAn estimated one thousand Christian and Hindu women are kidnapped and forced to convert to Islam and marry Muslim men every year in Pakistan.\n\nIndonesia \n\nIn Bali tradition, Balinese men historically must abduct women for marrying.\n\nHmong culture \nMarriage by abduction also occurs in traditional Hmong culture, in which it is known as zij poj niam. As in some other cultures, bride kidnapping is generally a joint effort between the would-be groom and his friends and family. Generally, the abductor takes the woman while she is alone. The abductor then sends a message to the kidnap victim's family, informing them of the abduction and the abductor's intent to marry their daughter. If the victim's family manage to find the woman and insist on her return, they might be able to free her from the obligation to marry the man. However, if they fail to find the woman, the kidnap victim is forced to marry the man. The abductor still has to pay a bride price for the woman, generally an increased amount because of the kidnapping. Because of this increased cost (and the general unpleasantness of abduction), kidnapping is usually only a practice reserved for a man with an otherwise blemished chance of securing a bride, because of criminal background, illness or poverty.\n\nOccasionally, members of the Hmong ethnic group have engaged in bride kidnapping in the United States. In some cases, the defendant has been allowed to plead a cultural defense to justify his abduction. This defense has sometimes been successful. In 1985, Kong Moua, a Hmong man, kidnapped and raped a woman from a Californian college. He later claimed that this was an act of zij poj niam and was allowed to plead to false imprisonment only, instead of kidnapping and rape. The judge in this case considered cultural testimony as an explanation of the man's crime.\n\nChina\nUntil the 1940s, marriage by abduction, known as qiangqin (), occurred in rural areas of China. Though illegal in imperial China, for rural areas it often became a local \"institution\". According to one scholar, marriage by abduction was sometimes a groom's answer to avoid paying a bride price. In other cases, the scholar argues, it was a collusive act between the bride's parents and the groom to circumvent the bride's consent.\n\nChinese scholars theorise that this practice of marriage by abduction became the inspiration for a form of institutionalised public expression for women: the bridal lament. In imperial China, a new bride performed a two- to three-day public song, including chanting and sobbing, that listed her woes and complaints. The bridal lament would be witnessed by members of her family and the local community.\n\nIn recent years bride kidnapping has resurfaced in areas of China. In many cases, the women are kidnapped and sold to men in poorer regions of China, or as far abroad as Mongolia. Reports say that buying a kidnapped bride is nearly one tenth of the price of hosting a traditional wedding. The United States Department of State tie this trend of abducting brides to China's one-child policy, and the consequent gender imbalance as more male children are born than female children.\n\nJapan\nAccording to the study by Kunio Yanagita, scholar of folklore in Japan, there are three patterns existed in bride kidnapping of Japan.\n The case that man and his cooperators kidnap woman without notice to woman's parents.\n The case that woman's parents cannot permit marriage because they afraid of public reputation.\n The case that the new couple cannot formally get married because of economical hardship.\n\nIn Buraku of Kochi, there was the custom of bride kidnapping named katagu (\u304b\u305f\u3050).\n\nThe Americas\n\nThe practice of kidnapping children, teenagers and women from neighbouring tribes and adopting them into the new tribe was common among Native Americans throughout the Americas. The kidnappings were a way of introducing new blood into the group. Captured European women sometimes settled down as adopted members of the tribe and at least one woman, Mary Jemison, refused \"rescue\" when it was offered.\n\nUnited States\nSeveral reports of bride kidnapping for religious reasons have surfaced recently. Most known are the kidnapping of Elizabeth Smart in Utah and the kidnapping of Jaycee Dugard in California. Both perpetrators have been convicted of kidnapping and sexual assault. Other cases exist within some Mormon Fundamentalist communities around the Utah-Arizona border; however, accurate information is difficult to obtain from these closed communities. Most of these cases are usually referred to as forced marriages, although they are similar to other bride kidnappings around the world.\n\nMexico\n\nAmong the Tzeltal community, a Mayan tribe in Chiapas, Mexico, bride kidnapping has been a recurring method of securing a wife. The Tzeltal people are an indigenous, agricultural tribe that is organised patriarchally. Premarital contact between the sexes is discouraged; unmarried women are supposed to avoid speaking with men outside their families. As with other societies, the grooms that engage in bride kidnapping have generally been the less socially desirable mates.\n\nIn the Tzeltal tradition, a girl is kidnapped by the groom, possibly in concert with his friends. She is generally taken to the mountains and raped. The abductor and his future bride often then stay with a relative until the bride's father's anger is reported to have subsided. At that point, the abductor will return to the bride's house to negotiate a bride-price, bringing with him the bride and traditional gifts such as rum.\n\nSouth America\nAmong the Mapuche of Chile, the practice was known as casamiento por capto in Spanish, and ngapitun in Mapudungun.\n\nHelena Valero, a Brazilian woman kidnapped by Amazonian Indians in 1937, dictated her story to an Italian anthropologist, who published it in 1965.\n\nEurope\n\nRoma (Romani) communities\nBride kidnapping has been documented as a marital practice in some Romani community traditions. In the Romani culture, girls as young as twelve years old may be kidnapped for marriage to teenaged boys. As the Roma population lives throughout Europe, this practice has been seen on multiple occasions in Ireland, England, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Bulgaria and Slovakia. The kidnapping has been theorised as a way to avoid a bride price or as a method of ensuring exogamy. The tradition's normalisation of kidnapping puts young women at higher risk of becoming victims of human trafficking.\n\nMediterranean\n\nMarriage by capture was practised in ancient cultures throughout the Mediterranean area. It is represented in mythology and history by the tribe of Benjamin in the Bible; by the Greek hero Paris stealing the beautiful Helen of Troy from her husband Menelaus, thus triggering the Trojan War; and by the Rape of the Sabine Women by Romulus, the founder of Rome.\n\nIn 326 A.D., the Emperor Constantine issued an edict prohibiting marriage by abduction. The law made kidnapping a public offence; even the kidnapped bride could be punished if she later consented to a marriage with her abductor. Spurned suitors sometimes kidnapped their intended brides as a method of restoring honor. The suitor, in coordination with his friends, generally abducted his bride while she was out of her house in the course of her daily chores. The bride would then be secreted outside the town or village. Though the kidnapped woman was sometimes raped in the course of the abduction, the stain on her honor from a presumptive consummation of the marriage was sufficient to damage her marital prospects irreversibly. Sometimes, the \"abduction\" masked an elopement.\n\nItaly\nThe custom of fuitina was widespread in Sicily and continental southern Italy. In theory and in some cases it was an agreed elopement between two youngsters; in practice it was often a forcible kidnapping and rape, followed by a so-called \"rehabilitating marriage\" (matrimonio riparatore). In 1965, this custom was brought to national attention by the case of Franca Viola, a 17-year-old abducted and raped by a local small-time criminal, with the assistance of a dozen of his friends.  When she was returned to her family after a week, she refused to marry her abductor, contrary to local expectation.  Her family backed her up, and suffered severe intimidation for their efforts; the kidnappers were arrested and the main perpetrator was sentenced to 11 years in prison.\n\nThe exposure of this \"archaic and intransigent system of values and behavioural mores\" caused great national debate. In 1968, Franca married her childhood sweetheart, with whom she would later have three children. Conveying clear messages of solidarity, Giuseppe Saragat, then president of Italy, sent the couple a gift on their wedding day, and soon afterwards, Pope Paul VI granted them a private audience. A 1970 film, La moglie pi\u00f9 bella (The Most Beautiful Wife) by Damiano Damiani and starring Ornella Muti, is based on the case. Viola never capitalised on her fame and status as a feminist icon, preferring to live a quiet life in Alcamo with her family.\n\nThe law allowing \"rehabilitating marriages\" to protect rapists from criminal proceedings was abolished in 1981.\n\nIreland\nThe inciting incident for the 12th-century Norman invasion of Ireland was an instance of wife-stealing: in 1167, the King of Leinster Diarmait Mac Murchada had his lands and kingship revoked by order of the High King of Ireland, Ruaidr\u00ed Ua Conchobair as punishment for abducting the wife of another king in 1152. This lead Diarmait to seek the assistance of King Henry II of England in order to reclaim his kingdom.\n\nThe abduction of heiresses was an occasional feature in Ireland until 1800, as illustrated in the film The Abduction Club.\n\nMalta\nIn 2015, Malta was criticized by Equality Now, for a law which, in certain circumstances, can extinguish the punishment for a man who abducts a woman if, following the abduction, the man and woman get married. (Article 199 and Article 200 of the Criminal Code of Malta) The article was ultimately abolished by Act XIII of 2018, Article 24.\n\nSlavic tribes\n\nEast Slavic tribes, predecessor tribes to the Russian state, practised bride kidnapping in the eleventh century. The traditions were documented by Russian monk Nestor. According to his Chronicles, the Drevlian tribe captured wives non-consensually, whereas the Radimich, Viatich, and Severian tribes \"captured\" their wives after having come to an agreement about marriage with them. The clergy's increase in influence may have helped the custom to abate.\n\nMarriage by capture occurred among the South Slavs until the beginning of the 1800s. Common in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, the custom was known as otmitza. The practice was mentioned in a statute in the Politza, the 1605 Croatian legal code. According to leading intellectual and Serbian folk-chronicler Vuk Karadzic, a man would dress for \"battle\" before capturing a woman. Physical force was a frequent element of these kidnappings.\n\nBride kidnapping was also a custom in Bulgaria. With the consent of his parents and the aid of his friends, the abductor would accost his bride and take her to a barn away from the home, as superstition held that pre-marital intercourse might bring bad luck to the house. Whether or not the man raped his bride, the abduction would shame the girl and force her to stay with her kidnapper to keep her reputation. As in other cultures, sometimes couples would elope by staging false kidnappings to secure the parents' consent.\n\nIn religion\n\nCatholic law\nIn Catholic canon law, the impediment of raptus specifically prohibits marriage between a woman abducted with the intent to force her to marry, and her abductor, as long as the woman remains in the abductor's power. According to the second provision of the law, should the woman decide to accept the abductor as a husband after she is safe, she will be allowed to marry him. The canon defines raptus as a \"violent\" abduction, accompanied by physical violence or threats, or fraud or deceit. The Council of Trent insisted that the abduction in raptus must be for the purpose of marriage to count as an impediment to marriage.\n\nIslamic law\n\nMost Islamic scholars take the view that forced marriage involving an Islamic woman is forbidden. The enslavement of prisoners of war, and concubinage of female PoWs is permitted in the Hadith, while the prostitution of female slaves is forbidden. These women are called ma malakat aymanukum or \"those whom your right hand possesses.\" Female slaves may still be punished if they commit adultery (zina).\n\nIn film\n\nFeatures\n\nBride capture has been reflected in feature films from many cultures, sometimes humorously, sometimes as social commentary.\n\nBride kidnapping is depicted as a frontier solution in the 1954 Hollywood musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. The 1960 Hong Kong film Qiangpin (The Bride Hunter) portrays the custom in the format of an all-female Yue opera comedy, in which Xia Meng plays a gender-bending role as a man masquerading as a woman. Bride kidnapping is displayed somewhat humorously in Pedro Almod\u00f3var's 1990 Spanish hit \u00a1\u00c1tame! (Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down!), starring Antonio Banderas and Victoria Abril.  It is the underlying theme behind the 2005 Korean movie The Bow.  In the 2006 comedy Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, the eponymous fictional reporter Borat, played by British comedian/satirist Sacha Baron Cohen, attempts to kidnap Canadian actress Pamela Anderson in order to take her as his wife. He brings a \"wedding sack\" which he has made for the occasion, suggesting that such kidnappings are a tradition in his parody of Kazakhstan.\n\nOn a more serious note, a 1970 Italian film, La moglie pi\u00f9 bella (The Most Beautiful Wife) by Damiano Damiani and starring Ornella Muti, is based on the story of Franca Viola, described above.  However, before the national debate caused by the Viola case, a 1964 satire directed by Pietro Germi, Seduced and Abandoned (Sedotta e abbandonata), treated the Sicilian custom as a dark comedy. The 2009 film Baar\u00eca - la porta del vento shows a consensual fuitina in 20th-century Sicily (atypically having the couple enclosed in the girl's house) as the only way the lovers can avoid the girl's arranged marriage to a richer man.\n\nSome Russian films and literature depict bride kidnapping in the Caucasus.  There is a Soviet comedy entitled Kidnapping, Caucasian Style (, literally translated as The Girl Prisoner of the Caucasus), where a bride kidnapping occurs in an unidentified Caucasian country. The 2007 Kyrgyz film Pure Coolness also revolves around the bride kidnapping custom, mistaken identity, and the clash between modern urban expectations and the more traditional countryside.\n\nDocumentaries\nIn 2005, a documentary film entitled Bride Kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan made by Petr Lom was presented at the UNAFF 2005 festival, and subsequently on PBS and Investigation Discovery (ID) in the United States. The film met controversy in Kyrgyzstan because of ethical concerns about the filming of real kidnappings.\n\nIn 2012, the website Vice.com did a full documentary film about bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan.\n\nIn literature\n\nIn Frances Burney's novel, Camilla (1796), the heroine's sister, Eugenia, is kidnapped by an adventurer called Alphonso Bellamy. Eugenia decides to stay with her husband on the grounds that she believes her word is a solemn oath. Eugenia is fifteen years old, and so underage, and is coerced into the marriage\u2014both were grounds for treating the marriage as illegal.\n\nA Sherlock Holmes story features bride kidnapping. In \"The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist\", a woman is employed as a governess by a man who knows that she will soon inherit a fortune, with the intent of a confederate marrying her. The ceremony does eventually occur, but is void.\n\nThe manga Otoyomegatari A Bride's Story takes place in central Asia. The heroine is married to a boy in an outside clan, but regrets regarding this decision occur when her original clan has problems bearing heirs. Her birth family comes to retrieve her with the intention of marrying her to someone else, but without success.  Her new family tells the invaders that the girl has been impregnated, which would be the last seal on the marriage.  They doubt this has occurred as the groom is very young and, desperate, they resort to a kidnap attempt, but again fail.\n\nThe fantasy novel A Storm of Swords features marriage by capture (or \"stealing a woman\") as the traditional form of marriage north of the Wall. The Free Folk consider it a test for a man to \"steal\" a wife and outwit her attempts on his life long enough for her to respect his strength and come to love him. More often, though, marriages by capture are conducted between a couple already in love, an elopement without the extra element of attempted murder. Jon Snow and Ygritte have such a marriage by capture, although at the time Jon was ignorant of the custom and thought he was merely taking her prisoner. The Ironborn are also known to practice this custom, taking secondary wives while reaving the mainland, which they refer to as \"salt wives\".\n\nThe Tamora Pierce fantasy novel The Will of the Empress includes bride kidnapping as a major plot point and has extensive discussions of the morality of bride kidnapping. Multiple characters are kidnapped for the purpose of marriage during the novel, which is used as a warning against it (in keeping with the women's rights focus of her series), particularly in the case of poor women or those without social support systems.\n\nIn television\nIn the BBC radio and television comedy series The League of Gentlemen, the character Papa Lazarou comes to the fictional town of Royston Vasey under the guise of a peg-seller. He seeks to kidnap women by entering their homes, talking gibberish to them (Gippog) and persuading them to hand over their wedding rings. He 'names' them all 'Dave', and, after obtaining their rings, proclaims;  \"you're my wife now\".\nIn Criminal Minds, season 4, episode 13 titled \"Bloodline\" depicts bride kidnapping.\n\nStephen Vincent Ben\u00e9t wrote a short story called \"The Sobbin' Women\" that parodied the legend of the rape of the Sabine women. Later adapted into the musical Seven Brides for Seven Brothers, it tells the story of seven gauche but sincere backwoodsmen, one of whom gets married, encouraging the others to seek partners. After a social where they meet girls they are attracted to, they are denied the chance to pursue their courtship by the latter's menfolk. Following the Roman example, they abduct the girls. As in the original tale, the women are at first indignant but are eventually won over.\n\nSee also \n\n Bride price\n Bride burning\n Charivari\n Exchange of women\n Groom kidnapping\n History of rape\n Honour killing\n Shotgun wedding, a sudden wedding, often because the bride is pregnant\n Stockholm syndrome, when a captive grows to identify with their captor\n\nBibliography\n\nBooks \n Adekunle, Julius.  Culture and Customs of Rwanda, Greenwood Publishing Group (2007).\n Kovalesky, Maxime.  Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, London: David, Nutt & Strand (1891).\n Pamporov, Alexey.  Romani everyday life in Bulgaria, Sofia: IMIR (2006). (in Bulgarian)\n\nJournal articles \n\n Ayres, Barbara  \"Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective\", Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (July 1974), p.\u00a0245\nBarnes, R. H.  \"Marriage by Capture.\"  The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 5, No. 1. (March 1999), pp.\u00a057\u201373.\nBates, Daniel G.  \"Normative and Alternative Systems of Marriage among the Y\u00f6r\u00fck of Southeastern Turkey.\"  Anthropological Quarterly, 47:3 (Jul. 1974), pp.\u00a0270\u2013287.\nEvans-Grubbs, Judith. \"Abduction Marriage in Antiquity: A Law of Constantine (CTh IX. 24. I) and Its Social Context\" The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 79, 1989, pp.\u00a059\u201383.\nHandrahan, Lori. 2004. \"Hunting for Women: Bride-Kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan.\" International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6:2 (June), 207\u2013233.\nHerzfeld, Michael \"Gender Pragmatics: Agency, Speech, and Bride Theft in a Cretan Mountain Village.\" Anthropology 1985, Vol. IX: 25\u201344.\nKleinbach, Russ and Salimjanova, Lilly (2007). \"Kyz ala kachuu and adat: non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan\", Central Asian Survey, 26:2, 217\u2013233.\nKleinbach, Russell.  \"Frequency of non-consensual bride kidnapping in the Kyrgyz Republic.\" International Journal of Central Asian Studies. Vol 8, No 1, 2003, pp.\u00a0108\u2013128.\nKleinbach, Russell, Mehrigiul Ablezova and Medina Aitieva.  \"Kidnapping for marriage (ala kachuu) in a Kyrgyz village.\"  Central Asian Survey. 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Bride-price among the Bulgarian Roma\" Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 13, 471\u2013476 (2007)\nRimonte, Nilda  \"A Question of Culture: Cultural Approval of Violence against Women in the Pacific-Asian Community and the Cultural Defense'\", Stanford Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 6 (Jul. 1991), pp.\u00a01311\u20131326.\nStross, Brian. \"Tzeltal Marriage by Capture.\"  Anthropological Quarterly. 47:3 (July 1974), pp.\u00a0328\u2013346.\nWerner, Cynthia, \"Women, marriage, and the nation-state: the rise of nonconsensual bride kidnapping in post-Soviet Kazakhstan\", in The Transformation of Central Asia. Pauline Jones Luong, ed.  Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004, pp.\u00a059\u201389.\nYang, Jennifer Ann.  \"Marriage By Capture in the Hmong Culture: The Legal Issue of Cultural Rights Versus Women's Rights\", Law and Society Review at UCSB, Vol. 3, pp.\u00a038\u201349 (2004).\n\nHuman rights reports \n\nAmnesty International, Georgia\u2014Thousands Suffering in Silence: Violence Against Women in the Family, AI Index: EUR 56/009/2006, September 2006 (last accessed 18 August 2011).\n Georgian Young Lawyers' Association & OMCT, Violence Against Women in Georgia: Report submitted on the occasion of the 36th session of the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, August 2006 (last accessed 18 August 2011).\n Human Rights Watch, Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan, Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2006 (last accessed 28 January 2009).\n Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, \"Georgia: Bride-kidnapping in Georgia\", 8 June 2009 (last accessed 18 August 2011).\nPusurmankulova, Burulai, \"Bride Kidnapping.  Benign Custom Or Savage Tradition?\", Freedom House, 14 June 2004 (last accessed 18 August 2011).\n U.S. Department of State, Rwanda: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices \u2013 2007, 11 March 2008 (last accessed 28 January 2009).\n OSCE, Building the Capacity of Roma Communities to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings, 12 June 2007, (last accessed 9 March 2012).\n\nNews articles and radio reports \n\n Aminova, Alena,   \"Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts\", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004\n Armstrong, Jane,  \"Rage or Romance?\", Globe and Mail (Canada), 26 April 2008\n BBC, \"Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride\", 18 June 1999\n Brooks, Courtney & Amina Umarova, \"Despite Official Measures, Bride Kidnapping Endemic in Chechnya\", Radio Free Europe, 21 October 2010\n Kokhodze, Gulo & Tamuna Uchidze, \"Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia\", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 15 June 2006\n Najibullah, Farangis, \"Bride Kidnapping: A Tradition or a Crime?\", Radio Free Europe, 21 May 2011\n Isayev, Ruslan,  \"In Chechnya, Attempts to Eradicate Bride Abduction\", Prague Watchdog, 16 November 2007\n Kiryashova, Sabina,  \"Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences\", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 17 November 2005\n McDonald, Henry,  \"Gardai Hunt Gang Accused of Seizing Roma Child Bride\", The Guardian, UK, 3 September 2007\n NPR Weekend Edition Sunday, \"Kidnapping Custom Makes a Comeback in Georgia\", 14 May 2006\n Rakhimdinova, Aijan,  \"Kyrgyz Bride Price Controversy\", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 22 December 2005\n Rodriguez, Alex, \"Kidnapping a Bride Practice Embraced in Kyrgyzstan\", Augusta Chronicle, 24 July 2005\n Ruremesha, Jean, \"RIGHTS-RWANDA: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups\", Inter Press Service, 7 October 2003\n Smith, Craig S., \"Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite\", NY Times, 30 April 2005\n\nDissertations and academic papers\n\n Moua, Teng, \"The Hmong Culture: Kinship, Marriage & Family Systems\", University of Wisconsin\u2013Stout (May 2003)\nPamporov, Alexey, Roma/Gypsy Population in Bulgaria as a Challenge to Policy Relevance (2006)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The Kidnapped Bride: A documentary by Petr Lom\n Dedicated to Understanding Ala Kachuu (bride-kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan) and Preventing Non-Consensual Marriage\n Spotlight on: Violence Against Girls in Ethiopia \u2013 Marriage by Abduction and Rape\n Rights-Rwanda: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups\n Article on the kidnap of a young girl for marriage in Kyrgyzstan\n BBC documentary about stolen brides in Chechnya Aired August 2010.\n Captured Hearts: An epidemic of bride kidnappings may at last be waning in Kyrgyzstan  - National Geographic, Paul Salopek\n\nCategory:Central Asian culture\nCategory:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Turkmenistan\nCategory:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Kyrgyzstan\nCategory:Marriage, unions and partnerships in Georgia (country)\nCategory:Marriage, unions and partnerships in India\nCategory:Kidnapping\nCategory:Marriage\nCategory:Violence against women\nCategory:Women's rights in Asia\nCategory:Women's rights in Africa\nCategory:Culture of the Caucasus\nCategory:North Caucasus\nCategory:Human trafficking\nCategory:Human rights abuses\nCategory:Forced marriage"}
-{"text": "Fashion design copyright in the United States\n\nAlthough fashion design in United States copyright law is an intellectual property concept dating back to the 1750s, copyright protection has never been extended to fashion designs. As of late 2015, fashion designs were not subject to copyright laws in the United States, and could not be copyrighted.\n\nBackground\n\nDomestic \n\nThe beginnings of copyright law began with editorial copyrights in the 1750s. Since then, we have had extensive advancements within society that have called for legislative additions to the initial idea of what should and should not be copyrighted. In 1932 the Fashion Originators Guild of America unified in order to prevent further knock offs by requiring designers to submit their designs for cataloguing, and by \u201cred carding\u201d those stores and businesses that were found to reproduce previously submitted designs under their own name and for their own profit. By red carding these retailers, they essentially blacklisted stores to institute boycotts and dissolve the offending business. However, in 1941 their actions were ruled illegal through violating antitrust laws and monopolizing the competition and so the guild disbanded.\nThe issue continued to be under debate as designers through the years consistently felt blows in revenue as cheaper versions of their designs flew off the mass marketed racks. Attempts at creating a bill to combat these knock offs rose and fell, until various supporters grabbed hold of ideas to form a tangible and arguable legislation.\n\nInternational \n\nFashion design copyright laws in Europe have been known as early as in the 15th century. French king Francis I  gave out specific privileges related to the production of textiles. By 1711, in Lyon, illegalities were already being defined in regards to fashion materials, and in 1787, in England and Scotland fashion designers had fruitfully pushed their needs for protection into basic legislation. In 1876 Germany began protecting fashion patterns as well as models, and in 2002 European regulation on designs that were new and provided an aspect of fresh character or aesthetic were brought under protection. From 2004 to 2006 the \u201ctotal production volume for clothing decreased by about 5% each year\u2026 [and by] 2006 the European union trade deficit for clothing was at 33.7 billion.\u201d These statistics show that while there are benefits of their advanced design legislation, the economic and external factors still hindered their industry growth in ways the U.S. can empathize with. As 2007 came to a close, WIPO, or the World Intellectual Property Organization, had registered twenty-nine international designs.\n\nLegislation \n\nIn 1998, Representative Howard Coble of North Carolina was the one to use the example of boat hulls in his argument for fashion design protection. A statute had been added to the copyright legislation describing boat hull designs to be included in the protective act, and Coble expressed how the same types of ideas applied to hull designs could be used for fashion designs. In 2006 the 109th congress found themselves facing the first supported bill asking for protection of fashion designs. This attempt, however, was stalled in congress. A second attempt was made in 2010, and now yet another attempt stands before the congress of 2013, hoping to be pushed through this final time.\nThe original proposed legislation regarding fashion design copyrights put before congress in 2006 were as follows.\n\u201cA fashion design is subject to protection under this chapter\u2026 A \u2018fashion design\u2019 is the appearance as a whole of an article of apparel, including its ornamentation. The term \u2018apparel\u2019 means- an article of men\u2019s, women\u2019s, or children\u2019s clothing, including undergarments, outerwear, gloves, footwear, and headgear; handbags, purses, and tote bags; belts\u2019 and eyeglass frames. In the case of a fashion design, embodied in a useful article that was made public by the designer or owner in the United States or a foreign country more than 3 months before the date of the application for registration under this chapter. A fashion design shall continue for a term of 3 years beginning on the date of the commencement\u2026 [Infringement can be claimed on] reasonable grounds to know that protection for the design is claimed\u201d.\nThe Innovative Design Protection and Piracy Act, as expressed above, outlined what constitutes as a protectable fashion design, something that had been under heavy debate.\n\nAffected designers and manufacturers \n\nDesigners included in the list of those with stolen designs and who are part of the campaign for protection include but are not limited to: Diane Von Furstenberg, Narciso Rodriquez, Zac Posen, and Yves Saint Laurent. The fight is said to be not against lower priced merchants selling clothes that follow the seasonal fashion trends, but against blatant copying of runway looks, such as dresses or jackets that use the exact color, detail, and structure as pieces that had already debuted under previous designers. These less expensive replicates of previous designs are impacting the luxury business in ways that cause decline in the revenue for luxury designers. Instead of spending the money on a higher priced garment, they buy a cheaper duplicate from a mass producer. In this sense, the Council of Fashion Designers of American argues that their members customers are being stolen by the cheaper knock offs producers.\n\nWhen original designers are confronted about the issue of price, they justify their expensiveness by means of the creative effort that goes into both the design and production process. This clearly includes the materials and methods used to produce top quality pieces to sell to consumers. Fashion is in all senses a distinct form of art. There are bad pieces and good pieces, but even a bad or plain painting would still be labeled as artwork. Designer pieces are expensive not only because of the brand name, but also the innovation and creativity of the product.\n\nEuropean designers at home have rights to their designs through the European Union, and they want those same protections for their designs in the United States. In Europe, fashion designers receive twenty-five years of protection for a just revealed design in contrast to the current American proposed cap of three years. In other words, they receive a generous amount of protection in one market and get absolutely nothing in the other.\n\nCourt cases\n\nYves Saint Laurent v. Ralph Lauren \n\nIn 1994, Yves St Laurent and Ralph Lauren went to court over a specific tuxedo dress that the accused had theoretically designed after a YSL version. The ultimate outcome was the payment of several hundred thousand dollars from Ralph Lauren to the House of YSL. While the court in question was in Paris, this shows the beginnings of public courts taking serious interest and incentive to protect designers from copying one another. A second example from 1994 took place in Chicago, where the company I.B Diffusion L.P. accused Montgomery Ward L.P. of knocking off a specific sweater design and mass-producing it to sell for themselves. This case provides an additional example of American designers facing the challenge of competitors knocking off their designs.\n\nThe argument here describes the economic idea of competition. Without competition there leaves no room for businesses to strive for better, newer products in order to outsell each other  (Fischer par. 2). When arguing against legislation, many lump copycat retailers and mass producers into this category of necessary competition. Through imitation of the original products, it \u201cmakes it available to a greater number of consumers.\u201d The fact that larger quantities of people have access not only to the product but also to knowledge of the product increases the original designers successful market base. In a roundabout method, imitation is type of advertising for the real design.\n\nAn argument put forth for this case is that few to zero customers are actually stolen through knock off retailing. Knockoffs are targeted at a market of consumers who would not be buying the original pieces anyway. The degree of difference in price points from the original to the knock off means that the lower priced market consumers cannot afford the higher priced market products to begin with. In other words, designers and mass retailers cater to entirely different market segments that barely overlap. Not to mention, there is a certain amount of \u201cpiracy paradox\u201d. When designs become mass-produced and so mass marketed, it causes market saturation to occur even sooner than it would otherwise. This means that the consumers become familiar with the designs faster and faster, and so cause fashion cycles to also speed up. The time between introduction of a style and decline of a style is decreasing. This allows designers to sell different styles more often, and so increase their overall profit.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Fashion design\nCategory:United States copyright law"}
-{"text": "Harbledown Formation\n\nThe Harbledown Formation is a geologic formation in British Columbia. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.\n\nSee also\n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in British Columbia\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Jurassic British Columbia"}
-{"text": "Moshe Rosen (Nezer HaKodesh)\n\nMoshe Rosen (1870 \u2013 12 October 1957), known by the name of his magnum opus, Nezer HaKodesh on Kodashim, was a  Polish Orthodox rabbi who befriended the Chazon Ish while serving as a rabbi in Lithuania and later became a well respected Torah scholar in the United States of America.\n\nBiography\n\nIn Europe \nBorn in 1870 in Bra\u0144sk, Grodno Governorate, Poland, to Yehuda Aryeh of the Rosen family, which was made of many Torah scholars, Moshe Rosen learned in the local school in Bra\u0144sk, then in Bielsk Podlaski by Aryeh Leib Yellin, and finally in Raszyn by Mordechai Gimpel Jaffe before pursuing his studies independently. He had a close relationship with the rabbi of Bra\u0144sk, Meir Shalom HaKohen, author of Milchemet Shalom, and he was known as a \"masmid\" (non-stop learner of Torah). \n\nUpon marrying Hinda, daughter of Hillel David Trivash, in 1893, Rosen studied in Kovno Kollel and was ordained by Rabbis Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor and Moshe Danishevsky at the age of twenty. In 1897, Rosen was installed as the rabbi of Chweidan (Kv\u0117darna), Lithuania, where he remained until his departure to the United States, despite several offers from other communities. He was active in the community, rescuing people from forced labor and mandatory labor on the Shabbat. He established the Agudath HaRabbonim of Lithuania and stood at its head. \n\nRosen was also a contributor to the first three issues of his father-in-law's Torah journal HaPisga, the first article of which was entitled \"Aruch laNer\" and attacked an enlightened view of the Miracle of Chanukah. His words were praised and analyzed by Chaim Hezekiah Medini\n\nRelationship with R' Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz (Chazon Ish) \nThe Chazon Ish\u2019s wife was from Chweidan, the Chazon Ish lived there after getting married (Rosen was the officiating Rabbi). Rosen and the Chazon Ish established a close relationship and began studying Torah together. He developed tremendous respect for his younger study partner and considered himself the student, not the teacher. Rosen and the Chazon Ish became quite close, and the former would call upon the latter to join him on the Beit Din when serious matters requiring expert dayanim were brought to the table. They would work together on matters of community, and Rosen's daughter, Leah, would assist Karelitz's wife in her store and home.\n\nAll the while, the Chazon Ish's genius was kept hidden from the public. Even when the Chazon Ish began delivering a Gemara lecture to local townspeople, and Rav Moshe Rosen would himself attend, people were given the impression that the rabbi of the town was coming to encourage the young Karelitz. Indeed, even when Rosen published his first sefer, Divrei Soferim, he quotes Karelitz as \"Chazon Ish,\" a name that, at the time, nobody but he recognized. Rosen couldn't afford to publish this sefer, though, due to his unlivable salary as a rabbi, so Karelitz loaned him some of his own dowry and said not to worry. It was Rosen who first told Chaim Ozer Grodzinski about the unknown, hidden genius, Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz. Rosen was a Zionist, unlike the Chazon Ish. There was a plan to publish Masechet Kelim with three commentaries, that of the Chazon Ish, Rav Chaim Ozer Grodzinski, and Rav Moshe Rosen, but the plan did not come to fruition, as Rav Chaim Ozer was too busy with his other responsibilities. Later in life, someone told Rosen that the Chazon Ish could learn 100 pages of Gemara a day, to which Rosen responded that he hadn't heard of that, but he had seen the man learn one page of Gemara over a hundred days and the first perek of Mikvaot for three months, fifteen hours a day!\n\nThe Chazon Ish also proofread the volume of Nezer ha-Kodesh on Zevahim, except in order to blunt his comments, he articulated them in Rosen's own style to make it seem as though Rosen himself was writing corrections, not someone else.\n\nAfter the Chazon Ish left Chweidan, their friendship continued in the form of the letters they wrote to one another discussing various Torah topics.\n\nIn America \nIn 1928 Rosen immigrated to the United States, where he became a Talmud instructor at Mesivta Torah Vodaath. After only one year, he left the Torah Vodaath yeshiva in favor of the professional rabbinate, serving as a pulpit rabbi at several congregations in Brooklyn for the next two decades. Rosen spent his final years as rabbi of Congregation Beth Medrash HaRav in Brooklyn. An advocate of religious Zionism, Rosen worked for the benefit of Mizrachi and the Jewish National Fund. He was active on behalf of Ezrat Torah and the Agudath Harabbonim, later serving as honorary president of the Agudath Harabbonim. An exceptional Talmudic scholar who maintained correspondence with many of the leading sages of the day, and publishing several volumes of halakhic studies and more than a dozen volumes of Talmudic commentary, Nezer Ha-Kodesh. He was well known for his erudition and deep Torah insights both while he was still in Europe and throughout his life in America.\n\nRosen was the Rosh Yeshiva of the Beis Midrash level of Torah Vodaath from September 1926 to June 1928. Upon his departure, the Beis Midrash students also left. Rabbi Dovid Leibowitz joined the faculty of Torah Vodaath in June, 1927, and when the Beis Midrash was reorganized in 1929, became the Rosh Yeshiva. One of his notable students was Avraham Yaakov Pam.\n\nRosen was reportedly offered a position at RIETS but declined.\n\nHe was also collected money to support the Chazon Ish, Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, and institutions of Torah learning regularly. During World War II, he helped organize a Vaad Hatzalah to help Jews escape to America.\n\nRosen was married to Hinda, the daughter of Rav Hillel David Trivash. She died on March 12th, 1952 (Shushan Purim), and he died in New York in October (first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot, 1957, at the age of 86. He was survived by a son and five daughters. As he died on a Friday which was also the second day of Sukkot, Rabbi Moshe Feinstein advised the funeral be delayed until Sunday in his honor (i.e. not to bury on Friday afternoon or Saturday night). At the funeral, he was eulogized by Rabbis Aharon Kotler, Moshe Feinstein, Avraham Kalmanowitz, Yosef Eliyahu Henkin, Pinchas Mordechai Teitz, and Nissan Telushkin.\n\nPublished works\nDivrei Soferim. 2 vols. Vilna and New York: 1912, 1955\nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Zevachim. Vilna: 1910. \nSheiloth Moshe. Vilna: 1930. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Menachot. New York: 1934. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Temura. New York: 1936. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Arachin. New York: 1937. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Keritot. New York: 1938. \nSheilot Moshe. New York: 1940. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Yoma. New York: 1942. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Makkot. New York: 1943. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Me'ila. New York: 1943. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Bechorot. New York: 1945. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Nida. New York: 1946. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Hulin. Brooklyn: 1950. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Tamid. Brooklyn: 1951. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh al Masechet Hullin, Zevachim Second Ed. New York: 1953. \nNezer Ha-Kodesh v'Shut. Brooklyn: 1953. \nOhel Moshe. New York: 1963.\n\nHis grandson, Rabbi Hillel Litwack published a pamphlet called Zichron Moshe, which is a collection of letters between Rosen and great Torah personalities of his time, Yisrael Meir Kagan, Meir Simcha of Dvinsk, Chazon Ish, Elchanan Wasserman, Boruch Ber Leibowitz, the Rogatchover Gaon, Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, Tzvi Pesach Frank, Moshe Mordechai Epstein, and Menachem Mendel Schneerson. Unpublished letters include communications between him and Moshe Soloveitchik and Chaim Hezekiah Medini.\nIn April 2019, his descendants republished Nezer HaKodesh in five newly typeset volumes.\n\nDescendants\nRosen and his wife had seven children, two of whom died young (Aba Yosef at age 14 and Shlomo at age 3). He was survived by his five remaining children:\nChaim Rosen, husband to Ida Rosen and author of seven seforim: Bechori Chaim (5 volumes), Ein Chaim (2 volumes), and Be'er Chaim\nLeah Litwack, wife of Shalom Litwack\nSara Gaz, wife of Yehuda Dov Gaz\nChayna Rosen\nFrieda Gutman-Dowertz, wife of Avraham Gutman-Dowertz\nEster Krinsky, wife of Chaim Krinsky\n\nFurther reading\n Morei Ha\u2019umah, Shurin, Yisrael, volume 3, page 58\n Moshe Rosen \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\"\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 Baal Nezer HaKodesh\n Forverts (January 26, 1953), p. 3\n Ha-Pardes 32:2 (November 1957), inner cover (dedication in his memory) and obituary (pp. 34\u201435)\n Aaron Ben Zion Shurin, Keshet Gibborim (Jerusalem, 1964), pp. 254\u201458\n Encyclopedia shel ha-Tzionut ha-Datit (Jerusalem, 1983), 5: 598.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1870 births\nCategory:1957 deaths\nCategory:People from Taurag\u0117 County\nCategory:20th-century rabbis\nCategory:Rosh yeshivas\nCategory:Religious leaders from New York City\nCategory:Rabbis from New York (state)\nCategory:Exponents of Jewish law\nCategory:Polish Zionists"}
-{"text": "Sabyasachi\n\nSabyasachi is a masculine Indian given name. Notable people with the name include:\n Kazi Sabyasachi, Indian Bengali elocutionist\n Sabyasachi Chakrabarty, Indian Bengali actor\n Sabyasachi Hajara, Indian business executive\n Sabyasachi Mishra, Indian Odia actor\n Sabyasachi Mohapatra, Indian Odia actor, director\n Sabyasachi Mukherjee, Indian fashion designer\n Sabyasachi Sarkar, Indian chemist\n Sabyasachi Sarkar, Indian Physicist working at CERN, COMPASS Experiment.\n Sabyasachi (film), 1977 Bengali film.\n\nCategory:Indian masculine given names"}
-{"text": "Banalia Territory\n\nBanalia is a territory and a locality of Tshopo province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.  It is located in the north-central part of the country, 1,300 km northeast of the capital Kinshasa .\n\nThe locality was one of the milestones during the Emin Pasha relief expedition.\n\nThe region is also rich in iron ore, which was to feed the Maluku steel plant.\n\nIn the surroundings around Banalia grows mainly clean green deciduous forest.   Around Banalia, it is very sparsely populated, with 6 inhabitants per square kilometer.   Tropical monsoon climate prevails in the area.   Annual average temperature in the funnel is 21 \u00b0 C.  The warmest month is May, when the average temperature is 22 \u00b0 C, and the coldest is March, at 20 \u00b0 C.   Average annual rainfall is 1,540 millimeters.  The rainy month is October, with an average of 236 mm rainfall , and the driest is January, with 28 mm rainfall.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Tshopo\nCategory:Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"}
-{"text": "Ponte dei Tre Archi\n\nThe Ponte dei Tre Archi (Italian for \"Three Arches' Bridge\") is one of the main bridges of Venice, Italy, along with the Ponte delle Guglie, the other bridge spanning the Cannaregio Canal, and the four bridges spanning the Canal Grande: Rialto, Scalzi, Accademia, and the Costituzione. It is located  in Cannaregio district (sestiere), just South of Rio San Giobbe, linking the fondamenta San Giobbe,  and the South-West area of Cannaregio, to the fondamenta di Sacca San Girolamo and the North-East of Cannaregio. As all other Venetian bridges, the Ponte dei Tre Archi is  a pedestrian walkway.\n\nThe Baroque style bridge was designed in 1681 by Andrea Tirali, and is the sole three-arched bridge left in Venice. North of the bridge, towards the lagoon, is the former church of Santa Maria delle Penitenti and on the south is San Giobbe church located on its namesake square (campo).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Bridges completed in the 17th century\nTre\nCategory:Pedestrian bridges in Italy"}
-{"text": "Delfina Guzm\u00e1n\n\nDelfina Guzm\u00e1n Correa (born 7 April 1928) is a Chilean actress. She has appeared in more than 30 films and television shows since 1968. She starred in the 1968 Ra\u00fal Ruiz film Three Sad Tigers. She is the daughter of Florencio Guzm\u00e1n Larra\u00edn and Mar\u00eda Luisa Correa Ugarte. Her son, Nicol\u00e1s Eyzaguirre, is a Chilean economist.\n\nSelected filmography\n Three Sad Tigers (1968)\n The Expropriation (1972)\n La Nana (2009) as the Grandmother\n Bombal (2012) as Grandmother\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1928 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:20th-century Chilean actresses\nCategory:21st-century Chilean actresses\nCategory:Chilean film actresses\nCategory:Chilean television actresses\nCategory:Chilean telenovela actresses\nCategory:Actresses from Santiago"}
-{"text": "Internet metaphors\n\nInternet metaphors provide users and researchers of the Internet a structure for understanding and communicating its various functions, uses, and experiences.  An advantage of employing metaphors is that they permit individuals to visualize an abstract concept or phenomenon with which they have limited experience by comparing it with a concrete, well-understood concept such as physical movement through space. Metaphors to describe the Internet have been utilized since its creation and developed out of the need for the Internet to be understood by everyone when the goals and parameters of the Internet were still unclear.  Metaphors helped to overcome the problems of the invisibility and intangibility of the Internet's infrastructure and to fill linguistic gaps where no literal expressions existed.\n\n\"Highways, webs, clouds, matrices, frontiers, railroads, tidal waves, libraries, shopping malls, and village squares are all examples of metaphors that have been used in discussions of the Internet.\" Over time these metaphors have become embedded in cultural communications, subconsciously shaping the cognitive frameworks and perceptions of users who guide the Internet's future development.  Popular metaphors may also reflect the intentions of Internet designers or the views of government officials.  Internet researchers tend to agree that popular metaphors should be re-examined often to determine if they accurately reflect the realities of the Internet, but many disagree on which metaphors are worth keeping and which ones should be left behind.\n\nOverview\n\nInternet metaphors guide future action and perception of the Internet's capabilities on an individual and societal level.  Internet metaphors are contestable and sometimes may present political, educational, and cognitive issues.  Tensions between producer and user, commercial and non-commercial interests, and uncertainty regarding privacy all influence the shape these metaphors take.\n\nCommon Internet metaphors such as the information superhighway are often criticized for failing to adequately reflect the reality of the Internet as they emphasize the speed of information transmission over the communal and relationship building aspects of the Internet.  Internet researchers from a variety of disciplines are engaged in the analysis of metaphors across many domains in order to reveal their impact on user perception and determine which metaphors are best suited for conceptualizing the Internet.  Results of this research have become the focus of a popular debate on which metaphors should be applied in political, educational, and commercial settings as well as which aspects of the Internet remain unaccounted for with current metaphors, limiting the scope of users understanding.\n\nMetaphors of the Internet often reveal the intentions of designers and industry spokespeople. \"For instance, those who use metaphors of consumption and shopping malls will devote resources to developing secure exchange mechanisms. Broadcasting metaphors carry with them assumptions about the nature of interactions between audiences and content providers that are more passive than those suggested by interactive game metaphors and applications.  Computer security experts deploy metaphors that invoke fear, anxiety, and apocalyptic threat\" (Wyatt, 2004, p.\u00a0244).  The extent to which the Internet is understood across individuals and groups determines their ability to navigate and build Web sites and social networks, attend online school, send e-mail, and a variety of other functions.  Internet metaphors provide a comprehensive picture of the Internet as a whole as well as describe and explain the various tools, purposes, and protocols that regulate the use of these communication technologies.\n\nWithout the use of metaphors the concept of the Internet is abstract and its infrastructure difficult to comprehend.  When it was introduced the Internet created a linguistic gap as no literal expressions existed to define its functions and properties.  Internet metaphors arose out of this predicament so that it could be adequately described and explained to the public.  Essentially all language now used to communicate about the Internet is of a metaphorical nature, although users are often unaware of this reality because it is embedded in a cultural context that is widely accepted.  There are several types of metaphors that serve various purposes and can range from describing the nature of online relationships, modeling the Internet visually, to the specific functions of the Internet as a tool.  Each metaphor has implications for the experience and understanding of the Internet by its users and tends to emphasize some aspects of the Internet over others. Some metaphors emphasize space (Matlock, Castro, Fleming, Gann, & Maglio, 2014).\n\nPopular culture \n\nCommon recurring themes regarding the Internet appear in popular media and reflect pervasive cultural attitudes and perceptions.  Although other models and constructed metaphors of the Internet found in scholarly research and theoretical frameworks may be more accurate sources on the effects of the Internet, mass media messages in popular culture are more likely to influence how people think about and interact with the Internet.\n\nThe very first metaphor to describe the Internet was the World Wide Web, proposed in 1989.  However, uncertainty surrounding the structure and properties of the Internet was apparent in the newspapers of the 1990s that presented a vast array of contradicting visual models to explain the Internet.  Spatial constructs were utilized to make the Internet appear as a tangible entity placed within a familiar geographical context.  A popular metaphor adopted around the same time was cyberspace, coined by William Gibson in his novel Neuromancer to describe the world of computers and the society that gathers around them.\n\nHoward Rheingold, an Internet enthusiast of the 1990s, propagated the metaphor of virtual communities and offered a vivid description of the Internet as \"...a place for conversation or publication, like a giant coffee-house with a thousand rooms; it is also a world-wide digital version of the Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park, an unedited collection of letters to the editor, a floating flea market, a huge vanity publisher, and a collection of every odd-special interest group in the world\" (Rheingold 1993, p.\u00a0130).\n\nIn 1991, Al Gore's choice to use the information superhighway as a metaphor shifted perceptions of the Internet as a communal enterprise to an economic model that emphasized the speed of information transmission.  While this metaphor can still be found in popular culture, it has generally been dropped in favor of other metaphors due to its limited interpretation of other aspects of the Internet such as social networks. The most common types of metaphors in usage today relate to either social or functional aspects of the Internet or representations of its infrastructure through visual metaphors and models.\n\nSocial metaphors \n\nInternet metaphors frequently arise from social exchanges and processes that occur online and incorporate common terms that describe offline social activities and realities.  These metaphors often point to the fundamental elements that make up social interactions, even though online interactions differ in significant ways from face-to-face communication.  Therefore, social metaphors tend to communicate more about the values of society rather than the technology of the Internet itself.\n\nMetaphors such as the electronic neighborhood and virtual community point to ways in which individuals connect to others and build relationships by joining a social network.  Global village is another metaphor that evokes the imagery of closeness and interconnectedness that might be found in a small village, but is applied to the worldwide community of Internet users. However, the global village metaphor has been criticized for suggesting that the entire world is connected by the Internet as the continued existence of social divides prevent many individuals from accessing the Internet.\n\nThe electronic frontier metaphor conceptualizes the Internet as a vast unexplored territory, a source of new resources, and a place to forge new social and business connections.  Similar to the American ideology of the Western Frontier, the electronic frontier invokes the image of a better future to come through new opportunities afforded by the Internet.  The Electronic Frontier Foundation is a non-profit digital rights group that adopted the use of this metaphor to denote their dedication to the protection of personal freedoms and fair use within the digital landscape.  Social metaphors and their pervasive influence indicate the increasing importance placed on social interaction on the Internet.\n\nFunctional metaphors \nFunctional metaphors of the Internet shape our understanding of the medium itself and give us clues as to how we should actually use the Internet and interpret its infrastructure for design and policy making.  These exist at the level of the Internet as a whole, at the level of a website, and the level of individual pages.  The majority of these types of metaphors are based on the concept of various spaces and physical places; therefore, most are considered spatial metaphors.  However, this aspect should not be considered the only defining feature of a functional metaphor as social metaphors are often spatial in nature.\n\nCyberspace is the most widely used spatial metaphor of the Internet and the implications of its use can be seen in the Oxford English Dictionary definition, which denotes cyberspace as a space within whose boundaries digital communications take place.  The implications of this spatial metaphor in discourse on law can be seen in instances where the application of traditional laws governing real property are applied to Internet spaces.  However, arguments against this type of ruling have claimed that the Internet is a borderless space, which should not be subject to the laws applied to places.  Others have argued that the Internet is in fact a real space not sealed from the real world and can be zoned, trespassed upon, or divided up into holdings like real property.  \n\nOther functional metaphors are based on travel within space, such as surfing the Net, which suggests that the Internet is similar to an ocean. Websites indicate components of a space, which are static and fixed, whereas webpages suggest pages of a book. Similarly, focal points of the Internet structure are called nodes.  Home pages, chat rooms, windows, and the idea that one can jump from one page to the next also invoke spatial imagery that guide the functions that users perform on the Internet.  Other metaphors refer to the Internet as another dimension beyond typical spaces, such as portals and gateways, which refer to access and communication functions.  Firewalls invoke the image of physically blocking the incoming of information such as viruses and pop-up ads.\n\nDesigners of computer systems often use spatial metaphors as a way of controlling the complexity of interfaces.  Designers create actions, procedures, and concepts of systems based on similar actions, procedures, and concepts of other domains such as physical spaces so that they will be familiar to users.  In designing hypertext, a system that links topics on a screen to related information, navigational metaphors such as landmarks, routes, and way-finding have often been implemented for users' ease of understanding how hypertext functions.\n\nVisual metaphors \nVisual metaphors are popular in conceptualizing the Internet and are often deployed in commercial promotions through visual media and imagery. The most common visual metaphor is a network of wires with nodes and route lines plotted on a geographically based map.  However, maps of Internet infrastructure produced for network marketing are rarely based on actual pathways of wires and cable on the ground, but are instead based on circuit diagrams similar to those seen on subway maps.  The globe, or the Earth viewed from space, with network arcs of data flow wrapped around it, is another dominant metaphor for the Internet in Western contexts and is connected with the metaphor of the global village.  \n\nMany abstract visual metaphors based on organic structures and patterns are found in literature on the Internet's infrastructure.  Often, these metaphors are used as a visual shorthand in explanations as they allow one to refer to the Internet as a definite object without having to explain the intricate details of its functioning. Clouds are the most common of abstract metaphors employed for this purpose in cloud computing and have been used since the creation of the Internet. Other abstract metaphors of the Internet draw on the fractal branching of trees and leaves, and the lattices of coral and webs, while others are based on the aesthetics of astronomy such as gas nebulas, and star clusters.\n\nTechnical methods such as algorithms are often used to create huge, complex graphs or maps of raw data from networks and the topology of connections. The typical result of this process are visual representations of the Internet that are elaborate and visually striking, resembling organic structures. These artistic, abstract representations of the Internet have been featured in art galleries, sold as wall posters, used on book covers, and have been claimed to be a picture of the whole Internet by many fans. However, there are no instructions on how these images may be interpreted. The main function of these representations has sometimes been explained as a metaphor for the complexity of the Internet.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cognitive linguistics\nCategory:Internet culture\nCategory:Internet terminology\nCategory:Metaphors\nCategory:Metaphors by type\nCategory:Social constructionism\nCategory:World Wide Web"}
-{"text": "Hrehory Chodkiewicz\n\nHrehory Chodkiewicz (, ;  \u2013 9 November 1572) was a nobleman and military officer of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He was a son of Aleksander, brother of Hieronim and Yurii, and uncle of Jan Hieronimowicz Chodkiewicz. He commanded the Lithuanian army during the later part of the  Livonian War after he had become the Great Lithuanian Hetman  in 1566.\n\nEarly career\nHistoriography usually provides that Chodkiewicz was born around 1505. However, Lithuania historian Genut\u0117 Kirkien\u0117 noted that in such a case Chodkiewicz began his political career in his mid-forties, when most nobles started in late twenties or early thirties. Kirkien\u0117 suggested that his father's marriage and birth of children should be moved from 1500s to mid-1510s. As a young boy Chodkiewicz was sent to the court of Albert, Duke of Prussia. He returned in 1532 with personal recommendation letters from Albert to King Sigismund I the Old, Prince Sigismund II Augustus and Queen Bona Sforza. The relationship and correspondence with Albert continued for decades; Chodkiewicz sent both of his sons to be educated at Albert's court.\n\nHe received his first position at the court in October 1544 when incoming Grand Duke Sigismund Augustus made a series of new appointments and elevated Chodkiewicz to court chamberlain (podkomorzy). Soon, however, the Chodkiewicz family fell from royal grace when they opposed the marriage between Sigismund Augustus and Barbara Radziwi\u0142\u0142. It seems that Hrehory Chodkiewicz remained close with Sigismund Augustus and often accompanied the Grand Duke to hunting. After his father's death in 1549, he inherited Supra\u015bl and surrounding territories, including Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w and Choroszcz. Chodkiewicz family slowly regained royal favor after Barbara's death in 1551 and when other Radziwi\u0142\u0142s opposed the proposed Union of Lublin in 1562.\n\nMilitary achievements\nAs voivode of Kiev, Chodkiewicz defended the region from Tatar invasion. In 1558, he achieved a victory in Podolia against the Crimean Khanate. This victory raised prestige of Chodkiewicz as a military commander. On the onset of the Livonian War, he was promoted to castellan of Trakai with intention to use his skill in the war. In 1561, Grand Hetman Miko\u0142aj \"the Black\" Radziwi\u0142\u0142, Chodkiewicz, and his brother Hieronim led the Lithuanian army into Livonia where they achieved victory against the Tsardom of Russia. After this campaign, Chodkiewicz was promoted to Field Hetman of Lithuania. On 20 January 1564 the Lithuanians under his command killed Russian commander Shuisky and defeated the Russian army in the Battle of Ula, which significantly improved Lithuania's standing in the war. He was hailed as war hero and promoted to castellan of Vilnius. Royal favor continued: Hrehory's nephew Jan Hieronimowicz received his late father's position as Elder of Samogitia in 1564, brother Yurii, who traveled to Moscow for diplomatic negotiations, became castellan of Trakai and Hrehory was appointed Grand Hetman of Lithuania in 1566. Thus, Hrehory Chodkiewicz became the second man after Miko\u0142aj \"the Red\" Radziwi\u0142\u0142 and the Chodkiewiczs controlled three out of five top seats in the Lithuanian Council of Lords. In 1567, Chodkiewicz achieved another victory in Livonia, this time against the Kingdom of Sweden.\n\nCultural activities\nChodkiewicz devoted much attention to military matters. In 1562 and 1566, he wrote military regulations, which dealt with defense of fortresses and other matters. He also built and strengthened a number of border posts and conducted the military census of 1568 to determine how many troops each noble had to provide for the army. In 1563 Chodkiewicz founded an Eastern Orthodox church and a hospital for the poor in Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w. Kirkien\u0117 found hints that Chodkiewicz was not strictly Orthodox and supported church union\u2014eastern liturgy under the Pope in Rome. In 1566, Chodkiewicz sponsored Pyotr Mstislavets and Ivan Fyodorov, book printers who defected from Russia, and opened a printing press in Zab\u0142ud\u00f3w. They published religious texts until Chodkiewicz's death.\n\nTitles and positions\nChodkiewicz held the following positions:\n Court chamberlain (podkomorzy, 1544\u20131559)\n Starost of Kaunas (1546\u20131551), Rum\u0161i\u0161k\u0117s (1551\u20131555), Karm\u0117lava (1551\u20131563), Hrodna (1563\u20131569), Mogilev (1564\u20131569)\n Voivode of Vitebsk (1554) and Voivode of Kiev (1555\u20131558)\n Castellan of Trakai (1559\u20131564) and Vilnius (1564\u20131572)\n Administrator of the Eldership of Samogitia (1562\u20131563)\n Field Hetman of Lithuania (1561\u20131566) and Grand Hetman of Lithuania (1566\u20131572)\n\nFamily\nAround 1537, Chodkiewicz married Katarzyna from the Wi\u015bniowiecki family who brought many new lands into the Chodkiewicz family. Chodkiewicz sued Konstanty Ostrogski and his son Ilia for various territories belonging to his wife. They had two sons and three daughters. The sons had no heirs and the Supra\u015bl line of the family became extinct. The possessions passed to Yurii Chodkiewicz, brother of Hrehory. All daughters married members of the Lithuanian Council of Lords. The children were:\nAndrzej (born 1549) was starost of Mogilev (1574\u20131575). His father wanted him to marry a daughter of Miko\u0142aj \"the Red\" Radziwi\u0142\u0142, but he died in 1575.\nAleksander (born 1550) married Aleksandra, daughter of Wasyl Tyszkiewicz. Died in 1578 with no heirs.\nAnna married Pawel Sapieha, castellan of Kiev, and Pawel Pac, castellan of Vilnius\nZofia married Duke Janusz Zas\u0142awski (died 1562) and Filon Kmita Czernobylski, voivode of Smolensk\nAleksandra married famous military leader Roman Sanguszko, voivode of Bratslav and Lithuanian Field Hetman, in 1559\n\nReferences \nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Closest family of Grzegorz Chodkiewicz\n\nCategory:1510s births\nCategory:1572 deaths\nCategory:People from Vilnius\nCategory:People from Vilnius Voivodeship\nGrzegor Chodkiewicz\nCategory:Field Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania\nCategory:Great Hetmans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania\nCategory:Voivodes of Kiev"}
-{"text": "Logic simulation\n\nLogic simulation is the use of simulation software to predict the behavior of digital circuits and hardware description languages. Simulation can be performed at varying degrees of physical abstraction, such as at the transistor level, gate level, register-transfer level (RTL), electronic system-level (ESL), or behavioral level.\n\nUse in verification\nLogic simulation may be used as part of the verification process in designing hardware.\n\nSimulations have the advantage of providing a familiar look and feel to the user in that it is constructed from the same language and symbols used in design. By allowing the user to interact directly with the design, simulation is a natural way for the designer to get feedback on their design.\n\nLength of simulation\nThe level of effort required to debug and then verify the design is proportional to the maturity of the design. That is, early in the design\u2019s life, bugs and incorrect behavior are usually found quickly. As the design matures, the simulation will require more time and resources to run, and errors will take progressively longer to be found. This is particularly problematic when simulating components for modern-day systems; every component that changes state in a single clock cycle on the simulation will require several clock cycles to simulate.\n\nA straightforward approach to this issue may be to emulate the circuit on a field-programmable gate array instead. Formal verification can also be explored as an alternative to simulation, although a formal proof is not always possible or convenient.\n\nA prospective way to accelerate logic simulation is using distributed and parallel computations.\n\nTo help gauge the thoroughness of a simulation, tools exist for assessing code coverage, functional coverage and logic coverage tools.\n\nEvent simulation versus cycle simulation \nEvent simulation allows the design to contain simple timing information \u2013 the delay needed for a signal to travel from one place to another. During simulation, signal changes are tracked in the form of events. A change at a certain time triggers an event after a certain delay. Events are sorted by the time when they will occur, and when all events for a particular time have been handled, the simulated time is advanced to the time of the next scheduled event. How fast an event simulation runs depends on the number of events to be processed (the amount of activity in the model).\n\nWhile event simulation can provide some feedback regarding signal timing, it is not a replacement for static timing analysis.\n\nIn cycle simulation, it is not possible to specify delays. A cycle-accurate model is used, and every gate is evaluated in every cycle. Cycle simulation therefore runs at a constant speed, regardless of activity in the model. Optimized implementations may take advantage of low model activity to speed up simulation by skipping evaluation of gates whose inputs didn't change. In comparison to event simulation, cycle simulation tends to be faster, to scale better, and to be better suited for hardware acceleration / emulation.\n\nHowever, chip design trends point to event simulation gaining relative performance due to activity factor reduction in the circuit (due to techniques such as clock gating and power gating, which are becoming much more commonly used in an effort to reduce power dissipation). In these cases, since event simulation only simulates necessary events, performance may no longer be a disadvantage over cycle simulation. Event simulation also has the advantage of greater flexibility, handling design features difficult to handle with cycle simulation, such as asynchronous logic and incommensurate clocks. Due to these considerations, almost all commercial logic simulators have an event based capability, even if they primarily rely on cycle based techniques.\n\nSee also\n Logic synthesis\n List of HDL simulators\n Functional verification\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Electronic circuit verification\nCategory:Logic design\nCategory:Electronic design automation"}
-{"text": "The Troubles in Darkley\n\nThe Troubles in Darkley recounts incidents during, and the effects of, the Troubles in Darkley, County Armagh, Northern Ireland.\n\nIncidents in Darkley during the Troubles resulting in two or more fatalities:\n\n1979\n24 February 1979 - Martin McGuigan (16) and James Keenan (16), both Catholic civilians, were killed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army remote-controlled bomb hidden in a trailer and detonated when they walked past. It was parked on the roadside between Darkley and Keady, on the Newtownhamilton road. They were mistaken for a British Army foot patrol. Three of their friends were also seriously injured in the bombing which left a five-foot crater in the road. The Garda S\u00edoch\u00e1na questioned four men in the following days.\n\n1983\n20 November 1983 - David Wilson (44), Harold Brown (59) and Victor Cunningham (39), Protestant civilians and church elders, were shot dead in the entrance hall of Mountain Lodge Pentecostal Church near Darkley, County Armagh. Between 60 and 70 people were inside at the time, including about 20 children. The attack was carried out by two masked gunmen. After shooting the men at the entrance, they sprayed the building with gunfire, wounding seven people. One of the guns used had been used before in incidents for which the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) claimed responsibility. Dominic McGlinchey, INLA chief at the time, said that he had supplied one of the guns used but did not order the attack or approve of it. The attack was claimed by the \"Catholic Reaction Force\". No-one was ever charged with the killings.\n\nReferences\n\nDarkley"}
-{"text": "Vin\u00edcius Goes\n\nVin\u00edcius Goes Barbosa de Souza (born 15 April 1991), simply known as Vin\u00edcius, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Cear\u00e1 as an attacking midfielder.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Curitiba, Paran\u00e1, Vin\u00edcius graduated with Paran\u00e1 in 2010, and made his professional debut on 20 July 2010, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0\u20133 away loss against Brasiliense. He scored his first professional goal eleven days later, netting the third in a 4\u20130 home routing of N\u00e1utico.\n\nOn 30 November Vin\u00edcius moved to rivals Coritiba, initially assigned to the under-20s. On 26 May 2012 he made his S\u00e9rie A debut, coming on as a late substitute in a 2\u20133 home loss against Botafogo.\n\nVin\u00edcius was subsequently loaned to Joinville, Londrina and Tupi before being released by the club in December 2013.\n\nOn 17 February 2014 Vin\u00edcius signed for An\u00e1polis, after a brief stint at Esportivo Bento Gon\u00e7alves. On 20 March he moved to S\u00e9rie B side N\u00e1utico, appearing in 33 matches and scoring five goals.\n\nOn 23 December 2014 Vin\u00edcius joined Fluminense, after agreeing to a one-year deal. In his top level debut for the club, he scored the winner in a home success against his former club Joinville.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Curitiba\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A players\nCategory:Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie B players\nCategory:Paran\u00e1 Clube players\nCategory:Coritiba Foot Ball Club players\nCategory:Joinville Esporte Clube players\nCategory:Londrina Esporte Clube players\nCategory:Tupi Football Club players\nCategory:Clube Esportivo Bento Gon\u00e7alves players\nCategory:An\u00e1polis Futebol Clube players\nCategory:Clube N\u00e1utico Capibaribe players\nCategory:Fluminense FC players\nCategory:Club Athletico Paranaense players\nCategory:Esporte Clube Bahia players\nCategory:Clube Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro players\nCategory:Cear\u00e1 Sporting Club players"}
-{"text": "Grand Prix Leende\n\nGrand Prix Leende or GP Leende is an elite women's road bicycle race held annually since 2012 in Leende, Netherlands. The time trial is together with the time trial at the Omloop van Borsele, part of the Dutch national time trial competition (Dutch: KNWU tijdritcompetitie).\n\nPast winners\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Recurring sporting events established in 2012\nCategory:2012 establishments in the Netherlands\nCategory:Women's road bicycle races\nCategory:Cycle races in the Netherlands\nCategory:Sports competitions in Heeze-Leende"}
-{"text": "Keiichi Kimura (swimmer)\n\nis a Paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in category S11 events. He has competed at two Summer Paralympics, representing Japan at Beijing in 2008 and London 2012.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Paralympic swimmers of Japan\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Paralympic silver medalists for Japan\nCategory:Paralympic bronze medalists for Japan\nCategory:Japanese male swimmers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:S11-classified Paralympic swimmers"}
-{"text": "Maxim Belkov\n\nMaxim Igorevich Belkov (; born 9 January 1985) is a professional Russian road cyclist, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam .\n\nMajor results\n\n2004\n 7th Gran Premio Palio del Recioto\n2005\n 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships\n UEC European Under-23 Road Championships\n6th Road race\n8th Time trial\n2006\n 1st  Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships\n 1st Trofeo Citt\u00e0 di San Vendemiano\n 2nd Overall Giro delle Regioni\n 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships\n 7th Memorial Oleg Dyachenko\n2007\n 1st  Time trial, UEC European Under-23 Road Championships\n 8th Coppa San Geo\n2008\n 8th Overall Giro della Valle d'Aosta\n2009\n 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali\n 2nd Ringerike GP\n 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships\n2010\n 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Brixia Tour\n 5th Overall Five Rings of Moscow\n 9th Overall Danmark Rundt\n2012\n 1st  Sprints classification Tour of Turkey\n2013\n 1st Stage 9 Giro d'Italia\n 1st Stage 1b (TTT) Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali\n 10th Strade Bianche\n2014\n 1st  Mountains classification Tour of Austria\n2015\n Tour de Romandie\n1st  Points classification\n1st  Mountains classification\n2016\n National Road Championships\n2nd Road race\n3rd Time trial\n2017\n 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships\n\nGrand Tour general classification results timeline\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Maxim Belkov profile on procyclingstats\nMaxim Belkov profile at \n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Russian male cyclists\nCategory:Sportspeople from Izhevsk\nCategory:Russian Giro d'Italia stage winners\nCategory:Giro d'Italia cyclists\nCategory:Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a cyclists"}
-{"text": "Enterr10 Bangla\n\nEnterr10 Bangla is a 24-hour Bengali movie channel of India which was launched in 2018. The channel broadcasts Bengali movies. The owner of the channel is Enterr10 Television Company.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Bengali-language television channels in India\nCategory:Television channels and stations established in 2018\nCategory:Television stations in Kolkata\nCategory:Movie channels in India"}
-{"text": "Crown Regency Hotel and Towers\n\nThe Crown Regency Hotel and Towers is a hotel complex in Cebu City, Philippines. The main building, the 45-storey Fuente Tower 1, is one of the taller hotel buildings in the country at about . It used to be the country's tallest building outside of Metro Manila and the tallest building in Cebu City until it was eclipsed in 2015 by the first tower of Horizons 101, also in Cebu City.\n\nThe top 38th of the hotel tower feature an amusement facility which includes a roller coaster that runs around the edge of the building, and a stroll around the edge of the building with the protection of safety harnesses. There is also an elevator going from the 18th floor (Sky Lobby) all the way to the 38th floor and providing a great view of Barangay Capitol Site, Cebu City.\n\nProject team\nThe Crown Regency Hotel and Towers was designed by local architectural firm T.I. Vasquez Architects & Planners Inc.,  while the structural design was made by G. E. Origenes Consulting Engineers.\n\nOther members of the design team are CMA Engineering Consultants (Sanitary, Mechanical, and Fire Safety Works); lraido T. Legaspi, Jr. & Associates  (Electrical Works); and E.O. Bataclan & Associates (Interior Design).\n\nThe General Contractor that built the tower was ASEC Development and Construction Corporation.\n\nHeight increase\nConstruction has started on the roof level to increase the height of the building in order to add new rides and attractions to the Sky Extreme Adventures facilities. Initial reports indicate at least an  structure is to be added.\n\nSee also\n List of tallest buildings in the Philippines\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Crown Regency Cebu\n Sky Experience Adventure\n\nCategory:Skyscraper hotels in the Philippines\nCategory:Hotels in Cebu"}
-{"text": "Pioneer Airport\n\nPioneer Airport  is a privately owned airport located two\u00a0nautical miles (4\u00a0km) south of the central business district of Oshkosh, a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States. The airport is located on the northwest edge of Wittman Regional Airport.\n\nThe airport is built to look like a 1930s period airfield.\n\nThe airport also co-hosts EAA AirVenture along with Wittman Regional Airport, the airport holds the kids activities and helicopters during this time. It also has been where some blimps were shown during the event.\n\nFacilities and aircraft \nPioneer Airport covers an area of 15 acres (6 ha) at an elevation of 826 feet (252 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway: 13/31 is 1,988 by 130 feet (606 x 40 m) with a turf surface.\n\nIn January 2020, there were 23 aircraft based at this airport: 20 single-engine, 1 multi-engine, and 2 gliders.\n\nOn the north end, there are 7 exhibit hangars, the Fergus Chapel, and the Air Academy Lodge. On the south end is the museum/EAA Headquarters.\n\nEAA Museum\n\nThe airport is part of the EAA Aviation Museum.\nIn the hangars are some of the oldest aircraft the museum has, including \"Golden Age\" (1920s/1930s) biplanes and vintage monoplanes such as Swallow and WACO biplanes, Travel Air, Curtiss Robin, Fairchild FC-2, Stinson Aircraft, Spartan C-3, Great Lakes 2T-1A acrobat, Aeronca K, Monocoupe, Howard DGA, Heath Parasol, Pietenpol Air Camper, and many others, most in special vintage-style hangars.\n\nSee also\nList of airports in Wisconsin\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Airport page at EAA website\n \n\nCategory:Experimental Aircraft Association\nCategory:Airports in Wisconsin\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Winnebago County, Wisconsin"}
-{"text": "Machida, Tokyo\n\nis a city located in the western portion of Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 429,040, and a population density of 5,980 persons per km\u00b2. Its total area is .\n\nGeography\nMachida is located in the Tama Hills of southern Tokyo Metropolis, bordered by Kanagawa Prefecture on the west, south, and east approximately 40-50 kilometers from the center of Tokyo. The Tama River does not flow through the city.\n\nSurrounding municipalities\nTokyo Metropolis\nTama\nHachioji\nKanagawa Prefecture\nKawasaki\nYokohama\nSagamihara\nYamato\n\nHistory\nThe area of present-day Machida was part of ancient Musashi Province. In the post-Meiji Restoration cadastral reform of July 22, 1878, the area became part of Minamitama District in Kanagawa Prefecture. The village of Machida was created on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of municipalities law. Minamitama District was transferred to the administrative control of Tokyo Metropolis on April 1, 1893. Tama was elevated to town status on April 1, 1913. The town was bombed by American forces on May 24, 1945 during World War II\n\nMachida expanded through annexation of the neighboring village of Minami on April 1, 1954, followed by the villages of Tsurukawa, Tadao and Sakai on February 1, 1958 to become the city of Machida. A USMC RF-8A crashed in Machida on April 1, 1964. From 1973, the Tama New Town development resulted in a rapid increase in population, turning the city into a bedroom community for Tokyo and Yokohama.\n\nEducation\n\nUniversities and colleges\nJ. F. Oberlin University\nKokushikan University\nShowa Pharmaceutical University\nTamagawa University\nTokyo Kasei-Gakuin University\nTokyo Jogakkan College\nHosei University - Machida campus\nWako University\nTsurukawa Women's Junior College\n\nPrimary and secondary education\n Machida has seven public high schools operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education, including Machida High School. There are also seven private high schools, including Tamagawa Gakuen, and Third Junior & Senior High School of Nihon University\n The Machida city government operates 20 public middle schools and 42 elementary schools. There are also five private middle schools and three private elementary schools.\n\nInternational schools\n  - North Korean school\n\nTransportation\n\nRailway\n  Odakyu Electric Railway - Odakyu Odawara Line\n  -  -  \n  Tokyu Corporation - T\u014dky\u016b Den-en-toshi Line\n  -  -  \n  JR East - Yokohama Line\n  - < -  -  -  - > -  -  -Although Hashimoto, Sagamihara, Yabe, Fuchinobe, Kobuchi Station are in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, they are all near the city border.\n  Keio Corporation -  Kei\u014d Sagamihara Line\n\nHighway\nT\u014dmei Expressway\nJapan National Route 16\nJapan National Route 246\n\nPolitics\nMachida is governed by a 26-member city council, whose members are elected for a four-year term.\n\nMayors\n Tokichiro Aoyama (1958\u20131970, 3 terms)\n Katsumasa Oshita (1970\u20131990, 5 terms)\n Kazuo Terada (1990\u20132006, 4 terms)\n Joichi Ishizaka (2006\u20132010, 3rd term incumbent)\n\nNotable people from Machida\n Ami Onuki, half of the J-pop group Puffy\n Taiten Kusunoki, voice actor\n Megumi Toyoguchi, voice actress\n Satoshi Tajiri, creator of Pok\u00e9mon; based Pallet Town on this town in the original Pok\u00e9mon Red and Blue\n\nLocal attractions\n Buais\u014d museum, former residence of the Shirasu family\n Machida City Museum of Graphic Arts\n Machida Squirrel Garden\n Tadao Park\n Grandberry Mall (closed in Feb 2017, re-opened in November 2019)\n\nSports\nF.C. Machida Zelvia, a football club based in Machida\nPescadola Machida, a futsal club based in Machida\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMachida City Official Website \n\nCategory:Cities in Tokyo\nCategory:Western Tokyo"}
-{"text": "Knockboy\n\nKnockboy (An Cnoc Bu\u00ed in Irish, meaning Yellow Mountain) is a 706-metre-high mountain on the border between counties Cork and Kerry in Ireland.\n\nGeography \n\nKnockboy is the highest peak in the Shehy mountain range and the highest mountain in County Cork with its summit shared with County Kerry.  It is the 104th highest peak in Ireland.\n\nGeology \nThe mountain is composed of sandstone laid down in the Devonian period which was subsequently uplifted to form a mountain range, before being eroded into its present form by glaciers during the last ice age.\n\nSee also\n\nList of Irish counties by highest point\nLists of mountains in Ireland\nList of mountains of the British Isles by height\nList of P600 mountains in the British Isles\nList of Marilyns in the British Isles\nList of Hewitt mountains in England, Wales and Ireland\n\nReferences\n\n Irish Walk Guides 1: South West. Se\u00e1n \u00d3 S\u00failleabh\u00e1in, 1978.\n\nCategory:Hewitts of Ireland\nCategory:Marilyns of Ireland\nCategory:Mountains and hills of County Cork\nCategory:Mountains and hills of County Kerry\nCategory:Highest points of Irish counties\nCategory:Mountains under 1000 metres"}
-{"text": "James Cholmeley Russell\n\nJames Cholmeley Russell (26 June 1841 \u2013 29 August 1912) was a barrister, financier, property developer, and railway entrepreneur. He was a key shareholder, and eventually receiver, of the North Wales Narrow Gauge Railways Company from which the Welsh Highland Railway ultimately emerged. He was a business associate of the engineer, Sir James Weeks Szlumper. Russell was involved at one time or another with various other railway schemes including the Manchester and Milford Railway and the Vale of Rheidol. He was an alumnus of Harrow School (1855\u20131859) and a graduate (1864) of Magdalen College, Oxford.\n\nExternal links\nBlogspot biography of James Cholmeley Russell\n\nCategory:1841 births\nCategory:1912 deaths\nCategory:People educated at Harrow School\nCategory:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford\nCategory:British barristers\nCategory:British financiers\nCategory:British railway entrepreneurs"}
-{"text": "Harco\n\nHarco may refer to:\n\nHarco, Illinois, USA\nHarc\u00f3, a village in P\u0103net. Romania\nHarco ( Harlow Chemical Company ), a chemical company based in Harlow, UK. Now part of Synthomer\nHarco Steel"}
-{"text": "Don Bosco Catholic School\n\nThe Don Bosco Catholic School  is a primary school under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Islamabad-Rawalpindi in Bannu in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, 250 kilometers southwest of Islamabad.\n\nFather Leonard Steger, an Italian Mill Hill missionary, built the school in 2002 in an area of around 800 Christian families. More than 120 boys and girls, Christians and Muslims, study in the three-story school building. The teaching staff comprises four Christians and two Muslims.\n\nOn September 15, 2007, an explosion damaged the school. No injuries were reported.\n\nIn 2008 the school was one of 150 schools attacked by Islamic fundamentalists in Pakistan.\n\nArchbishop Lawrence Saldanha of Lahore wrote to the President and Prime Minister of Pakistan and expressed concern over the allowing of Islamic law to be implemented in the area.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Catholic schools in Pakistan\nCategory:Schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa"}
-{"text": "Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics \u2013 Men's 100 metre freestyle S4\n\nThe Men's 100 metre freestyle S4 swimming event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 19 September. It was won by Clodoaldo Silva, representing .\n\n1st round\n\nHeat 1\n19 Sept. 2004, morning session\n\nHeat 2\n19 Sept. 2004, morning session\n\nFinal round\n\n19 Sept. 2004, evening session\n\nReferences\n\nM"}
-{"text": "Jens Pauli Skaalum\n\nJens Pauli Skaalum (December 18, 1893 \u2013 August 1, 1978) was a Faroese teacher and a politician for the Union Party.\n\nSkaalum was born in Hvalba, the son of the teacher and politician \u00d3li Nikl\u00e1i Skaalum and Elsebeth Helena Niclasen. He graduated from the Jonstrup Normal School () in Copenhagen as a primary school teacher in 1914, and then taught in Porkeri from 1914 to 1920 and in Hvalba from 1920 to 1960. He was married to Astrid Larsen from Porkeri.\n\nSkaalum was a deputy representative to the Faroese Parliament from Su\u00f0uroy, and he stood in for Oliver Effers\u00f8e, who took a leave of absence due to health reasons from 1931 to 1932. Skaalum was a member of the Hvalba municipal council from 1939 to 1950 and served as mayor from 1939 to 1948. He was a member of the supervisory committee of the bank F\u00f8roya Sparikassi from 1957 to 1976.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Members of the L\u00f8gting\nCategory:Faroese politicians\nCategory:1893 births\nCategory:1978 deaths"}
-{"text": "Young Australia League\n\nThe Young Australia League (Inc) (YAL) is an Australian youth organisation which was formed in Perth, Western Australia in 1905 by Jack Simons and Lionel Boas. Developed as a means to encourage Australian nationalism and patriotic values, the organisation organises activities and the ideals of \"Education through Travel\", the aims of its founders.\n\nHistory\nSimons was secretary of the Western Australian Football League (WAFL) between 1905 and 1914, and believed that the encroachment of soccer, rugby and other \"non-Australian\" sports was threatening the game of Australian rules football. Along with several prominent Western Australians including Lionel Boas, the Young Australia Football League was formed in 1905 as a development organisation for football in Western Australia. The League organised intra- and interstate tours for young Western Australian football players to promote the Australian rules football code as part of a broader nationalist agenda. Other people involved with the establishment of the League were prominent Western Australian artists H. H. Eastcourt and Arthur Clarke, and noted Victorian artist Robert Prenzel.\n\nShortly afterward, the YAFL changed its name to 'Young Australia League', and its activities were diversified to include literature, debating, band music, sport and theatrical performances, as well as outdoor pursuits such as hiking and camping. Setting its activities mainly for boys, the League promoted a philosophy of development of Australian nationalism with the aim of becoming the 'largest boys club in the British Empire'. In 1909 the League had its first of many interstate tours, with overseas tours conducted in 1911, 1914, 1924 and 1929.\n\nAfter World War I, branches were established in other states along similar lines to the Perth organisation.\n\n of land was purchased in 1929 in the Darling Scarp near Roleystone and developed for the League's outdoor activities. This became Araluen Botanical Gardens, as a memorial to YAL members killed in action, and was dedicated in 1930 by the Governor, Sir William Campion.\n\nSimons, who had extensive publishing interests, died in 1945. Four years prior, he assigned his interest in Western Press to YAL, giving the League a bequest of $50,000.\n\nThe League continued but is now only operational in Western Australia. Due to declining funds, Araluen had fallen into disrepair by 1985 and was sold to the Government of Western Australia. Since 1990 it has been run as a not-for-profit volunteer organisation, responsible for the Park's restoration, preservation and development.\n\nIn Simon's lifetime, an estimated 50,000 people participated in the well-known YAL travel tours around the world.\n\nBoas was president of the League for forty years, until his death in 1949.\n\nFacilities\n\nThe League's headquarters are at 45 Murray Street, at the corner of Irwin Street, Perth; a heritage listed building which was built in 1924 to accommodate clubrooms and administration. The foyer houses an extensive museum of memorabilia associated with the League's early years.\n\n\"Camp Simons\" is a YAL\u2013operated youth camp set in bushland near Araluen, about 3\u00a0km from Canning Dam. It has accommodations for about 200 people.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:Organisations based in Western Australia\nCategory:Youth organisations based in Australia\nCategory:Clubs and societies in Australia\nCategory:1905 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Australian rules football in Western Australia\nCategory:Murray Street, Perth"}
-{"text": "Austrogomphus guerini\n\nAustrogomphus guerini, also known as Austrogomphus (Austrogomphus) guerini, is a species of dragonfly of the family Gomphidae, \ncommonly known as the yellow-striped hunter. \nIt inhabits streams, rivers and lakes in eastern New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, Australia.\n\nAustrogomphus guerini is a tiny to medium-sized, black and yellow dragonfly.\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\n List of Odonata species of Australia\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Gomphidae\nCategory:Odonata of Australia\nCategory:Insects of Australia\nCategory:Endemic fauna of Australia\nCategory:Taxa named by Jules Pierre Rambur\nCategory:Insects described in 1842"}
-{"text": "The Return of the Space Cowboy\n\nThe Return of the Space Cowboy is the second album by British funk/acid jazz band Jamiroquai. The album was released on 17 October 1994 in the United Kingdom under Sony Soho Square and on 9 May 1995 under Work Group in the United States.\n\nBackground and production\nAfter the success of the band's debut album Emergency on Planet Earth, Jay Kay was eager to work on a follow-up. At the time, the band's drummer Nick van Gelder had been on holiday for longer than expected, which caused conflict between him and Kay. This led to Jamiroquai recruiting Derrick McKenzie who drummed with the band while recording the first track \"Just Another Story\" in one take for his audition. Kay became more confident with the band's new drummer and the recognition Jamiroquai had begun to receive. But suddenly fell into a sophomore slump which was worsened by his increasing drug use. The songwriting process was complex for the band, Kay was often unhappy with the results and songs were often scrapped or rewritten. And when the group presented Sony a few number of songs, the label told the band that \"none of [them] sounded like singles\".\n\n\"Stillness in Time\" was written when Kay was at his lowest point. He said that \"the sweetness of [the song] was really wishful thinking; a hope that things would get better.\"  They later presented to Sony what would be their second single, \"Half the Man\", a song about Kay's twin brother who died shortly after birth and also \"doubles up really nicely as a love song\"; though it wasn't the lead single the label was looking for. The seventh track \"Mr. Moon\" tells of a girl who Kay met at a rave, but eventually ended up with the band's keyboardist Toby Smith. Kay praised Smith for his \"incredibly complex chord structure[s]\" in the song. \n\nWith the band's songwriting going back and forth between harder and softer songs, they shifted to writing the \"very heavy [and aggressive]\" songs \"Light Years\" and \"The Kids\". The former track was meant to \"[capture] the feeling of the streets[,]\" and was about youth protests against the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act of 1994, a bill that outlaws unrestricted raves. The fifth track \"Manifest Destiny\", a mellow song with \"a brass heavy coda[,]\" was written when Kay read of the mistreatment and massacres of Native Americans. The ninth track \"Morning Glory\" was according to BBC Music, a \"laid back, a blissed-out joy; perfect comedown music with percussion darting from speaker to speaker.\"\n\nThe band soon found their turning point when they wrote \"Space Cowboy\" which Kay called his \"comeback anthem\" and became the album's lead single. The writing of the song helped the band to finish the album, which Kay called \"one of our most creative and accomplished albums.\"\n\nLegacy \nMissy Elliott and Chance the Rapper had both respectively sampled the track \"Morning Glory\" for 1997's \"Bite Our Style (Interlude)\" from Supa Dupa Fly and the 2015 song \"Israel\". 2Pac had also sampled from the track \"Manifest Destiny\".\n\nReception\n\nRolling Stone gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, claiming \"Jay Kay is a wonderfully nimble singer with a Stevie Wonder jones, and Jamiroquai parlay jazzy soul pop so tight it crackles....Nowadays, when most funk comes out of cans, Jamiroquai's live spark glows.\" Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B- rating, claiming \"No idle nostalgia broker, Jamiroquai is a funk-making machine with a bright future in the past.\" Q magazine also gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, claiming \"An ebullient follow-up to his storming debut.\" The Source claimed \"The Return Of The Space Cowboy is a mixture of acid jazz-like keyboards with an overlay of bright horns and hard basslines....This group may still be light years ahead of the hip-hop world.\" Musician claimed \"...sounds like a bastard spawn of Stevie Wonder and Mandrill with its vintage keyboards, jazz harmonies and fondness for rambling, jam-oriented arrangements...\"\n\nSingles\n\n \"The Kids\" was released as the album's lead single on 30 June 1994, exclusively in Japan. The track was recorded shortly after the Emergency on Planet Earth sessions. \"The Kids\" was written and performed during the 1993 Emergency on Planet Earth tour. It may either have been an outtake from the album, or simply a song written after the album was fully produced and released. The live versions played during the tour had a different chorus when compared to the album version. After \"The Kids\" was recorded with previous drummer, Nick Van Gelder, Derrick McKenzie replaced Nick and all tracks from the Space Cowboy recording sessions were re-recorded with McKenzie on drums, aside from \"The Kids\", on which van Gelder's drumming remains. The song was probably left to be as it was because of time constraints related to the mastering process, production and release.\n \"Space Cowboy\" was released as the album's international lead single on 26 September 1994. The single peaked at #17 on the UK Singles Chart and was their first #1 on the U.S. Dance Chart. Two very distinct versions of the song exist. One was recorded with Stuart Zender on bass, has a greater tempo, and uses a 'bass slap' technique during the chorus. This version is commonly known as the \"Stoned Again Mix\", even though it is the original version. The second version, the one that appears on the album is considerably different, with a lower tempo, and a completely dissimilar bassline. The bass on the album version was not played by Zender, but by an unknown artist only credited as \"Mr. X\" in the booklet. Only recently Zender himself on Instagram has revealed that the bass player who played on the song is Paul Powell.\n \"Half the Man\" was released as the album's third overall single on 7 November 1994. The track peaked at #15 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured on the soundtrack of cult British surf movie Blue Juice. The song gained recognition for its popular B-side, \"Space Clav\", which has never been included on any other Jamiroquai release. With the exception of its inclusion on both regular and deluxe Japanese pressings, it is one of nine singles that does not appear on the group's greatest hits album.\n \"Light Years\" was released as the album's fourth overall single on 2 May 1995. The song did not chart on the UK Singles Chart due to little promotion of its release. In the United States, the song peaked at #6 on the U.S. Dance Chart. The American version of the single features three mixes of the song by David Morales. The American album release features a live version of \"Light Years\", performed in Marseille in December 1994, as a bonus track. Two main versions of the song exist - a radio edit, running at 3:59, and an album version, which lasts for 5:53.\n \"Stillness in Time\" was released as the album's fifth overall single on 19 June 1995. The track peaked at #9 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the group's highest charting release to that date. The song was covered by Calvin Harris on the Radio 1 Established 1967 collection, which was released in 2007. Three versions of the track exist: a radio edit, which runs at 3:43, the album version, which runs at 4:11, and the vinyl version, which runs at 6:13. The music video strikes some similarities to the video for \"Light Years\", as they both feature Jamiroquai snowboarding down a mountain.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications and sales\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Jamiroquai albums\nCategory:1995 albums\nCategory:Work Records albums"}
-{"text": "Danaus eresimus\n\nDanaus eresimus, the soldier or tropical queen, is a North American, Caribbean, and South American butterfly in the family Nymphalidae.\n\nTheir flight is slow and they are reasonably easy to approach, but will fly for some distance if approached too closely.\n\nDescription\nThe upperside of the wings is dark reddish brown with the forewing sometimes having white submarginal spots. The veins are lightly marked with black. Males have a black scent patch on each of the hindwings. The underside of the wings is also dark brown with a postmedian band made up of squarish spots. The soldier has a wingspan of  to  inches (64\u201376\u00a0mm). D. e. flexaure, formerly D. flexaure, is a subspecies which has more white markings on the hindwing underside.\n\nSimilar species\nSimilar species in the soldier's range include the monarch (Danaus plexippus) and the queen (Danaus gilippus).\n\nThe monarch is more orange, has heavier black-lined veins, and the underside of the wings is a pale yellowish color.\n\nThe queen has nearly no black-marked veins, and has white forewing submarginal spots on both surfaces of the wings.\n\nHabitat\nThe soldier may be found in a variety of open, subtropical habitats such as citrus groves, weedy water edges where host plants occur, dry fields, etc.\n\nFlight\nThis butterfly may be encountered from February to December in southern Florida (it is most common in October to December), and from August to January in southern Texas.\n\nLife cycle\nMales patrol for females.  The eggs are bright orange. The black larva is banded with white and yellow stripes.  It has a subdorsal row of yellowish-tan spots.  There are six black, fleshy filaments, the first pair near the head, the second on the thorax, and the third at the end of the abdomen.  The chrysalis is very similar to that of the monarch, often indistinguishable.  It has three or more broods per year.\n\nHost plants\n Strangler vine, Morrenia odorata\n White vine, Funastrum clausum\n West Indian pinkroot, Spigelia anthelmia\n\nReferences\n\neresimus\nCategory:Butterflies of North America\nCategory:Butterflies of Central America\nCategory:Butterflies of the Caribbean\nCategory:Nymphalidae of South America\nCategory:Butterflies of Cuba\nCategory:Butterflies of Mexico\nCategory:Butterflies of the United States\nCategory:Lepidoptera of Brazil\nCategory:Butterflies described in 1777\nCategory:Least concern biota of North America"}
-{"text": "David McIntosh (Venezuelan footballer)\n\nDavid Andrew McIntosh Parra (, born 17 February 1973) is a Venezuelan footballer who currently plays for Yaracuy FC as a centre back. McIntosh also has been capped for the Venezuela national team in two Copa Am\u00e9rica editions by Eduardo Borrero and Jos\u00e9 Omar Pastoriza as coach.\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nACD Lara\n Torneo de Clausura (1): 2012\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n McIntosh at Football Lineups\n David McIntosh at Footballdatabase\n\nCategory:1973 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Ciudad Bol\u00edvar\nCategory:Venezuelan footballers\nCategory:Venezuela international footballers\nCategory:1997 Copa Am\u00e9rica players\nCategory:1999 Copa Am\u00e9rica players\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Minerv\u00e9n FC players\nCategory:Zulia F.C. players\nCategory:Caracas FC players\nCategory:Trujillanos FC players\nCategory:Carabobo F.C. players\nCategory:Aragua FC players\nCategory:Deportivo Petare players\nCategory:Asociaci\u00f3n Civil Deportivo Lara players\nCategory:Deportivo Italia players\nCategory:Atl\u00e9tico Venezuela players\nCategory:Metropolitanos FC players\nCategory:Deportivo Anzo\u00e1tegui players\nCategory:Venezuelan Primera Divisi\u00f3n players"}
-{"text": "Golice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship\n\nGolice  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Cedynia, within Gryfino County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland, close to the German border. It lies approximately  south-east of Cedynia,  south of Gryfino, and  south of the regional capital Szczecin.\n\nBefore 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.\n\nReferences\n\nGolice"}
-{"text": "Big Brother All Stars 2018\n\nBig Brother All Stars 2018, also known as Big Brother: Most Wanted 2018 was the sixth season of the all-star spin-off of Big Brother and the twentieth-second season of the format in Bulgaria overall. It was announced on October 19, 2018. Followed the same air schedule as in previous years, it commenced on Nova Television on 5 November 2018, immediately after the VIP Brother 10 finale and lasted for a month, ending on 10 December 2018. It featured housemates from previous seasons of the show, as well as participants from other reality formats. Stefan \"Wosh MC\" Ivanov won with Dzhuliana Gani as the runner-up.\n\nHousemates\n12 housemates entered the house on Day 1.\n\nAlbena \nAlbena Vuleva was a contestant from VIP Brother 6 where she finished fifth and The Celebrity Apprentice. She entered the house on Day 1 and was the sixth evicted on Day 33.\n\nDzhuliana \nDzhuliana Gani was a contestant from VIP Brother 9 where she finished fifth. She entered the house on Day 1 and finished second in the finale on Day 36.\n\nEmilia \nEmilia Tsvetkova \"Emanuela\" was a contestant from VIP Brother 8 where she finished third and The Mole 1. She entered the house on Day 1 and decided to walk out of the house on Day 22 with Martin.\n\nEvgenia \nEvgenia Kalkandzieva \"Jeni\" was a contestant from VIP Brother 6 where she finished fourth with her husband Stefan Manov \"Tacho\" and The Mole 1. She entered the house on Day 1 and was the first evicted on Day 8.\n\nNikita \nNikita J\u00f6nsson was a contestant from Big Brother 5 where she won. She entered the house on Day 1 and finished third in the finale on Day 36.\n\nStanimir \nStanimir Gumov \"Gumata\" was a contestant from VIP Brother 7 where he finished fourth and Your Face Sounds Familiar 1 where he finished third. He entered the house on Day 1 and finished fourth in the finale on Day 36.\n\nStefan \nStefan Ivanov \"Wosh MC\" was a contestant from VIP Brother 6 where he finished third. He entered the house on Day 1 and became a winner on Day 36.\n\nStoyan \nStoyan Royanov \"Ya-Ya\" was a Eurovision 2008 candidate. He entered the house on Day 1 and was the third evicted on Day 22.\n\nStoyko \n\nStoyko Sakaliev was a contestant from VIP Brother 5. He entered the house on Day 1 and was the fourth evicted on Day 29.\n\nTsvetan \nTsvetan Andreev \"Tsetso\" was a contestant from The cherry of the cake. He entered the house on Day 1 and was the fifth evicted on Day 33.\n\nVesela \nVesela Neynski was a contestant from VIP Brother 1. She entered the house on Day 1 and was the second evicted on Day 15.\n\nZlatka & Blagoy \n\nZlatka Raykova was a contestant from Temptation Island, Big Brother All Stars 2 where she finished fifth and Your Face Sounds Familiar 6 and Blagoy Georgiev \"Dzhizusa\" (\"The Jesus\") was a contestant from The cherry of the cake. They entered the house (as individual participants) on Day 1 and finished fifth in the finale on Day 36.\n\nHouseguests\n\nBorislav\nBorislav Borisov was a contestant from Big Brother 3, Big Brother All Stars 1 where he finished third and boyfriend of Nikita. He entered the House on Day 19 and left the House on Day 24.\n\nMartin\nMartin Nikolov \"Elvisa\" (\"The Elvis\") is a boyfriend of Emilia. He entered the House on Day 18 and left the House on Day 22.\n\nNominations table\n\nNotes \n : Stoyan failed to nominate two housemates and Big Brother deprive housemates without hot water.\n : After she was evicted, Evgenia gave immunity to Zlatka and Blagoy.\n : Stoyan's nomination to Emilia was voided because he didn't give a reason to nominate her and Big Brother stopped the housemates' electricity.\n : After she was evicted, Vesela gave immunity to Albena.\n : After he was evicted, Stoyan gave immunity to Stanimir.\n : During the fifth and final nominations, the housemates had to vote for out which they wanted to win (the names in green).\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nCategory:2018 Bulgarian television seasons\nCategory:VIP Brother seasons\nCategory:2018 Bulgarian television series endings"}
-{"text": "Eastern Suburbs Rugby Union Football Club Inc.\n\nEastern Suburbs Rugby Union Football Club Inc. is a Rugby Union club in Tasmania. Established in 1964, the club is a member of the Tasmanian Rugby Union and Tasmanian Rugby Union Juniors, affiliated with the Australian Rugby Union and plays in the Tasmanian Rugby Union Statewide League.\n \nThe club's home ground is at North Warrane Oval in the City of Clarence. Known as the Roosters or Easts, the club colours are maroon and white. The club currently fields teams in Men's Second Division, a Senior Women's squad and Juniors competitions.\n\nPremierships\n\nSenior Team\nPremiers First Grade 1981\nPremiers Second Grade 2019\nR/U First Grade 2016\nStatewide Premiers First Grade 1987\nMinor Premiers First Grade 1987\nPremiers Reserve Grade 1968, 1973, 1974, 1994, 2002 \nMinor Premiers Reserve Grade 1999\nFinalist First Grade 2014\n\nJuniors\nUnder 20 - 1979\nUnder 18 - 1983\nUnder 16 - 2009\nUnder 14 - 2007,2008\n\nAt the 40 Anniversary of the club's existence Legendary Wallaby Ken Catchpole visited the club to assist with the celebrations.\n\nThe club holds two authentic signed Wallaby Guernseys being:\n CH282 Qantas Wallaby Jumper\n CL309 Vodafone Wallaby Jumper\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nTasmanian Rugby Union\nRugby Australia\nSouth Eastern Tasmanian Eight Ball (Premier League Sides: Easts Roosters)\n\nArchives\n\nCategory:Rugby union teams in Tasmania\nCategory:Women's rugby union in Tasmania\nCategory:Rugby clubs established in 1964\nCategory:1964 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Cue sports teams\nCategory:Eight Ball teams in Tasmania"}
-{"text": "Washington Terrace, Utah\n\nWashington Terrace, known locally as \"The Terrace\"  , is a city in Weber County, Utah, United States. The population was 9,067 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Ogden\u2013Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area.\n\nWashington Terrace had its foundings when it was developed in 1948 from a war time housing project. George Herman Van Leeuwen was instrumental in securing the land from the federal government and acted as the President of the Board of Directors. Due to his role in the organizing of the community, it was proposed to be named VanLeeuwenville, which was voted down for a variety of reasons.\n\nGeography\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.9\u00a0square miles (4.9\u00a0km\u00b2), all of it land.\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 8,551 people, 3,019 households, and 2,267 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,477.4 people per square mile (1,728.6/km\u00b2). There were 3,162 housing units at an average density of 1,655.7 per square mile (639.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 89.43% White, 2.25% African American, 0.57% Native American, 1.19% Asian, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 3.93% from other races, and 2.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.88% of the population.\n\nThere were 3,019 households out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 20.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.21.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out with 27.9% under the age of 18, 13.7% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the city was $42,243, and the median income for a family was $47,332. Males had a median income of $35,938 versus $26,406 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,240. About 5.5% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.\n\nHistorical events \nThe second to the last person in America to be executed by firing squad, John Albert Taylor, raped and murdered Charla King in Washington Terrace in 1988.\n\nFormer mayor, Mark Allen, was elected by the roll of the dice when the last election ended in a tie.\n\nAt approximately 3:30 PM MDT on September 22, 2016, an EF1 tornado struck the city, part of a line of storms that caused moderate damage throughout the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. Only one injury was reported, and he/she recovered from the injuries.\n\nEducation\nWashington Terrace is home to four public schools: Bonneville High School, T.H. Bell Jr. High School, Roosevelt Elementary, and Washington Terrace Elementary.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n City of Washington Terrace\n\nCategory:Cities in Utah\nCategory:Cities in Weber County, Utah\nCategory:Ogden\u2013Clearfield metropolitan area\nCategory:Populated places established in 1948"}
-{"text": "Coker Tire\n\nCoker Tire Company is a Chattanooga, Tennessee-based company that manufactures and sells vintage-style Michelin, Firestone, BF Goodrich and Uniroyal bias-ply and radial whitewall tires for collector automobiles. The company was originally a tire and service center founded in 1958 by Harold Coker. He would later give his son Corky Coker the opportunity to manage the antique division, which was a small percentage of the company's earnings. Corky devoted 40 years to growing the antique division of the business, eventually making it the company's primary focus. Corky retired in 2014, and he appointed Wade Kawasaki as President to oversee the operations of six companies and numerous brands under the Coker Group. In November 2018, Corky sold Coker Tire and its parent company, Coker Group, to Irving Place Capital. Wade Kawasaki and his leadership team, remained with Coker Tire. Wade is the current President and CEO.\n\nThough Coker's products retain the appearance of the old tires by using the original, refurbished molds, or new molds built from original drawings, the tires are made with modern materials. Coker Tire was given manufacturing rights by the original tire brands, and also has acquired many different tire molds of the original obsolete tires they manufacture. Coker Tire also offers wheels for collector vehicles.\n\nTires\nCoker Tire sells its own brand of bias ply and radial tires, called the Coker Classic, but it also offers a number of popular brands, such as B.F.Goodrich, Firestone, U.S. Royal, Michelin, Vredestein, Excelsior and American Classic in both bias ply and radial construction. Coker Tire is the leading source for Firestone Deluxe Champion tires, as well as B.F.Goodrich Silvertown tires. Many of the tires are exact OEM replacement tires for a wide range of vintage makes and models. Coker also sells modern radial tires, manufactured with whitewalls, redlines and other sidewall treatments, built for many applications. By using refurbished original molds, the tires are authentic to the originals, while the modern manufacturing procedures and materials offer safe and reliable driving characteristics. Coker Tire's President, Corky Coker, has searched the world for discontinued molds that can be rebuilt and used for modern tire manufacturing. On any of Coker's tires with custom sidewall such as a whitewall or a redline, the particular sidewall treatment is actually a part of the manufacturing process, instead of manufacturing a tire, then applying the sidewall treatment after the fact.\n\nIn 1994, Coker Tire released a radial tire with a wide whitewall, which was a first of its kind. Coker now sells many brands that offer whitewall radial tires, and distributes a modern radial tire that has the narrow tread profile and distinct shoulders of a vintage bias ply tire. These tires are very popular with enthusiasts who want the vintage look, with the increased driving comfort of a radial tire. Coker Tire also has a Performance Division, which sells mostly drag racing tires. Coker sells Phoenix Race Tires, M&H Racemaster, Pro-Trac, and select Firestone vintage tires through its performance division. Coker has also developed a line of Firestone Indy tires, built for a variety of vintage Indy cars.\n\nCoker Tire also sells what they describe as the largest bicycle tire in the world, at 36 inches in diameter. Other unique offerings are its tires for Vintage Trucks and Military Vehicles, as well as its Vintage Motorcycle tires.\n\nWheels\nCoker Tire sells wheels and wheel accessories for a wide range of applications. Most of its offerings are steel wheels, designed to replace worn out OEM wheels, on makes such as Chevrolet, Ford, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Mercury, Chrysler, Buick, Volkswagen and many others. Coker also offers OEM wire wheels for Buick, Cadillac, Chrysler, Packard, Ford Model A and Ford Thunderbird but also offers custom wire wheels for hot rods. Coker sells custom wheels for hot rods and other modified collector vehicles. Coker is also a distributor for Rocket Racing Wheels and Dayton Wire Wheels.  Hubcaps, trim rings valve stems and other tire and wheel accessories are offered by Coker. Coker proudly advertises that it will provide free mounting and balancing if customers buy tires and wheels together.\n\nMemorabilia\nWith official licensing for Michelin vintage products, as well as Firestone vintage products, Coker Tire sells automotive memorabilia, in addition to its tires, wheels and accessories. Metal signs, neon clocks, and poly-resin figurines are available items. Coker also sells die cast vehicles, and other collectible merchandise.\n\nBicycles and unicycles\nCoker markets the following bicycles:\n\n \"Wheelman\", a penny-farthing, with a  wheel in front and a  wheel behind;\n\n cruiser-style bicycle with 36 inch wheels called the \"Monster Cruiser\";\n\n two touring-style unicycles called \"The Big One\" and the \"V2\", each with a 36-inch tire and wheel combination.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Coker Tire\n Coker Cycles\n\nCategory:Tire manufacturers of the United States\nCategory:Cycle manufacturers of the United States\nCategory:Cycle parts manufacturers\nCategory:Companies based in Chattanooga, Tennessee"}
-{"text": "Koszewko\n\nKoszewko  (German: Klein K\u00fcssow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Stargard, within Stargard County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Stargard and  south-east of the regional capital Szczecin.\n\nBefore 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.\n\nThe village has a population of 177.\n\nReferences\n\nKoszewko"}
-{"text": "Ranoidea bella\n\nRanoidea bella is a species of frog in the family Pelodryadidae, first found in Cape York Peninsula. The species is most similar to R. gracilenta and R. chloris, but can be distinguished from its cogeners by having a large male body size (between ), a \"near-immaculate\" green dorsum, an orange venter, its bright orange-coloured digits and webbing, the purple lateral surfaces of its thighs, by lacking a canthal stripe, its white bones, and a single-note male advertisement call. It inhabits rainforest and monsoon vine thicket near water.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ranoidea\nCategory:Frogs of Australia\nCategory:Amphibians of Queensland\nCategory:Endemic fauna of Australia\nCategory:Amphibians described in 2016"}
-{"text": "2006 French Open \u2013 Girls' Doubles\n\nVictoria Azarenka and \u00c1gnes Sz\u00e1vay were the defending champions, but did not compete in the Juniors that year.\n\nSharon Fichman and Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova won the title, defeating Agnieszka Radwa\u0144ska and Caroline Wozniacki in the final, 6\u20137(4\u20137), 6\u20132, 6\u20131.\n\nSeeds\n\n  Agnieszka Radwa\u0144ska /  Caroline Wozniacki (Final)\n  Yung-Jan Chan /  Ayumi Morita (Quarterfinals)\n  Sharon Fichman /  Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (Champions)\n  Julia Cohen /  Sacha Jones (Second Round)\n  Mihaela Buz\u0103rnescu /  Alexandra Dulgheru (Semifinals)\n  Teliana Pereira /  Kate\u0159ina Va\u0148kov\u00e1 (First Round)\n  Raluca Olaru /  Amina Rakhim (Quarterfinals)\n  Sorana C\u00eerstea /  Alexandra Panova (Semifinals)\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop Half\n\nBottom Half\n\nSources\nDraw\n\nGirls' Doubles\nFrench Open, 2006 Girls' Doubles"}
-{"text": "David McCallum\n\nDavid Keith McCallum, Jr. (born 19 September 1933) is a British actor and musician. He first gained recognition in the 1960s for playing secret agent Illya Kuryakin in the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E..\nIn recent years, McCallum has gained renewed international recognition and popularity for his role as NCIS medical examiner Dr.\u00a0Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard in the American television series NCIS.\n\nEarly life\nMcCallum was born September 19, 1933, in Maryhill, Glasgow, the second of two sons of Dorothy Dorman, a cellist, and orchestral violinist David McCallum Sr. When he was three, his family moved to London for his father to play as concertmaster in the London Philharmonic Orchestra. Early in the Second World War, he was evacuated back to Scotland, where he lived with his mother at Gartocharn by Loch Lomond.\n\nMcCallum won a scholarship to University College School, a boys' independent school in Hampstead, London, where, encouraged by his parents to prepare for a career in music, he played the oboe. In 1946 he began doing boy voices for the BBC radio repertory company. Also involved in local amateur drama, at age 17, he appeared as Oberon in an open-air production of A Midsummer Night's Dream with the Play and Pageant Union. He left school at age 18 and was conscripted for National Service. He joined the British Army's 3rd Battalion the Middlesex Regiment, which was seconded to the Royal West African Frontier Force. In March 1954 he was promoted to Lieutenant. After leaving the army he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (also in London), where Joan Collins was a classmate.\n\nCareer\nIn 1951, McCallum became assistant stage manager of the Glyndebourne Opera Company. He began his acting career doing boy voices for BBC Radio in 1947 and began taking bit parts in British films from the late 1950s. His first acting role was in Whom the Gods Love, Die Young playing a doomed royal. A James Dean-themed photograph of McCallum caught the attention of the Rank Organisation, who signed him in 1956. However, in an interview with Alan Titchmarsh broadcast on 3 November 2010, McCallum stated that he had actually held his Equity card since 1946.\n\nEarly roles included a juvenile delinquent in Violent Playground (1957), an outlaw in Robbery Under Arms, (1957) and as junior  radio operator Harold Bride in A Night to Remember (1958). His first American film was Freud: The Secret Passion (1962), directed by John Huston, which was shortly followed by a role in Peter Ustinov's Billy Budd. McCallum played Lt Cdr Eric Ashley-Pitt (a.k.a., \"Dispersal\") in The Great Escape, which was released in 1963. He took the role of Judas Iscariot in 1965's The Greatest Story Ever Told. Other television roles included two appearances on The Outer Limits and a guest appearance on Perry Mason in 1964 as defendant Phillipe Bertain in \"The Case of the Fifty Millionth Frenchman\".\n\nThe Man from U.N.C.L.E.\n\nThe Man from U.N.C.L.E., intended as a vehicle for Robert Vaughn, made McCallum into a sex symbol, his Beatle-style blond haircut providing a trendy contrast to Vaughn's clean-cut appearance. McCallum's role as the mysterious Russian agent Illya Kuryakin was originally conceived as a peripheral one. McCallum, however, took the opportunity to construct a complex character whose appeal rested largely in what was shadowy and enigmatic about him. Kuryakin's popularity with the audience and Vaughn's and McCallum's on-screen chemistry were quickly recognized by the producers, and McCallum was elevated to co-star status.\n\nAlthough the show aired at the height of the Cold War, McCallum's Russian alter ego became a pop culture phenomenon. The actor was inundated with fan letters, and a Beatles-like frenzy followed him everywhere he went. While playing Kuryakin, McCallum received more fan mail than any other actor in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's history, including such popular MGM stars as Clark Gable and Elvis Presley. Hero worship even led to a record, Love Ya, Illya, performed by Alma Cogan under the name Angela and the Fans, which was a pirate radio hit in Britain in 1966. A 1990s rock-rap group from Argentina named itself Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas in honour of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. character.\n\nMcCallum received two Emmy Award nominations in the course of the show's four-year run (1964\u201368) for playing the intellectual and introvert secret agent.\n\nMcCallum and Vaughn reprised their roles of Kuryakin and Solo in a 1983 TV film, Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E.. In 1986 McCallum reunited with Robert Vaughn again in an episode of The A-Team entitled \"The Say U.N.C.L.E. Affair\", complete with \"chapter titles\", the word \"affair\" in the title, the phrase \"Open Channel D\", and similar scene transitions.\n\nIn an interview for a retrospective television special, McCallum recounted a visit to the White House during which, while he was being escorted to meet the U.S. president, a Secret Service agent told him, \"You're the reason I got this job.\"\n\nAfter The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\n\nMcCallum never quite repeated the popular success he had gained as Kuryakin until NCIS, though he did become a familiar face on British television in such shows as Colditz (1972\u201374), Kidnapped (1978), and ITV's science-fiction series Sapphire & Steel (1979\u201382) opposite Joanna Lumley. In 1975 he played the title character in a short-lived U.S. version of The Invisible Man.\n\nMcCallum appeared on stage in Australia in Run for Your Wife (1987\u201388), and the production toured the country. Other members of the cast were Jack Smethurst, Eric Sykes and Katy Manning.\n\nMcCallum played supporting parts in a number of feature films, although he played the title role in the 1968 thriller, Sol Madrid.\n\nMcCallum starred with Diana Rigg in the 1989 TV miniseries Mother Love. In 1991 and 1992 McCallum played gambler John Grey, one of the principal characters in the television series Trainer.\nHe appeared as a British double agent in a 1989 episode of Murder, She Wrote.\nIn the 1990s McCallum guest-starred in two U.S. television series. In season 1 of seaQuest DSV, he appeared as the law-enforcement officer Frank Cobb of the fictional Broken Ridge of the Ausland Confederation, an underwater mining camp off the coast of Australia by the Great Barrier Reef; he also had a guest-star role in one episode of Babylon 5.\n\nIn 1994, McCallum narrated the acclaimed documentaries Titanic: The Complete Story for A&E Networks. This was the second project about the Titanic on which he had worked: the first was the 1958 film A Night to Remember, in which he had had a small role.\n\nIn the same year McCallum hosted and narrated the TV special Ancient Prophecies. This special, which was followed soon after by three others, told of people and places historically associated with foretelling the end of the world and the beginnings of new eras for mankind.\n\nNCIS\n\nSince 2003 McCallum has starred in the CBS television series NCIS as Dr. Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, the team's chief medical examiner and one of the show's most popular characters. In Season 2 Episode 13 \"The Meat Puzzle\", NCIS Special Agent Caitlin Todd (Sasha Alexander) asks Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon), \"What did Ducky look like when he was younger?\" and Gibbs replies, \"Illya Kuryakin\".\n\nAccording to the behind-the-scenes feature on the 2006 DVD of NCIS season 1, McCallum became an expert in forensics to play Mallard, including attending medical examiner conventions. In the feature, Donald P. Bellisario says that McCallum's knowledge became so vast that at the time of the interview he was considering making him a technical adviser on the show.\n\nMcCallum appeared at the 21st Annual James Earl Ash Lecture, held 19 May 2005 at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, an evening for honouring America's service members. His lecture, \"Reel to Real Forensics\", with Cmdr. Craig T. Mallak, U.S. Armed Forces medical examiner, featured a presentation comparing the real-life work of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner staff with that of the fictional naval investigators appearing on NCIS.\n\nIn late April 2012 it was announced that McCallum had reached agreement on a two-year contract extension with CBS-TV. The move meant that he would remain an NCIS regular past his eightieth birthday.\nIn May 2014 he signed another two-year contract. He has since signed extensions in 2016,  beginning a limited schedule in 2017 and renewing the same for seasons 15, 16 & 17 - each one separately.\n\nMusic\nIn the 1960s, McCallum recorded four albums for Capitol Records with music producer David Axelrod: Music...A Part of Me (Capitol ST 2432, 1966), Music...A Bit More of Me (Capitol ST 2498, 1966), Music...It's Happening Now! (Capitol ST 2651, 1967), and McCallum (Capitol ST 2748, 1968). The best known of his pieces today is \"The Edge\", which was sampled by Dr. Dre as the intro and riff to the track \"The Next Episode\", \"M.I.A\" by Missin' Linx, and \"No Regrets\" by Masta Ace. McCallum's version of \"The Edge\" appears on the soundtrack to the 2017 film Baby Driver.\n\nMcCallum did not sing on these records, as many television stars of the 1960s did when offered recording contracts. As a classically trained musician, he conceived a blend of oboe, English horn and strings with guitar and drums, and presented instrumental interpretations of hits of the day. The official arranger on the albums was H. B. Barnum. However, McCallum conducted, and contributed several original compositions of his own, over the course of four LPs. The first two, Music...A Part of Me and Music...A Bit More of Me, have been issued together on CD on the Zonophone label. On Open Channel D, McCallum did sing on the first four tracks, \"Communication\", \"House on Breckenridge Lane\", \"In the Garden, Under the Tree\" (the theme song from the film Three Bites of the Apple) and \"My Carousel\". The music tracks are the same as the Zonophone CD. This CD was released on the Rev-Ola label. The single release of \"Communication\" reached No. 32 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1966.\n\nIn the Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode \"The Discotheque Affair\", McCallum plays the double bass as part of a band in a night club. He also played guitar and sang his own composition, \"Trouble,\" with Nancy Sinatra on \"The Take Me to Your Leader Affair,\" and played several instruments in \"The Off-Broadway Affair\".\n\nIn the 1970s, McCallum also recorded three H.P. Lovecraft tales for Caedmon Records, an imprint of August Derleth's Arkham House publishing venture: \"The Rats in the Walls\" (TC 1347, 1973); \"The Dunwich Horror\" (\"slightly abridged\"; TC 1467, 1976); and \"The Haunter of the Dark\" (TC 1617, 1979).\n\nFiction\nIn 2016, McCallum published a crime novel entitled Once a Crooked Man. The narrative is set in New York and London and centres on a young actor who tries to foil a murder. McCallum has stated that a second novel is in progress.\n\nPersonal life\nOn 11 May 1957, McCallum  married actress Jill Ireland in London. The two had met during production of the film Hell Drivers. The marriage lasted 11 years. After leaving McCallum, Ireland married Charles Bronson, whom McCallum had introduced to her 1963 while McCallum and Bronson were filming The Great Escape. McCallum and Ireland had three sons: Paul, Jason and Valentine (Val). Jason, who was adopted, died from an accidental drug overdose in 1989. Val McCallum is a guitar player, playing with Jackson Browne most recently in 2014 and is a member of the faux country band, Jackshit.\n\nIn 1967, McCallum married Katherine Carpenter. They have a son, Peter, and a daughter, Sophie. McCallum and his wife are active in charitable organisations that support the United States Marine Corps: Katherine's father was a Marine who served in the Battle of Iwo Jima and her brother was killed in the Vietnam War. On 27 August 1999, McCallum was naturalized as a United States citizen. McCallum has six grandchildren. He was friends with Tibor Rubin.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nVideo games\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n David McCallum Fans Online\n Fans from U.N.C.L.E.\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1933 births\nCategory:British expatriate male actors in the United States\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People educated at University College School\nCategory:Scottish male film actors\nCategory:Scottish male stage actors\nCategory:Scottish male television actors\nCategory:Scottish male video game actors\nCategory:Scottish male voice actors\nCategory:20th-century British male actors\nCategory:21st-century British male actors\nCategory:Male actors from Los Angeles\nCategory:Male actors from Glasgow\nCategory:Male actors from New York City\nCategory:Royal West African Frontier Force officers"}
-{"text": "Josephine Tey\n\nJosephine Tey was a pseudonym used by Elizabeth MacKintosh (25 July 1896 \u2013 13 February 1952), a Scottish author best remembered for her mystery novels. She also wrote plays under the name Gordon Daviot.\n\nLife and work \nMacKintosh was born in Inverness, the oldest of three daughters of Colin MacKintosh, a fruiterer, and Josephine (n\u00e9e Horne). She attended Inverness Royal Academy and then, in 1914, Anstey Physical Training College in Erdington, a suburb of Birmingham. She taught physical training at various schools in England and Scotland and during her vacations worked at a convalescent home in Inverness as a Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse. A youthful romance ended with her soldier friend's death in the Somme battles. In 1923, she returned to Inverness permanently to care for her invalid mother, and stayed after her mother's death that year to keep house for her father.\n\nThe curriculum for \"physical training\" included much more than athletics. Tey used her school experience in Miss Pym Disposes when describing the subjects taught at the school, and the types of bruises and other injuries sustained by the pupils. When she graduated, Tey worked in a physiotherapy clinic in Leeds, then taught in schools, first in Nottinghamshire, then in Oban, where she was injured. A boom in the gymnasium fell on her face. Tey repurposed this incident as a method of murder in Miss Pym Disposes.\n\nWhile caring for her father she began her career as a writer. Her first published work was in The Westminster Gazette in 1925, under the name Gordon Daviot. She continued publishing verse and short stories in The Westminster Review, The Glasgow Herald and the Literary Review.\n\nHer first novel, Kif: An Unvarnished History, was well received at the time with good reviews, a sale to America, and a mention in The Observers list of Books of the Week. Three months later, her first mystery novel, The Man in the Queue, was published by Benn, Methuen. It was awarded the Dutton Mystery Prize when published in America. This is the first appearance of her detective, Inspector Alan Grant. It would be some years before she wrote another mystery.\n\nMacKintosh's real ambition had been to write a play which would receive a run in London's West End. Her play Richard of Bordeaux was produced in 1932 at the New Theatre (now the No\u00ebl Coward Theatre) under the Daviot pseudonym. She stated she was inspired by John Gielgud's performance in Hamlet and by the Royal Tournament. Tey had an excellent knowledge of military tactics, which she put to good use in several of her books. Two more of her plays were produced at the New Theatre, The Laughing Woman (1934) and Queen of Scots (1934).\n\nShe wrote about a dozen one-act plays and another dozen full-length plays, many with biblical or historical themes, under the name of Gordon Daviot. How she chose the name of Gordon is unknown, but Daviot was the name of a scenic locale near Inverness where she had spent many happy holidays with her family. Only four of her plays were produced during her lifetime. Richard of Bordeaux was particularly successful, running for 14 months and making a household name of its young leading man and director, John Gielgud. (Tey writes of Inspector Alan Grant that \"he had in his youth seen Richard of Bordeaux; four times he had seen it\".)\n\nHer only non-fiction book, Claverhouse, was written as a vindication of someone she perceived to be a libeled hero: \"It is strange that a man whose life was so simple in pattern and so forthright in spirit should have become a peg for every legend, bloody or brave, that belonged to his time.\"\n\nMacKintosh's best-known books were written under the name of Josephine Tey, which was the name of her Suffolk great-great grandmother.\n\nIn five of the mystery novels, all of which except the first she wrote under the name of Tey, the hero is Scotland Yard Inspector Alan Grant. (Grant appears in a sixth, The Franchise Affair, as a minor character.) The most famous of these is The Daughter of Time, in which Grant, laid up in hospital, has friends research reference books and contemporary documents so that he can puzzle out the mystery of whether King Richard III of England murdered his nephews, the Princes in the Tower. Grant comes to the firm conclusion that King Richard was totally innocent of the death of the Princes.\n\nThe Franchise Affair also has a historical context: although set in the 1940s, it is based on the 18th-century case of Elizabeth Canning. The Daughter of Time was the last of Tey's books published during her lifetime. Her last work, a further crime novel, The Singing Sands, was found in her papers and published posthumously.\n\nDeath \nTey was intensely private, shunning all publicity throughout her life.  During her last year, when she knew that she was mortally ill, she resolutely avoided all her friends as well. Her penultimate work, The Privateer (1952), was a romantic novel based on the life of the privateer Henry Morgan. She died of liver cancer at her sister Mary's home in London on 13 February 1952.  Most of her friends were unaware that she was even ill, including Gielgud, who was shocked to read news of it in The Times during a matinee performance of Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale. Her death notice in The Times appeared under her \"Gordon Daviot\" pseudonym, with no mention of her real name or \"Josephine Tey\".\n\nProceeds from Tey's estate, including royalties from her books, were assigned to the National Trust.\n\nAppearances and adaptations in other works \n\nThe heroine of Mary Stewart's The Ivy Tree (1961) uses Tey's book Brat Farrar as a model when impersonating the missing heir to an estate. She describes the book as \"the best of them all\".\n\nTey is mentioned in the Stephen King novella, Apt Pupil (1982).\n\nTey appears as a main character in a series of novels by Nicola Upson called the \"Josephine Tey Mysteries\". An Expert in Murder (2008), the first in the series, is a detective story woven around the original production of Richard of Bordeaux.\n\nTey's Brat Farrar is mentioned extensively as a work vividly remembered and imagined by the narrator in the first section of Gerald Murnane's 2009 novel Barley Patch.\n\nThe Daughter of Time influenced later mystery writers, notably Barbara Mertz. Mertz, writing as Elizabeth Peters, refers explicitly to Tey in The Murders of Richard III, which sets a country house murder mystery among a group who believe that Richard III was innocent.\n\nReception and legacy \nIn 1990, The Daughter of Time was selected by the British Crime Writers' Association as the greatest mystery novel of all time; The Franchise Affair was 11th on the same list of 100 books.\n\nIn 2012, Peter Hitchens wrote that \"Josephine Tey's clarity of mind, and her loathing of fakes and of propaganda, are like pure, cold spring water in a weary land\", and that \"what she loves above all is to show that things are very often not what they seem to be, that we are too easily fooled, that ready acceptance of conventional wisdom is not just dangerous, but a result of laziness, incuriosity and of a resistance to reason\".\n\nIn 2015, Val McDermid argued that Tey \"cracked open the door\" for later writers such as Patricia Highsmith and Ruth Rendell to explore the darker side of humanity, creating a bridge between the Golden Age of Detective Fiction and contemporary crime novels, because \"Tey opened up the possibility of unconventional secrets. Homosexual desire, cross-dressing, sexual perversion \u2013 they were all hinted at, glimpsed in the shadows as a door closed or a curtain twitched. Tey was never vulgar nor titillating.... Nevertheless, her world revealed a different set of psychological motivations.\"\n\nPublications\n\nMystery novels\n\nInspector Alan Grant novels \n\n The Man in the Queue (or Killer in the Crowd) (1929) [as Gordon Daviot]\n A Shilling for Candles (1936) [as Josephine Tey] (the basis of Hitchcock's 1937 film Young and Innocent)\n The Franchise Affair (1948)  [Inspector Grant appears briefly at the beginning, mentioned a few times] (filmed in 1950 starring Michael Denison and Dulcie Gray)\n To Love and Be Wise (1950)\n The Daughter of Time (1951) (voted greatest mystery novel of all time by the Crime Writers' Association in 1990)\n The Singing Sands (1952) (turns on the discovery of the lost city of Wabar, based on the legend of Iram of the Pillars)\n\nStand-alone mysteries \nThese novels are set in the same fictional 20th-century Britain as the Inspector Grant novels.\n Miss Pym Disposes (1946) [as Josephine Tey]\n Brat Farrar (or Come and Kill Me) (1949) (the basis, without on-screen credit, for the 1963 Hammer production Paranoiac)\n\nOther novels \n Kif: An Unvarnished History (1929) [as Gordon Daviot] - story of a boy who cares for horses and goes through WW1.\n The Expensive Halo: A Fable without Moral (1931) [as Gordon Daviot] - about two pairs of brothers and sisters, one aristocratic, the other working class.\n The Privateer (1952) - a fictionalized reconstruction of the life of the privateer Henry Morgan.\n\nBiography \n Claverhouse (1937) [as Gordon Daviot] (a life of the 17th-century cavalry leader John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee)\n\nPlays \n Richard of Bordeaux (1932)\n The Laughing Woman  (1934)\n Queen of Scots (1934)\n The Stars Bow Down (1939)\n Cornelia (1946) [as F. Craigie Howe]\n The Little Dry Thorn (1946)\n Rahab (1947)\n Leith Sands (1947)\n Valerius (1948)\n The Balwhinnie Bomb (1949)\n Sara (1951)\n Dickon (1955)\n\nRadio and television dramatisations \n The Man in the Queue: broadcast in 1955, adapted by H.B. Fortuin\n A Shilling For Candles: broadcast in 1954, 1963 and 1969, adapted by Rex Rienits; in 1998, adapted by John Fletcher\n Miss Pym Disposes: broadcast in 1952, adapted by Jonquil Antony; and 1987, adapted by Elizabeth Proud\n The Franchise Affair: broadcast in 1952, 1970 and 2005\n The Franchise Affair: televised in 1958 (Robert Hall), serials 1962 (Constance Cox) and 1988 (James Andrew Hall)\n Brat Farrar: broadcast in 1954, 1959 and 1980 (all adapted by Cyril Wentzel)\n Brat Farrar: televised in 1986, adapted by James Andrew Hall\n The Daughter of Time: broadcast in 1952 (scriptwriter not credited) and 1982 (Neville Teller)\n The Singing Sands: broadcast in 1956 (Bertram Parnaby); televised in 1969 (James MacTaggart)\n\nSource: Radio Times Archive\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n Author Dana Stabenow's homage to Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time \u2014 How My Mother and Josephine Tey Led Me into a Life of Crime\n \n Photo of Tey\n Josephine Tey \u2013 A Very Private Person\n \"The Elusive Miss MacKintosh\" \u2014 review in Quadrant\n\nCategory:1896 births\nCategory:1952 deaths\nCategory:People educated at Inverness Royal Academy\nCategory:People from Inverness\nCategory:Scottish biographers\nCategory:Scottish crime fiction writers\nCategory:Scottish dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:Scottish mystery writers\nCategory:Women mystery writers\nCategory:Scottish women novelists\nCategory:20th-century Scottish writers\nCategory:Scottish women dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:Scottish novelists\nCategory:20th-century British women writers\nCategory:20th-century biographers\nCategory:20th-century Scottish novelists\nCategory:Pseudonymous writers\nCategory:Pseudonymous women writers\nCategory:20th-century Scottish dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:Women biographers"}
-{"text": "Astrodome (aeronautics)\n\nAn astrodome is a hemispherical transparent dome fitted in  the cabin roof of an aircraft to allow the use of a sextant during astro-navigation.\n\nBefore the introduction of electronic means of navigation the only way to fix an aircraft's position at night was by taking star sights using a sextant, as had marine navigators for hundreds of years aboard ships. This requires a 360-degree view of the horizon; the astrodome was devised to allow this.\n\nAstrodomes were prominent on many Royal Air Force (RAF) and Commonwealth-operated multi-engined aircraft of the Second World War, and on foreign aircraft ordered by them for their use, such as the Liberator and Dakota, as the RAF performed many of its operations and other flying at night.\n\nSimilar hemispherical-shape domes were also installed on some World War II heavy bombers to allow sighting of defensive, remotely operated gun turrets. They were featured on the Heinkel He 177A, with a single forward dorsal dome to aim its remotely operated FDL 131 twin MG 131 dorsal turret, and the complex sighting system for the American B-29 Superfortress heavy bomber's quartet of remote gun turrets. In the early 1960's astrodomes were still being employed in the USMC Lockheed Hercules GV-1 (later designated as C-130), with the navigator employing a bubble sextant hung from a hook in the middle of the dome. The USMC operated its Aerial Navigation School at MCAS Cherry Point, NC with graduates receiving their designation and wings as an Aerial Navigator.\n\nLater use on ocean-racing yachts \n\nIn the 1950s and 60's, the use of astrodomes in aircraft was gradually phased out as radionavigation and ground plotting radars took over. Astrodomes did, however, enjoy a second career on ocean racing yachts (especially in singlehanded racing).\nEric Tabarly, record-breaking winner of the 1964 OSTAR single-handed transatlantic race, and former French A\u00e9ronavale (Fleet air arm) pilot, had fitted his revolutionary lightweight ketch-rigged racer Pen Duick II with an astrodome scavenged from a Shorts Sunderland decommissioned aircraft.\n\nNot only could he use it for sextant astro-navigation, but it provided a sheltered place from which he could steer his yacht during a stormy race. This was quite useful, as his wind-vane autopilot (also of aeronautical technology) had broken down.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Air navigation\nCategory:Aircraft canopies"}
-{"text": "Gmina Wola Krzysztoporska\n\n__NOTOC__\nGmina Wola Krzysztoporska is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Piotrk\u00f3w County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Wola Krzysztoporska, which lies approximately  south-west of Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski and  south of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.\n\nThe gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 11,575.\n\nVillages\nGmina Wola Krzysztoporska contains the villages and settlements of Blizin, Bogdan\u00f3w, Bogdan\u00f3w-Kolonia, Borowa, Budk\u00f3w, Bujny, D\u0105br\u00f3wka, G\u0105ski, Glina, Gomulin, Gomulin-Kolonia, Je\u017c\u00f3w, Kacpr\u00f3w, Kamienna, Karga\u0142-Las, Kozierogi, Kr\u0119\u017cna, Kr\u0119\u017cna-Kolonia, Krzy\u017can\u00f3w, Laski, Ludwik\u00f3w, Majk\u00f3w Du\u017cy, M\u0105kolice, M\u0105kolice-Kolonia, Mi\u0142ak\u00f3w, Monik\u00f3w, Mzurki, Oprz\u0119\u017c\u00f3w, Oprz\u0119\u017c\u00f3w-Kolonia, Parzniewice Du\u017ce, Parzniewice Ma\u0142e, Parzniewiczki, Paw\u0142\u00f3w Dolny, Paw\u0142\u00f3w G\u00f3rny, Piaski, Piekarki, Piekary, Poraj, Praca, Radzi\u0105tk\u00f3w, Rokszyce, Rokszyce Szkolne, Siomki, Stradzew, Wola Krzysztoporska, Wola Rokszycka, Wo\u017aniki, Wo\u017aniki-Kolonia, Wygoda and \u017bachta.\n\nNeighbouring gminas\nGmina Wola Krzysztoporska is bordered by the city of Piotrk\u00f3w Trybunalski and by the gminas of Be\u0142chat\u00f3w, Dru\u017cbice, Grabica, Kamie\u0144sk and Rozprza.\n\nReferences\n Polish official population figures 2006\n\nWola Krzysztoporska\nCategory:Piotrk\u00f3w County"}
-{"text": "24 (season 8)\n\nThe eighth season of the American drama television series 24, also known as Day 8, premiered in the United States on Fox on January 17, 2010. The eighth season was announced as the final season of 24 and its series finale aired on May 24, 2010. However, the series returned with a ninth season  as 24: Live Another Day, which aired in 2014. The season's storyline begins and ends at 4:00\u00a0p.m.\n\nSeason overview\nSet 18 months after season 7, the story arc involves Jack Bauer contending with assassination threats made during a peace conference between President of the United States Allison Taylor and President Omar Hassan of the fictional Islamic Republic of Kamistan (IRK). The season is set in New York City, with CTU's New York City Office having been re-activated, but while there were originally no plans for filming in New York due to budget constraints, some scenes were shot on-location.\n\nThe three main acts of season eight are:\n CTU pursues Hassan's brother who is working with the Russian mafia to have nuclear rods transported to his home country.\n Multiple government agencies pursue Kamistani terrorists who kill Farhad Hassan and attempt to strike at America directly.\n Jack wages a one-man war against the members of the Russian government who are responsible for the conspiracy after Allison Taylor refuses to do anything that could jeopardize the treaty.\n\nMajor subplots\n Jack worries that Renee Walker has become a danger to herself and others.\n A relatively inexperienced CTU team is limited in its ability to help Jack.\n Dana Walsh fears that she will lose her job when a stalker threatens to reveal that she has a criminal record.\n A mole at CTU helps the terrorists evade authorities.\n Extremists in the Taylor administration believe that the safest option is to give in to the terrorist demands.\n Charles Logan makes a return and wishes to exact revenge on Jack Bauer.\n Chloe O'Brian attempts to rein Jack in before his actions either get him killed or cause an international crisis.\n\nSummary\nThe signing of an important treaty between the US and the IRK (Islamic Republic of Kamistan) is about to take place at the UN. Kamistani terrorists, resentful of America and disappointed at Hassan's willingness to concede their attempts at developing nuclear weapons, choose this day to attempt to assassinate the Kamistani president, Omar Hassan. The assassination attempt is initially led by Hassan's brother Farhad.\n\nCTU learns from the rescue of Hassan that terrorists have a plan to acquire nuclear rods from the Russian mob. With the help of Renee Walker, who is struggling to keep her life together, Jack goes undercover and forces the cooperation of Sergei Bazhaev's mob family. The nuclear rods are given to Samir Mehran, when Bazhaev's older son Josef betrays him for killing his younger brother Oleg who was exposed to the rods and was suffering from radiation poisoning who plans to make a dirty bomb on American soil. Hassan's head of security, Tarin Faroush is revealed to be a part of Mehran's group and they present an ultimatum to Taylor's government \u2014 she must hand over Hassan for execution or the bomb will be detonated.\n\nWhen Taylor orders that Hassan still be protected at all costs, a US black-ops team attempts to kidnap him. Jack Bauer and the rest of Hassan's protective detail kill all but one member of the team but upon learning of the ultimatum, Hassan turns himself into Mehran. With the nuclear crisis averted, CTU agents attempt to save Hassan and close in on Mehran. However, they arrive to see that Hassan has already been killed. Taylor is able to resurrect the treaty by convincing Hassan's wife Dalia to assume her husband's position as interim President and to sign the treaty on her country's behalf.\n\nConsidering their duties to be over, Jack and Renee return to his apartment where they have a romantic encounter. However, a Russian assassin follows them there and fires through the windows to tie up loose ends. Renee is hit and a frantic race ensues as Jack rushes her to the hospital. She dies on arrival whereupon Jack  vows to avenge her death and bring everyone involved in the conspiracy and cover-up to justice. He learns that the Russian government are behind everything as they see the treaty as a threat to their influence in the world and supported and funded Mahran's group to destroy the peace process.    Allison Taylor though outraged by the conspiracy, still believes that good can come from the signing and decides to continue with the proceedings. She fears that Jack's actions will be enough to have the treaty called off and orders his lockdown. Jack frees himself and at the cost of a third world war, begins to hunt down and kill every member of the conspiracy that killed Walker and Hassan. Chloe who has assumed control of C.T.U is forced to issue a manhunt for Jack. This leads to a cat and mouse game when Charles Logan approaches Allison Taylor and offers to use the unique resources at his disposal to capture Bauer. Chole has her authority challenged when Logan has Jason Pillar installed at C.T.U and tries to prevent him and Logan from having Jack assassinated before he can expose the cover up.   \n\nJack kills Dana Walsh (the mole at CTU), Mikhail Novakovich (the Russian Foreign Minister) and Pavel Tokarev (the assassin who killed Renee). After ambushing Logan, Jack learns that Russian President Yuri Suvarov, who has arrived in New York for the signing is the mastermind behind the conspiracy. Jack aims a sniper rifle at Logan's office and orders him to lure Suvarov there so he can murder them both. Logan is forced to agree and Jack prepares to pull the trigger, but Chloe talks him out of it at the last second. When President Taylor has free rein to sign the treaty and have Jack permanently silenced she has a change of heart and turns herself into the Attorney General. Wanted by Russian and American forces Jack says goodbye to Chloe who is watching him through the camera feed of a predator drone. She orders that the feed be turned off and sees Jack disappear from the screen as he disappears from her life.\n\nPlot twists affecting future seasons\n The death of Renee Walker.\n The resignation of President Allison Taylor.\n The suicide attempt of Charles Logan.\n The damaged friendship between Ethan Kanin and Allison Taylor.\n Jack Bauer becoming a fugitive for his crimes against the state.\n Political corruption and crimes carried out by Russian President Yuri Suvarov.\n\nCharacters\n\nStarring\n Kiefer Sutherland as Jack Bauer (24 episodes)\n Mary Lynn Rajskub as Chloe O'Brian (24 episodes)\n Anil Kapoor as Kamistan President Omar Hassan (15 episodes)\n Annie Wersching as Renee Walker (13 episodes)\n Mykelti Williamson as Brian Hastings (17 episodes)\n Katee Sackhoff as Dana Walsh (20 episodes)\n Chris Diamantopoulos as Rob Weiss (12 episodes)\n John Boyd as Arlo Glass (24 episodes)\n Freddie Prinze, Jr. as Cole Ortiz (24 episodes)\n Cherry Jones as President Allison Taylor (20 episodes)\n\nSpecial guest stars\n Gregory Itzin as Charles Logan (8 episodes)\n Elisha Cuthbert as Kim Bauer (2 episodes)\n\nGuest starring\n\nEpisodes\n\nProduction\nStarting with episode 18, Chip Johannessen was promoted to executive producer by the production company Imagine Television. An interview with Kiefer Sutherland seemed to indicate that season eight would take place within very close proximity to the closing events of season seven, but ultimately the story picked up more than a year after the events of the previous season. The show got permission to shoot in the UN building in New York City but Kiefer Sutherland said that they would \"probably use that primarily for exteriors\".\n\nTrailer\nIn October 2009, the debut trailer for Season 8 aired on Fox. It was titled \"Survive\" and hinted that the eighth season would be the last with the line \"All Jack Bauer has to do is survive one more day.\" The trailer shows Jack relaxing with his family and being warned about the impending threat to President Hassan's life. On November 26, 2009 a second trailer was released which featured the song \"Run This Town\" by Jay-Z.\n\nReception\nOn the review aggregator website Metacritic, the eighth season scored 67 out of 100, based on 19 reviews, indicating \"Generally favorable reviews\".\n\nGregory Itzin, who played former President Charles Logan this season, was nominated for Best Guest Actor in a Drama Series, four years after getting the nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. The series also received the nomination for the Television Critics Association Heritage Award. In a review by IGN, the writing in Season 8 was compared negatively to the writing in other seasons with \"It's always difficult to see a once vibrant and exciting show clearly drop in quality...the 24 writers simply didn't play fair \u2013 because there was no way the Dana from the beginning of the season could have been the Dana we saw later...This plot twist took an already frustrating character and made her even more of a mess. \"\n\nAward nominations\n\nHome media releases\nThe eighth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on  and in region 2 on\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:24 (TV series)\nCategory:2010 American television seasons\nCategory:Weapons of mass destruction in fiction"}
-{"text": "Przytu\u0142y-Las\n\nPrzytu\u0142y-Las  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Przytu\u0142y, within \u0141om\u017ca County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in \u0141om\u017ca County"}
-{"text": "List of de Havilland Vampire operators\n\nList of operators of the de Havilland Vampire:\n\n\u00d6sterreichische Luftstreitkr\u00e4fte\n\nRoyal Australian Air Force\nNo. 21 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 22 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 23 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 25 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 75 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 76 Squadron RAAF\nNo. 1 Advanced Flying Training School RAAF\nNo. 2 Operational Conversion Unit RAAF\nNo. 5 Operational Training Unit RAAF\nCentral Flying School RAAF\nFleet Air Arm\n723 Squadron RAN\n724 Squadron RAN\n\nBurmese Air Force 1954-1978, 8 x T.55s\n\nRoyal Canadian Air Force\nNo. 421 Squadron RCAF\n\nRoyal Ceylon Air Force 1954, 3 x T.55s delivered but not used and returned to de Havilland still crated, order for further T.55s and FB.52s cancelled.\n\nFuerza A\u00e9rea de Chile\n\nFuerza A\u00e9rea de Republica Dominicana operated 25 ex-Swedish F.1s and 17 ex-Swedish FB.50s.\n\nEgyptian Air Force\n\nSuomen Ilmavoimat\n\nArmee de l'Air\nAeronavale\n\nIndian Air Force\nIndian Naval Air Arm\n\nTentara Nasional Indonesia - Angkatan Udara operated six T.11s.\n\nIraqi Air Force\n\nIrish Air Corps\n\nItalian Air Force operated 268 Vampire from 1949 until 1960 \n\nJapan Air Self-Defense Force received one Vampire T.55 trainer for evaluation in 1955.\n\nRoyal Jordanian Air Force\n\nKatangese Air Force operated two ex-Portuguese T.11s.\n\nLebanese Air Force\n\nFuerza A\u00e9rea Mexicana retired their Vampires in 1970.\n\nRoyal New Zealand Air Force\nNo. 14 Squadron RNZAF\nNo. 75 Squadron RNZAF\n\nRoyal Norwegian Air Force\nNo. 336 Squadron RNoAF\nNo. 337 Squadron RNoAF\nNo. 339 Squadron RNoAF\nJet Training Wing\n\nFor\u00e7a A\u00e9rea Portuguesa Two T. 55 trainers.\n\nRhodesian Air Force / Royal Rhodesian Air Force\n\nRoyal Saudi Air Force - 15 former Egyptian FB.52s delivered in 1957 and withdrawn in 1958.\nNo. 5 Squadron\n\nSouth African Air Force\n\nFlygvapnet operated 70 F.1 (designated J 28A); 310 FB.50 (J 28B) and 57 T.55 (J 28C) aircraft.\n\nSchweizerische Flugwaffe Kommando der Flieger und Fliegerabwehrtruppen (Flugwaffe)\n\nSyrian Air Force\n\nRoyal Air Force\nNo. 3 Squadron RAF F.1\nNo. 4 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 5 Squadron RAF F.3, FB.5\nNo. 6 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 8 Squadron RAF FB.9\nNo. 11 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 14 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 16 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 20 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 23 Squadron RAF NF.10\nNo. 25 Squadron RAF NF.10\nNo. 26 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 28 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 32 Squadron RAF F.3, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 45 Squadron RAF FB.9\nNo. 54 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5\nNo. 60 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 67 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 71 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 72 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5\nNo. 73 Squadron RAF F.3. FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 93 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 94 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 98 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 112 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 118 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 130 Squadron RAF F.1\nNo. 145 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 151 Squadron RAF NF.10\nNo. 185 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 213 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 234 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 247 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5\nNo. 249 Squadron RAF FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 266 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 501 Squadron RAF F.1, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 502 Squadron RAF F.3, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 595 Squadron RAF F.1\nNo. 601 Squadron RAF F.3\nNo. 602 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 603 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 604 Squadron RAF F.3\nNo. 605 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5\nNo. 607 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 608 Squadron RAF F.1, F.3, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 609 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 612 Squadron RAF FB.5\nNo. 613 Squadron RAF F.1, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 614 Squadron RAF F.3, FB.5, FB.9\nNo. 631 Squadron RAF F.1\nNo. 202 Advanced Flying School RAF\nNo. 203 Advanced Flying School RAF\nNo. 206 Advanced Flying School RAF\nNo. 208 Advanced Flying School RAF\nNo. 210 Advanced Flying School RAF\nNo. 226 Operational Conversion Unit RAF\nNo. 229 Operational Conversion Unit RAF\nNo. 233 Operational Conversion Unit RAF\nNo. 1 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 3 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 4 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 5 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 7 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 8 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 9 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 10 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 11 Flying Training School RAF\nNo. 102 Flying Refresher School RAF\nNo. 103 Flying Refresher School RAF\nCentral Flying School\nRoyal Air Force College\nCentral Air Traffic Control School\nCentral Navigation and Control School\nFleet Air Arm\n\nFuerza A\u00e9rea Venezolana\n\nZimbabwe Air Force\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\n .\n \n .\n\nde Havilland Vampire"}
-{"text": "Carella\n\nCarella may refer to:\nC.J. Carella, RPG maker and novelist\nEmmanuel Carella, an Australian singer \nSteve Carella, Detective in the American television show 87th Precinct \nEnzo Carella, Italian singer"}
-{"text": "Charlotte Caniggia\n\nCharlotte Chantal Solange Caniggia Nannis  (born 15 February 1993) is a model, and media personality. She is the daughter of retired professional footballer Claudio Caniggia with retired model Mariana Nannis.\n\nBiography \nHer television appearances started in 2012 when she participated in the eight season of Bailando por un Sue\u00f1o in Argentina.\n\nIn early 2015 Charlotte took part (with Cecilia Rodriguez, Fanny Neguesha, Cristina Buccino, Rocco Siffredi, Valerio Scanu, Alex Belli and others contestants) in the tenth season of the Italian reality show L'isola dei famosi (Celebrity Survivor) hosted for the first time by Alessia Marcuzzi with Alvin on Canale 5.\n\nIn early 2016 Charlotte took part in the fourth season of the Spanish reality show Gran Hermano VIP 4. In March, she participated again in \"El Bailando\", in its 2016 edition, Bailando 2016, in Argentina.\n\nIn 18 September 2017, Charlotte Caniggia is hostess of her docu-reality programme \"MTV Caniggia Libre\".\n\nIn 2019, she participated again in \"El Bailando\", in its 2019 edition, Bailando 2019, in Argentina.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Argentine female models\nCategory:Argentine expatriates in Italy\nCategory:People from Buenos Aires\nCategory:Participants in Italian reality television series\nCategory:Hispanic and Latino American female models"}
-{"text": "Choctaw Casinos & Resorts\n\nChoctaw Casinos & Resorts is a chain of eight Indian casinos and hotels located in Oklahoma, owned and operated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. \n\nThe original location in Durant has  of gaming floor, over 4,200 slot machines, and 776 hotel rooms. The resort has two casinos and two hotels within the complex. The South Casino was completed in 2006 with  of floor space, and the North Casino was completed in 2010 with  more floor space. Choctaw Inn has 101 hotel rooms, and the newer Grand Tower has  of floor space, 330 rooms and suites, and is 12 floors tall. The $360 million resort is the flagship of the Choctaw Nation gaming industry.\n\nLocations\n Choctaw Casino \u2013 Broken Bow\n Choctaw Casino \u2013 Idabel\n Choctaw Casino \u2013 McAlester\n Choctaw Casino \u2013 Stigler\n Choctaw Casino \u2013 Stringtown\n Choctaw Casino Hotel \u2013 Pocola\n Choctaw Casino Resort \u2013 Durant\n Choctaw Casino Resort \u2013 Grant\n\nHistory\n\nThe Choctaw Casino Resort sits on a 50-acre site, adjacent to the former Choctaw Casino Bingo. The Choctaw Casino Bingo was built in 1987 and was the first of the Choctaw gaming franchise. In 2006, the original $60 million resort (now known as the South Casino) was completed with the construction. Soon after completion, tribal officials determined they built too small for their clientele and went underway with an expansion. In February 2010, a larger casino was built adjacent to the existing resort and became known as the North Casino. The Grand Hotel Tower is built atop the North Casino. The Bingo Hall then closed, shortly after the opening of the expansion.\n\nDurant\n\nTourism\n\nThe Choctaw Casino Resort and Choctaw Casino Bingo complex is a major tourist destination for Durant, the State of Oklahoma, North Texas, including the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Kansas. Some 5,000-6,000 people patronize the facility each week, about 300,000 annually. About 81 percent of the casino's customers are from Texas, and the casino is heavily marketed on television, radio, and the internet to people in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. Marketing materials put emphasis on the casino's location as being \"One Hour North of Dallas.\"\n\nFacilities\n\nThe Choctaw Lodge and Choctaw Inn\nIn addition to the main tower, the Choctaw Lodge has 59 rooms and offers a free breakfast. The Choctaw Inn offers over 100 rooms, and is built next to the Oasis and is linked to the casino.  Both of these properties were refurbished in December 2012. The Choctaw Lodge is non-smoking and pet-friendly.\n\nThe Oasis\nIn addition to the casino's gaming floor, the Choctaw Casino & Resort features The Oasis swimming area where visitors will find multiple pool areas, water slides, Jacuzzis, cabanas, and dive-in movies being shown on an inflatable screen during the summer months.\n\nChoctaw Wellness Center\nThe Choctaw Wellness Center has amenities including a full gymnasium, batting cage, and an indoor walking track.\n\nThe District\nCompleted in September 2015, the District is an entertainment center with attractions including a video arcade, movie theater, bowling alley, and laser tag arena. The District is a non-smoking area.\n\nChoctaw Nation\nThe Choctaw casinos in Oklahoma are owned and operated by the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. Proceeds from the casino are used to fund many development programs benefiting local communities and the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.\n\nSources\nChoctaw Casinos Oklahoma\nChoctaw Nation of Oklahoma\nOklahoma Indian Gaming Association\nNational Indian Gaming Commission\nChoctaw Casino Resort - The District\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Choctaw\nCategory:Casinos in Oklahoma\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Bryan County, Oklahoma\nCategory:Native American casinos\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Bryan County, Oklahoma\nCategory:Casino hotels"}
-{"text": "International fronton\n\nThe International fronton is an indirect style ball game created to bring together some varieties (such as American handball, Basque pelota, Patball, Gaelic handball, P\u00eal-Law (Welsh handball) and Valencian front\u00f3), and to be played in the Handball International Championships. It is known as One Wall Handball.\n\nCourtfield \n\nInternational fronton takes back its courtfield to the most basic version of the indirect style: One wall where the ball must bounce.\n\nThis only wall, the fronton, is 6,10m wide and 4,90m high. From the left and right corners two lines are drawn on the ground, 10,60m long, that mark the place into which the ball may bounce, this is the courtfield.\n\nThere must be some free space out the courtfield (1,80 wide) for the players to play balls that are risking to bounce twice.\n\nAt 4,90m from the fronton wall there is a line on the ground, the fault line. The serving player must throw the ball before that line, and the ball must surpass it after bouncing on the fronton.\n\nAt 10,60m from the fronton there is another line on the ground, the back line, which the ball may not bounce from.\n\nIn agreement with American handball (and unlike Basque pelota and Valencian front\u00f3) there is no left or back wall, the ball may bounce on the lines, and, specially, there is no line on the fronton for the ball to ball over.\n\nBall \nThe International fronton ball is a synthetic one, without any default colour. Diameter: 4,80\u00a0cm, weight: 65gr.\n\nRules \nTwo players (1 against 1) or four players (2 against 2) play to score points until one of them attain two sets (composed by 21 points).\n\n(In case of a tie, 1-1 sets, a third set is played, where the first service is done by the winner of the previous set)\n\nPlayers strike the ball with the hand so that it bounces on the fronton and falls into the courtfield. Whoever fails to do so commits a fault and so loses a point, then the opponent serves.\n\nA fault is committed if:\n The player hits the ball with any other part of the body but the hand,\n The ball doesn't bounce on the fronton,\n The ball's first bounce on the ground is out the courtfield,\n The player strikes the ball after a second bounce on the ground.\n\nSee also \n Handball International Championships\n American handball\n Basque pelota\n Gaelic handball\n P\u00eal-Law (Welsh handball)\n Valencian fronto\n\nExternal links \n Muurkaatsen, 1-wall\n\nCategory:Ball games\nCategory:Individual sports\nCategory:Team sports\nCategory:Valencian pilota competitions"}
-{"text": "LGBT rights in Vatican City\n\nThe legal code regarding homosexuality in the Vatican City is based on the Italian penal code of 1929, the time of the founding of the sovereign state of the Vatican City. From 1929 to 2008, the Vatican City automatically adopted most Italian laws; however, it was announced in late 2008 that the Vatican would no longer automatically adopt new Italian laws as its own.\n\nCriminal law\n\nThere are no criminal laws against non-commercial, private, adult and consensual same-sex sexual activity. Since 2013, the age of consent is 18 years old, except for sex within marriage, in which case it is 14 years old.\n\nThe 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church which represents the present Catholic Doctrine says that homosexuals may not be unjustly discriminated against.  On December 18, 2008, the Holy See endorsed the decriminalization of same-sex sexual activity, despite expressing opposition to the wording of the \"Declaration on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity\" presented at the UN General Assembly that same day.\n\nForeign diplomats, in order to be accredited, must not be part of a same-sex family, and must not be divorced. In 2008, Jean-Loup Kuhn-Delforge, who is an openly gay diplomat, and who is in a civil pact with his partner, was rejected by Roman Catholic officials to be the French ambassador to the Holy See. In 2015, Laurent Stefanini, an openly gay practising Catholic diplomat was rejected by Roman Catholic officials to be the French ambassador to the Holy See although he was single, and was backed by President Francois Hollande and was supported by France's top Curia cardinal, Jean-Louis Tauran who was the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, and Cardinal Andr\u00e9 Vingt-Trois, Archbishop of Paris. Despite French refusal to back down from his nomination, and a stand-off with the Vatican that resulted in the position being vacant from March 2015 to May 2016, France nominated another Diplomat in May 2016.\n\nCivil rights\nVatican City State does not have any civil rights provisions that include sexual orientation or gender identity.  However, the 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that while homosexual acts are gravely disordered, there may be no unjust discrimination against homosexuals.\n\nOn January 13, 1998, the LGBT activist of Arcigay Alfredo Ormando set himself on fire in St. Peter's Square (which is under the jurisdiction of the Vatican City) in protest against the attitude of deep-rooted refusal that has always been expressed by the Catholic religion towards homosexuality. As a result of the severe burns suffered, he died a few days later in the hospital.\n\nRecognition of same-sex relationships\n\nThe Vatican City has always expressed its sharpest disagreement against any civil recognition of same-sex unions and same-sex marriage and against the granting of adoption rights to same-sex couples.\n\nDiscrimination protections\n\nThe Vatican reserves the inalienable right to remove, suspend and dismiss immediately any official and employee who publicly admits to being gay or who even questions the general policy of the Vatican towards homosexuals.\n\nTransgender issues\nAccording to the Catechism of the Catholic Church:\n\n\"Man and woman have been created, which is to say, willed by God: on the one hand, in perfect equality as human persons; on the other, in their respective beings as man and woman. \"Being man\" or \"being woman\" is a reality which is good and willed by God: man and woman possess an inalienable dignity which comes to them immediately from God their Creator. Man and woman are both with one and the same dignity \"in the image of God\". In their \"being-man\" and \"being-woman\", they reflect the Creator's wisdom and goodness.\"\n\nIn the 2016 document \"Amoris Laetitia\", written by Pope Francis after a Synod involving a great part of the Catholic bishops from the whole world, he writes that: \"It needs to be emphasized that \u201cbiological sex and the socio-cultural role of sex (gender) can be distinguished but not separated\u201d.\"\n\nHIV/AIDS\n\nThere are no known cases of AIDS or HIV infection in Vatican City. Internationally, the Vatican government has been a leading opponent of the use of condoms as part of any campaign to stop the spread of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.\n\nSummary table\n\nSee also\n\nLGBT rights in Europe\nCatholic Church and homosexuality\nIndex of Vatican City-related articles\nInstruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and to Holy Orders\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Politics of Vatican City\nVatican City\nVatican City\nCategory:Human rights in Vatican City"}
-{"text": "Southland Province\n\nThe Southland Province was a province of New Zealand from March 1861, when it split from Otago Province, until 1870, when it rejoined Otago.\n\nHistory\nWhen provinces were formed in 1853, the southern part of New Zealand belonged to Otago Province. Settlers in Murihiku, the southernmost part of the South Island purchased from M\u0101ori in 1853 by Walter Mantell, petitioned the government for separation from Otago. Petitioning started in 1857, and the Province of Southland was proclaimed in 1861. It was named Southland despite the wishes of settlers and M\u0101ori, who preferred Murihiku.\n\nThe province started to accumulate debt, whereas Otago prospered due to the Central Otago Gold Rush. By the late 1860s, most settlers wanted to become part of the Otago Province again, and this was achieved in 1870.\n\nArea\nThe province was much smaller than the present day Southland region. The area was bounded by the Mataura River (east), the Waiau River (west), and a line from Eyre Peak to Lake Manapouri (north). Stewart Island was purchased by the Crown in 1863 and added to the area. The capital and largest settlement of Southland Province was Invercargill.\n\nRailways\nThe Southland Province began a number of railway projects. The branch to Bluff (Which was known as Campbelltown until 1917) opened on 5 February 1867. It was built to international standard gauge of 1,435\u00a0mm (4 feet 8.5\u00a0inches), wider than the national gauge of 1,067\u00a0mm (3 feet 6\u00a0inches) gauge. When the central government passed legislation setting a single standard for track gauges, the line was converted to the new gauge in a single day, 18 December 1875. The railway later became part of the New Zealand Railways Department.\n\nAnniversary Day\nFounded: 1 April 1861 \n\nNew Zealand law provides an anniversary day for each province.\n\nSuperintendents\nThe Southland Province had three Superintendents:\n\nLegislation\n 1861 Breaks away from Otago Province\n 1870 Reunited with Otago\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n A page containing a map of the old provincial boundaries is available here.\n\nCategory:Southland, New Zealand\nCategory:Provinces of New Zealand\nCategory:States and territories established in 1861\nCategory:1870 disestablishments in New Zealand\nCategory:1861 establishments in New Zealand"}
-{"text": "Wacey Hamilton\n\nWacey Hamilton (born September 10, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He is currently playing for the Utica Comets in the American Hockey League (AHL).\n\nPlaying career\nHamilton played his junior ice hockey with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League, ending his junior career in 2011. Undrafted, Hamilton attended the Colorado Avalanche 2010 training camp before returning for his final junior season. On March 8, 2011, the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL) signed Hamilton to a three-year entry-level contract.\n\nHe made his professional debut in the 2011\u201312 season, playing in 74 games for the Binghamton Senators of the American Hockey League (AHL) and two with the Elmira Jackals of the ECHL. In 2012\u201313, Hamilton missed the season's first 35 games with Binghamton, returning to the line-up to play 38 games with the Senators, recording four goals and four assists.\n\nFollowing the 2013\u201314, the Senators did not tender a qualifying offer to Hamilton and as a result he became an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2014. Unable to garner NHL interest, Hamilton accepted an try-out contract with the Utica Comets of the AHL on September 29, 2014.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Cochrane, Alberta\nCategory:Ice hockey people from Alberta\nCategory:Camrose Kodiaks players\nCategory:Binghamton Senators players\nCategory:Canadian ice hockey centres\nCategory:Elmira Jackals (ECHL) players\nCategory:Medicine Hat Tigers players\nCategory:Utica Comets players\nCategory:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States"}
-{"text": "Mako Urushizaki\n\nis a Japanese badminton player. She was the member of the San-in Godo Bank badminton club.\n\nAchievements\n\nBWF World Tour (1 runner-up) \nThe BWF World Tour, announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour are divided into six levels, namely World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.\n\nWomen's singles\n\nBWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 2 runners-up)\nWomen's singles\n\n  BWF International Challenge tournament\n  BWF International Series tournament\n  BWF Future Series tournament\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Hy\u014dgo Prefecture\nCategory:Japanese female badminton players"}
-{"text": "Myriophyllum spicatum\n\nMyriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil or spiked water-milfoil) is native to Europe, Asia, and north Africa, but has a wide geographic and climatic distribution among some 57 countries, extending from northern Canada to South Africa. It is a submerged aquatic plant, grows in still or slow-moving water, and is considered to be a highly invasive species.\n\nDescription\nEurasian watermilfoil has slender stems up to  long.  The submerged leaves (usually between 15\u201335\u00a0 mm long) are borne in pinnate whorls of four, with numerous thread-like leaflets roughly 4\u201313\u00a0mm long. Plants are monoecious with flowers produced in the leaf axils (male above, female below) on a spike 5\u201315\u00a0cm long held vertically above the water surface, each flower is inconspicuous, orange-red, 4\u20136\u00a0mm long. Eurasian water milfoil has 12- 21 pairs of leaflets while northern watermilfoil M. sibiricum only has 5\u20139 pairs. The two can hybridize and the resulting hybrid plants can cause taxonomic confusion as leaf characters are intermediate and can overlap with parent species.\n\nDistribution\nMyriophyllum spicatum is found in disperse regions of North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa.\n\nIntroduced areas\nMyriophyllum spicatum was likely first introduced to North America in the 1940s where it has become an invasive species in some areas. By the mid 1970s, watermilfoil had also covered thousands of hectares in British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and spread some  downstream via the Columbia River system into the Pacific Northwest of the United States.     Eurasian watermilfoil is now found across most of Northern America where it is recognized as a noxious weed.\n\nImpact\nIn lakes or other aquatic areas where native aquatic plants are not well established, the Eurasian plant can spread quickly. It has been known to crowd out native plants and create dense mats that interfere with recreational activity. Dense growth of Eurasian milfoil can also have a negative impact on fisheries by creating microhabitats for juvenile fish and obstructing space for larger fish ultimately disrupting normal feeding patterns. Due to the Eurasian milfoil plant's inability to provide the same microhabitat for invertebrates as compared to native aquatic plant species, densely populated areas of Eurasian milfoil create an ecosystem with less food sources for the surrounding fish. Dense Eurasian milfoil growth can also create hypoxic zones by blocking out sun penetration to native aquatic vegetation preventing them from photosynthesizing. Eurasian watermilfoil grows primarily from broken off stems, known as shoot fragments, which increases the rate at which the plant can spread and grow. In some areas, the Eurasian Watermilfoil is an Aquatic Nuisance Species. Eurasian watermilfoil is known to hybridize with the native northern watermilfoil (M. sibiricum) and the hybrid taxon has also become invasive in North America. This hybridization has been observed across the upper midwestern United States (Indiana, Minnesota, Michigan, Wisconsin) and in the Northwest (Idaho, Washington).\n\nControl\nThe aquatic moth Acentria ephemerella, the water veneer moth, feeds upon and damages this water milfoil. It has been used as an agent of biological pest control against the plant in North America. The milfoil weevil (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) has also been used as biocontrol. Another method for biocontrol is Grass Carp, (one of the Asian Carp species) which have been bred as sterile, is sometimes released into affected areas, since these fish primarily feed on aquatic plants and have proven effective at controlling the spread. However, the carp prefer many native species to the milfoil and will usually decimate preferred species before eating the milfoil. In Washington State the success rate of Grass Carp has been less than expected. They were used in 98 lakes and 39 percent of them had no submerged plant life left after only a short time.\n\nSince roughly 2000, hand-harvesting of invasive milfoils has shown much success as a management technique. Several organizations in the New England states have undertaken large scale, lake-wide hand-harvesting management programs with extremely successful results. Acknowledgment had to be made that it is impossible to completely eradicate the species once it is established. As a result, maintenance must be done once an infestation has been reduced to affordably controlled levels. Well trained divers with proper techniques have been able to effectively control and then maintain many lakes, especially in the Adirondack Park in Northern New York where chemicals, mechanical harvesters, and other disruptive and largely unsuccessful management techniques are banned. After only three years of hand harvesting in Saranac Lake the program was able to reduce the amount harvested from over 18 tons to just 800 pounds per year.\n\nManagement and spread prevention\nTrailering boats has proven to be a significant vector by which Eurasian milfoil is able to spread and proliferate across otherwise disconnected bodies of water. Effective methods for mitigating this spread, are visual inspections with subsequent hand removal or pressure washing upon boat removal. In the Okanagan River Basin of south-central British Columbia, a specially-adapted rototiller is used to dredge shallow water to damage or destroy the root system.\n\nChemistry\nMyriophyllum spicatum produces ellagic, gallic and pyrogallic acids and (+)-catechin, allelopathic polyphenols inhibiting the growth of blue-green alga Microcystis aeruginosa.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Species Profile- Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.  Lists general information and resources for Eurasian Watermilfoil.\n\nFlora Europaea: Myriophyllum spicatum\nFlora of Taiwan: Myriophyllum spicatum\n \nInvading Species.com Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ontario Federation of Anglers and Hunters\nJepson Manual Treatment\n USDA ARS. Foiling Watermilfoil\nPhoto gallery\n\nspicatum\nCategory:Flora of Lebanon\nCategory:Plants described in 1753"}
-{"text": "AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system\n\nThe AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system was developed by Raytheon to protect multiple US military aircraft from radar-guided missiles. The AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system is an anti-missile countermeasures decoy system used on multiple U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps aircraft, and by certain non-United States air forces. The system is manufactured by Raytheon Space and Airborne Systems at its facility in Goleta, California. The ALE-50 system consists of a launcher and launch controller installed on the aircraft (usually on a wing pylon), and one or more expendable towed decoys. Each decoy is delivered in a sealed canister and has a ten-year shelf life.\n\nWhen deployed, the decoy is towed behind the host aircraft, protecting the aircraft and its crew against RF-guided missiles by luring the missile toward the decoy and away from the intended target. In both flight tests and actual combat, the ALE-50 has successfully countered numerous live firings of both surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles. U.S. military pilots have nicknamed the decoy \"Little Buddy\".\n\nThe ALE-50 was first deployed in 1995, but is also used on the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and the B-1B Lancer. The ALE-50 has also been integrated into the next-generation ALQ-184(V)9 ECM pod, creating an integrated threat-protection system that can be carried on a larger number of platforms.\n\nThe ALE-50 expendable decoys\u2019 estimated value is $22,000 each. The latest production run of 1,048 units will be delivering through October 2010. \n\nThe ALE-50 towed decoy has provided combat-proven aircraft protection against RF missile threats in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Featuring low acquisition and life-cycle cost, the system adaptability enables installation and operation on virtually any airborne platform. The ALE-50 towed decoy is currently operational on the F-16, F/A-18E/F, and B-1B aircraft.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Electronic countermeasures\nCategory:Electronic warfare equipment\nCategory:Military electronics of the United States\nCategory:Equipment of the United States Air Force\nCategory:Military technology\nCategory:Raytheon products\nCategory:Towed decoys\nCategory:Weapons countermeasures"}
-{"text": "Cochas District, Yauyos\n\nCochas District is one of thirty-three districts of the province Yauyos in Peru.\n\nReferences"}
-{"text": "Marion Cunningham (Happy Days character)\n\nMarion Cunningham (n\u00e9e Kelp) is a fictional character played by Marion Ross on the sitcom Happy Days. She is one of the three characters to remain on the show for all 11 seasons. She is also one of three characters to be played by the same actors on Love American Style as well as Happy Days (the others being Richie and Potsie).\n\nBio\nMarion Cunningham is the wife of Howard Cunningham and the mother of Richie, Joanie, and (briefly) Chuck Cunningham; she is also like a surrogate mother to Fonzie.  She is a housewife and does what housewife stereotypes normally do. She often calls Richie by his given name \"Richard,\" and his friends by their real names, such as \"Warren\" (Potsie) and \"Arthur\" (Fonzie). The only character Marion does not call by his real name is Chachi. She is the only character in the show to address Fonzie by his real name \"Arthur,\" which she always does affectionately.\n\nTrivia\n Marion is referred to affectionately as \"Mrs. C\" by Richie's friends.\n Marion once became frustrated by her life as a housewife and fell out with Howard about it. Fonzie encouraged her to work at Arnold's as a waitress but she insulted Al's menu and interfered with people's orders (see \"Marion Rebels\" from Season 4).\n Marion became worried that Howard would leave her for a younger woman after she found out that one of her friends left his wife for a younger woman. She tries to prove to him that she is still young at heart but she goes completely over the top, Salome-style (see \"Marion's Misgivings\" from Season 5).\n Marion once went to jail after crashing Howard's beloved DeSoto into Arnold's ( see \"Marion Goes to Jail\" from Season 7).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Happy Days characters\nCategory:Fictional characters from Milwaukee\nCategory:Television characters introduced in 1972"}
-{"text": "Syn (goddess)\n\nIn Norse mythology, Syn (Old Norse \"refusal\") is a goddess associated with defensive refusal. Syn is attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson; and in kennings employed in skaldic poetry. Scholars have proposed theories about the implications of the goddess.\n\nAttestations\nIn chapter 35 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, High provides brief descriptions of 16 \u00e1synjur. High lists Syn eleventh, and details that she \"guards the doors of the hall and shuts them against those who are not to enter\". High additionally states that Syn is \"appointed in defense\" at things \"in legal matters in which she wishes to refute\" and that her name is connected to a saying where \"a denial (syn) is made when one says no.\"\n\nIn the Prose Edda book Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l, Syn is included among a list of 27 \u00e1synjur names. Syn also appears in two kennings used in works recorded in Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l: once for \"j\u00f6tunn\" (\"hearth-stone-Syn\") in \u00de\u00f3rsdr\u00e1pa by Eil\u00edfr Go\u00f0r\u00fanarson, and for \"woman\" (\"Syn [woman] of soft necklace-stand [neck]\") in a work attributed to Steinar.\n\nTheories\nRudolf Simek says that Syn ranks among the female goddesses whose names are recorded from the \"late heathen period\", but that prior to this these goddesses were considered among the collective d\u00edsir, and were, in turn, related to the Germanic Matronae.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). Snorri Sturluson: Edda. First published in 1987. London: Everyman. \n Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Myth and Legend. Cassell. \n Simek, Rudolf (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology. D.S. Brewer. \n\nCategory:\u00c1synjurCategory:Justice goddesses"}
-{"text": "Aphonogelia\n\nAphonogelia is a rare neuropsychological condition with which a person cannot laugh audibly.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Neuropsychology\nCategory:Laughter"}
-{"text": "Stephen Allen Benson\n\nStephen Allen Benson (May 21, 1816 \u2013 January 24, 1865) served as the 2nd President of Liberia from 1856 to 1864. Prior to that, he served as the 3rd Vice President of Liberia from 1854 to 1856 under President Joseph Jenkins Roberts. Benson was the first president to have lived in Liberia since childhood. He and his family were among the earliest American immigrants, arriving in 1822.\n\nEarly life\nBenson was born in Cambridge, Maryland, United States, to free born African-American parents.  In 1822, his family emigrated to the newly established country of Liberia, sailing aboard the Brig Strong. Shortly after his arrival in August 1822, the colony was taken over by African natives, holding Benson and his relatives captive for four months.\n\nFor four years, he was a military shopkeeper. He was also a private secretary to Thomas Buchanan, the last of Liberia's white governors. Benson later became a successful businessman. Benson joined the militia in 1835, and in 1842 became a delegate to the Colonial Council. After Liberia's independence in 1847 he became a judge. He was also a Methodist preacher.\n\nPresidency (1856\u201364)\nIn 1853 Benson became the vice president to Joseph Jenkins Roberts, and after Roberts left office in 1856, Benson succeeded Roberts as President of Liberia.\n\nForeign relations\nBenson obtained the recognition of Liberia from Belgium in 1858, Denmark in 1860, and diplomatic recognition from the United States in 1862. That same year he visited Europe, and obtained recognition from Italy. Norway and Sweden recognised Liberia either in 1863 or 1849, Haiti in 1864 or 1849 (accounts differ).\n\nExpansion; relations with indigenous people\nIn 1857, Benson organised the annexation of the Republic of Maryland.  \nBenson, who knew many indigenous languages, sought collaboration with the native tribes, in contrast to previous Liberian policy, which emphasised American-Liberian superiority and Western customs. \nRegrettably, this new policy remained largely unimplemented.\nBy 1860, through treaties and purchases with local African leaders, Liberia had extended its boundaries to include a 600-mile (1000\u00a0km) coastline.\n\nFinances\nWhereas government revenue decreased as a result of the restrictive law, increased military spending to suppress the numerous revolts and wars added to the public deficit. This deteriorated an already precarious financial situation. Consequently, the Liberian Government faced financial bankruptcy on more than one occasion.\nThe overall Liberian economy was also contracting during these years, as palm kernel oil exports to the United States declined. This was due to competition from the whale oil industry and the new mineral oil industry, still in its infancy. Whereas palm kernel oil was once a prized source for lantern light oil, market tastes had changed. This would also prove true of certain coffee exports, as Coffee Arabica would replace blends grown and traded locally as the world markets flavour of choice after this period.\n\nRetirement\nAfter the end of his presidency Benson retired to his coffee plantation in Grand Bassa County where he died in 1865.\n\nLegacy\nBenson is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, Trachylepis bensonii, which is endemic to Liberia.\n\nSee also\nHistory of Liberia\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nsee History of Liberia, further reading\n\nExternal links\nBiography\n \nsee also History of Liberia, external links\nS. A. Benson, President of Liberia  article in National Magazine,  April 1856, pages 311-317\n\nCategory:Presidents of Liberia\nCategory:Vice Presidents of Liberia\nCategory:1816 births\nCategory:1865 deaths\nCategory:Americo-Liberian people\nCategory:People from Cambridge, Maryland\nCategory:People from Grand Bassa County"}
-{"text": "Agafonovskaya\n\nAgafonovskaya () is a rural locality (a village) in Oshevenskoye Rural Settlement of Kargopolsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. The population was 7 as of 2010.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Arkhangelsk Oblast"}
-{"text": "Majala\n\nMajala may refer to several places in Estonia:\nMajala, Tartu County, village in Elva Parish, Tartu County\nMajala, V\u00f5ru County, village in V\u00f5ru Parish, V\u00f5ru County"}
-{"text": "Platform Beer Company\n\nPlatform Beer Company is a business unit of AB-Inbev in the Ohio City neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio.\n\nHistory\nPlatform Beer began as a collaboration by Paul Brenner, a homebrew supply store owner, and Justin Carson, owner of a draft line servicing company. The Lorain Avenue brewpub, which opened to the public in 2014, occupies a building that previously housed part of the Leisy Brewing Company (est. 1873). Besides its primary aim of producing beer for the Northeast Ohio market, Platform's secondary mission is to educate and facilitate brewing education in the Greater Cleveland area. In addition to its availability on draught in local bars and in cans via retail, Platform's beers are also served in Progressive Field and FirstEnergy Stadium. In 2016, Platform procured a building in Columbus, Ohio, where a second brewpub is now open. In August of 2019 Platform Beer Company was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland\nCategory:Beer brewing companies based in Ohio\nCategory:Culture of Cleveland\nCategory:Ohio City, Cleveland"}
-{"text": "P\u0103cal\u0103\n\nP\u0103cal\u0103 (Romanian, from a p\u0103c\u0103li, \"to dupe\"; sometimes rendered P\u00e2cal\u0103 or P\u00eecal\u0103) is a fictional character in Romanian folklore, literature and humor. An irreverent young man, seemingly a peasant, he reserves contempt and irony for the village authorities (whether priest, boyar or judge), but often plays the fool. Several derivative works codify the various versions of P\u0103cal\u0103 anecdotes. Examples include: P\u00e2cal\u0103, by Ion Creang\u0103; P\u0103cal\u0103 \u00een satul lui (\"P\u0103cal\u0103 in His Village\") by Ioan Slavici; Ispr\u0103vile lui P\u0103cal\u0103 (\"P\u0103cal\u0103's Achievements\") by Petre Dulfu; and \u00cent\u00e2mpl\u0103rile lui P\u0103cal\u0103 (\"The Adventures of P\u0103cal\u0103\"), part of Legende sau basmele rom\u00e2nilor.\n\nP\u0103cal\u0103 legends also served to inspire other creations, from the eponymous satirical magazine put out by Pantazi Ghica in the 1860s to Constantin S. Nicol\u0103escu-Plop\u0219or's 1960s sequel Tivisoc \u015fi Tivismoc (\"Tivisoc and Tivismoc\"). He is the main protagonist in two Romanian films, both written and directed by Geo Saizescu; and inspired artist Sandu Florea to create his first comic strip (1968).\n\nCategory:Fictional Romanian people\nCategory:Romanian humour\nCategory:Romanian mythology\nCategory:Literary characters\nCategory:Mythological tricksters\nCategory:Romanian folklore\nCategory:Humor and wit characters"}
-{"text": "Arlo Chavez\n\nArlo Chavez is a Filipino boxer who has competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics.\n\nBackground\nArlo Chavez was born in August 1, 1966 at Bantayan Island in Cebu. He was also a gold medalist at the 1994 Asian Games which he obtained in the welterweight class competition.\n\nHe and his brother Ronald competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.\n\nResults \n1992 Summer Olympics\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1966 births\nCategory:Boxers from Cebu\nCategory:Boxers at the 1992 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Lightweight boxers\nCategory:Filipino male boxers\nCategory:Olympic boxers of the Philippines\nCategory:Asian Games gold medalists for the Philippines\nCategory:Asian Games bronze medalists for the Philippines\nCategory:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games\nCategory:Boxers at the 1994 Asian Games\nCategory:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games\nCategory:Boxers at the 1990 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in boxing"}
-{"text": "Goj\u010devi\u0107i\n\nGoj\u010devi\u0107i  is a municipality of Novo Gora\u017ede, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Novo Gora\u017ede"}
-{"text": "Wasatch Range\n\nThe Wasatch Range ( ) is a mountain range in the western United States that runs about  from the Utah-Idaho border south to central Utah . It is the western edge of the greater Rocky Mountains, and the eastern edge of the Great Basin region.  The northern extension of the Wasatch Range, the Bear River Mountains, extends just into Idaho, constituting all of the Wasatch Range in that state.\n\nIn the language of the native Ute people, Wasatch means \"mountain pass\" or \"low pass over high range.\" According to William Bright, the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term wasattsi, meaning \"blue heron\".\n\nOverview\n\nSince the earliest days of white settlement, most of Utah's population has chosen to settle along the range's western front, where numerous rivers exit the mountains. For early settlers, the mountains were a vital source of water, timber, and granite. Today, 85% of Utah's population lives within  of the Wasatch Range, mainly in the valleys just to the west. This westside concentration is known as the Wasatch Front and has a population of just over 2,000,000. Salt Lake City lies between the Wasatch Range and the Great Salt Lake.\n\nThe range's highest point \u2014  \u2014 is Mount Nebo, a triple peak rising above Nephi, at the southern end of the range. In some places the mountains rise steeply from the valley's base elevation of  to over . Other notable peaks include Mount Timpanogos, a massive peak which looms over northern Utah County and is especially prominent from Pleasant Grove and Orem; Lone Peak, the Twin Peaks, and Mount Olympus, which overlook the Salt Lake Valley; Francis Peak overlooking both Morgan and Davis counties; and Ben Lomond and Mount Ogden, both near Ogden.\n\nTopping out below , Wasatch peaks are not especially high compared to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado or even the Uinta Mountains (the other main portion of the Rocky Mountains in Utah). However, they are sculpted by glaciers, yielding notably rugged, sweeping upland scenery. They also receive heavy falls of snow: more than  per year in some places. This great snowfall, with its runoff, made possible a prosperous urban strip of some 25 cities along nearly  of mountain frontage. The Wasatch Range is home to a high concentration of ski areas, with 11 stretching from Sundance in northeastern Utah County to Powder Mountain and Wolf Mountain northeast of Ogden. There is also one ski resort in the Bear River Mountains (Beaver Mountain). Park City alone is bordered by two ski resorts. Due to the low relative humidity in wintertime, along with the added lake-effect from the Great Salt Lake, the snow has a dry, powdery texture which most of the local ski resorts market as \"the Greatest Snow on Earth\". The snow and nearby ski resorts helped Salt Lake City gain the right to host the 2002 Winter Olympics.\n\nSeveral of the canyons in the Lone Peak area, most notably Little Cottonwood Canyon, have a number of high-quality granite outcroppings, and make up a popular climbing area such as the Pfeifferhorn. Farther north, Big Cottonwood Canyon features tricky climbing on quartzite.\n\nThe densely vegetated narrow canyons of the Wasatch Range, such as Big Cottonwood Canyon and Little Cottonwood Canyon, are heavily visited; on September 25, 2005, 1,200 automobiles entered Little Cottonwood in an hour. The canyons sit within  of downtown Salt Lake City and the year-round paved roadways can reach  higher in elevation above the city within a short distance. Dirt roads readily drivable in passenger cars with moderate clearance stretch up from Park City, Heber, and Big Cottonwood Canyon. These reach about  above sea level and provide long-range high country views.\n\nGeography and geology\n\nMount Nebo, the highest peak of the Wasatch, is at the southern edge of the range. The Colorado Plateau comes to its northwest corner here as it meets the southern end of the Rocky Mountains. Immediately west of these two, the Great Basin, which is the northern region of the Basin and Range Province, begins and stretches westward across western Utah and Nevada until it reaches the Sierra Nevada near the Nevada/California border. The range is punctuated by a series of geologic faults, chief among them the Wasatch Fault. These faults also formed the Timpanogos Cave.\n\nThe northern Wasatch Range is punctuated by a series of mountain valleys. While the western side of the range drops sharply to the floors of the Wasatch Front valleys, the eastern side of the range is gentler, allowing for the construction of several ski resorts. The Cottonwoods, a particularly rugged and dense area just east of the Salt Lake Valley, shelters small mountain coves that harbor four world-famous ski resorts (Alta, Brighton, Solitude, and Snowbird). The eastern slopes of the Cottonwoods drop to the Snyderville Basin, which contains Park City and its two ski resorts (Park City Mountain Resort and Deer Valley). Much of the eastern side of the range from north of Salt Lake City to the Bear River Mountains is especially gentle in comparison to the rest of the range. The range widens east of Ogden, sheltering a high mountain valley known as the Ogden Valley. Three more ski resorts lie here, as well as several small towns (such as Huntsville, Liberty, and Eden).\n\nNorth of this, the Wellsville Mountains branch off from the northwest of the range, continuing a line of mountains paralleling the I\u201115 corridor. This range is exceptionally thin and steep. However, US\u201189/US\u201191 is maintained as a four-lane highway through the range at Wellsville Canyon east of Brigham City. Cache Valley, created by the Bear River, is flanked on the west by the Wellsville Mountains and the east by the much denser and higher Bear River Mountains. The northwestern border of Cache Valley is flanked by the Bannock Range in Idaho. The two highest peaks in this area are Mount Naomi and Mount Logan, each just under .\n\nThe southeastern portion of the range across Wasatch County transforms into the relatively flat, windswept Wasatch Plateau at an elevation of about  to . At its southeastern edge, just north of Helper, it runs into the Book Cliffs. Further north, the Heber Valley and Weber River Valley separate the Wasatch Range from the Uinta Mountains, while the Bear River Valley and Bear Lake Valley separate it from lower mountain ranges that mark the western edge of the Green River Basin.\n\nThe Wasatch Range is traversed by just seven highways, along with several rugged mountain roads and unpaved trails. The most prominent are I\u201180 through Parley's Canyon east of Salt Lake City, and I\u201184 through Weber Canyon southeast of Ogden. They meet near the ghost town of Echo on the eastern slopes of the range and continue northeast as I\u201180. Other highways through the range include US\u20116/US\u201189 through Spanish Fork Canyon, US\u2011189 through Provo Canyon, Utah State Route 39 extending east from Huntsville (a route which is closed in winter), US\u201189/US\u201191 through Logan Canyon, and along Idaho State Highway 36 near the northern end of the range.\n\nThe Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad had a line through the Wasatch Range, via Soldier Summit Pass and Spanish Fork Canyon. Now operated by the Union Pacific Railroad, the line is used by freight trains and Amtrak's California Zephyr.\n\nEcology\nThe Wasatch Range is part of the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains Level 3 Ecoregion, a temperate coniferous forest. Common trees include Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), subalpine fir (Abies bifolia), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens), and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) is common on the foothills of the range from just south of Brigham City in the north, to the southern extension of the Wasatch Range. It is not found in the northern portion of the Range. Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), while abundant elsewhere in Utah is not common in this mountain range, except in plantations in Big Cottonwood Canyon southeast of Salt Lake City and in Logan Canyon, east of Logan. Some individual trees have been found in remote areas of the Wasatch Range that appear to be relic individuals from past populations.\n\nSubspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) dominate drier portions of the landscapes. Most of the sagebrush that occurs in the Wasatch Range is mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana). Many of the valley bottoms at one time were occupied by basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata). Most of this subspecies has been removed, however, because it occurred on what constitutes prime agricultural lands.  In upper elevations, and on slightly more mesic sites than that of mountain big sagebrush, one can find subalpine big sagebrush (Artemisia tridenta ssp. spiciformis). This subspecies occupies productive sites and often has a lush understory of wildflowers and grasses. Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) occurs at the lowest and driest elevations, although much of the Wasatch Range is above the elevation where this subspecies occurs. All sagebrush species, combined, provide critical habitat to greater sage grouse, a species under consideration for listing by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.\n\nThe Wasatch Range is home to several plants that occur nowhere other than in this area.  Several of these are very rare and restricted to narrow geological formations, while others are more widely distributed throughout the area. Some of the less rare endemics include five-petal cliffbush (Jamesia americana var. macrocalyx), Sierra fumewort (Corydalis caseana ssp. brachycarpa), and Utah angelica (Angelica wheeleri).\n\nRecreation\n\nBesides ski resorts, the Wasatch range has hundreds of miles of mountain biking and hiking trails winding through the canyons and alpine valleys of the Wasatch Range. These offer back country access close to a large metropolitan area. There is rock climbing and mountaineering on the towering limestone, granite, and quartzite peaks and in many of the surrounding canyons. \n\nWinter recreation includes ski touring, ski mountaineering, snowshoeing.\n\nAlpine lakes and streams offer somewhat over-worked fishing opportunities. The Wasatch Mountain Club has regular activities. The Utah Native Plant Society conducts regular walks from spring until fall along the foothills of the central Wasatch Front and in adjoining canyons as the seasons progress. Many wildflowers bloom in the late summer in Albion Basin at the top of Little Cottonwood Canyon.\n\nSee also\n\n List of mountain ranges of Utah\n List of mountain ranges of Idaho\n\nReferences\n\nGeology of Utah, William Lee Stokes, Utah Museum of Natural History, Salt Lake City, 1986.\nWasatch Quartzite, John Gottman, Salt Lake City, 1979.\nWasatch Tours, Alexis Kelner & Dave Hanscom, Wasatch Publishers, Salt Lake City, 1976.\nFlora of the Central Wasatch Front, Utah. L. Arnow, B. Albee, & A Wycoff, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1980.\nGori, P.L. and Hays, W.W. (Eds.) (2000). Assessment of regional earthquake hazards and risk along the Wasatch Front, Utah [U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1500-K-R]. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.\n\nFurther reading\n Parry, William T. (2005). A Hiking Guide to the Geology of the Wasatch Mountains: Mill Creek and Neffs Canyons, Mount Olympus, Big and Little Cottonwood and Bells Canyons, .\n Veranth, John (1991). Wasatch Winter Trails,  .\n Veranth, John (2014). Hiking the Wasatch. 3rd Ed. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. \n Winters, Randy (2006). Utah's Eleveners: A Hiking and Climbing Guide to the 11,000-foot Mountains of Utah's Wasatch Range, .\n\nExternal links\n\n Aerial view of Wasatch Range\t\n Image of Cottonwood Ridge\n\n \nCategory:Mountain ranges of Utah\nCategory:Ranges of the Rocky Mountains\nCategory:Regions of Utah\nCategory:Wasatch Front\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Salt Lake County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Utah County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Juab County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Davis County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Morgan County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Weber County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Summit County, Utah\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Wasatch County, Utah\nCategory:Uinta National Forest\nCategory:Wasatch-Cache National Forest"}
-{"text": "Pen Ran\n\nPen Ran (, ), also commonly known as Pan Ron in some Romanized sources intended for English-speaking audiences, was a Cambodian singer and songwriter who was at the height of her popularity in the 1960s and early 1970s. Known particularly for her western rock and soul influences, flirtatious dancing, and risque lyrics, Pen Ran has been described by the New York Times as a \"worldly, wise-cracking foil\" to the more restrained Cambodian pop singers of her era. She disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide and her exact fate is unknown.\n\nLife and career\nVery little is known of Pen Ran's personal history. It has been established that she was from Battambang in northwestern Cambodia and attended the same school as the younger Ros Serey Sothea, another popular singer of the same era. Pen Ran had a sister named Pen Ram (sometimes Romanized as Pan Rom) who was also a singer in the later years of the Cambodian psychedelic rock scene.\n\nIn the 1960s, Cambodian Head of State Norodom Sihanouk, a musician himself, encouraged the development of popular music in Cambodia. Initially, pop records from France and Latin America were imported into the country and became popular, inspiring a flourishing pop music scene based in Phnom Penh and led by singers like Sinn Sisamouth. Pen Ran was an early entrant in this music scene, with the hit song \"Pka Kabas\" in 1963, but she became a national star when she began recording with Sinn Sisamouth in 1966. Starting in the late 1960s Ran recorded many collaborations with Sisamouth and other notable Cambodian singers of the period, while continuing her solo career. The debut of the popular Ros Serey Sothea in 1967 had little effect on Pen Ran's career and perhaps even broadened her popularity as the second leading lady of Cambodian popular music.\n\nStyle and legacy\n\nPen Ran was known for her unrestrained personality and western-oriented hairstyles and fashions, rejecting traditional demands on Khmer women and representing new and modern gender roles. Her onstage dancing and flirtatious lyrics were considered scandalous in Cambodia at the time. Translated titles of her songs indicate her risque focus on romance and sexuality (for example, \"I'm Unsatisfied\" and \"I Want to Be Your Lover\") and a rejection of traditional courtship (for example, \"It's Too Late Old Man\"). Near the end of her music career Pen Ran was still an unmarried career woman in her early thirties, which was also unusual for Cambodia at the time. She addressed this topic in the song \"I'm 31\" which was an answer to Ros Serey Sothea's hit song \"I'm 16.\"\n\nPen Ran was known to be a very versatile singer, having a repertoire consisting of traditional Cambodian music, rock, twist, cha cha cha, agogo, mambo, madizon, jazz, and folk. When discussing her vocal abilities, one researcher has said \"Pan Ron hits notes that shatter glass.\" Decades later, Nick Hanover described the unique combination of Cambodian and Western influences in the track \"Rom Jongvak Twist\" as \"a Cambodian spin on American dance crazes that sounds less like Chubby Checker than Lydia Lunch.\" Throughout her career, she is believed to have performed on hundreds of songs, many of which she wrote herself.\n\nPen Ran disappeared during the Khmer Rouge genocide of the late 1970s and her exact fate is unknown. Her younger sister Pen Ram said that she survived until the Vietnamese invasion of late 1978/early 1979 when the Khmer Rouge launched their final series of mass executions. Given the goal of the Khmer Rouge to remove foreign influences from Cambodian society, Pen Ran's individuality probably ensured her death. In a 2015 BBC documentary on the band Cambodian Space Project, who have covered many of Pen Ran's songs, it was alleged by an interview subject that she was tricked by the Khmer Rouge into performing one of her songs, after which she was led away and executed. Starting in the late 1990s, interest in Pan Ron's music was revived by the album Cambodian Rocks and similar CD compilations, while the documentary film Don't Think I've Forgotten described her as one of the most influential artists of her era, as well as one of the most popular artists amongst younger Cambodians.\n\nDiscography \nSome of the songs (from the hundreds) that she actually composed and sang herself or with Sinn Sisamouth or Ros Serey Sothea include:\n\nSolo performances\n\nBondam Tunle Buon Mouk\nBong Kom Pruoy/\"Don't Worry Darling\"\nChan Penh Boromey\nCherng Mek Por Kmao\nChnam Oun 31\nChongban Kour Sne/\"I Want To Be Your Lover\"\nChong Nov Ler Mek\nChrolom Pdey Keh\nJomBang Jet\nJumno Trocheak\nJuob Ter Bros Kbot\nKam Peah\nKanya Paet-Sep Kilau/Kanha 80 Kilo\nKdao Tngai Min Smoe Kdao Chit\nKe Kramom Tha Ke Chasa\nKmom Na Min Tech\nKomlos Chres Chab\nKomlos Lan Krahorm\nKonlong Pnhei Khluon\nMemeay Sabay Chet\nMini Samput Khaech/\"Mini Skirt\"\nMemay Bei Dong/\"Widowed Thrice\"\nMeta Oun Pong\nMin Jong Skoal Teh Kdey Snaeha\nMjas Chenda\nMtay Kaun\nOh Pleang Euy\nOun Deung\nOun Skol Chet Bong Srey\nOun Trov Ka Bong/\"I Need You\"\nPdey Khmeng/\"Young Husband\"\nPhaem Nas Sneha/\"Sweet Love\"\nPka Kabas\nPka Sondun\nPreah Paey Popok\nPros Chang Reiy\nPros Reang Yeh Yeh/Ya Ya Men\nPuos Vek Sork Sroka\nReatrey Nov Pailin\nRom Ago Ago/Rom Ton Kloun Nov Kmeng\nRom Jongvak Twist\nRom Min Chaet Te\nRom Som Leis Keh\nSabay Avey Mles\nSday Chit Del Sralanh\nSein Kmas Keh\nSneha/Kom Veacha Tha Sneha Knom (Cover of Bang Bang by Nancy Sinatra)\nSneh Krom Mlob Chhrey\nSomleng Kmous Kah\nSour Ey Sour Jos\nSrolanh Bong Dol Cha-eung\nSromai Jea Nich\nSva Rom Monkiss/\"Monkey Dance\"\nTom Gomsang Jenda\nTngai Na Bong Tomner\nTngai Nis Min Jol Pteas Te/\"Not Going Home Today\"\nTgnai Nis Reabka Knyom\nTngai Sonrak\nTonsa Mok Pi Na\nVeal Smoa Khiev Kchey\nWhen Will You Be Free\nYuop Nih Oun Throv Ka Bong\n\nDuets with Sin Sisamouth and other artists\n\nSomphor Chan Kreufa (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nKaal Na Pka Reek\nKuu Nep Nit\nAhnet Oun Phorng Pdei Euy (Pan Ron & Eng Nary)\nBondaet Kbone Laeng (Pan Ron & Sisamouth )\nBrorjum Knea Rom Sabay (Pan Ron)\nCer Chaet Chol Chnam (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nDeing Eiy Teh Bong (Pan Ron & Meas Samon)\nJole Jroke Sin Nean (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nKromom Tang Bey (Pan Ron, Ros Sereysothea & Huoy Meas)\nLit Ondat Chea Bakse (Pan Ron & Eng Nary)\nPasDai Ban Heiy (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nSahao Bomput Dot Manoos Tieng Ruos\nSmak Bong Lan Tmey\nSmak Oun Mouy (Pan Ron, Sothea & Sisamouth)\nSnea Douch Jeung Meik (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nSoom Gneak Mok Niss (Pan Ron, Sothea & Sisamouth)\nSrey Chnas Bros Chnerm (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nSrey No (Pan Ron & Eng Nary)\nSrey Sross Somross Kmean Ptum (1963)\nSrorlanh Srey Nas (Pan Ron & In Yeng)\nTgnai Jey Nak Phnom (Pan Ron & Tet Somnang)\nTov Surprise Mdong (Pan Ron & Sereysothea)\nTrov Bong Sleak Kbin (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\nSra Em Phalla (Pan Ron & Sisamouth)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cambodian female singers\nCategory:People from Battambang Province\nCategory:Khmer-language singers\nCategory:Khmer female singers\nCategory:Murdered entertainers\nCategory:People executed by the Khmer Rouge\nCategory:People who died in the Cambodian genocide\nCategory:20th-century singers\nCategory:20th-century women singers"}
-{"text": "Tropidion citrinum\n\nTropidion citrinum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1968.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Tropidion\nCategory:Beetles described in 1968"}
-{"text": "Lu\u00edsa, Duchess of Cadaval\n\nLu\u00edsa of Braganza, Duchess of Cadaval (; January 9, 1679 in Lisbon \u2013 December 23, 1732 in \u00c9vora) was a natural daughter of Portuguese King Peter II and a Portuguese lady named Maria da Cruz Mascarenhas.\n\nShe was raised among the family of secretary of state Francisco Correia de Lacerda and after that at the Monastery of Carnide with her aunt Maria of Braganza (natural daughter of John IV of Portugal). Lu\u00edsa married D. Lu\u00eds and after his death married D. Jaime de Melo, respectively 2nd and 3rd dukes of Cadaval.\n\nShe died in \u00c9vora, Alentejo, and is buried at the Convent of Saint John the Evangelist in the same city.\n\nReferences\n\"D. Lu\u00edsa. filha de D. Pedro II: uma princesa duas vezes duquesa\" by Lu\u00eds de Bivar Guerra, in \"Miscel\u00e2nia Hist\u00f3rica de Portugal\", n\u00ba 2, 1982\n\nExternal links\nGenealogical information on Lu\u00edsa de Bragan\u00e7a\n\nCategory:1679 births\nCategory:1732 deaths\nCategory:House of Braganza\nCategory:Illegitimate children of Portuguese monarchs\nCategory:People from Lisbon\nCategory:Portuguese royalty\nCategory:17th-century Portuguese people\nCategory:18th-century Portuguese people"}
-{"text": "Charlie Withers\n\nCharlie Withers (6 September 1922 \u2013 7 June 2005) was a professional footballer who played for Tottenham Hotspur, Boston United  and represented the England B team.\n\nFootball career \nWithers joined the Spurs as a junior and signed as a professional in October 1947. He played in the position of full back and completed 164 games and scored ten times in all competitions between 1947\u201355. An integral member of the push and run Championship winning side of 1950\u201351 when he featured in 39 games. On leaving Spurs, Withers transferred to Boston United.\n\nHonours \nTottenham Hotspur\n\nFootball League First Division Winners: 1950\u201351\n\nExternal links \nA-Z of Tottenham Hotspur players\n\nReferences \nhttp://www.bufc.drfox.org.uk/rollcall.html List of Boston United players.\n\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:2005 deaths\nCategory:People from Edmonton, London\nCategory:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players\nCategory:Boston United F.C. players\nCategory:English Football League players\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders"}
-{"text": "Victor Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m\n\nVictor David Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m (; 20 September 1879 \u2013 3 January 1960), sometimes known in the United States as Victor Seastrom, was a pioneering Swedish film director, screenwriter, and actor. He began his career in Sweden, before moving to Hollywood in 1924. Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m worked primarily in the silent era; his best known films include The Phantom Carriage (1921), He Who Gets Slapped (1924), and The Wind (1928). Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m was Sweden's most prominent director in the \"Golden Age of Silent Film\" in Europe. Later in life, he played the leading role in Ingmar Bergman's Wild Strawberries (1957).\n\nBiography\nBorn in \u00c5rj\u00e4ng/Silbodal, in the V\u00e4rmland region of Sweden, he was only a year old when his father, Olof Adolf Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m, moved the family to Brooklyn, New York. His mother died when he was seven years old in 1886. Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m returned to Sweden where he lived with relatives in Stockholm, beginning his acting career at 17 as a member of a touring theater company.\n\nDrawn from the stage to the fledgling motion picture industry, he made his first film in 1912 under the direction of Mauritz Stiller. Between then and 1923, he directed another forty-one films in Sweden, some of which are now lost. Those surviving include The Sons of Ingmar (1919), Karin, Daughter of Ingmar (1920) and The Phantom Carriage (1921), all based on stories by the Nobel Prize\u2013winning novelist Selma Lagerl\u00f6f. Many of his films from the period are marked by subtle character portrayal, fine storytelling and evocative settings in which the Swedish landscape often plays a key psychological role. The naturalistic quality of his films was enhanced by his (then revolutionary) preference for on-location filming, especially in rural and village settings. He is also known as a pioneer of continuity editing in narrative filmmaking.\n\nIn 1923, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m accepted an offer from Louis B. Mayer to work in the United States. In Sweden, he had acted in his own films as well as in those for others, but in Hollywood he devoted himself solely to directing. Using an anglicised name, Victor Seastrom, he made the drama film Name the Man (1924) based on the Hall Caine novel, The Master of Man. He directed stars of the day such as Greta Garbo, John Gilbert, Lillian Gish, Lon Chaney, and Norma Shearer in another eight films in America before his first talkie in 1930.\n\nUncomfortable with the modifications needed to direct talking films, Victor Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m returned to Sweden where he directed two more films before his final directing effort, an English-language drama filmed in the United Kingdom Under the Red Robe (1937). Over the following fifteen years, Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m returned to acting in the theatre, performed a variety of leading roles in more than a dozen films and was a company director of Svensk Film Industri. Aged 78, he gave his final acting performance, probably his best remembered, as the elderly professor Isaak Borg in Ingmar Bergman's film Wild Strawberries (1957).\n\nPersonal life \nSj\u00f6str\u00f6m was married three times. His daughter was actress Guje Lagerwall (1918-2019).\n\nVictor Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m died in Stockholm at the age of 80, and he was interred in the Norra begravningsplatsen (Northern cemetery).\n\nFilmography\n\nAs director \n\nEtt hemligt gifterm\u00e5l (1912)\nTr\u00e4dg\u00e5rdsm\u00e4staren (1912)\nMarriage Bureau (\u00c4ktenskapsbyr\u00e5n) (1913)\nLaughter and Tears (L\u00f6jen och t\u00e5rar) (1913)\nLady Marion's Summer Flirtation (Lady Marions sommarflirt) (1913)\nThe Voice of Passion (Blodets r\u00f6st) (1913)\nThe Conflicts of Life (Livets konflikter) (1913)\nIngeborg Holm (Margaret Day) (1913)\nHalf Breed (Halvblod) (1913)\nThe Miracle (Miraklet, Within the Gates) (1913)\nThe Poacher (K\u00e4rlek starkare \u00e4n hat eller skogsdotterns hemlighet) (1914)\nThe Clergyman (Pr\u00e4sten, Saints and Their Sorrows, The Parson) (1914)\nJudge Not (D\u00f6men icke) (1914)\nThe Strike (Strejken) (1914)\nA Good Girl Keeps Herself in Good Order (Bra flicka reder sig sj\u00e4lv) (1914)\nChildren of the Streets (Gatans barn) (1914)\nDaughter of the Peaks (H\u00f6gfj\u00e4llets dotter) (1914)\nHearts That Meet (Hj\u00e4rtan som m\u00f6tas) (1914)\nOne of the Many (En av de m\u00e5nga) (1915)\nGuilt Redeemed (Sonad skuld) (1915)\n Det var i maj (1915)\nThe Governor's Daughters (Landsh\u00f6vdingens d\u00f6ttrar, Det var i maj) (1915)\nStick to Your Last, Shoemaker (Skomakare, bliv vid din l\u00e4st) (1915)\nIn the Hour of Trial (I pr\u00f6vningens stund) (1915)\nThe Price of Betrayal (Judaspengar) (1915)\nThe Ships That Meet (Skepp som m\u00f6tas) (1916)\nThe Sea Vultures (Havsgamar, Predators of the Sea) (1916)\nShe Triumphs (Hon segrade) (1916)\nKiss of Death (D\u00f6dskyssen) (1916)\nTher\u00e8se (1916)\nA Man There Was (Terje Vigen) (1917)\nThe Lass from the Stormy Croft (T\u00f6sen fr\u00e5n Stormyrtorpet, The Girl from the Marsh Croft, The Woman He Chose) (1917)\nThe Outlaw and His Wife (Berg-Ejvind och hans hustru, Eyvind of the Hills, Love: The Only Law, You and I) (1918)\nSons of Ingmar (Ingmarss\u00f6nerna, Dawn of Love) (1919)\nHis Lordship's Last Will (Hans n\u00e5ds testamente, His Grace's Last Testament, His Grace's Will) (1919)\nThe Monastery of Sendomir (Klostret i Sendomir, Secret of the Monastery) (1920)\nKarin Daughter of Ingmar (Karin Ingmarsdotter, God's Way) (1920)\nA Lover in Pawn (M\u00e4sterman) (1920)\nThe Phantom Carriage (K\u00f6rkarlen, The Phantom Chariot, The Stroke of Midnight, Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness) (921)\nLove's Crucible (Vem d\u00f6mer, Mortal Clay) (1922)\nThe Surrounded House (Det omringade huset, The House Surrounded) (1922)\nFire on Board (Eld ombord, Jealousy, The Hell Ship) (1923)\nName the Man (1924)\nHe Who Gets Slapped (1924)\nConfessions of a Queen (1925)\nThe Tower of Lies (1925)\nThe Scarlet Letter (1926)\nThe Divine Woman (1928)\nThe Masks of the Devil (1928)\nThe Wind (1928)\nA Lady to Love (1930)\n Father and Son (1930)\nMarkurells of Wadk\u00f6ping (Markurells i Wadk\u00f6ping, Father and Son, Vater und Sohn) (1931)\nUnder the Red Robe (1937)\n\nAs actor \nTerje Vigen (A Man There Was, 1917) as Terje Vigen\nThomas Graals b\u00e4sta barn (Thomas Graal's First Child 1918) as Thomas Graal\nK\u00f6rkarlen (The Phantom Carriage, 1921) as David Holm\nThe Fight Continues (1941)\nThe Word (1943)\nTill gl\u00e4dje (To Joy, 1950, directed by Ingmar Bergman), as professor S\u00f6nderby\nSmultronst\u00e4llet (Wild Strawberries, 1957, directed by Ingmar Bergman), as professor Isak Borg\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Victor Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m at Virtual History\n \"Victor Sjostrom and Mauritz Stiller\" UC Santa Barbara Research Paper (2005) by Maximilian Schmige\n\nCategory:1879 births\nCategory:1960 deaths\nCategory:People from \u00c5rj\u00e4ng Municipality\nCategory:Swedish film directors\nCategory:Swedish male stage actors\nCategory:Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen\nCategory:Swedish male silent film actors\nCategory:20th-century Swedish male actors\nCategory:Swedish screenwriters\nCategory:Male screenwriters\nCategory:Swedish male writers\nCategory:Swedish male film actors\nCategory:Cinema pioneers"}
-{"text": "Copernicus Foundation\n\nThe Copernicus Foundation () is a 501(c)(3) not for profit organization based in the Jefferson Park neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois.\n\n It was founded by Poles in Chicago in 1971 in order to raise funds towards raising a monument for the famous  astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus to be set in front of the Adler Planetarium. After the monument's dedication at the 500th anniversary of Copernicus in 1973, the Polish-American community decided to use leftover funds towards the purchase of a cultural and civic center for Chicago's Polonia.\n\nAfter a thorough search for the permanent site of the Polish Cultural Center in Chicago, groundbreaking ceremonies took place at the old Gateway Theatre building located near Milwaukee and Lawrence avenues in 1979. Because the Gateway Theatre had been the first movie theater in Chicago built exclusively for the \"talkies,\" the Foundation decided to preserve the theater itself while remodeling around it. The \"Solidarity Tower,\" with its matching fa\u00e7ade, was erected atop the building which was modified to resemble the historic Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland. The tower is an exact replica of the clock tower adorning the castle and its Baroque spire is seen by commuters driving along the Kennedy Expressway.\n\nThe activities of the Copernicus Center include:\nThe Taste of Polonia Festival \u2013 an annual event at the Copernicus Center \nMayfest \u2013 or Polish fest \nJanuary charity event (for children with medical needs) \nThe Copernican Award\nMulti-Cultural Events \nModern Music Events \nCommunity Events \nVenue Rentals \n\nThe Copernicus Center is also a meeting place for Polish American & other Civic Organization Meetings, the Jefferson Park Chamber of Commerce Activities, the Northwest Chicago Historical Society, CAPS (Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy) Meetings, the DAC (District Advisory Council) Meetings, an Annual Law Fair, Dance Recitals, as well as Public Information and Referral Services\n\nSee also\n History of Chicago\n Poles in Chicago\n Polonia\n The Polish Constitution Day Parade\n Polish National Alliance\n Polish Falcons\n Polish Museum of America\n Polish Cathedral style churches\n Diaspora politics in the United States\n Culture of Chicago\n Polish-Americans\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Copernicus Center\n\nCategory:Non-profit organizations based in Chicago\nCategory:Cultural centers in the United States\nCategory:Polish-American culture in Chicago\nCategory:Charities based in Illinois\nCategory:Polish American"}
-{"text": "United Transportation Union\n\nThe United Transportation Union (UTU) was a broad-based, transportation labor union that represented about 70,000 active and retired railroad, bus, mass transit, and airline workers in the United States. The UTU was headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio. On August 11, 2014, it merged with the Sheet Metal Workers' International Association (SMWIA) to form the International Association of Sheet Metal, Air, Rail and Transportation Workers, known by the acronym SMART.\n\nMembership\n\nThe UTU is the largest railroad operating union in North America, with more than 500 locals. The UTU represents employees on every Class I railroad in the United States, as well as employees on many American regional and shortline railroads. It also represents bus and mass transit employees on approximately 45 bus and transit systems and has grown to include airline pilots, flight attendants, dispatchers and other airport personnel. The UTU is very interested in the airline sector and hopes to expand its representation with pilots and flight attendants. The UTU believes it is a viable alternative to other aviation labor unions because the UTU operates under the belief that it has been proficient in interpreting and enforcing  provisions of the Railroad Labor Act (RLA), under which airlines also operate.\n\nMembership is drawn primarily from the operating crafts in the railroad industry and includes conductors, brakemen, switchmen, ground service personnel, locomotive engineers, hostlers and workers in associated crafts. More than 1,800 railroad yardmasters also are represented by the UTU. The UTU's 8,000 bus and transit members include drivers, mechanics and employees in related occupations.\n\nHistory\nIn 1968 exploratory talks among the four brotherhoods\u2019 interested in forming one transportation union proved fruitful and plans were formulated for merging of the four operation unions into a single organization to represent all four operating crafts. The four unions were the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, the Order of Railway Conductors and Brakemen and the Switchmen\u2019s Union of North America.  The first three of these were considered fraternal orders, as well as labor unions.\n\nIn August 1968, the union presidents announced that after nine months of planning, a tentative agreement had been reached on all phases of unity. It was further announced that the name of the new organization would be the United Transportation Union and the target date for establishing the UTU was January 1, 1969. In Chicago on December 10, 1968, the tabulation of the voting revealed an overwhelming desire by the members of the four crafts to merge into a single union, and the United Transportation Union came into existence on January 1, 1969.\n\nThe new union had 230,000 members.\nThe first president was Charles Luna, formerly president of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. By 1978 the Union had 240,000 members in 1,000 branches.\nIn 1970, the International Association of Railway Employees joined the UTU.\nIn 1971 the UTU Insurance Association assumed the insurance and welfare plans of the brotherhoods who had formed the UTU.\nThe UTU held its first national convention in August 1971 in Miami Beach, Florida. Al Chesser, National Legislative Director of the UTU, was elected to succeed Luna, who was retiring.\n\nIn 1985, the Railroad Yardmasters of America joined.\n\nScholarship program \nThe Union began a scholarship program in 1973 for qualified children and grandchildren of its members. Fifty scholarships amounting to $50,000 were awarded each year.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Guide to Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen records, 1883-1973. 5149. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.\n Guide to Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. General Committee Files and Publications, 1883-1958. 5446. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Martin P. Catherwood Library, Cornell University.\n\nCategory:Railway unions in the United States\nCategory:AFL\u2013CIO\nCategory:Canadian Labour Congress\n*\nCategory:Trade unions disestablished in 2014"}
-{"text": "NGC 3054\n\nNGC 3054 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Hydra.  It was discovered by Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters in 1859.  It is probably in the same galaxy group as NGC 2935.  \n\nIn January 2006, a supernova (SN 2006T) was observed in NGC 3054.\n\nSee also\n New General Catalogue (NGC)\n NGC 1300\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n SIMBAD: NGC 3054 -- Galaxy\n Some pretty pictures!\n \n\nCategory:Intermediate spiral galaxies\nCategory:Hydra (constellation)\n3054\n28571"}
-{"text": "Isodemis longicera\n\nIsodemis longicera is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Vietnam.\n\nThe wingspan is 22\u00a0mm. The ground colour of the forewings is cream, with weak, cream brown and brown suffusions. The markings are brownish with dark brown parts. The hindwings are pale brownish grey.\n\nEtymology\nThe specific epithet refers to the terminal process of the sacculus and is derived from Latin longus (meaning long) and cera, from Greek keras (meaning a horn).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 2009\nCategory:Archipini\nCategory:Moths of Vietnam\nCategory:Taxa named by J\u00f3zef Razowski"}
-{"text": "Daimler India Commercial Vehicles\n\nDaimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. is a subsidiary of the German Daimler AG.  This company designs, manufactures, and sells commercial vehicles that cater to the demands of Indian customers and are designed with nation's terrain in mind. These vehicles are branded as \"BharatBenz\", \"Mercedes Benz\" and \"Fuso\".\n\nAfter starting production in June 2012, the first heavy-duty truck was launched in September 2012. The corporate office is located in sholinganallur, Chennai, and the plant is located at Oragadam, Kanchipuram District, Tamil Nadu. Currently, the Chief Executive Officer is Satyakam Arya.\n\nHistory\nDaimler AG has been active in the commercial vehicle business in India for decades. In 1954, the first truck specifically for the Indian market was a Mercedes-Benz, after Daimler-Benz granted a license for automobile production to India-based Tata Group. A year prior, Daimler-Benz acquired an equity interest in Tata. In 1970, Daimler-Benz and Tata entered into a licensing agreement, providing a framework for further activities. In addition, Daimler has licensed various products to other Indian manufacturers (e.g. Force Traveller). In 2007, Daimler introduced its heavy-duty truck Mercedes-Benz Actros to the Indian market. This vehicle is used primarily in mining operations.\n\nIn order to produce light, medium, and heavy-duty trucks for the Indian market, Daimler Trucks entered a joint venture with the Indian automobile group Hero. After receiving official approval from the Indian government in March 2008, Daimler Hero Motor Corporation Ltd. was established. The economic situation from late 2008 to mid-2009 necessitated re-positioning of Daimler Trucks' partnership with the Hero Group in India. As a result, Daimler AG and Hero Group announced on 15 April 2009 the dissolution of Daimler Hero Commercial Vehicles Ltd. in India. Afterwards, Daimler created a new Indian subsidiary without Hero Group's involvement, named Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.\n\nIn 1994, Daimler entered the Indian market and set up Mercedes-Benz India  with its headquarters in Pune. Mercedes-Benz India is also a subsidiary of Daimler AG and is responsible for the manufacture of passenger cars and bus chassis, along with the sales and service network.\n\nIn Bangalore, Daimler has set up its largest research and development location outside of Germany, the Mercedes-Benz Research & Development India Pvt. Ltd. In addition to conducting simulations of mechanical structures, the center develops software and uses CAE and CAD tools to design vehicle components. \nDaimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. (DICV) is a 100% subsidiary of Daimler AG, Germany. Its aim is to design, manufacture and sell medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that cater to the demand of Indian terrain and customers. These vehicles are known by the brand name \"BharatBenz\". 3 new trucks were launched on 26 September 2012. These include the 2523 R (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck), 2523 C (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Tipper truck) and the 3123 R (a 31 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck).\n\nWith the launch of the first                      3                                             Heavy-duty models in September 2012 (2523R, 2523C & 3123C) BharatBenz began its offering of a range of trucks. Subsequently, BharatBenz launched its range of Medium-duty Trucks in February 2013. It also launched its range of Made-in-India trucks for export markets under the FUSO brand in May 2013. Subsequently, in the year 2013, two more Heavy-duty trucks (2528 & 3128) were also launched. In February 2014, DICV launched 4 new BharatBenz models (3 Tractor and 1 Construction-Mining) at an exclusive event conducted for Media in Mumbai.\n\nFacilities\nThe headquarters of Daimler India Commercial Vehicles is based in Chennai, capital of the southern Indian state Tamil Nadu. The corporate office is situated at RMZ Millenia Business Park, Perungudi, a suburb of Chennai. While the Corporate Office performs the role of a headquarters, DICV has consolidated all functions viz., Research & Development, Human Resources, Finance & Controlling, Marketing, Sales & After sales, Product Planning, Operations and Quality Management at its new plant at Oragadam near Chennai.\n\nThe production plant at Oragadam, near Chennai, spreads over 400 acres (160 hectares) was inaugurated on 18 April 2012 by the Honourable Chief Minister of the state of Tamil Nadu, Selvi J Jayalalithaa, in the presence of Dr. Dieter Zetsche - Chairman of the Board of Management of Daimler AG and Head Mercedes-Benz Passenger Cars, Mr. Andreas Renschler - Head of Daimler Trucks & Daimler Buses and top management, media, employees and other stakeholders. The plant hosts a full production facility including body shop, paint and assembly as well as all logistics needed. Also located at Oragadam, DICV has its own 6\u00a0km test-track that simulates Indian conditions.\n\nBefore the launch of BharatBenz trucks in India in the year 2012, Daimler Trucks were available in India with the Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks which were earlier assembled at the Mercedes-Benz India plant at Chakan, Pune. The Mercedes-Benz Actros trucks are now assembled at DICV's Oragadam plant. DICV is responsible for all Marketing, Sales and After-sales of the Mercedes-Benz Trucks, in India.\n\nSince the launch of the first BharatBenz dealership in Chennai in August 2012, BharatBenz has established a network of 75 outlets, and has plans to cover more than a 100 locations by early 2015.\n\nBrands\nDaimler unveiled a new brand of trucks - BharatBenz  - for the Indian market on 17 February 2011. The brand was intended to offer a range of trucks in the 6-49 ton range, with vehicles for applications such as haulage, tippers and tractor trailers. In 2012 BharatBenz unveiled its first range of trucks to the media, potential customers and partners in a six-day event in Hyderabad. The BharatBenz range of trucks includes Light Duty Trucks (LDT) & Heavy Duty Trucks (HDT) in the 9, 12, 25, 31 and 49 tonne categories, featuring various usages and applications.  The first 3 Heavy-duty trucks (2523 R, 2523 C, & 3123 R) were launched on 26 September 2012. On 20 February 2013, DICV launched its Light/Medium-duty range of trucks. These trucks are based on the famous FUSO platforms.\n\nThe Mercedes-Benz Actros family of trucks is one of the most successful in the heavy-duty truck sector, selling over 600,000 units in more than 100 countries.\n\nDaimler's Bus division launched its Mercedes-Benz inter-city luxury coaches in India in 2008. The initial entrance into India was achieved through DICV's sister-concern, Mercedes-Benz India Pvt. Ltd. However, with the establishment of DICV having become complete the obvious synergies in the area of Commercial Vehicles resulted in the transfer of Daimler Buses, India to DICV. The integration of Daimler Buses, India into DICV took place on 1 April 2013. In March 2014, DICV laid the foundation stone for its new bus plant at its Oragadam facility with an earmarked investment of 425 crores. The bus plant will design, develop and manufacture BharatBenz and Mercedes-Benz range of buses for the Indian market which is slated for launch in the second quarter of 2015.\n\nAs of now DICV deals with three brands of Daimler - \"BharatBenz\", \"Mercedes Benz\" and \"Fuso\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. website\n Website of BharatBenz\n\nCategory:Truck manufacturers of India\nCategory:Daimler AG subsidiaries"}
-{"text": "Schimmelpenning syndrome\n\nSchimmelpenning syndrome is a neurocutaneous condition characterized by one or more sebaceous nevi, usually appearing on the face or scalp, associated with anomalies of the central nervous system, ocular system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system.\n\nSynonyms include: \"Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS)\", \"Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome\", \"Feuerstein-Mims syndrome\", \"sebaceous nevus syndrome\", \"Solomon syndrome\", and \"Jadassohn's nevus phakomatosis\". \"Nevus\" is sometimes spelled \"naevus\" and \"sebaceous\" may also be spelled \"sebaceus\". \"Epidermal nevus syndrome\" is sometimes used as a synonym, but more often as a broader term referring to Schimmelpenning syndrome in addition to nevus comedonicus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker's nevus syndrome, and phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica.\n\nThe classic Schimmelpenning syndrome diagnosis comprises a triad of sebaceous nevi, seizures, and mental retardation.  The condition was first reported by Gustav Schimmelpenning in 1957 and independently reported by Feuerstein and Mims in 1962.\n\nSigns and symptoms\nSince the original identification of Schimmelpenning syndrome, the number of findings has expanded to the point that the syndrome is associated with a considerable constellation of abnormalities.  The abnormalities may occur in a variety of combinations, and need not include all three aspects of the classic triad of sebaceous nevus, seizures and mental retardation. In 1998, a literature review by van de Warrenburg et al. found:\n  seizures in 67% of cases\n  mental retardation in 61% of cases\n  ophthalmological abnormalities in 59% of cases\n  involvement of other organ systems in 61% of cases\n  structural abnormality of cerebrum or cranium in 72% of cases\n\nThe major neurological abnormalities include mental retardation to varying extent, seizures, and hemiparesis.  Seizures, when present, typically begin during the first year of life. The most common structural central nervous system abnormalities in Schimmelpenning syndrome are hemimegalencephaly and ipselateral gyral malformations.\n\nThe major ocular abnormalities are colobomas and choristomas.\n\nSkeletal abnormalities may include dental irregularities, scoliosis, vitamin D-resistant rickets and hypophosphatemia. Cardiovascular abnormalities include ventricular septal defect and coarctation of the aorta; urinary system issues include horseshoe kidney and duplicated urinary collection system.\n\nGenetic\n\nSchimmelpenning syndrome appears to be sporadic rather than inherited, in almost all cases.  It is thought to result from genetic mosaicism, possibly an autosomal dominant mutation arising after conception and present only in a subpopulation of cells.  The earlier in embryological development such a mutation occurs, the more extensive the nevi are likely to be and the greater the likelihood of other organ system involvement.\n\nDiagnosis\n\nManagement\n\nIn general, children with a small isolated nevus and a normal physical exam do not need further testing;  treatment may include potential surgical removal of the nevus.  If syndrome issues are suspected, neurological, ocular, and skeletal exams are important.  Laboratory investigations may include serum and urine calcium and phosphate, and possibly liver and renal function tests.  The choice of imaging studies depends on the suspected abnormalities and might include skeletal survey, CT scan of the head, MRI, and/or EEG.\n\nDepending on the systems involved, an individual with Schimmelpenning syndrome may need to see an interdisciplinary team of specialists: dermatologist, neurologist, ophthalmologist, orthopedic surgeon, oral surgeon, plastic surgeon, psychologist.\n\nIncidence\n\nNevus sebaceous was first identified in 1895 by Jadassohn. Sebaceous nevi occur in 1 to 3 of 1000 births, with equal incidence by sex.   There is no test to determine whether an individual born with a sebaceous nevus will go on to develop further symptoms of Schimmelpenning syndrome.  It has been reported that up to 10% of individuals with epidermal nevi may develop additional syndrome symptoms, but that number appears to be inconsistent with the rarity of the syndrome and may be overstated.  Prevalence is unknown, but Epidermal nevus syndrome is listed with the National Organization for Rare Disorders, which defines rare as affecting \"fewer than 200,000 people in the United States.\"\n\nSee also\n Epidermis\n Epidermal nevus syndrome\n Skin lesion\n List of cutaneous conditions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Epidermal nevi, neoplasms, cysts\nCategory:Syndromes affecting the nervous system"}
-{"text": "Kostino, Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast\n\nKostino () is a rural locality (a village) in Sudogodsky District, Vladimir Oblast, Russia. The population was 8 as of 2010.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Vladimir Oblast"}
-{"text": "Automated fare collection\n\nAn automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of components that automate the ticketing system of a public transportation network - an automated version of manual fare collection. An AFC system is usually the basis for integrated ticketing.\n\nSystem description\nAFC systems often consist of the following components (the \"tier\" terminology is common, but not universal):\n Tier 0 - Fare media\n Tier 1 - Devices to read/write media\n Tier 2 - Depot/station computers\n Tier 3 - Back office systems\n Tier 4 - Central clearing house\n\nIn addition to processing electronic fare media, many AFC systems have equipment on vehicles and stations that accepts cash payment in some form.\n\nFare media\nAFC systems originated with tokens or paper tickets dispensed by staff or from self-service vending machines. These have generally been replaced with magnetic stripe cards.\n\nSince their introduction in 1997 with the Octopus card in Hong Kong, contactless smart cards have become the standard fare media in AFC systems, though many systems support multiple media types.\n\nMore recently, contactless smart cards from bank networks have been seen more frequently in AFC.\n\nDevices to read/write media\nThese take numerous forms, including:\n Ticket office terminals - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from staff in an office, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media\n\n Ticket vending machines - where a media holder can purchase a right to travel from a self-service machine, or enquire as to the value and travel rights associated with the media\n Fare gate - often used in a train station so a media holder can gain access to a paid area where travel services are provided\n Stand-alone validator - used to confirm that the media holds an appropriate travel right, and to write the usage of the media onto the media for later verification (e.g. by a conductor/inspector). Often used in proof-of-payment systems.\n On-vehicle validator - used by a media holder to confirm travel rights and board a vehicle (e.g. bus, tram, train)\n Inspector/conductor device - used by staff such as a conductor to verify travel rights\n\nUnattended devices are often called \"validators\", a term which originated with devices that would stamp a date/time onto paper tickets to provide proof of valid payment for a conductor.\n\nDepot/station computers\nUsed to concentrate data communications with devices in a station or bus depot. Common in older AFC systems where communication lines to upper tiers were slow or unreliable.\n\nBack office\nServers and software to provide management and oversight of the AFC system. Usually includes:\n Fare management - changing of fares and fare products\n Media management - support for blacklisting of lost/stolen media\n Reporting - periodic reports on performance of the AFC system, financial details and passenger movements\n\nClearing house (Central Management System)\nIn environments where multiple system operators share common, interoperable media, a central system similar to those used in stock exchanges can be used to provide financial management and other services to the operators such as:\n Clearing and settling of funds\n Common reporting\n Apportionment of revenue between operators\n\nAutomated fare collection in Canada\n\nCanada's first public transit agency, the Toronto Street Railway Co., started in 1861 with a horse-drawn streetcar service but it was not until 1912 that the City of Toronto began deliberations on fare collection. It was not until 126 years later (in 1987) that Mississauga Transit became one of the first Transit Agencies in Canada to implement an Electronic Farebox. Since then, almost every major city in Canada has adopted use of electronic fare boxes.\n\nNotably, Canada also produces fare collection devices for various transit agencies in North America. Trapeze Group., located in Mississauga, Ontario, currently manufactures and develops high tech fare collection solutions.\n\nAutomated fare collection in the United States\n\nThe first faregates in United States were installed experimentally in 1964 at Forest Hills and Kew\nGardens Long Island Rail Road stations in Queens; the first systemwide installation was on\nIllinois Central Railroad (IC) in 1965 for its busy Chicago commuter service (today's Metra Electric.) Financed entirely from private funds, AFC was expected to reduce operating costs by\ndecreasing on-board crew sizes and eliminating station agents at all but the busiest stations. Cubic\u2019s\nIC system featured entry-exit swipes (NX) to enforce zonal fare structures, checks against fraud,\nused ticket collection, and ridership/revenue data collection capabilities. It served as a \nprototype for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), and Philadelphia\u2019s Port Authority Transit Corporation\n(PATCO) Lindenwold Line NX-zonal AFC systems. These railroad-style systems required\ncomplex computer data processing on faregates or remotely on a central computer, and thus\nwere not suitable for buses. Similar systems are still in use on Japan and Taiwan\u2019s commuter\nrailroads, and the London Underground.\n\nMetropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA)\u2019s desire for simpler AFC systems\nresulted in Duncan (traditionally a parking meter vendor) developing turnstile machines for\nentry-only subway fare collection. Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)\u2019s ChicagoCard, Boston\nMassachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)\u2019s previous generation \u201cT-Pass\u201d, and\nNew York City Transit (NYCT)\u2019s MetroCard systems could all be considered MARTA\u2019s 1977 system\u2019s conceptual\ndescendants.\n\nBus fareboxes had hitherto been much simpler devices, mechanically registering coins deposited\non accumulating registration counters. Duncan\u2019s 1973 \u201cFaretronic\u201d farebox was the first to\nelectronically count coins and collect revenue/ridership data by fare class. Keene quickly\nfollowed suit, introducing a design meeting Urban Mass Transit Administration (UMTA) Section\n15 reporting requirements, also collecting fuel consumption and bus mileage data. In New\nYork, mechanical fareboxes were preferred for ease of maintenance until widespread deployment\nof Cubic's MetroCard for buses in 1997. Venerable GFI fareboxes featuring magnetic pass\nreaders requiring cash single fares lasted in Boston until Scheidt-Bachmann\u2019s CharlieCard was\nintroduced in 2006.\n\nExamples\nThis is a list of a few notable AFC systems. (See List of smart cards for a comprehensive list of AFC and other systems based on contactless smart cards.)\n\nSee also\n Calypso, an international electronic ticketing standard, originally designed by a group of transit operators\n CIPURSE, is an open security standard for transit fare collection systems\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Fare collection systems"}
-{"text": "Holy Trinity Church, Geneva\n\nHoly Trinity Church, Geneva, Switzerland, was completed in 1853. The church is located at rue du Mont-Blanc, between the Gen\u00e8ve-Cornavin railway station and the famous hotels at the banks of Lake Geneva. The church is part of the Diocese in Europe of the Church of England and is also a Swiss monument of regional significance (class B).\n\nHistory\nIn 1555 services in English had been celebrated according to the rites of the Geneva Reformed Church for Marian exiles. The place of worship has been in the Church of Sainte-Marie-la-Neuve (Auditoire). One year later John Knox was elected as minister. The first Anglican worship was held by Rev. Gilbert Burnet in 1685.\n\nThere has been organised Anglican worship in the Old Hospital Chapel (place du Bourg de Four) since 1814. In 1846 the English community decided to build a church of their own. Land was given by the State of Geneva, and the foundation stone was laid by bishop Charles Sumner in 1851. The construction was entirely financed by private subscription. The church was consecrated by the Bishop of Winchester on 30 August 1853.\n\nThe East window was presented by Mrs. Jephson in 1884. The other stained-glass windows had been created by Jacques Wasem from 1958 to 1981. The Parish hall was constructed in 1966. Renovations took place in 1976 and from 1983 to 1985. The new organ had been installed in 1985 and updated in 2015. The church has many plaques and memorials to individuals who died in Geneva or in the Swiss Alps.\n\nA new constitution was adopted in 1910. Holy Trinity became a society instead of a foundation. The 150th anniversary of the church was celebrated with an exhibition at the Geneva State Archives. The catalogue \"The Welcoming City: English Speaking Protestants from 1555 to the present day\" was printed in French and English.\n\nGallery\n\nSee also\nChrist Church Lausanne\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Valerie Offord (2003): The Welcoming City. English Speaking Protestants from 1555 to the present day. State Archives Geneva.\n Barbara Rowe (1986): Stained Glass Windows of Holy Trinity Church Geneva.\n Dyne Steel (1986): The History of the English Church in Geneva.\n\nExternal links\nHoly Trinity's website\n\nCategory:Churches completed in 1853\nCategory:Anglican church buildings in Switzerland\nCategory:Churches in Geneva\nCategory:Diocese in Europe"}
-{"text": "Zoltan Elek\n\nZoltan Elek is a makeup artist who won the 1985 Academy Award for Best Makeup for the film Mask, shared with colleague Michael Westmore.\nHe also was the creator for the makeup of Max Headroom.\n\nSelected filmography\n\nFast & Furious (2009)\nLive Free or Die Hard (2007)\nThe Black Dahlia (2006)\nThe Terminal (2004)\nStar Trek: Nemesis (2002)\nDr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000)\nRules of Engagement (2000)\nFight Club (1999)\nIndependence Day (1996) (As Zoltan)\nStreet Fighter (1994) (as Zoltan)\nThe Fisher King (1991)\nIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)\nAlien Nation (1988) (as Zoltan)\nMask (1985) (as Zoltan)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Best Makeup Academy Award winners\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Make-up artists"}
-{"text": "Live from Paisley Park\n\n\"Live from Paisley Park\" is a digital single made available on Prince's website on March 26, 2005. The 11-minute segment consists of three songs recorded live, a decade earlier, at Paisley Park Studios: \"Letitgo\" from the 1994 Come album, \"Vicki Waiting\" from the 1989 Batman album, and \"We March\" from the 1995 The Gold Experience album.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Letitgo\" \u2013 3:44\n\"Vicki Waiting\" \u2013 3:50\n\"We March\" \u2013 3:28\n\nCategory:Prince (musician) songs\nCategory:Songs written by Prince (musician)\nCategory:2005 singles\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Prince (musician)"}
-{"text": "Combe Delafield and Co.\n\nCombe Delafield and Co. was among the major brewers in London during the nineteenth century, before being acquired by Watney in 1898, thus forming Watney Combe & Reid.\n\nThe Woodyard Brewery, of Castle Street, Long Acre, situated midway between the City and the West End of London, took its name from the original occupation of Thomas Shackle, a dealer in timber, who founded it in 1740. Shackle is said to have delivered his beer in small casks with his wood and he soon built up a valuable business. He was succeeded by a Mr. Gyfford, of whom no further record survives. At the beginning of the 19th century the brewery was acquired by Harvey Christian Combe, who was remarkable for his energy and great business ability. Combe, a Whig politician, had been Lord Mayor of London in 1799-1800 and was a Member of Parliament for the City of London from 1796 to 1817.\n\nThe business was largely increased under the management of Combe, who repaired and rebuilt the brewery premises. On his death in 1818 the brewery passed to his son, Harvey Combe, and his brother-in-law, Joseph Delafield, by whom the premises were further enlarged. Harvey Combe, who was a great sportsman and well known as the master of the Berkeley Hounds, died unmarried in 1858. He was succeeded by his two nephews, Messrs. R. H. and Charles Combe, Mr. Joseph Bonsor and his two sons, and Mr. John Spicer. Under the management of these partners, the brewhouse property was still further extended, and ultimately covered more than . The water, or \"liquor\" as the brewers term it, required for brewing purposes was supplied in part by the New River Company and partly by three deep wells sunk by the firm upon the premises.\n\nIn 1834, the company was involved in two major strikes. The first, in March, involved the coopers who were demanding an increase in their wages; part of their tactics involved persuading other workers to boycott the company's beer. Although this strike petered out, it set a precedent. In April, the following single line article appeared in The Times: \"The carpenters and bricklayers belonging to the Trades Unions have, in consequence of Messrs. Combe and Delafield's refusal to employ any person connected with Trade Unions, resolved to drink no more of their beer\" (The Times, 5 Apr 1834).\n\nIn July, the Master Builders proposed the reduction in the wages paid to the journeymen and to refuse to employ members of the Operative Builders' Union. Amongst the Master Builders concerned were Lewis and William Cubitt, brothers of Thomas Cubitt, who had workshops on the Gray's Inn Road. The brothers had had long-standing connections with the brewery, being responsible for the construction of a number of its pubs. In return for these profitable contracts, the brothers prohibited the consumption of any beer in their workshops, other than that brewed by Combe Delafield. The unions called for a boycott of the brewery culminating on 26 July 1834 in a meeting at the Silver Cup public house, when an extraordinary resolution was passed, \"that all workers in the metropolis are urged to stop drinking beer produced by the Combe and Delafield brewery\". The dispute continued until November, with neither side achieving much. The biggest losers were possibly Combe Delafield who, despite being innocent victims of the dispute, suffered heavy losses through reduced beer sales.\n\nOriginally, the brewery's main product had been the dark porter style of beer. In 1818 it was the fifth largest brewer of Porter in London, producing over  a year. By the middle of the 19th century, following the Great Exhibition lighter ales were becoming more popular. According to \"The Red Barrel: a History of Watney Mann\", by Hurford Janes (1963) \"at the Wood Yard Brewery Combe, Delafield & Co, quickly adjusted their methods to meet the new demand, brewing ales similar in colour and flavour to those of Burton ale which had become the rage\".\n\nIn 1866, the company changed its name to Combe & Co. By the late 19th century, the senior partner in the brewery was Joseph Bonsor's son, Sir Cosmo Bonsor, who organised an amalgamation of Combe & Co. and Reid and Co. with the Watney brewery, to form Watney Combe & Reid, of which he remained chairman until 1928.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Breweries in London\nCategory:Defunct breweries of the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Ibrahim Taguri\n\nIbrahim Taguri (born September 1978) is a British community worker and political candidate. He was the Race Equality Champion of the Liberal Democrats, announced in the role by party leader Nick Clegg on 21 January 2015 at a meeting of Ethnic Minority Liberal Democrats. In December 2013 Taguri was selected to succeed Sarah Teather MP as the Liberal Democrat candidate for the London constituency of Brent Central in the 2015 general election.\n\nTaguri is also a former undefeated British boxer, his last fight having been in 2008.\n\nBackground\nTaguri was born in Brent and grew up in Willesden Green, London, England. In a 2014 interview, he said: \"My parents came here in 1977 to escape the Gaddafi regime in Libya and my mum was at the time one of the few females going through university. She was going to become a lawyer but because of the nature of the regime, they decided to leave and they came here as cleaners to start again. So I grew up in social housing till I was thirteen.... There was a very heavy threat of homelessness that hung over the family for several years.\"\n\nTaguri attended Latymer Upper School, one of the last pupils to benefit from the Assisted Places Scheme, and went on to study English Literature and Language at the University of Reading. When he was in his early twenties he took up boxing and had his debut fight at the York Hall, Bethnal Green. For more than 15 years he has worked for several London-based charities in campaigning and fundraising capacities (including within the hospice movement and with children's charities), and most recently for the Liberal Democrats, before being chosen to run as their candidate for the 2015 election in the Brent Central seat previously held (since 2003) by Sarah Teather. He states that his mission in politics is to eradicate child poverty in the UK by 2020. In the course of his campaigning he has been quoted as saying that, like boxing, politics \"is all about preparation and training. It\u2019s not what happens on polling day, it\u2019s what happens in the months before.\" Mr Taguri though was forced to stand down as fundraiser, race and equality champion and candidate when he was caught in a sting operation by the Telegraph apparently accepting donations in exchange for access, as well as suggesting ways of funneling the donations to hide their origins.\n\nTaguri has been a contributor to publications including the New Statesman and the Huffington Post, writing about issues that reflect his concerns, which include UK immigration policy, informed by his own experience as the eldest child of a working-class immigrant family; increasing parents' access to affordable childcare, improving educational standards and fighting poverty through radical tax reform, defending civil liberties in the UK and abroad, and environmental topics such as fracking.\n\nTaguri is a supporter of Tottenham Hotspur FC.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Ibrahim Taguri at twitter @ibrahimtaguri\n Myron Jobson, \"It will be a \u2018tough job\u2019 as an MP says Lib Dem candidate for Brent Central\" (profile of Ibrahim Taguri), Brent & Kilburn Times, 16 January 2014.\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Liberal Democrats (UK) people\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Reading\nCategory:People educated at Latymer Upper School\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:English people of Libyan descent"}
-{"text": "It's Not the End of the World?\n\n\"It's Not the End of the World?\" is a song by Welsh band Super Furry Animals. It was the last single to be released from the Rings Around the World album and reached number 30 on the UK Singles Chart on its release in January 2002. Singer Gruff Rhys has variously described the track as being about the extinction of mankind and as \"a romantic song about growing old\".\n\nCritical reaction to the track was generally mixed with some reviewers claiming the track compares unfavourably with the band's previous work while others were enthusiastic in their praise. A computer generated promotional music video was produced to accompany \"It's Not the End of the World?\"'s release as a single. Directed by Numero 6 the video won the special jury prize at the 2002 Imagina Festival. An alternative video, directed by Dylan Jones, was included on the DVD release of Rings Around the World featuring archive footage of nuclear explosions.\n\nThemes and recording\n\n\"It's Not the End of the World?\" is \"a romantic song about growing old\" according to singer Gruff Rhys. In an interview with British newspaper The Daily Telegraph Rhys discussed the song in the context of parent record Rings Around the World. The band abandoned the idea of making a \"save the world\" concept album as they reasoned that \"when people talk about saving the world they're really talking about saving humans. The reality is that humans are the problem\". \"It's Not the End of the World?\" expands on this idea with Rhys stating that the song is about human extinction: \"maybe we'll all die but the world'll still be here, even if it's a dark, singed piece of rock flying around the sun\". The track was recorded in 2000 at Bearsville Studios, Woodstock and was produced by the Super Furry Animals and Chris Shaw.\n\nMusical structure\n\n\"It's Not the End of the World?\" is 3 minutes 25 seconds long and is in the key of C major. The track begins with just a guitar, featuring an echo effect, playing the descending notes C, B, A, G, F, E, D and G before the band join on 13 seconds with the bridge during which Gruff Rhys sings the word \"why\" several times in a falsetto voice, accompanied by strings arranged by Sonia Slay and the group. The first verse follows on 38 seconds with Rhys accompanied by a basic 4/4 beat provided by drummer Dafydd Ieuan, sparse bass guitar and a melody line played by Huw Bunford on guitar. The first chorus enters at 1 minute 4 seconds with Rhys singing the words \"as our hair turns white, all the stars still shine so bright above, at least it's not the end of the world\" while Bunford plays a guitar counter-melody. Another bridge and verse follow before the second chorus appears at 2 minutes 2 seconds with Rhys this time singing \"as our hair turns grey everything is far from A-A-A-ok\". The outro begins at 2 minute 23 seconds, with the chorus repeating before the bridge plays through several times, ending on a C chord.\n\nAlternative version\n\nA Force Unknown remix of \"It's Not the End of the World?\" is included on the DVD version of Rings Around The World. The track is 3 minutes 52 seconds in length and begins with just cymbals then drums before the bridge. The remix follows the arrangement of the original with Gruff Rhys's vocals and all instruments heavily effected by echo. Instrumentation is sparse with only occasional guitar.\n\nCritical response\n\nCritical reaction to \"It's Not the End of the World?\" was generally mixed. Website Drowned in Sound described the song as \"sweet and charming\" but stated that, although it is a good album track it isn't strong enough to stand up on its own as a single and is rather \"bland\" compared to some of the band's other songs such as \"Demons\" and \"Fire in My Heart\". The NME called the song \"a bit rubbish\" by the Super Furries' \"usual high standards\" and went as far as to claim that \"John Lennon was shot for less\". The Dallas Observer claimed the track is \"guaranteed to induce the same type of melancholic, goose-bumpy splendor that tunes like The Kinks' 'Waterloo Sunset', Dennis Wilson's 'Forever' and Jack Bruce's 'Theme for an Imaginary Western' still do\", Entertainment Weekly described it as one of the best songs on parent album Rings Around the World, comparing it to the work of The Beatles while The Daily Telegraph called it a \"honey-dripping pop classic\". Adrien Begrand of PopMatters claimed the track \"sounds like any of Blur's best ballads\".\n\nMusic videos\n\nDylan Jones video\n\nA Dylan Jones directed video was included on the DVD version of Rings Around the World on its release in July 2001.\n\nThe video consists entirely of archive footage of nuclear explosions and nuclear technicians.  Keyboard player Cian Ciaran has stated that the band deliberately tried to avoid making videos that looked like just \"another pop promo ... like MTV\" for the DVD version of Rings Around the World and asked the directors to make the visuals as \"extreme as possible\". Ciaran claims the directors had to \"work even harder at creating something interesting\" due to the limited budget available.\n\nNumero 6 video\n\nA promotional music video, directed by animator Numero 6 (also known as David Nicolas), was produced to accompany the release of \"It's Not the End of the World?\" as a single. According to Gruff Rhys the band made separate videos for Rings Around the World'''s three singles as they saw the videos included on the DVD release of the album as \"pure art\" whereas they needed promotional music videos that were more like adverts for the songs. The video won the special jury prize at the 2002 Imagina Festival and took silver at the D&AD awards in the same year.\n\nThe video begins with a shot of a computer generated man with a guitar and sunglasses walking down a set of spiral stairs singing along with \"It's Not the End of the World?'s\" chorus. A baby is then shown playing with a toy tank before a man seen receiving his call up papers, having his head shaved by a barber then leaving on a steam train as people outside wave goodbye. The next shot features a battleship\u2014the video then cuts to a small boy playing with a toy ship in the bath before joints of meat on hooks are seen moving from right to left through a tiled room spattered with blood. A shot of a military commander on horseback addressing his troops appears before the second chorus which again features a guitarist singing along as he walks down spiral stairs. After brief footage of a tank driving across a desert landscape a baby is shown playing with a paper aeroplane. A hat is placed on the baby's head and the head is then removed and fitted onto the body of a bomber pilot. The next scene shows a fleet of bombers bombing a city while an anti-aircraft gunner fires at them and troops parachute down. A soldier is seen running across a bombed out city before two opposing troops are shown repeatably stabbing each other with bayonets on a battlefield landscape filled with human skulls. This scene is intercut with footage of two military leaders playing chess. The third chorus features similar footage to the first two\u2014a singer walking down a set of stairs. The two military leaders are then seen appearing on a game show, each pressing a buzzer which makes an image of a skull behind them light up. The video cuts to a shot of a baby sitting between two nuclear missiles before a zoomed out model of the Earth shows multiple mushroom clouds as the planet explodes (this image was used as the front cover for Digipak CD version of the single). The final shot sees the two opposing commanders holding hands and kissing on a tiny piece of the earth as it floats through space while a red heart lights up behind them. The Numero 6 video appears on the DVD release of the band's greatest hits album Songbook: The Singles, Vol. 1'' and the DVD version of the \"It's Not the End of the World?\" single.\n\nDavid Nicolas also directed the Supermen Lovers' Starlight music video in 2001.\n\nTrack listing\n\nAll songs by Super Furry Animals.\n\nDigipak CD (6121752), 12\" (6121756)\n\"It's Not the End of the World?\" \u2013 3:30\n\"The Roman Road\" \u2013 5:18\n\"Gypsy Space Muffin\" \u2013 3:32\n\nDVD (6721759)\n\"It's Not the End of the World? (Video)\" \u2013 3:30\n\"The Roman Road\" \u2013 5:18\n\"Gypsy Space Muffin\" \u2013 3:32\n\nPersonnel\nGruff Rhys \u2013 vocals, string arrangements\nHuw Bunford \u2013 guitar, string arrangements\nGuto Pryce \u2013 bass guitar, string arrangements\nCian Ciaran \u2013 keyboards, string arrangements\nDafydd Ieuan \u2013 drums, string arrangements\nHarriet Harris \u2013 violin\nS. Herbert \u2013 violin\nJackie Norrie \u2013 violin\nSonia Slany \u2013 violin, string arrangements\nNick Barr \u2013 viola\nClare Smith \u2013 viola\nNick Cooper \u2013 cello\nSophie Harris \u2013 cello\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nThe End Of The World with Josh Clark Spotify Playlist  to accompany the End Of The World with Josh Clark Podcast series. \n\nCategory:Super Furry Animals songs\nCategory:2002 singles"}
-{"text": "Barentsj\u00f8kulen\n\nBarentsj\u00f8kulen is a glacier on Barents\u00f8ya, Svalbard. The glacier covers an area of about . It is named after the Barents Island, which again is named after Dutch explorer Willem Barentsz. Barents Island is on the Barents Sea. \n\nThe glacier has the four offshoots Besselsbreen, Willybreen, Freemanbreen and Duckwitzbreen.\n\nSee also\nList of glaciers in Svalbard\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Glaciers of Svalbard\nCategory:Barents\u00f8ya"}
-{"text": "Arrai Rai Singh\n\nArrai Rai Singh is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil.\n\nDemographics \n\nAccording to the 2011 census of India, Arrai Rai Singh has 74 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.04%.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Villages in Berasia tehsil"}
-{"text": "Charleston Southern Buccaneers\n\nCharleston Southern Buccaneers are the athletic teams that represent Charleston Southern University. They participate in Division I of the NCAA as a member of the Big South Conference. Charleston Southern (CSU) fields varsity teams in 16 sports, 7 for men and 9 for women. The football team competes in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), formerly I-AA.\n\nSports teams\nCSU competes in the NCAA in the following sports:\n\nMen's Sports\nBaseball\nBasketball\nCross Country\nFootball\nGolf\nOutdoor Track and Field\nIndoor Track and FieldWomen's Sports\nBasketball\nCross Country\nGolf\nOutdoor Track and Field\nIndoor Track and Field\nSoccer\nSoftball\nTennis\nVolleyball\n\nIn 2008, CSU closed its highly successful men's tennis program to reallocate funds to other sports.  CSU formerly fielded a men's soccer team.\n\nAthletic facilities\nBuccaneer Field - home of the football program. It opened in 1970 and has a capacity of 4,000 spectators.\nCSU Field House - home of the Men's and Women's Basketball teams. It has a capacity of 881 spectators. It is the 2nd smallest arena in Division I basketball.\nBuccaneer Ballpark - home of the baseball program. It has a capacity of 1,500 spectators.\n\nFootball\n\nRivalry with Coastal Carolina\nThese two schools first met on the football field in 2003 and it has been a rivalry since Charleston Southern defeated Coastal Carolina 34-27 in 2005 to win a share of the Big South Championship that Coastal had already clinched. CSU got the first shutout of the series with their 24-0 win in 2008. Currently, Charleston Southern has a two-game winning streak over Coastal Carolina with Charleston Southern winning 59-58 in 2016. Charleston Southern won a share of the 2016 Big South Championship and got the automatic berth into the NCAA Playoffs.\n\nCoastal Carolina leads the series 8-6.\n2016 - CSU @ Coastal - W, 59-58\n2015 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 33-25\n2014 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 43-22\n2013 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 31-26\n2012 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 41-20 \n2011 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 45-38 \n2010 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 70-3\n2009 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 30-23\n2008 - CSU @ Coastal - W, 24-0\n2007 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 41-2\n2006 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 31-17\n2005 - Coastal @ CSU - W, 34-27 (2 OT)\n2004 - CSU @ Coastal - L, 56-28\n2003 - Coastal @ CSU - L, 48-14 (First Meeting)\n\nCharleston Southern vs FBS Schools\n\nBasketball\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links"}
-{"text": "Herpetogramma mutualis\n\nHerpetogramma mutualis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Zeller in 1852. It is found in the Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu, East Kasai, Equateur, Orientale), Namibia, Somalia, South Africa and Tanzania (Zanzibar).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1852\nCategory:Herpetogramma\nCategory:Moths of Africa"}
-{"text": "Icepeak\n\nIcepeak may refer to:\n\n IC3PEAK, a Russian experimental electronic band\n Ice Peak, a stratovolcano in British Columbia, Canada\n A snow field capped mountain\n\nSee also\n\n \n \n Glacial maximum\n Ice Mountain (disambiguation)\n Snow Peak (disambiguation)\n Icecap (disambiguation)\n Peak (disambiguation)\n Ice (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Cosmos Hotel\n\nThe Cosmos Hotel Moscow is located in north-central Moscow in a green zone on one of the city's major streets, Mira Avenue, 20 minutes drive from the city centre. It is located next to the VDNKh exhibition center, close to Ostankino Telecom Tower, the Olympic Stadium and the \"Sokolniki\" Exhibition Complex.\n\nOverview \nThe hotel complex was built to serve the XXII Summer Olympic Games held in Moscow in 1980. The building and the nearby monument \"Conquerors of Space\" were developed jointly by a team of Soviet and French architects: V. Andreev and T. Zaikin and  B. Steiskal of Mosproekt 1; and O. Kakub, P. Jouglet, S. Epstein of France.  Construction of buildings was a joint venture with French property company Sefri (today called Sefri Cime).\n\nThe hotel, with 1,777 rooms, is the largest in Russia.  The hotel included 1,718 standard rooms, 53 double room suites and 6 four-room suites.\n\nHistory \nThe official opening ceremony took place on 18 July 1979 and was attended by prominent politicians, businessmen, and stars of the Soviet system. Special guest singer Joe Dassin performed at the opening.\n\nIn 1990, the square in front of the hotel was renamed in honor of General Charles de Gaulle and on May 9, 2005, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Russian Victory Day, in the presence of Jacques Chirac, a monument to De Gaulle was unveiled.\n\nIn popular culture \nThe Cosmos Hotel was an important location in the Russian movie Day Watch.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:Hotels in Moscow\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Moscow\nCategory:Hotel buildings completed in 1979\nCategory:Hotels established in 1979\nCategory:1979 establishments in the Soviet Union\nCategory:Hotels built in the Soviet Union\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1979"}
-{"text": "Lebia vittata\n\nLebia vittata is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nCategory:Lebia\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Beetles described in 1777"}
-{"text": "Donald Wilkins\n\nDonald Albert Wilkins (13 October 1903 \u2013 22 January 1972) played first-class cricket for Somerset in two matches in the 1927 season. He was born at Bristol and died at Saltford, Somerset.\n\nWilkins was a right-handed middle-order batsman. He made his debut in a rain-ruined match against Yorkshire at Bath, scoring two in the only innings of the match that even started. Two weeks later, in another match affected by rain, he made three and one against Lancashire at Taunton. These were the only matches of his first-class cricket career.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1903 births\nCategory:1972 deaths\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Somerset cricketers"}
-{"text": "NBRS Financial Bank\n\nNBRS Financial Bank was a bank in Maryland, United States of America.\n\nIt was founded in 1873 as The Evans and Wood Bank. it was chartered as a national bank in July 1, 1880 under the name The National Bank of Rising Sun. It became a state chartered bank in 2002, again changing its name to NBRS Financial (abbreviation of the bank's name), opening branches: : Aberdeen (12/28/2004), Elkton (6/3/2005), Havre De Grace (1/18/2000), Peach Bottom (10/3/1973), Rising Sun 7/1/1880), Street (7/18/2003). As of June 30, 2014, they had 54 full-time employees at their six offices. During the bank's height, the FDIC reports they had 75 full-time employees.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Banks based in Maryland"}
-{"text": "Isle of Wight Council\n\nThe Isle of Wight Council is a unitary authority covering the Isle of Wight near the South coast of England. It is currently made up of 40 seats. Since the 2017 election, the Conservatives have held a majority of 25 and appointed Cllr Dave Stewart as leader of the council.\n\nHistory\nOn 1 April 1995 the Isle of Wight Council was formed, and became the first Unitary Authority in England. The new authority took control of district council functions, retaining the county council functions of the previous county council. The predecessor body to the Isle of Wight Council was the Isle of Wight County Council, which dated from January 1890.\n\nElections\nPrior to 1998, the Liberals and then Liberal Democrats had dominated the Council.  Between 1998 and 2005, it was under no overall control, ruled by a coalition of LibDems and Independents.\n\nElections held in June 2005 led to significant change as the Conservatives took over from the Liberal Democrats as the largest group, winning seats primarily from the Lib Dems and Independents who had previously worked together.\n\nIn the 2009 elections the Conservatives managed to retain their majority by securing 24 of the revised 40 seats; however this was the only Conservative council in the UK that lost seats.\n\nIn 2013, the Island Independents gained 20 seats, one short of a majority, with the Conservatives only winning 15. As of January 2015, the Island Independents have lost four councillors through defections, and the Conservatives one. Leader Cllr. Ian Stephens stood down in January 2015, the next day announcing he was to stand to be the local MP. Cllr. Jonathan Bacon, representing Bembridge, Brading and St. Helens, was elected unopposed as the new Leader. He stood down, along with deputy leader Cllr Steve Stubbings, in January 2017 citing 'the unwillingness of government to lift a finger to help and the preference for too many elected members to act negatively rather than try to help.'\n\nFollowing the resignations of the leader and deputy leader in January 2017, Conservative members assumed control of the administration, with Cllr Dave Stewart appointed as leader. A new ruling executive was formed, made up of five Conservatives, one UKIP member and three non-aligned members.\n\nCoat of arms\n\nThe Coat of arms of the Isle of Wight was first granted to the County Council in 1938. On its abolition in 1995, they transferred to the new Isle of Wight Council.\n\nThe shield shows an image of Carisbrooke Castle, which was the historic seat of many island governors. At the bottom is the island's motto \"All this beauty is of God\".\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIsle of Wight Council official website\n\nCategory:Politics of the Isle of Wight\nCategory:Unitary authority councils of England\nCategory:Local education authorities in England\nCategory:Local authorities in the Isle of Wight\nCategory:Billing authorities in England\nCategory:Leader and cabinet executives\nCategory:1995 establishments in England"}
-{"text": "Pacific Coast Way\n\nThe Pacific Coast Way is an Australian road route from Sydney, New South Wales to Cairns in Queensland. It has been designated by the Queensland Government as a State Strategic Touring Route.\n\nThe route\nThe route in New South Wales is generally via the Pacific Motorway / Pacific Highway to the Gold Coast at the Queensland border.\nThe route in Queensland follows the Pacific Motorway to Brisbane and then the Bruce Highway to Cairns.\n\nTourism Queensland website\nThe organisation \"Tourism and Events Queensland\" has established a website titled \"Pacific Coast Way\" that shows a map of the route from the Gold Coast to Cairns, with side trips to the Sunshine Coast, Hervey Bay, Bundaberg, Gladstone, Airlie Beach and Mission Beach. It provides some information about each of the following segments: \n Gold Coast to Brisbane (intersection with Adventure Way and Warrego Way)\n Brisbane to Maroochydore\n Maroochydore to Gympie\n Gympie to Hervey Bay\n Hervey Bay to Bundaberg\n Bundaberg to Gin Gin\n Gin Gin to Gladstone\n Gladstone to Rockhampton (intersection with Australia\u2019s Country Way, Leichhardt Way and Capricorn Way)\n Rockhampton to Mackay\n Mackay to Airlie Beach\n Airlie Beach to Bowen\n Bowen to Home Hill\n Home Hill to Townsville (intersection with Overlanders Way)\n Townsville to Ingham\n Ingham to Cardwell\n Cardwell to Mission Beach\n Mission Beach to Cairns\n\nSee also\n Queensland Electric Super Highway\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:State Strategic Touring Routes in Queensland"}
-{"text": "Claudine Muno\n\nClaudine Muno (born 2 July 1979 in Luxembourg City) is a Luxembourgian author, singer, musician, music teacher, and journalist.\n\nBiography\nClaudine Muno spent her childhood in southern Luxembourg town of P\u00e9tange and finished secondary school with a diploma in modern languages, literature, and Latin. She received an undergraduate degree in History at the University of Strasbourg, France, where she wrote a dissertation on Luxembourgish film: Peur de l'oubli - Peur de l'autre. Les films et documentaires luxembourgeois ayant pour sujet la Deuxi\u00e8me Guerre Mondiale (French: Fear of forgetting, fear of the Other. Luxembourgish films and documentaries covering the Second World War).\n\nAfter graduating, she became the full-time cultural editor of the Luxembourgish weekly left/green-wing magazine woxx. As of 2007, she has been teaching music in the Neie Lyc\u00e9e, a pilot secondary school in Luxembourg City.\n\nThe author\nIn 1996, Muno's first publication was a triple surprise for the Luxembourgish book market: the author was not only female (which was rare until then), she was also young (16 years old), and she wrote in English, a language rarely used in Luxembourg literature. In the following years, Muno has published a novel in French, one in German, and three in Luxembourgish. She has also co-authored two children picture storybooks with Pascale Junker who did the illustrations, and she has written two plays in Luxembourgish: Speck and Krakullen. Book critics have compared her writing style to the Belgian writer Am\u00e9lie Nothomb.\n\nThe musician\nAlthough Muno's first CD was first published by her book publisher, she is nationally and internationally known as Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots, who have already produced two albums. Much to her dismay, her singing style and voice has sometimes been compared to Jewel and Alanis Morissette.\n\nAwards\n Prix litt\u00e9raire national 2000 (French: National Literary Prize) for her short-story Crickets\n Servais Prize (2004) for her novel Frigo\n\nBibliography\n Muno, Claudine: The Moon of the Big Winds. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1996.\n Muno, Claudine: Tr\u00e4ume, aus denen man zu sp\u00e4t aufwacht. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1997.\n Junker, Pascale & Muno, Claudine: Dem Zoe seng Geschichten. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay,  1998.\n Junker, Pascale & Muno, Claudine: D'Zoe, Draachen a Siweschl\u00e9ifer. Dem Zoe seng Geschichten 2. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1999.\n Muno, Claudine: 21. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1999.\n Muno, Claudine: De Fleeschkinnek. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 2002.\n Muno, Claudine: Frigo. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay. 2003.\n Muno, Claudine: Koma. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 2005.\n Muno, Claudine: d'welt geet \u00ebnner, nils poulet. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 2006.\n\nDiscography\n Muno, Claudine: Fish out of Water. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1998.\n Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots: faith + love + death. Mask\u00e9nada (Luxembourg), 2004.\n Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots: Monsters. Esch-sur-S\u00fbre (Luxembourg): Op der Lay, 1998.\n Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots: Petites chansons m\u00e9chantes. Green l.f.ant Records, Brussels, 2007.\n Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots: Noctambul. Green l.f.ant Records, Brussels, 2010.\n Claudine Muno and The Luna Boots: Carmagnoles (Compilation). Volvox Music, Moret-sur-Loing (France), 2011.\n\nExternal links\n Claudine Muno (CNL) (in French)\n \u00c9ditions Op der Lay\n The Luna Boots Official Facebook\n entry of Claudine Muno in the Centre National de litt\u00e9rature, Luxembourg (in French)\n\nCategory:Luxembourgian novelists\nCategory:Luxembourgian educators\nCategory:Women novelists\nCategory:Luxembourgian female singers\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Luxembourg City\nCategory:21st-century women singers"}
-{"text": "Digital ticket\n\nA digital ticket is a virtual instance of a ticket which represents the digitization of rights to claim goods or services.\n\nCriteria\nA digital ticket must fulfill the following criteria:\n Secure (unable to alter or counterfeit)\n Portable (physical independence)\n Off-line capable\n Wide acceptability (In order to have the ticket generally accepted, some level of trust is needed.)\n User-friendly\n\nIn addition, another three requirements are also important for digital tickets, they are:\n Viewable\nThe terms and description of the service should be objectively understood by both the service provider and consumer or owner, so the value of the ticket can be determined. Moreover, this is an essential property to trace the digital ticket.\n\n State manageable\nTickets may also have a payment status, i.e., paid or unpaid, and/or reservation status, e.g., waiting list, reserved, or canceled. The status may be changed dynamically. In addition, the ticket ownership can be rewritten when the ticket is transferred. However, it is difficult to allow these changes while still guaranteeing security.\n\n (De)Composable\nCombining two or more tickets is sometimes required to obtain a service or one ticket may comprise several parts. For example, a travel ticket can comprise an accommodation ticket and a plane ticket or a car rent ticket.\n\nBesides the criteria mentioned above, there are still several features that should be concerned, such as anonymity, transferability and  repetitive usability.\n\nLifecycle\nThe ticket is first issued by the service provider or issuer. The ownership of a ticket may change after it was issued, by transferring the ticket. Either the issuer or owner of ticket might view the status of the ticket. Finally, it is redeemed by the current owner at the service provider.\n\nCreation\nFrom creator's point of view, each digital ticket has certain structure, this could be expressed in a multilayer architecture depicted as follows:\n\nLayer 1\n\nCommon ticket properties that do not depend on the ticket type:\n Issuer\n Promise (Details are given in upper layers)\n Owner\n Transferability\n Number of times to be consumed\n Valid period\n View\n Issuer's signature on above\n\nLayer 2\nTicket properties defined by each industry\n\nLayer 3\nTicket properties defined by each issuing company or individual\n\nTransfer\nDepending on the purpose of the ticket, it may be transferred. During the transfer process, the ticket should be visible to both parties involved. After the transfer process is done, the ownership of ticket has changed. The history of transfer should be recorded in either the ticket itself or the central database.\n\nView\nAbility to view the ticket is important to both the service provider and the owner of the ticket. The owner needs to know what his ticket actually is and the service provider needs to verify the ticket during redemption. The view could be achieved by properly designed hardware.\n\nRedemption\nA digital ticket always has certain value that could be redeemed at service provider. Normally after redeeming, the ticket is cleaned. Some tickets work for a period, and will only be deleted after this period. In the special case when the ticket isn't given away after redeeming, it is called a pass.6957429665396\n\nImplementation\nIn order to make an implementation of the digital ticket system, a combination of two paradigms can be used. The first is the account-based system, which relies on central storage and network connections. The second is the smartcard-based system, which uses decentralized storage to store and transfer the ticket.\n\nAccount-based system\nIn an account-based system for tickets, the rights of the tickets are managed in accounts. Ticket changes in accounts can be made by communicating with a so-called account manager through a network. The trust in these systems can be seen from the service provider's and user's perspective, in which the former generally manages the whole system. This leads to an imbalanced trust relationship. Two other disadvantages of these systems are the need for protection of accounts against malicious users and the relatively large efforts that need to be done to store all the accounts for both the users and the service provider.\n\nStorage\nGenerally, the storage and maintaining tasks of the account are assigned to the service provider. This leads to costs and efforts on his side. In some cases these systems could be shared by different service providers, but a need to make general agreements remains. Since the service provider normally has full control over the accounts, tickets could be deleted or altered and after that refuse to fulfill the service the initial ticket stands for.\n\nAuthentication\nTypically ID and password are used in account-based systems to authenticate a user. This does not prevent fraud by the service provider. Several digital-cash systems deal with this by having a secret key generated at the user's PC, which remains out of hands of the service provider. This, however, is not sufficient when tickets are redeemed at the real service provider.\n\nPrevention of duplicate redemption\nSince the account management is completely in control of the service providers, unwanted actions such as copying tickets can easily be detected and traced back by them.\n\nSmart card-based system\nIn smart card-based systems, tickets are stored on a smart card and are circulated by putting two smart cards in a reader and completing the transaction. The smart card itself takes care of the calculations that need to be done for safe transferring.\n\nStorage\nTickets are stored on the smart cards. The smart cards can be provided by both the users and the service providers. The performance of current smart cards is limited, which makes asynchronous trading difficult. Different service providers are likely to use different standards, which makes it mandatory to have a different smart cards for different kinds of tickets. It is very useful to passengers.\n\nAuthentication\nA secret key can be implemented in the smart card, which makes it possible to carry the card around and redeem a ticket without using a network connection. When the service provider distributes and issues the private keys on these cards, fraud from malicious service providers is still an issue. This also makes it hard for different service providers\nto share a smart card.\n\nPrevention of duplicate redemption\nStorage is generally maintained by the service provider. The smart card needs to be protected against multiplication. However, if the system is broken security is completely lost.\n\nSee also\n Ecash\n Electronic money\n Electronic ticket\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Bus tickets go mobile\n\nCategory:Digital currencies"}
-{"text": "2012 United States Senate election in Wyoming\n\nThe 2012 United States Senate election in Wyoming took place on November 6, 2012, alongside a U.S. presidential election as well as other elections to the United States Senate and House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John Barrasso won re-election to a first full term.\n\nThe primary elections were held August 21, 2012.\n\nBackground\nRepublican state Senator John Barrasso was appointed to the U.S. Senate on June 22, 2007, by then-governor Dave Freudenthal after U.S. Senator Craig Thomas died on June 4, 2007.\n\nJohn Barrasso defeated Nick Carter with 73.4% of the vote in the 2008 special U.S. senatorial election to serve the remainder of the senatorial term. Barrasso remains highly popular in the state with 69% of voters approving of him.\n\nRepublican primary\n\nCandidates\n John Barrasso, incumbent U.S. Senator\n Thomas Bleming, former soldier of fortune\n Emmett Mavy, management consultant\n\nResults\n\nDemocratic primary\n\nCandidates\n William Bryk, attorney from Brooklyn and perennial candidate\n Tim Chesnut, member of the Albany County Board of Commissioners\n Al Hamburg, retired painter and perennial candidate\n\nResults\n\nGeneral election\n\nCandidates\n John Barrasso (Republican), incumbent U.S. Senator\n Tim Chesnut (Democratic), member of the Albany County Board of Commissioners\n Joel Otto (Wyoming Country), rancher\n\nDebates\n Complete video of debate, October 31, 2012 - C-SPAN\n\nPredictions\n\nPolling\n\n{| class=\"navbox collapsible collapsed\" style=\"text-align:left; border:0; margin-top:0.2em;\"\n\n|-\n! style=\"background:#cff; font-weight:normal;\"|\nHypothetical polling\n\n|-\n| style=\"border:solid 1px silver; padding:8px; background:white;\"|\n\nResults\n\nSee also\n 2012 United States Senate elections\n 2012 United States House of Representatives election in Wyoming\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Elections from the Wyoming Secretary of State\n Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org\n Outside spending at Sunlight Foundation\n Candidate issue positions at On the Issues\nCampaign websites\n John Barrasso for U.S. Senate\n Joel Otto for U.S. Senate\n\n2012\nWyoming\nSenate"}
-{"text": "(182294) 2001 KU76\n\n, provisionally known as 2001 KU76, is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) that has a possible 6:11 resonance with Neptune.\n\nIt will come to perihelion in 2021.\n\nAssuming a generic TNO albedo of 0.09, it is about 211\u00a0km in diameter. The assumed diameter of this object makes it a possible dwarf planet.\n\nResonance\nSimulations by Lykawka in 2007 show that  may be librating in the 11:6 resonance with Neptune. Buie classifies it as probably in resonance, although some possible orbits do not librate.  has a semi-major axis of 45 AU and an orbital period of about 302 years.\n\nIt has been observed 29 times over 6 years and has an orbit quality code of 4.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\n \n\n182294\nCategory:Discoveries by Marc W. Buie\n20010524"}
-{"text": "Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2003\n\nThe Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2003 (c.15) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that received Royal Assent.\n\nIt was repealed in full in 2014 by the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014.\n\nSee also\n Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014\n Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies and Credit Unions Act 2010\n Industrial and provident society\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2003\nCategory:Co-operatives in the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Somery\n\nSomery is a compilation album by the American punk rock band the Descendents, released in 1991 through SST Records. It compiles songs from their Fat EP (1981) and the albums Milo Goes to College (1982), I Don't Want to Grow Up (1985), Enjoy! (1986), and All (1987).\n\nBackground \nIn 1987 SST Records had purchased the Descendents' previous label New Alliance Records, releasing their 1987 album All and re-releasing all of their previous material. Following the Descendents' final tours in spring and summer 1987, singer Milo Aukerman had left the band to pursue a career in biochemistry. The remaining members\u2014bassist Karl Alvarez, guitarist Stephen Egerton, and drummer Bill Stevenson\u2014relaunched the band under the name All, releasing three albums on the SST subsidiary Cruz Records between 1988 and 1991 with singers Dave Smalley and Scott Reynolds. SST also released the Descendents live albums Liveage! (1987) and Hallraker: Live! (1989), both recorded during the final two Descendents tours. Somery was released in 1991, compiling tracks from the Descendents' past studio releases. Stevenson created the cover art for the compilation while Egerton did the graphics. The Descendents would later reunite with Aukerman in 1995 to record Everything Sucks.\n\nStevenson remarked in 1993 that \"Somery sold more than any of the Descendents albums put together. All the kids are just now getting into it, so that way they can buy one record and kind of get into it and see what it's all about, and then if they really like it they can buy all the other records. See, back when we were touring, nobody came to see us. It's only now [that] the Descendents have become popular.\"\n\nReception \nStephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave Somery four and a half stars out of five, saying that although \"a handful of great songs from their best albums are missing, Somery nevertheless selects the highlights from their occasionally uneven records, making it a useful and comprehensive retrospective.\" Erlewine's colleague Mike DaRonco called it a felony that \"Pep Talk\" from All was not included on the compilation. Rock critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A- rating, opining that the 1988 compilation Two Things at Once contained the band's best material, \"But anyone beguiled, enthralled, or smacked between the eyes by how nakedly these guys don't quite understand their class rage and love-hungry sexual anxiety will hear through their bouts of misogyny and sophomoric humor for the 19 more tuneful if less inspired selections from three later and lesser albums, as in the tortured breakup song/metaphor 'Clean Sheets' and the fuckup/square's confession 'Coolidge'.\" Jenny Eliscu of Rolling Stone called Somery \"the only Descendents record to qualify as must-have. It's got virtually all of the winning songs, from the goofy hardcore tunes [...] to the more commercial-sounding rockers\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nBand\nKarl Alvarez \u2013 bass guitar on tracks from All\nMilo Aukerman \u2013 vocals\nDoug Carrion \u2013 bass guitar on tracks from Enjoy!\nRay Cooper \u2013 guitar on tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up and Enjoy!\nStephen Egerton \u2013 guitar on tracks from All, graphics\nFrank Navetta \u2013 guitar on tracks from the Fat EP and Milo Goes to College\nTony Lombardo \u2013 bass guitar on tracks from the Fat EP, Milo Goes to College, and I Don't Want to Grow Up\nBill Stevenson \u2013 drums, cover art, producer of tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up, Enjoy!, and All\n\nProduction\nRichard Andrews \u2013 engineer of tracks from Enjoy! and All\nEthan James \u2013 engineer of tracks from Enjoy!\nSpot \u2013 producer and engineer of tracks from the Fat EP and Milo Goes to College\nDavid Tarling \u2013 producer and engineer of tracks from I Don't Want to Grow Up\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSomery at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)\n\nCategory:Descendents albums\nCategory:1991 compilation albums\nCategory:SST Records compilation albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Bill Stevenson (musician)"}
-{"text": "Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine\n\nIslamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine (IJLP) was a Lebanese Shia group that  claimed credit for the January 24, 1987 abduction of three American and one Indian professors \u2013 Alann Steen, Jesse Turner, Robert Polhill, Mithal Eshwar Singh \u2013 from Beirut University College in West Beirut.  They were eventually released.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Factions in the Lebanese Civil War\nCategory:Islamist insurgent groups\nCategory:Islamist groups\nCategory:Jihadist groups\nCategory:Islamic organizations\nCategory:Hezbollah"}
-{"text": "Tsuriel Raphael\n\nTsuriel Raphael (Hebrew: \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc \u05e8\u05e4\u05d0\u05dc, born in 1952 in the United States) is an Israeli diplomat. He was recalled from the post of ambassador to El Salvador and non-resident ambassador to Belize following an incident in early 2007. It was his first ambassadorial posting as a career Israeli foreign service officer.\n\nEarly life and education\nRaphael was born in Los Angeles, California in 1952 and moved to Israel with his parents and brother in 1971. He studied at Tel Aviv University and in 1976 he received his B.A. in political science. Afterwards he served in the Israel Defense Forces.\n\nCareer\n\nIn November 1981, Raphael started working at the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Jerusalem. Two years later, in 1983, he was part of the Israeli delegation to the 38th session of the General Assembly at the United Nations; afterwards, he was posted to the Embassy of Israel in Washington, D.C.. In July 1990, Raphael was named to serve as Consul for Public Affairs for Israel's Consulate General to the Southwestern United States, based in Los Angeles, and later served as Deputy Consul General in the mid 1990s at Israel's Consulate General in New York City.\n \nFrom 1998 to 2002 Raphael served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the Embassy of Israel in Madrid. He returned to Jerusalem in 2002, working as the director of the Israel Information Center, a department of the Foreign Ministry. His main responsibility included the preparation, editing and distribution of informational policy papers.\n\n2007 incident \nIn 2006 Raphael was appointed ambassador to El Salvador and non resident ambassador to Belize. On 12 March 2007, it was announced that Raphael would be recalled after being found outside the embassy in San Salvador, drunk, hands tied, and mostly naked wearing only bondage gear. Police were able to determine his identity after removing a rubber ball gag from his mouth. Israel recalled him for \"behavior that is unbecoming of a diplomat.\"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ambassadors of Israel to El Salvador\nCategory:Ambassadors of Israel to Belize\nCategory:American Jews\nCategory:American emigrants to Israel\nCategory:Tel Aviv University alumni\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Cyrus Arnold\n\nCyrus Arnold (born January 2, 2003) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Derek Zoolander Jr. in Zoolander 2 and BJ Malloy in Sam & Cat.\n\nEarly life \nArnold was born in Burbank, California, the son of Lea Anne Wolfe and Blake Arnold. He has a younger brother.\n\nCareer \nArnold began acting at the age of eight, and has since appeared in numerous commercials and television shows. He made his big screen debut as Derek Zoolander Jr. in Zoolander 2. He has stated that he would like to pursue an additional career as a screenwriter.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:2003 births\nCategory:Male actors from Burbank, California\nCategory:American male child actors\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:21st-century American male actors"}
-{"text": "Univalent\n\nUnivalent may refer to:\n\n Univalent function \u2013 an injective holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane\n Univalent foundations \u2013 a type-based approach to foundation of mathematics\n Univalent relation \u2013 a binary relation R that satisfies xRy \u2227 xRz \u21d2 y = z.\n Valence (chemistry)."}
-{"text": "Tierra Firme F.C.\n\nTierra Firme F\u00fatbol Club is a Panamanian football team playing at Liga Nacional de Ascenso. It is based in San Miguelito and it was founded in 1985. Up until 2011, the team played under the name of Para\u00edso F\u00fatbol Club.\n\nHistory\n\nPara\u00edso F.C.\n\nIn 2007 Para\u00edso earned a spot in the Liga Nacional de Ascenso after being crowned champions of the 2007 edition of the Copa Rommel Fern\u00e1ndez.\nIn their three and half seasons in the Liga Nacional de Ascenso, Para\u00edso had a positive run after reaching the second round of competition in every championship with the exception of the 2008 Clausura edition which they failed to do so due to goal differential. In the second round of competition, Para\u00edso was defeated in semifinals twice by Ori\u00f3n (2008 (A) and 2009 (A) II) and once by R\u00edo Abajo (2009 (A) I), and in the quarterfinals stage once by Atl\u00e9tico Nacional (2010 (A)).\n\nTierra Firme F.C.\nFor the Clausura championship of the 2010-11 Liga Nacional de Ascenso season Para\u00edso changed its name to Tierra Firme F\u00fatbol Club. In that season they failed to qualify to the quarterfinal stage of the championship after finishing 5th in their group (Group A).\n\nHonours\nCopa Rommel Fern\u00e1ndez: 1\n2007\n\nYear-by-year results\n\nLiga Nacional de Ascenso\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Football clubs in Panama\nCategory:1985 establishments in Panama\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1985"}
-{"text": "Burkilliodendron\n\nBurkilliodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Millettieae\nCategory:Fabaceae genera"}
-{"text": "Legal Rights Observatory\n\nThe Legal Rights Observatory (LRO) is a legal rights organisation affiliated with the Hindu-nationalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. It is led by Vinay Joshi, a former RSS worker. According to Joshi, the group consists of a 150 volunteers, and he takes all decisions about filing legal petitions on behalf of the group. Joshi denies the group's connection to the RSS.\n\nThe LRO has filed several legal complaints against media organisations. In April 2017, the LRO threatened the India Today TV channel with a police complaint for inviting human rights activist Nandini Sundar to a debate about India's Maoist insurgency; Sunday had previously published a well-received book on the subject. The LRO described Sundar as a \"naxal worker\" (sic). In October 2017, LRO objected to the 9th Anuradha Gandhi Memorial Lecture, commemorating the wife of jailed Naxal leader Kobad Ghandy, describing it as an \"anti-national event\". The event concluded peacefully, amid raised concerns among the organisers and the police. Following the introduction of the Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016 in the Indian parliament, the LRO filed a complaint with the Home Ministry against four media organisations opposing the bill. The LRO claimed that the organisations were participating in illegal financial transactions and in other criminal activities, and stated that the Home Ministry had initiated an inquiry following its complaint. The Home Ministry stated that it had not begun an inquiry, and only passed the complaint to the government of Assam.\n\nThe LRO has also filed several legal complaints against the Catholic Church. In August 2017 LRO sent a letter to Pope Francis through the Holy See ambassador in Delhi, demanding an immediate apology from the Pope for discrimination and persecution, which they allege the Church was committing in Northeast India against local tribes. In November 2017, before the Gujarat Assembly elections, LRO lodged a complaint against the Archbishop of Gandhinagar, Thomas Ignatius MacWan. MacWan had asked his congregation to pray fr  When the Election Commission of India received the LRO complaint, it served a notice to the archbishop asking for clarification. MacWad had written to his constituents, asking them to pray for politicians who would \"remain faithful to the Indian Constitution\" and save the country from \"nationalist forces. The group is particularly active in Northeastern India. In 2017, Joshi complained to the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, alleging that two missionary schools were forcing their children to participate in protests against the funeral of the leader of an indigenous faith. A Christian group in Meghalaya stated that the LRO was harassing Christians by filing complaints and court suits against several Christian leaders.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Political organisations based in India"}
-{"text": "Bochum-Nord station\n\nBochum Nord station was a station on the Ostring (east ring) in the city of Bochum in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It was built by the Rhenish Railway Company between 1871 and 1874 and opened on 15 October 1874. The station, which was originally called Bochum Rheinisch (\"Rhenish\") station, for a long time served passenger and freight traffic on the Osterath\u2013Dortmund S\u00fcd railway.\n\nEast of the station building, an 11-road roundhouse was built in the freight yard, which is still preserved in parts. In 1883, the station was connected by the Bochum-Weitmar\u2013Bochum-Nord branch of the Essen-\u00dcberruhr\u2013Bochum-Langendreer railway to the Ruhr Valley Railway in Bochum Dahlhausen.\n\nBefore the construction of the connecting curve in 1979 from the current Bochum Hauptbahnhof (main station) to the Bochum\u2013Gelsenkirchen railway, the station was served by passenger trains in the route to Wanne-Eickel and Herne.\n\nDuring the period of Nazi Germany, the deportation of Jews to concentration camps in Bochum was usually held at Bochum Nord station.\n\nThe locomotive depot was abandoned in 1959 and passenger services were abandoned in 1979. The second floor of the station building was closed after the Second World War for rehabilitation. Since 1979, the station building has only been used by the railway administration. The Moritz Fiege private brewery has acquired the station building so that it can be used as a restaurant and for administration.\n\nThe freight yard is also the location of the main customs office of the Federal Government in the city of Bochum.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal list\n\nNord\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Bochum\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1874"}
-{"text": "Rockingham County, North Carolina\n\nRockingham County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 93,643. Its county seat is Wentworth. The county is known as \"North Carolina's North Star.\"\n\nRockingham County is included in the Greensboro-High Point, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point, NC Combined Statistical Area.\n\nHistory\n\nSettling and founding\nBetween 1728-1733, the Dan River Valley was surveyed by William Byrd II. He soon thereafter purchased 20,000 acres of the land, attracting prospective farmers.  The region's first western settlers came from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia and were of German, English, Scottish, and Irish descent.\nThe county was officially formed in 1785 from Guilford County. It was named for Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, British Prime Minister from 1765 to 1766 and again in 1782. Rockingham's administration was dominated by the American issue. Rockingham wished for repeal of the Stamp Act 1765 and won a Commons vote on the repeal resolution by 275 to 167 in 1766.  This made him a popular figure among British colonials in America, who would later become known as \"Americans\". People in North Carolina were still fond of him in the years following the independence of the United States.\n\nDevelopment of industry\nBy the early 19th century a network of grist mills had been established along the Dan and Smith rivers. The textile industry was founded in 1813 with construction of the first cotton mill at the junction of the Dan and Smith rivers. Founded by John M. Morehead, it was one of the first cotton mills in the state. The county was the location for the Searcy & Moore arms factory, which was at Hogans Creek, a small village 20 miles northwest of Greensboro. The factory produced firearms called the \"N.C. Rifle\" for the Confederate States of America forces during the Civil War. Owned by Alexander M. Searcy and Dr. J. S. Moore, the small factory made hundreds of rifles for the South between 1862 and 1863. The town of Stoneville was incorporated in 1877. Francis Henry Fries later establish several mill sites in the region, with the construction of the Mayo Mills plant in 1895 in the village of Mayodan and another site in what became the town of Avalon in 1899. In 1911 a large fire destroyed the Avalon Mill. The town was soon thereafter abandoned and its workers were transferred to Mayodan, while some of the other residents relocated to Stoneville. The 60 or so Avalon company houses were put on logs and rolled by mules and horses to Mayodan, where some still stand. The only remains in Avalon are the mill's powerhouse, railroad tracks, and the dam works. The Mayo Mill, which was later called the Washington Mills-Mayodan Plant, closed in 1999.\n\nGeography\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.2%) is water.\n\nThe Dan River and Haw River drain the county.\n\nRockingham County has a municipal airport eight miles (13\u00a0km) northwest of Reidsville called Shiloh Airport, which has a paved  runway, a fixed-base operation, and hangar space.\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 91,928 people, 36,989 households, and 26,188 families residing in the county.  The population density was 162 people per square mile (63/km\u00b2).  There were 40,208 housing units at an average density of 71 per square\u00a0mile (27/km\u00b2).  The racial identities of the county were 77.33% White, 19.57% Black or African American, 0.27% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.69% from other race identities, and 0.83% from two or more races.  3.07% of the population were Hispanic or Latino identified of any race specific phenotype.\n\nThere were 36,989 households out of which 30.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.60% were married couples living together, 12.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.20% were non-families. 25.70% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.93.\n\nIn the county, the population was spread out with 23.40% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 29.40% from 25 to 44, 24.80% from 45 to 64, and 14.80% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 93.30 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.80 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the county was $33,784, and the median income for a family was $40,821. Males had a median income of $30,479 versus $22,437 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,120.  About 10.20% of families and 12.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.30% of those under age 18 and 15.50% of those age 65 or over.\n\nLaw and government\n\nRockingham County is a member of the regional Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.\n\nIn 2011, the new Rockingham County Justice Center was opened. The $47 million facility replaced a more than century old courthouse in Rockingham County and includes courthouse, jail, and sheriff's office. The new facility is the first judicial center in the state of North Carolina seeking certification from the U.S. Green Building Council\u2019s LEED Green Building Rating System and is estimated to save over $5 million over a 40-year period. The three-story building will be able to accommodate 359 employees and 300 inmates.\n\nTransportation\n\nAirports\nRockingham County NC Shiloh Airport is a public-use airport owned by Rockingham County. It is located in the town of Stoneville, eight nautical miles (15\u00a0km) northwest of the central business district of the city of Reidsville.\n\nMajor highways\n\nAttractions\nAttractions in Rockingham County include the state parks of the Dan and Mayo rivers, near Mayodan; the historic downtown areas of Leaksville, Draper and Spray in Eden; the Chinqua-Penn Plantation in Reidsville; the Deep Springs Plantation in Stoneville, High Rock Farm in Williamsburg, Mulberry Island Plantation in Stoneville, and the historic Penn House, located in Reidsville. One of the most famous attractions of the Reidsville area is Lake Reidsville. Various historic shops are found in the county, as well.\n\nThe Museum & Archives of Rockingham County (the MARC) is the county historical museum and is located in the Rockingham County Courthouse in Wentworth, the county seat.  The museum features exhibits and artifacts related to Rockingham County history.\n\nEducation\nAll public schools in Rockingham County are a part of Rockingham County Schools. The area includes government elementary, middle, and high schools including 25 different schools which include: The elementary are Bethany School, Moss Street, Central, Leaksville-Spray, Dillard, Monroeton School, Douglass, Draper, South End School, Lawsonville Avenue, Stoneville, Lincoln, Wentworth, Huntsville, Williamsburg, and a magnet school New Vision.  The middle schools are Bethany Charter (Rockingham County's only charter school), Holmes, Rockingham County, Reidsville, and Western Rockingham. The high schools are Dalton L. McMichael High School, John Motley Morehead High School, Reidsville High School, and Rockingham County High School. There is also the S.C.O.R.E. Center.  There are currently 10 School Board Members with one other board member seat being vacant currently.\nOther schools are Rockingham County Early College (for high school students only), and Rockingham Community College, located in Wentworth.\n\nCommunities\n\nCities\nEden\nReidsville\n\nTowns\nMadison\nMayodan\nStoneville\nWentworth (county seat)\nStokesdale (part)\n\nTownships\n\nHuntsville\nMadison\nMayo\nNew Bethel\nPrice\nReidsville\nRuffin\nStoneville\nWentworth\nWilliamsburg\n\nCensus-designated place\nRuffin\n\nUnincorporated communities\nMonroeton\nBethany\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, North Carolina\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nRockingham County government official website\nNCGenWeb Rockingham County - free genealogy resources for the county\nRockingham County, North Carolina's North Star\nRockingham County Business & Technology Center\nThe Shiloh/Rockingham County Airport\nWGSR TV47/Reidsville\n\n \nCategory:1785 establishments in North Carolina\nCategory:Populated places established in 1785"}
-{"text": "Jerome Swartz\n\nJerome \"Jerry\" Swartz (born 1940)  is a physicist that developed early optical strategies for barcode scanning technologies in the United States and co-founded the corporation, Symbol Technologies on Long Island, NY with physicist partner, Dr. Shelley A. Harrison in 1973. Jerry was President, becoming the Chairman and Chief Scientist in 1982.  In 2006 Symbol Technologies became a wholly owned subsidiary of the multinational telecommunications manufacturer, Motorola Corporation.\n\nSwartz received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from The City College of New York and a Ph.D. also in electrical engineering from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, receiving fellowships from the National Science Foundation and Ford Foundation along the way.\n\nIn July 2003, Swartz resigned from his position as chairman and chief scientist of Symbol Technologies, at which time the company was under investigation for civil and criminal accounting fraud.  At the time of his resignation, Swartz was quoted in the New York Times as stating that an internal investigation had shown that \"improper finance and accounting activities occurred while he was chairman\".  Symbol agreed to settle the case with the Securities and Exchange Commission in June 2004, paying a $37 million penalty.\n\nCurrently, he is the Chairman of The Swartz Foundation for Computational Neuroscience.  Established in 1994, it has grown to support research in 11 centers (Brandeis University, California Institute of Technology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Columbia University, Harvard University, New York University, Princeton University, Salk Institute, University of California, San Diego, University of California, San Francisco and Yale University). The Swartz Foundation funds the annual Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience.\n\nAwards\nIn 1998, he was awarded the IEEE Ernst Weber Engineering Leadership Recognition.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Biography of Swartz at the Swartz Foundation\n Symbol Technologies website\n Funding Universe history of Symbol Technologies, Inc. \n\nCategory:21st-century American physicists\nCategory:Motorola\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering\nCategory:1940 births\nCategory:Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty\nCategory:Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni"}
-{"text": "Seaway (TV series)\n\nSeaway is a Canadian drama series that aired on CBC Television for the 1965-1966 season. The series was a Seaway Films production in collaboration with the UK's ATV, with production money provided by the CBC. It was presented by ASP and distributed internationally by ITC Entertainment (for international screenings ITC replaced the theme music by John Bath with another composition by Edwin Astley, and prepared a different title sequence).\n\nAlthough officially Canadian, many of the show's writers and directors were American (as was the series creator/script supervisor Abraham Polonsky), with some British contributors as well (such as Ian McLellan Hunter and Donald James). It was the most expensive series produced in Canada to that time with a total cost of $3 million ($ million today), and although it did well enough for the CBC in terms of viewers a hoped-for sale to American network television never happened because the series, with the exceptions of the two-part episodes \"Don't Forget to Wipe the Blood Off\" and \"Gunpowder and Paint,\" was shot in black and white and US network shows by that time were, with a few exceptions, in color.\n\nSynopsis\nSeaway followed the adventures of Nick King (played by Stephen Young) who works as a ship owners' agent, investigating crimes involving shipping. He is assisted by Department of Transport agent Leslie Fox (Austin Willis), and the special police force patrolling the Saint Lawrence Seaway.  Episodes were filmed in various locations along the seaway, primarily Toronto and Montreal.  They were generally set in Canada, although the two-parter \"Gunpowder and Paint\" was partially set in Cleveland (though filmed in Toronto.)\n\nMain cast\nStephen Young as Nick King\nAustin Willis as Admiral Fox\nCec Linder as Inspector Provist\n\nNotable guest stars included Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, Canada-based British actor Barry Morse (who was appearing in The Fugitive at the time), Star Trek pilot episode actress Sally Kellerman, Faye Dunaway in one of her first screen appearances, and Richard Thomas.\n\nEpisode list\nThis list is in broadcast order, as broadcast on the CBC according to TV listings guides. A pair of episodes (Don't Forget to Wipe the Blood Off) were edited together into a feature film entitled Affair with a Killer.\n\nEpisodes\n\n*Episodes made in color\n\nThe transmission and/or production order of the following episodes is unknown. It can be assumed these episodes slot into the gaps in the above list.\n\n \"Nothing but a Long Goodbye\"\n \"The Sparrows\"\n \"A Medal for Mirko\"\n \"Abraham's Hand\"\n\nBroadcasters\n\nAustralia\nThe Australian rights are held by the Nine Network who, over many decades, have shown numerous repeats in non-peak viewing times. Since 2012 and continuing in 2018, there have been numerous showings in the early hours of the morning on Gem, a Nine Network digital outlet, sometimes twice per morning. Until November 2017, the Seaway repeats alternated with re-screenings of two British series Gideon's Way and Danger Man.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series (Seaway archived listing link via archive.org)\n \n\nCategory:1965 Canadian television series debuts\nCategory:1966 Canadian television series endings\nCategory:1960s Canadian drama television series\nCategory:CBC Television shows\nCategory:Television series by ITC Entertainment\nCategory:English-language television programs"}
-{"text": "Swedish Golf Federation\n\nThe Swedish Golf Federation (, SGF) is the governing body for the sport of golf in Sweden, founded in 1904.\n\nThe federation is responsible for administering the Rules of Golf, as laid down by The R&A, at the national level. It organizes tournaments, manages the national teams, and promotes the game. As of 2017, the federation organized 460 golf clubs and 468,570 individual members, 72% male and 28% female. This makes it the largest sports federation in Sweden in terms of active members, ahead of association football and athletics in second and third place.\n\nSGF is a member of the European Golf Association (EGA). Thanks to a high national participation rate of almost 5%, SGF is EGA's third largest national member behind England and Germany (661,805 and 640,181 members respectively as of 2016).\n\nSee also\n\n SM Match Play\n Swedish Golfer of the Year\n List of Swedish professional golfers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n sgf.golf.se, official site\n\nSweden\nCategory:Golf associations\nGolf\nCategory:Golf in Sweden\nCategory:1904 establishments in Sweden\nCategory:Sports organizations established in 1904"}
-{"text": "Madeleine-Ang\u00e9lique de Gomez\n\nMadeleine-Ang\u00e9lique de Gomez n\u00e9e Poisson (22 November 1684 \u2013 28 December 1770) was a French author and playwright.\n\nBiography\nMadeleine-Angelique was born in Paris on 22 November 1684 to the actor Paul Poisson.\n\nMadeleine-Ang\u00e9lique married a Spanish nobleman, Don Gabriel de Gomez, thinking he was rich. When she discovered her husband was burdened with debt, she turned to writing as a hope to escape poverty. Her first a tragedy, Habis, was released in 1714 to much critical appeal, being played at the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise with a revival in 1732.\n\nBetween 1722 and 1772, Gomez published eight editions of Les Journ\u00e9es amusantes, with the work being translated into English by Eliza Haywood.\n\nWhile most of her work was published under the name Madame de Gomez (M de Gomez), some of her works have been published under the pseudonym M.P.V.D.G.\n\nShe died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 28 December 1770 at the age of 86.\n\nPublished works\n\nPlays\nHabis, trag\u00e9die (1714)\nCl\u00e9arque, tyran d'H\u00e9racl\u00e9e, trag\u00e9die (1733 - English translation: Cl\u00e9archus, Tyrant of Heraclea, a tragedy)\nMarsidie reine des Cimbres, trag\u00e9die  (1735 - English translation: Marsidie, Queen of the Cimbri)\nSemiramis, trag\u00e9die (1737 - English translation: Semiramis, tragedy)\n\nNovels\nAnecdotes persanes, d\u00e9di\u00e9es au roy (1727 - English translation: Persian Anecdotes, dedicated to the king)\nAnecdotes, ou Histoire secrette de la maison ottomane (1722 - English translation: Anecdotes, or Secret History of the Ottoman House)\nCr\u00e9mentine, reine de Sanga ; histoire indienne (1727 - English translation: Creatine, Queen of Sanga: Indian History)\nEntretiens nocturnes de Mercure et de La Renomm\u00e9e, au jardin des Thuilleries (1714 - English translation: Nocturnal interviews of Mercury and La Renomm\u00e9e in the Tuileries Garden.)\nHistoire de Jean de Calais, roi de Portugal, ou, La vertu recompensee (1731 - English translation: The History of Jean de Calais, King of Portugal, or Virtue Rewarded)\nHistoire d'Osman premier du nom, XIXe empereur des Turcs, et de l'imp\u00e9ratrice Aphendina Ashada (1734 - English translation: History of Osman, first of the name, XIXth emperor of the Turks, and of the empress Aphendina Ashada)\nHistoire du comte d\u2019Oxfort, de Miledy d\u2019Herby, d\u2019Eustache de Saint-Pierre et de Beatrix de Guines au si\u00e8ge de la ville de Calais, sous le r\u00e8gne de Philippe de Valois, roi de France & de Navarr\u00e9, en 1346 & 1347(1765 - English translation: History of the Count of Oxford, of Miledy of Herby, of Eustace of St. Peter and of Beatrix of Guines at the siege of the city of Calais, under the reign of Philip of Valois, King of France and of Navarre, in 1346 and 1347)\nHistoire secrette de la conqueste de Grenade (1723 - English translation: The secret history of the conquest of Granada)\nHistoires du comte d'Oxfort, de Miledy d'Herby, d'Eustache de S. Pierre, et de Beatrix de Guine (1738 - English translation:Stories of the Earl of Oxford, of Milady of Herby, of Eustace of St. Peter, and of Beatrix of Guinea)\nLa jeune Alcidiane (1733 - English translation: The Young Alcidiane)\nLes journ\u00e9es amusantes, d\u00e9di\u00e9es au roi (1722 - English translation: La Belle Assembl\u00e9e published 1754)\n\nCollections and editions\n\u0152uvres m\u00eal\u00e9es de Madame de Gomez:contenant ses tragedies & differens ouvrages en vers et en prose (1724 - English translation: Collected Works of Madame de Gomez: Containing her Tragedies and Various Works in Verse and Prose)\nCent nouvelles nouvelles (published in multiple parts between 1732-1739 - English translation:The Hundred News)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nCategory:1684 births\nCategory:1770 deaths\nCategory:18th-century French women writers\nCategory:French fiction writers\nCategory:18th-century French writers\nCategory:French women short story writers\nCategory:French short story writers\nCategory:French women dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:18th-century French dramatists and playwrights"}
-{"text": "Bergheim, Texas\n\nBergheim is an unincorporated community in eastern Kendall County, Texas, United States.  It lies along State Highway 46 east of the city of Boerne, the county seat of Kendall County.  Its elevation is 1,437\u00a0feet (438\u00a0m). Although Bergheim is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 78004; the ZCTA for ZIP Code 78004, consisting mostly of rural land, had a population of 1,183 at the 2010 census. The community is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.\n\nBergheim, meaning \"Mountain Home\" in German, was founded by Austrian immigrant Andreas Engel, who moved to the area and established a store before 1900. The community's post office was established in 1901. Ranching has long been the mainstay of Bergheim's economy, although the harvesting of cedar lumber has been important at certain times in its history.\n\nMajor Highways\n State Highway 46\n Farm to Market Road 3351\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile of Bergheim from the Handbook of Texas Online\n\nCategory:Austrian-American culture in Texas\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Kendall County, Texas\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Texas\nCategory:Greater San Antonio"}
-{"text": "Zorkeshish\n\nZorkeshish (also, Zorkeshysh and Zorkishiga) is a village in the Lachin Rayon of Azerbaijan.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Lachin District"}
-{"text": "Richardson Memorial Stadium\n\nThere have been three versions of George Taylor Richardson Memorial Stadium, a Canadian football stadium located on the campus of the Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. All three have been the home of the Golden Gaels/Gaels football team. The facilities are named in memory of George Taylor Richardson, a Queen's graduate renowned for his athleticism and sportsmanship who died in the First World War. \n\nThe original stadium built in 1921 was funded by George's brother, James Armstrong Richardson, graduate and Chancellor of Queen's. \n\nThe second stadium was built in 1971. The stadium's bleachers (which recycled steel from the first facility) were deemed structurally unsafe in May 2013, causing 6,500 seats to be removed. Renovations were completed in July 2013, with a new seat capacity of 8,500 with two new end zone seating sections. \n\nIn December 2014, a $20.27 million revitalization was announced that was completed for September 17, 2016 for its inaugural football game. According to the university the facility has \"over 8,000\" seats, but no specific number is provided by the institution.\n\nHistory\n\nOriginal field (1921\u20131971)\n\nThe original field was located on Union Street at the present site of Mackintosh-Corry Hall and its parking lot. It was opened in 1921 on a piece of land bought from a community of nuns. This field hosted the 1922 Grey Cup, where the Golden Gaels defeated the Edmonton Elks 13\u20131, for their first of three Grey Cups. The official attendance was listed at 4,700. According to Michael Januska's book, Grey Cup Century there were more spectators on hand than the original grandstand could accommodate. \"The 10th Grey Cup was the only final played in Kingston, Ontario. The stands at Richardson Stadium were filled to capacity, just under 5,000, with the overflow standing around the field.\" - Grey Cup Century, pg. 46Franklin Delano Roosevelt received his honorary degree from Queen's on August 18, 1938 at Richardson, where he made a historic speech that was seen as a departure from American isolationism.\n\nSecond stadium (1971\u20132016) \n\nWhen a new social sciences complex, Mackintosh-Corry Hall was planned, the original stadium was torn down and relocated to the newly acquired West Campus. Many staff, students, and alumni were very upset about the move, feeling that the stadium belonged in the heart of campus, but the project went ahead anyway and the stadium was built on West Campus in 1971.\n\nIn 2013, seating capacity was reduced to 8,500, down from 10,200, because of the temporary bleachers due to construction.\n\nThird stadium (2016\u2013) \nPlans to reconstruct the 40-year-old stadium at the same location were approved in December 2014, with $20.27 million of funding needed. Principal Daniel Woolf stated that the stadium was \"desperately in need of revitalization\". $17 million was raised from donations, including $10 million from former Gaels football player and current Guelph Gryphons head coach Stu Lang. Construction began on December 5, 2015 and the stadium re-opened for the beginning of the 2016 football season on September 17, 2016.\n\nSoccer\nRichardson played host to two World Cup 2006 qualifiers between Canada and Belize in 2004. Canada won both matches 4\u20130 and progressed to the semifinal stage after Belize had forfeited their right to play a home match due to a lack of infrastructure.\n\nRugby league \nIt hosted the Colonial Cup match between the U.S. Tomahawks and Canada Wolverines on September 19, 2010 which was the first international rugby league match played in Canada since 1995.\n\nRugby union \nOn June 9, 2012, Canada played the United States in a friendly match.  Canada won 28\u201325 in front of 7,521 spectators.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official website\n\nCategory:Queen's University\nCategory:Canadian football venues in Ontario\nCategory:Sports venues in Kingston, Ontario\nCategory:Athletics (track and field) venues in Ontario\nCategory:Soccer venues in Ontario\nCategory:Rugby league stadiums in Canada\nCategory:Rugby union stadiums in Ontario\nCategory:University sports venues in Canada\nCategory:1971 establishments in Ontario\nCategory:Sports venues completed in 1971\nCategory:College football venues"}
-{"text": "Denise Lim\n\nDenise Lim (born September 14, 1991) is a Singaporean sailor. She and Justin Liu placed 19th in the Nacra 17 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Singaporean female sailors (sport)\nCategory:Olympic sailors of Singapore\nCategory:Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Nacra 17"}
-{"text": "Saint-Christophe, Charente\n\nSaint-Christophe  is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Charente department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Charente\nCategory:Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia"}
-{"text": "Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.\n\nLos Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 568 U.S. 78 (2013), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Natural Resources Defense Council and Santa Monica Baykeeper challenged the Los Angeles County Flood Control District (District) for violating the terms of its National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit as shown in water quality measurements from monitoring stations within the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers. The Supreme Court, by a unanimous 9-0 vote, reversed and remanded the Ninth Circuit's ruling on the grounds that the flow of water from an improved portion of a navigable waterway into an unimproved portion of the same waterway does not qualify as a \"discharge of a pollutant\" under the Clean Water Act.\n\nParties\n\nLos Angeles County Flood Control District\nThe Los Angeles County Flood Control District is the petitioner in this particular case. The district was established upon adoption of the Los Angeles County Flood Control Act in 1915, after a disastrous regional flood occurred. The district's primary purpose is to provide flood protection, water conservation, recreation, and aesthetic enhancement within its boundaries. As of 1985, the responsibilities and authority of the district were transferred to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works. The Flood Control District encompasses more than 3,000 square miles and 85 cities in Southern California. It includes approximately 500 miles of open channel, 2,800 miles of underground storm drainage pipelines, and an estimated 120,000 catch basins.\n\nNatural Resources Defense Council\nThe Natural Resources Defense Council and Santa Monica Baykeeper are the respondent. The Natural Resources Defense Council is a nationwide environmental action group consisting of over 1.3 million members and over 350 lawyers, scientists and other professionals.  Santa Monica Baykeeper is a non-profit organization that aims to protect and restore the Santa Monica Bay, San Pedro Bay and adjacent waters through enforcement, field work, and community action.\n\nBackground \nThe district operates a \"municipal separate storm sewer system\" (MS4), which is a conveyance or a system of conveyances that collects and transports stormwater runoff into waters of the U.S. The district's MS4 transports stormwater through rivers and channels flowing to the Pacific Ocean. Because stormwater is often heavily polluted from various non-point sources, the Clean Water Act and its implementing regulations require certain MS4s to obtain a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit before discharging stormwater into navigable waters. Between 2002 and 2008, monitoring stations in the Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, Santa Clara River, and Malibu Creek continually detected water pollution levels that exceeded its MS4 permit in its stormwater channel system.  Some of the pollution levels exceeded included high levels of aluminum, copper, cyanide, fecal coliform bacteria, and zinc.\n\nPrior cases\n\nDistrict court opinion\nIn 2008, the Natural Resources Defense Council and Santa Monica Baykeeper (collectively NRDC) filed a citizen-enforcement action against the district and county in the Central District of California, and alleged that the district violated the NPDES permit and the Clean Water Act. NRDC sought to impose liability on the district for its permit violations in four rivers: the Los Angeles River, San Gabriel River, Santa Clara River, and Malibu Creek.  The district argued that this issue was resolved by the court's earlier decision in the South Florida Water Management Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe (541 U.S. 95) case, which determined that transferring water within a single water body does not constitute a \"discharge.\" The district court initially denied summary judgment because the evidence did not clearly show whether the standards-exceeding pollutant had been discharged through the district's MS4. Thus, the district court concluded that NRDC failed to show whether there had been a \"discharge\" from a \"point source\" within the statutory meanings of those terms. The district court granted summary judgment to the district on these claims and concluded that the record was insufficient to warrant a finding that the MS4 had discharged stormwater containing the pollutants detected at the downstream monitoring stations.\n\nSouth Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians\n\nIn this 2004 U.S. Supreme Court case, the Miccosukee Tribe challenged the South Florida Water Management District on an issue related to the operation of a new pump station that transferred water from a concrete canal to a large undeveloped wetland area as part of the Central and South Florida Flood Control Project. During rain events, stormwater collected in the canal contained contaminants such as phosphorus and fertilizers from agricultural and urban land uses. The district impounded water in the wetland area, a remnant of the original South Florida Everglades, to conserve fresh water that might otherwise flow directly to the ocean and to preserve wetland habitat. When water levels in the canal rose above a set level, the pump would transfer water out of the canal and empty the water in the canal. In doing so, the phosphorus-containing the water altered the wetland's ecosystem, which was naturally low in phosphorus, and stimulated the growth of algae and plants that were uncommon in the Everglades ecosystem.\n\nThe Miccosukee Tribe filed suit under the Clean Water Act, which prohibits \"the discharge of any pollutant by any person\" unless done in compliance with the Act. The Tribe claimed that the pump station required an NPDES permit, because it moved phosphorus-laden water from the canal into the wetland area, but the district contended that the pump's operation did not constitute the \"discharge of a pollutant\" under the Act. The district court granted the Tribe summary judgment, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed. For the purposes of NPDES permitting requirements, the Government (as an impartial adviser to the district) contended that all water bodies that fall within the Act's definition of \"navigable water\" (which are defined as \"the waters of the U.S.\") should be viewed collectively. Since the Act requires NPDES permits only when there is an addition of a pollutant to \"navigable waters,\" this approach implied that such permits are not required when water is transferred from one navigable water, unaltered, into another navigable water body. However, because neither the district nor the Government raised the \"unitary waters\" approach before the Eleventh Circuit or in their briefs respecting certiori and because some factual issues remained unresolved, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to resolve the unitary waters argument and the case was remanded to the lower court.\n\nAppeals Court opinion\n\nThe U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed in part, finding that the NRDC was entitled to summary judgment on its claims regarding the Los Angeles River and San Gabriel River because the monitoring stations are located within the MS4 owned and operated by the district. The U.S. Court of Appeals held that the district was liable for the discharge of pollutants that occurred when the polluted stormwater detected at the monitoring stations flowed out of the concrete-lined portions of the rivers, where the monitoring stations are located, into lower, unlined portions of the same rivers. However, with regard to the Santa Clara River and Malibu Creek, NRDC failed to provide adequate evidence for the district court to determine if stormwater discharged from the MS4 caused or contributed to exceedances of permitted water quality levels. As such, the NRDC was entitled to summary judgment on the district's liability for discharges into the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers but not the Santa Clara River or Malibu Creek.\n\nSupreme Court decision\n\nIssues \nThe Clean Water Act regulates discharges of pollutants, including discharges of pollutants from municipal stormwater systems. The petition of a writ of certiorari (filed October 11, 2011) posed two questions to the Supreme Court:\n\n1. Do \"navigable waters of the United States\" include only \"naturally occurring\" bodies of water so that construction of engineered channels or other man-made improvements to a river as part of municipal flood and storm control renders the improved portion no longer a \"navigable water\" under the Clean Water Act?\n\n2. When water flows from one portion of a river that is a navigable water of the United States, through a concrete channel or other engineered improvement in the river constructed for flood and stormwater control as part of a municipal separate storm sewer system, into a lower portion of the same river, can there be a \"discharge\" from an \"outfall\" under the Clean Water Act, notwithstanding this Court's holding in South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians, 541 U.S. 95, 105 (2004), that transfer of water within a single body of water cannot constitute a \"discharge\" for purposes of the Act?\n\nGranting of certiorari\nThe petition for a writ of certiorari sought to expand the definition of \"navigable waters of the United States\" to potentially include human engineered improvements, and to also reverse the verdict of the Ninth Circuit based on the Supreme Court's prior ruling in South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians.\n\nOn June 25, 2012 the Supreme Court granted certiorari and limited to Question 2 set forth in the initial petition for a writ of certiorari.\n\nThe Supreme Court granted the certiorari in order to address the Ninth Circuit's verdict which reversed a previous decision and held that the Los Angeles County Flood Control District was liable due to the discharge of pollutants that occurred when polluted water was detected at the monitoring stations as it flowed out through the concrete channel to unimproved portions of the river. The Supreme Court decided to limit its scope to the latter of the two questions, leaving the first to the lower courts.\n\nArguments \n\nThe case was argued on December 4, 2012 by NRDC senior attorney Aaron Colangelo for respondents and GMSR partner Timothy T. Coates for the petitioner L.A. County. Essentially conceding that the premise upon which the Ninth Circuit's decision was based was incorrect, the NRDC and Baykeeper sought to argue that the exceedances detected at monitoring stations themselves sufficed in establishing the liability of the district under the Clean Water Act for its upstream discharges. NRDC felt that the Court of Appeals came to the correct decision, albeit for the wrong reasons, in their evaluation of the discharge of pollutants from an improved portion to an unimproved portion of the same waters. The NRDC and Baykeeper contended that the exceedances detected at the instream monitoring stations were sufficient to establish the district's liability under the Clean Water Act for upstream discharges. In addition, the NRDC argued that under the terms of the permit, the district had agreed to be severally liable with its co-permittees for any excess pollution in the river picked up by the monitoring stations.\n\nThe district sought to argue that under the EPA's 2008 water transfer rule (40 C.F.R. \u00a7 122.3(i)) it was not liable for violating its permit. The NRDC, however, pointed out that the water transfer rules did not apply in the cases of MS4s stating that \"[m]unicipal separate storm sewer systems...are clearly subject to regulation under the Act. CWA section 402(p).\"\n\nThe district argued that the issue granted certiorari by the Supreme Court had to be resolved in favor of the district on the basis of previous standing. Again, this point was not in contention on the part of the NRDC. As the first issue upon which the petition for certiorari was not going to be addressed in court, the district sought to argue the alternative monitoring argument that the NRDC was attempting to bring forth. The district argued that the monitoring theory itself was contrary to the Clean Water Act, which imposes liability only where it is shown that a permitee has discharged in violation of permit terms. The Supreme Court ruled that their grant of certiorari was only to evaluate the Court of Appeals ruling as it related to the prior standing and \"did not address or indicate any opinion on the issue the NRDC and Baykeeper seek to substitute.\"\n\nOpinion of the court \nThe case was argued on December 4, 2012 with a decision being issued on January 8, 2013.\n\nJustice Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the court which held that the flow from an improved portion of a navigable waterway into an unimproved portion of the same waterway does not constitute a \"discharge of a pollutant\" under the Clean Water Act. This was based on the standing of the South Florida Water Management Dist. v. Miccosukee Tribe. Based on this, the court found that the Ninth Circuit's decision was not in accordance with this hold and reversed and remanded the decision.\n\nSignificance of the case\nSome environmental groups expressed concern that the U.S. Supreme Court decision inappropriately relied on the Court's past decision on the South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians case. While the Court was asked to determine whether the transfer of water that arguably contained pollutants from one part of a water body into another part of that same water body needed a permit to discharge pollutants in the Miccosukee case, there is no doubt that municipal storm sewers need permits to discharge into rivers in the Los Angeles Flood Control District v. NRDC case. Outside parties asserted that the two situations have nothing in common.\n\nIn general, several parties believe that the U.S. Supreme Court's decision is narrow in its scope, and questioned why the Supreme Court had decided to hear the case rather than just reverse the Ninth Circuit's decision. However, the reversal of the Ninth Circuit's judgment against the Los Angeles County Flood Control District in the case implies that local water quality advocates will continue to pressure the local regulator, the Regional Water Quality Control Board, to ensure that the new municipal stormwater permit effectively implements its water quality improvement measures.\n\nAdditionally, while the Supreme Court decided against addressing the first question raised in the certiorari, if it had been addressed, it would have further defined \"navigable waters\" under the Clean Water Act.\n\nSome observers of the case contend that there are additional lessons that can be taken from the Supreme Court case. By not defending the decision made by the Ninth Circuit, the NRDC was able to steer the Court's attention to more plausible grounds in an effort to keep the case alive for a remand.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2013 in California\nCategory:2013 in Los Angeles\nCategory:2013 in the environment\nCategory:2013 in United States case law\nCategory:United States environmental case law\nCategory:United States Supreme Court cases\nCategory:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court\nCategory:Natural Resources Defense Council\nCategory:Los Angeles County Department of Public Works"}
-{"text": "Gr\u00e5h\u00f8e (Dovre)\n\nGr\u00e5h\u00f8e is a mountain in the municipality of Dovre in Oppland, in southern Norway.\n\nCategory:Dovre\nCategory:Mountains of Innlandet"}
-{"text": "Molova\n\nMolova () is a rural locality (a village) in Kudymkarsky District, Perm Krai, Russia. The population was 82 as of 2010.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Perm Krai"}
-{"text": "Gwebi College of Agriculture\n\nGwebi College of Agriculture is an agricultural college located near Harare, Zimbabwe.\n\nHistory \nFormal agricultural education in Southern Rhodesia began in 1930, when an agricultural college opened at Matopos. However, it closed after a few years. Gwebi Farm was established by the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland's Ministry of Agriculture in the early 20th-century as an experimental station. In the decades that followed, the farm lapsed in and out of active use. After World War II, Gwebi Farm hosted agricultural courses for ex-servicemen, where they were instructed in skills such as ploughing, herding, and milking. Ian Smith, the future Prime Minister of Rhodesia, attended courses at Gwebi in 1947 and 1948. In 1949, W. L. Fielding arrived in Southern Rhodesia, tasked by the Ministry of Agriculture with establishing an agricultural college at Gwebi. The college would provide two-year diploma courses to ex-servicemen, many of whom had missed out on higher education during the war.\n\nIn February 1950, Gwebi College of Agriculture opened with 24 students. Its campus, located on Sinoia Road outside of Salisbury, was originally used to house pilots training at the nearby Mount Hampden airfield during World War II. The students were 18- and 19-year-old white men, mostly from the colonies of Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland, with a few students from the United Kingdom who sought to take up farming in the Federation. Unlike Southern Rhodesia's agricultural school for blacks, Chibero College, where students took three year courses, Gwebi offered two-year diploma courses, because the students generally had some experience in agriculture. The first fully residential institution of higher education in Southern Rhodesia, Gwebi College soon had a significant waiting list. After 15 years, Dr. Fielding left Gwebi in 1965 to take the position of Chair of Agriculture at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. By the time he left, Gwebi had graduated over 500 students.\n\nIn 1965, Hugh Rodney Mundy became principal of Gwebi College. A former Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford, he was previously an animal husbandry lecturer at Gwebi. As principal, he placed greater emphasis on animal husbandry training, and also frequently umpired at Gwebi cricket matches. He died in 1970, while still in office. In August 1970, Frederick Bernard Rhodes, formerly a lecturer in animal husbandry and vice principal, became Principal of Gwebi College. In 1976, he took a job as project manager at the Keiskammahoek immigration scheme, and stepped down as principal. Hugh John McLean became the fourth Principal of Gwebi College in November 1976. Previously, he was a lecturer in animal husbandry and vice principal since 1970. He served as principal until 1982, when he was replaced by Bob Dunckley. By the late 1970s, Gwebi College had graduated more than 1,000 students. In 1978, the college had 17 instructors and an enrollment of 88 students.\n\nIn October 2013, Gwebi College of Agriculture graduated 131 students. University of Zimbabwe principal Levi Nyagura used his commencement speech to urge the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development to create a bachelor's degree program at Gwebi College. He said,\"Judging by the high standard of the diploma program it will no longer make sense to continue awarding Gwebi graduates a diploma. A Bachelor of Technology degree in agriculture would be more appropriate.\"\n\nAcademics \nGwebi College of Agriculture ran two-year Diploma in Agriculture courses. The courses included both lectures and regular visits to working farms. Students were expected to have experienced at least one year working on a farm before enrolling. To enroll, applicants are required a minimum of five Ordinary levels passes including mathematics, English, language, and science. Gwebi College is affiliated with the University of Zimbabwe.\n\nStudent life \nA 1980 study found that Gwebi students were more motivated by the desire to obtain a diploma than an interest in farming; at Chibero College, these priorities were generally reversed.\n\nSports \nGwebi College of Agriculture maintained a cricket team.\n\nNotable people\n\nList of principals \n\n W. L. Fielding (1950-1965)\n Hugh Rodney Mundy (1965-1970)\n Frederick Bernard Rhodes (1970-1976)\n Hugh John McLean (1976-1982)\n Bob Dunckley (1982-?)\n\nAlumni - Old Gwebians \nAlumni are known as Old Gwebians.\n\n Colin Cloete (1974), former President of the Commercial Farmers' Union\n Eddie Cross (1962), economist and Member of Parliament\n Rob Davenport (1960), commercial farmer and businessman\n Tom Dumont de Chassart, President of the Zimbabwe Tobacco Association\n Bob Dunckley (1958), former President of Gwebi College\n Ian Smith (1948), Prime Minister of Rhodesia\n Stephen Gasha (1990), Higher Research Technician, DR&SS, Marondera (1990 - 2001), IT Support Engineer, UK\n Peter Steyl (1976), President of the Commercial Farmers' Union\n\nSee also \n\n Agriculture in Zimbabwe\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1950 establishments in Southern Rhodesia\nCategory:Agricultural universities and colleges\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Mashonaland West Province\nCategory:Education in Mashonaland West Province\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1950\nCategory:Farms in Zimbabwe\nCategory:Universities and colleges in Zimbabwe"}
-{"text": "Bah\u00e7ekonak, Vezirk\u00f6pr\u00fc\n\nBah\u00e7ekonak is a village in the District of Vezirk\u00f6pr\u00fc, Samsun Province, Turkey.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Samsun Province\nCategory:Villages in Turkey\nCategory:Vezirk\u00f6pr\u00fc"}
-{"text": "Ronnie Blye\n\nRonald Jerry Blye (born December 29, 1943 in Clearwater, Florida) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the New York Giants and the Philadelphia Eagles.  He played college football at the University of Notre Dame.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1943 births\nCategory:American football running backs\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:New York Giants players\nCategory:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players\nCategory:Philadelphia Eagles players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida"}
-{"text": "TAX1BP3\n\nTax1-binding protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAX1BP3 gene.  This name is in reference to the Tax1 protein of the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) which was used to discover Tax1BP3 in a yeast 2-hybrid screen and subsequently verified by co-IP.  TIP1, as it is also known, is a PDZ domain containing protein.  However, unlike most PDZ domain proteins which act as scaffolds and often contain multiple PDZ domains as well as other protein domains, TIP1 is essentially just the PDZ domain.  This has led to the speculation that TIP1 acts as an inhibitor, either acting to separate PDZ binding motifs from their normal targets or simply preventing the protein to migrate away from the cytosol.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading"}
-{"text": "Conor McGrandles\n\nConor McGrandles (born 24 September 1995) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League One club Milton Keynes Dons.\n\nClub career\n\nFalkirk\nBorn in Falkirk, McGrandles is a product of the Falkirk youth academy, moving into the first team at the start of the 2012\u201313 season. He made his first team d\u00e9but on 29 September 2012, against Cowdenbeath at Central Park, five days after his 17th birthday. His first senior goal came seven weeks later, against Livingston at Almondvale in the 84th minute.\n\nNorwich City\nMcGrandles was transferred to Norwich City in August 2014. In January 2016, McGrandles returned to Falkirk on loan until the end of the season. On 20 February 2016, McGrandles was stretched off during Falkirk's 1\u20130 win at Greenock Morton after suffering a double break in his right leg.\n\nMilton Keynes Dons\nMcGrandles signed a two-year contract with Milton Keynes Dons in May 2017. On 4 August 2018, during the opening league game of the season away to Oldham Athletic, McGrandles sustained a serious facial fracture resulting in a three-month absence. He made his return to the first team on 13 November 2018, starting in an EFL Trophy group fixture against Brighton & Hove Albion U21s. McGrandles scored his first goal for the club on 16 February 2019, the opening goal in a 3\u20132 away win over Carlisle United.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nHonours\nMilton Keynes Dons\nEFL League Two third-place promotion: 2018\u201319\n\nIndividual\nMilton Keynes Dons Young Player of the Year: 2018\u201319\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Falkirk F.C. players\nCategory:Scottish Football League players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Falkirk\nCategory:1995 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Scottish footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Scottish Professional Football League players\nCategory:Norwich City F.C. players\nCategory:Scotland youth international footballers\nCategory:English Football League players\nCategory:Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players"}
-{"text": "2004 CAF Champions League\n\nThe 2004 CAF Champions League was the 40th edition of the CAF Champions League, the Africa's premier club football tournament prize organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). Enyimba of Nigeria defeated \u00c9toile du Sahel of Tunisia in the final to win their second title.\n\nQualifying rounds\n\nPreliminary round\n\n1 US Stade Tamponnaise refused to participate; they were banned from CAF competitions for two years and fined $3000. \n2 AS Temp\u00eate Mocaf and Ulinzi Stars withdrew before 1st leg. \n3 ASC Nasr de Sebkha withdrew before the 2nd leg.\n\nFirst round\n\nSecond round\n\nGroup stage\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nKnockout stage\n\nBracket\n\nSemifinals\n\nFinal\n\nBest Scorers\nThe top scorers from the 2004 CAF Champions League are as follows:\n\nExternal links\nChampions' Cup 2004 - rsssf.com\n\n \nCategory:CAF Champions League seasons\n1"}
-{"text": "Paul Delair\n\nPaul Alexandre Delair (24 October 1842 \u2013 19 January 1894) was a 19th-century French playwright, poet, chansonnier and novelist.\n\nAn administrator at the Acad\u00e9mie des Beaux-Arts, he took an active part to the organization of the Exposition universelle of 1889. His plays were presented on the most important Parisian stages of the 19th-century, including the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre du Vaudeville and the Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise.\n\nWorks \n\n1868: La D\u00e9couverte, ode sur la navigation\n1870: Les Nuits et les r\u00e9veils\n1872: L\u2019\u00c9loge d'Alexandre Dumas\n1872: La Voix d'en haut, one-act \u00e0-propos dramatique, in verse\n1879: La Louve d'Alen\u00e7on, historical novel\n1880: Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de campagne\n1880: Garin, five-act drama, in verse\n1881: Le Fils de Corneille, \u00e0 propos in verse\n1882: Le Fils du charpentier, tale in verse\n1883: Les Rois en exil, 5-acts play, in 7 tableaux, with Alphonse Daudet\n1884: Le Centenaire de Figaro, \u00e0-propos in verse\n1884: Les Contes d'\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent avec une lettre de Coquelin a\u00een\u00e9 sur la po\u00e9sie dite en public et l'art de la dire\n1885: Apoth\u00e9ose, one-act play in verse\n1885: Louchon\n1887: D\u00e9livrance, cantata, music by Th\u00e9odore Dubois\n1887: Rabelais \u00e0 Moli\u00e8re, verse\n1891: H\u00e9l\u00e8ne, drama in 4 acts, incidental music by Andr\u00e9 Messager\n1891: La M\u00e9g\u00e8re apprivois\u00e9e, four-act com\u00e9die lyrique\n1891: L\u2019\u00c2me des fleurs !, poetry, incidental music by Jules Massenet\n1893: La Vie chim\u00e9rique, poems\n1894: Chanson d'automne, music by Andr\u00e9 Messager\n1895: Testament po\u00e9tique, po\u00e9sies posthumes, with Sully Prudhomme\n1897: Chansons \u00e9piques (Geste de Guillaume)\n1898: Chanson d'hiver !, music by C. de Grandval\n1898: Parfums des tilleuls !, poetry, music by Cl\u00e9mence de Grandval\n1899: Th\u00e9\u00e2tre in\u00e9dit\n1899: Ma belle m'a dit, poetry, music by Charles Cuvillier\n1903: Illusion !, lamento, music by Fl\u00e9gier\n1905: Musique d'antan, music by Cuvillier\n1908: L'Ile des fleurs !, melody, singing and piano, music by Ange Fl\u00e9gier\n\nBibliography \n Ferdinand-Camille Dreyfus, Andr\u00e9 Berthelot, La Grande encyclop\u00e9die, vol.13, 1886, (p.\u00a01161)\n G\u00e9rard Walch, Anthologie des po\u00e8tes fran\u00e7ais contemporains, 1916, (p.\u00a053)\n Robert Sabatier, Histoire de la po\u00e9sie fran\u00e7aise du XIXe, vol.2, 1977, (p.\u00a082)\n Jacques Delair, Paul Delair (1842-1894), undated\n\nCategory:1842 births\nCategory:1894 deaths\nCategory:People from Montereau-Fault-Yonne\nCategory:French chansonniers\nCategory:19th-century French novelists\nCategory:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:19th-century French poets\nCategory:Chevaliers of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur"}
-{"text": "Ralph Burns\n\nRalph Jose P. Burns (June 29, 1922 \u2013 November 21, 2001) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger.\n\nEarly life\nBurns was born in Newton, Massachusetts, United States, where he began playing the piano as a child.  In 1938, he attended the New England Conservatory of Music.  He admitted that he learned the most about jazz by transcribing the works of Count Basie, Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington.  While a student, Burns lived in Frances Wayne's home.  Wayne was already a well-known big band singer and her brother Nick Jerret was a bandleader who began working with Burns.  He found himself in the company of such famous performers as Nat King Cole and Art Tatum.\n\nCareer\nAfter Burns moved to New York in the early 1940s, he met Charlie Barnet and the two began working together.  In 1944, he joined the Woody Herman band with members Neal Hefti, Bill Harris, Flip Phillips, Chubby Jackson and Dave Tough.  Together, the group developed a powerful and distinctive sound.  For 15 years, Burns wrote or arranged many of the band's major hits including \"Bijou\", \"Northwest Passage\" and \"Apple Honey\", and on the longer work \"Lady McGowan's Dream\" and the three-part Summer Sequence.\n\nBurns worked with numerous other musicians.  Stan Getz was featured as a tenor saxophone soloist on \"Early Autumn\", a hit for the band and the launching platform for Getz's solo career.  Burns also worked in a small band with soloists including Bill Harris and Charlie Ventura.\n\nThe success of the Herman band provided Burns the ability to record under his own name. In the 1950s, Burns played nightly from 5pm -9pm in The Baroque Room at Oscar's Delmonico restaurant in Downtown Manhattan. He collaborated with Billy Strayhorn, Lee Konitz and Ben Webster to create both jazz and classical recordings.  He wrote compositions for Tony Bennett and Johnny Mathis and later Aretha Franklin and Natalie Cole.  Burns was responsible for the arrangement and introduction of a string orchestra on two of Ray Charles's biggest hits, \"Come Rain or Come Shine\" and \"Georgia on My Mind\". In the 1990s, Burns arranged music for Mel Torm\u00e9, John Pizzarelli, Michael Feinstein and Tony Bennett.\n\nIn the 1960s, Burns was freed from touring as a band pianist, and began arranging/orchestrating for Broadway including the major show Chicago, Funny Girl, No, No, Nanette, and Sweet Charity.  In 1971, Burns first film assignment was for Woody Allen's Bananas.  Burns worked with film-director Bob Fosse and in 1972 won the Academy Award as music supervisor for Cabaret. He composed the film scores for Lenny (1974) and Martin Scorsese's jazz-themed New York, New York (1977).  Fosse again employed Burns to create the soundtrack for All That Jazz for which he also won an Academy Award in 1979.  He then worked on Urban Cowboy (1980) and in 1982, Burns received another Academy Award nomination for his work in Annie.\n\nHis work for the stage was also notable. Baryshnikov on Broadway in 1980 earned Burns an Emmy Award for his work. Burns won the Tony Award for Best Orchestrations in 1999 for Fosse and posthumously in 2002 for Thoroughly Modern Millie, which also garnered him the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Orchestrations. The latter were won with Doug Besterman. From 1996 until his death, Burns restored many orchestrations for New York City Center's Encores! series \u2014 revivals of both his own shows and shows originally orchestrated by others. Burns was inducted into the New England Jazz Hall of Fame in 2004.\n\nPersonal life\nBurns carefully hid his homosexuality throughout his life. In 2001, Burns died from complications of a recent stroke and pneumonia in Los Angeles, California and was buried on April 13, 2002 in Newton. He was survived by one sister, Nancy Lane (Burns), and three brothers, Leo, Joe, and Gael.\n\nFilmography\n\nComposer \n\nLenny (1974)\nPiaf (1974)\nLucky Lady (1975)\nMovie Movie (1978)\nAll That Jazz (1979)\nMake Me an Offer (1980) (TV) \nUrban Cowboy (1980)\nGolden Gate (1981) (TV)\nPennies from Heaven (1981)\nSide Show (1981) (TV)\n\nKiss Me Goodbye (1982)\nLights, Camera, Annie! (1982) (TV)\nMy Favorite Year (1982)\nThe Phantom of the Opera (1983) (TV)\nStar 80 (1983)\nNational Lampoon's Vacation (1983)\nErnie Kovacs: Between the Laughter (1984) (TV) \nThe Muppets Take Manhattan (1984)\nMoving Violations (1985)\nPerfect (1985)\n\nThe Christmas Star (1986) (TV)\nPenalty Phase (1986) (TV)\nAmazing Stories (2 episodes, 1986\u20131987)\n\"Magic Saturday\" (1986) TV Episode\n\"The 21-Inch Sun\" (1987) TV Episode\nAfter the Promise (1987) (TV)\nIn the Mood (1987)\nAll Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)\nSweet Bird of Youth (1989) (TV)\nBert Rigby, You're a Fool (1989)\n\nOther\n\nSomething More! (1964) (orchestrator)\nSweet Charity (1969) (orchestrator)\nMove (1970) (orchestrator)\nBananas (1971) (orchestrator)\nPippin (musical) (1971) (orchestrator)\nCabaret (1972) (conductor, arranger, supervisor)\nLenny (1974) (music supervisor)\nMame (1974) (musical director) (orchestrator)\nNew York, New York (1977) (conductor, supervisor)\nThe World's Greatest Lover (1977) (orchestrator)\n\nHigh Anxiety (1977) (orchestrator)\nAll That Jazz (1979) (conductor, arranger, supervisor) (uncredited)\nBaryshnikov on Broadway (1980) (TV) (music arranger)\nUrban Cowboy (1980) (music adaptor)\nFirst Family (1980) (composer: additional music, uncredited, conductor, adaptor)\nBring Back Birdie (1981) (orchestrator supervisor)\nPippin: His Life and Times (1981) (TV) (music arranger)\nHistory of the World: Part I (1981) (orchestrator: \"The Spanish Inquisition\")\nAnnie (1982) (conductor, arranger)\n\nJinxed! (1982) (reunion scene arranger and orchestrator)\nTo Be or Not to Be (1983) (orchestrator)\nA Chorus Line (1985) (conductor, arranger)\nIn the Mood (1987) (conductor, orchestrator)\nThe Josephine Baker Story (1991) (TV)\nLife Stinks (1991) (dance orchestrator)\nThe Addams Family (1991) (additional orchestrator)\nFosse (2001) (TV) (orchestrator)\n\nSoundtracks\nMidnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997) (writer: \"Early Autumn\")\nStar 80 (1983) (music: \"Overkill\", \"Off Ramp\", \"Improvise\", \"Funky\") (lyrics: \"Overkill\", \"Funky\")\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nSee also\n List of jazz arrangers\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nThe ASCAP Biographical Dictionary, Third edition, New York: American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (1966)\nASCAP Biographical Dictionary. Fourth edition, compiled for the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers by Jaques Cattell Press. New York: R.R. Bowker (1980)\nContemporary Musicians. Profiles of the people in music. Volume 37. Detroit: Gale Group (2002) (biography contains portrait)\nContemporary Theatre, Film, and Television, Volume 12, Detroit: Gale Research (1994) \nContemporary Theatre, Film, and Television, Volume 24, Detroit: Gale Group (1999) \nInternational Motion Picture Almanac, 1992 edition, New York: Quigley Publishing Co. (1992) \nInternational Motion Picture Almanac, 1994 edition, New York: Quigley Publishing Co. (1994) \nInternational Motion Picture Almanac, 1996 edition, New York: Quigley Publishing Co. (1996) \nThe New York Times Biographical Service; A compilation of current biographical information of general interest; Volume 32, Numbers 1\u201312, Ann Arbor, MI: Bell & Howell Information & Learning Co. (2001)\n\nBogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris and Erlewine, Stephen Thomas All Music Guide to Jazz; The definitive guide to jazz music, Fourth edition,, San Francisco: Backbeat Books (2002)\nBowman, John S. The Cambridge Dictionary of American Biography, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press (1995)\nClaghorn, Charles Eugene. Biographical Dictionary of American Music, West Nyack, NY: Parker Publishing Co. (1973)\nClaghorn, Charles Eugene. Biographical Dictionary of Jazz, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall (1982)\nHitchcock, H. Wiley and Sadie, Stanley (eds.) The New Grove Dictionary of American Music, four volumes, edited by, London: Macmillan Press (1986) \nKernfeld, Barry The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz; First edition, two volumes, London: Macmillan Press (1988) \nKernfeld, Barry The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz, New York: St. Martin's Press (1994)\nKernfeld, Barry The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz; Second edition, three volumes, edited by Barry Kernfeld, London: Macmillan Publishers (2002)\nKinkle, Roger D. The Complete Encyclopedia of Popular Music and Jazz, 1900\u20131950, Three volumes, New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House Publishers (1974); biographies are located in Volumes 2 and 3\nLarkin, Colin (ed.) The Encyclopedia of Popular Music; Third edition, eight volumes, London: Muze (1998); Grove's Dictionaries, New York (1998) \nRigdon, Walter. The Biographical Encyclopaedia and Who's Who of the American Theatre, edited by Walter Rigdon, New York: James H. Heineman (1966)\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:2001 deaths\nCategory:American male composers\nCategory:Songwriters from Massachusetts\nCategory:Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners\nCategory:Emmy Award winners\nCategory:Tony Award winners\nCategory:Jazz arrangers\nCategory:Musicians from Newton, Massachusetts\nCategory:New England Conservatory alumni\nCategory:20th-century American pianists\nCategory:LGBT composers\nCategory:American jazz pianists\nCategory:American male pianists\nCategory:Gay musicians\nCategory:LGBT people from Massachusetts\nCategory:LGBT musicians from the United States\nCategory:LGBT songwriters\nCategory:20th-century American composers\nCategory:Jazz musicians from New York (state)\nCategory:Jazz musicians from Massachusetts\nCategory:20th-century American male musicians\nCategory:Male jazz musicians"}
-{"text": "Romeral (volcano)\n\nRomeral is a stratovolcano located in Caldas, Colombia. It is the northernmost Holocene volcano of South America, of the North Volcanic Zone in the Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcano was formed in the Late Pliocene, approximately 3 million years ago.\n\nSee also \n\n List of volcanoes in Colombia\n List of volcanoes by elevation\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Mountains of Colombia\nCategory:Stratovolcanoes of Colombia\nCategory:Andean Volcanic Belt\nCategory:Pliocene volcanoes\nCategory:Neogene Colombia\nCategory:Pleistocene volcanoes\nCategory:Pleistocene Colombia\nCategory:Holocene volcanoes\nCategory:Holocene Colombia\nCategory:Three-thousanders of the Andes\nCategory:Geography of Caldas Department"}
-{"text": "John Stewart Socha\n\nJohn Stewart Socha is a Spring Grove, Minnesota-based radio broadcaster and journalist who specializes in technology subjects.\n\nSocha, originally working on the air as John Stewart, began his broadcasting career in 1981 was an on-air personality at WTMJ in Milwaukee, and later hosted the \"Morning Report\" at WOAI in San Antonio, Texas. In 1990, he relocated to Spring Grove, Minnesota to create ACPress.com, which offered audio and mixed media tutorials for new computer users.  He also produced The Radio Computer Magazine, which was syndicated on the Sun Radio Network, and was a guest commentator on high-tech issues for the Business News Network, WBAL radio in Baltimore, and the Australian Triple M Network's weekly Byte This program.\n\nSocha also wrote articles on both digital and film photography, using the byline \"John Stewart,\" for eDigitalPhoto and Shutterbug magazines. They can now be found in the Shutterbug web site archives.  He has also been cited in numerous publications as an expert in high-tech issues.\n\nFrom 2001 - 2006, he was station manager for WKBH, a Roman Catholic radio station in La Crosse, Wisconsin.  Socha now produces radio, television and multimedia projects for a number of non-profit organizations, including the Catholic Diocese of LaCrosse.  He has hosted and produced more than 500 weekly radio shows, \"Connecting The Diocese.\" [diolc.org/connecting]\n\nTo date, Socha has produced and narrated 12 audio tutorials, ranging from the 1994 \u201cThe DOS Tape\u201d to computer-based CDs tutorials for first-time users of digital cameras and eBay auctions.  His wife, book designer and editor Alice Andersen, has co-written and co-produced these tutorials. Socha has also brought his expertise to Western Technical College in LaCrosse, where he taught non-credit courses on digital photography.\n\nSocha received the 2005 Distinguished Netizen Award from SharewareJunkies.com for his work in high-tech journalism and computer education.\n\nFor more than six years, he has answered listeners' questions on a popular statewide mid-day show hosted by Larry Meillor on Wisconsin Public Radio (wpr.org).  He published (2012) the (printed) book, How To Use The Digital Camera You Just Bought! and a second edition is now in print.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n LaCrosse Tribune profile\nProfile in June 1994 edition of Nation\u2019s Business\n Letter to the Editor in the June 24, 2001 edition of Time Magazine (as John Stewart)\n\nCategory:American radio personalities\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American technology writers\nCategory:American male journalists\nCategory:American Roman Catholics\nCategory:EBay\nCategory:People from Spring Grove, Minnesota\nCategory:Catholics from Minnesota"}
-{"text": "Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament\n\nThe men's field hockey tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics was the 17th edition of the field hockey event for men at the Summer Olympic Games. It was held over a fourteen-day period beginning on 26 July, and culminating with the medal finals on 8 August. All games were played at the Estadi Ol\u00edmpic de Terrassa in Terrassa, Spain, located 30 kilometers from Barcelona.\n\nGermany won the gold medal for the second time after defeating Australia 2\u20131 in the final. Pakistan won the bronze medal by defeating the Netherlands 4\u20133.\n\nQualification\n\nSquads\n\nUmpires\n\nTarlok Bhullar (IND)\nSantiago Deo (ESP)\nAdriano de Vecchi (ITA)\nJose Gortazar (ESP)\nM Iqbal Bali (PAK)\nGuillaume Langle (FRA)\nGraham Nash (GBR)\nDon Prior (AUS)\nAlain Renaud (FRA)\nEduardo Ruiz (ARG)\nKiyoshi Sana (JPN)\nClaude Seidler (GER)\nNikolai Stepanov (URS)\nChristopher Todd (GBR)\nPatrick van Beneden (BEL)\nPeter von Reth (NED)\nAlan Waterman (CAN)\nRichard Wolter (GER)\n\nPreliminary round\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nClassification round\n\nNinth to twelfth place classification\n\nCross-overs\n\nEleventh and twelfth place\n\nNinth and tenth place\n\nFifth to eighth place classification\n\nCross-overs\n\nSeventh and eighth place\n\nFifth and sixth place\n\nMedal round\n\nSemi-finals\n\nBronze medal match\n\nGold medal match\n\nStatistics\n\nFinal standings\n\nGoalscorers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\n\nMen"}
-{"text": "Scott Tracy\n\nScott Tracy is a fictional character in Gerry Anderson's 1960s Supermarionation television series Thunderbirds, the subsequent films Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbird 6 and the TV remake Thunderbirds Are Go!. He is the pilot of the primary vehicle of the Thunderbird fleet, Thunderbird 1. His specialist training is as a First Responder and Team Leader.\n\nThunderbirds 1965\u201366\n\nCharacter biography\nThe eldest son of Jeff Tracy (founder and financier of International Rescue), Scott is named after American astronaut Scott Carpenter. Sources vary in the canon of the Thunderbirds series as to Scott's age and birth date. One written source suggests that Scott was born on 4 April 2039, making him 26 years old.\n\nEducated at Yale and Oxford Universities, Scott was decorated for valour during his service with the United States Air Force before taking up his duties with International Rescue. As pilot of the quick response craft Thunderbird 1, he is usually first at the danger zone and typically serves as field commander on all rescue operations. He also takes on secondary duties as co-pilot of the spacecraft Thunderbird 3, is an occasional relief occupant of the Thunderbird 5 space station, and leads the organisation from Tracy Island when his father is absent.\n\nOf the five Tracy brothers, it is Scott who keeps a cool head, and who is quick-thinking when the situation calls for it \u2013 particularly when he is at the receiving end of a gun or when the security of International Rescue is compromised. As the eldest brother, Scott nearly always assumes a leadership role.\n\nScott Tracy is also one of the few members of International Rescue to have killed someone. He killed the Egyptians in the pyramid on \"The Uninvited\" (he also probably killed Gomez and Gillespie in \"Move \u2013 And You're Dead\"). The others are Gordon on \"Operation Crash Dive\" and Alan on Thunderbird 6.\n\nBackground\nScott's likeness was based on actor Sean Connery.\n\nAlong with Jeff and Virgil, Scott is the only other Tracy to appear in all 32 episodes of Thunderbirds, although he does not take part in the rescue operation in \"The Perils of Penelope\". He also does not play an active role in \"Atlantic Inferno\" as he was in temporary command of International Rescue.\n\nThe voice of Scott was provided by Shane Rimmer.\n\nThunderbirds 2004 film\nIn the film, he was portrayed by actor Philip Winchester. Since the film focused on Alan Tracy, not much is known about this version of the character.\n\nThunderbirds Are Go! (2015\u2013)\nIn the 2015 TV Series, Scott is portrayed by Rasmus Hardiker. Scott is still the eldest and most experienced Tracy brother and he is bold and fearless in action. He is also the team leader. However, he also possesses a very short temper, as shown whenever a member of his family is at risk because of human error.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Fictional American people\nCategory:Fictional astronauts\nCategory:Scott Carpenter\nCategory:Television characters introduced in 1965\nCategory:Fictional United States Air Force personnel\nCategory:Thunderbirds (TV series) characters"}
-{"text": "Aster DM Healthcare\n\nAster DM Healthcare is privately held Indian conglomerate health care provider founded in 1987 by Azad Moopen who hails from Kerala, India. The company is headquartered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Aster DM Healthcare currently operates hospitals, diagnostic centres, medical centres and pharmacies in the Middle East andIndia.\n\nHistory\n\nAster DM Healthcare was founded in 1987 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates by Azad Moopen, a doctor turned entrepreneur. The company is a private sector healthcare provider in the Middle East. The Dubai-headquartered healthcare conglomerate covers an array of healthcare verticals, from hospitals, clinics, pharmacies and healthcare consultancy service.\n\nIn November 2014, Aster DM Healthcare finalized Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs and Kotak Mahindra Bank to manage its Rs 1,200-crore initial public offering (IPO) scheduled for early next year. The company plans to sell 10% shares on the bourses though details of the same are not finalized yet. but sebi the regulator of Indian market asked the company to prove the overseas asset networth of the company.\n\nIn March 2015, the cricketer Sachin Tendulkar opened Aster DM Healthcare's 150th pharmacy in Abu Dhabi. Sachin Tendulkar is the brand ambassador of Aster Pharmacy and CSR activities.\n\nBusiness expansion\nIn May 2011, Aster DM Healthcare opened its first medical centre in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The new centre was officially inaugurated by the veteran Indian play back singer K. J. Yesudas and various guests from the Government of Sharjah and Ministry of Health.\n\nIn February 2013, Aster DM Healthcare announced the interest of investing in the Philippines' healthcare sector. Initially, the company would start with the establishment of pharmacies and possibly hospitals in the later time. Moopen told reporters in a press conference for the launch of the DM Healthcare Foundation Philippines Inc., which is providing free paediatric cardiac surgery to at least 50 Filipino children in two years. In December, they launched its fifth Access Clinic in Jebel Ali Free Zone, or Jafza South, aimed at catering to the day-to-day healthcare needs of the employees in the neighbourhood.\n\nIn April 2014, the company announced the plans to establish help desks in Oman for 2 separate campuses of Aster Medcity, South Asia's largest quaternary care hospitals being set up in Thiruvananthapuram and Ernakulam, Kerala, India.\n\nIn August 2016, the company has taken over Kavery Medical Institute, Bangaluru and renamed as Aster CMI Hospital, Bangaluru. Its plans for 509 beds and inaugurated by cricketer Sachin Tendulkar on 27 August 2016. In Bengaluru there are four clinics with complete day care facility.\n\nAcquisitions\nIn 2012, Olympus Capital Holdings Asia bought a minority stake in Aster DM Healthcare for about $100\u00a0million. The company did not reveal the size of the acquired stake. However, they announced that Olympus Capital Holdings is now Aster DM Healthcare's largest external investor and that its nominees will join the company's board. In May 2014, Olympus Capital Holdings Asia invested another $60\u00a0million into the company.\n\nSee also\n Health care provider\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Companies established in 1987\nCategory:Health care companies of India\nCategory:Health care companies of the United Arab Emirates\nCategory:1987 establishments in the United Arab Emirates"}
-{"text": "Salaoua Announa\n\nSalaoua Announa  is a town and commune in Guelma Province, Algeria. It was called Thibilis during the Roman Empire.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Guelma Province\nCategory:Communes of Algeria"}
-{"text": "Eastern meadowlark\n\nThe eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) is a medium-sized icterid bird, very similar in appearance to the western meadowlark. It occurs from eastern North America to South America, where it is also most widespread in the east.\n\nDescription\nThe adult eastern meadowlark measures from  in length and spans  across the wings. Body mass ranges from . The extended wing bone measures , the tail measures , the culmen measures  and the tarsus measures . Females are smaller in all physical dimensions. Adults have yellow underparts with a black \"V\" on the breast and white flanks with black streaks. The upperparts are mainly brown with black streaks. They have a long pointed bill; the head is striped with light brown and black.\n\nThe song of this bird is of pure, melancholy whistles, and thus simpler than the jumbled and flutey song of the western meadowlark; their ranges overlap across central North America. In the field, the song is often the easiest way to tell the two species apart, though plumage differences do exist, like tail pattern and malar coloration.\n\nThe pale Lilian's meadowlark of northern Mexico and the southwestern US is sometimes split off as a separate species.\n\nTaxonomy\n\nThis species was first described by Linnaeus in his 1758 Systema naturae as Alauda magna. The type locality is mistakenly given as \"America, Africa\".\n\nLinnaeus' error is explained by two facts: first, he did not distinguish between the eastern and western meadowlarks. The peculiar belief that this bird also occurred in Africa is due to confusion of the yellow-breasted meadowlarks with certain longclaws (Macronyx), quite unrelated African songbirds. Specifically the Cape longclaw (M. capensis) and the yellow-throated longclaw (M. croceus) share similar habitat and habits, explaining the long hind toe; their plumage pattern however is all but identical, a striking example of convergent evolution. As this exact pattern provides no obvious adaptive benefit compared to that of other meadowlarks and longclaws, it seems to have arisen twice by sheer chance.\n\nLinnaeus recognized his error less than a decade later, separating the longclaws from their meadowlark look-alikes.\n\nThe scientific name Sturnella magna is Latin for, rather confusingly, \"large little starling\", the generic name having been given due to the meadowlarks' behavior being similar to starlings.\n\nEcology\nTheir breeding habitat is grasslands and prairie, also pastures and hay fields. This species is a permanent resident throughout much of its range, though most northern birds migrate southwards in winter.  \nIn 1993 this species was first recorded in El Salvador, and the discovery of a breeding pair in 2004 confirmed that the species is a resident there.\n\nThese birds forage on the ground or in low vegetation, sometimes probing with the bill. They mainly eat arthropods, but also seeds and berries. In winter, they often feed in flocks.\n\nNesting occurs throughout the summer months. The nest is also on the ground, covered with a roof woven from grasses. There may be more than one nesting female in a male's territory.\n\nThe numbers of this species increased as forests were cleared in eastern North America. This species is ideally suited to farmland areas, especially where tall grasses are allowed to grow. Their numbers are now shrinking with a decline in suitable habitat. On the other hand, its range is expanding in parts of Central America toward the Pacific (western) side of the continent, in agricultural-type areas.\n\nConservation efforts \nEastern meadowlarks are species at risk in Nova Scotia and the subject of agricultural conservation program seeking to reduce mortality through modified practices. Allowing marginal areas of fields on farms to seed with grass can provide nesting habitat for meadowlarks and all grassland birds. Delaying hay harvest can also improve survival, giving young meadowlarks a chance of fledging\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Eastern meadowlark Bird Sound at Florida Museum of Natural History\n \n\neastern meadowlark\nCategory:Native birds of Eastern Canada\nCategory:Native birds of the Eastern United States\nCategory:Native birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)\nCategory:Native birds of the Southwestern United States\nCategory:Birds of the U.S. Rio Grande Valleys\nCategory:Birds of Central America\nCategory:Birds of Cuba\nCategory:Birds of Colombia\nCategory:Birds of Venezuela\nCategory:Birds of the Guianas\neastern meadowlark\nCategory:Birds of the Amazon Basin\nCategory:Birds of Brazil"}
-{"text": "Parker Teenie Two\n\nThe Parker Teenie Two is a single-seat, single-engine sport aircraft first built in the United States in 1969 and marketed for homebuilding. It is a low-wing, cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration and fixed tricycle undercarriage. The cockpit was designed to be left open, but plans for a canopy to enclose it were made available, the use of which would increase the top speed of the aircraft. The Teenie Two was specifically designed to use a converted Volkswagen automobile engine for power. The outer wing panels can be detached for transport or storage.\n\nIt was featured on the cover of a Popular Mechanics magazine issue in May, 1971. The caption on the cover read, \"Build a VW-Powered Plane for $750.\"\n\nThe Teenie Two may be certified in the Experimental category in the US. A pilot license is required to fly it, as it is not considered an ultralight aircraft in the United States. The airplane does however meet the Light Sport Aircraft requirements as defined by the FAA\n\nDevelopment\n\nDrawing from the experience with his previous design, the Jeanie's Teenie, Calvin Parker set out to refine the popular airplane. Improvements on the Jeanie's Teenie included adoption of a fixed horizontal stabilizer, over the all flying tail of the former machine. The aft fuselage was smoothed to follow a straight line from the cockpit to the tail, an aesthetic change that replaced the older plane's bent back appearance. Fuel capacity was increased as was horsepower, resulting in a heavier but faster airplane. Brakes were added as a requirement, as the lighter Jeanie's Teenie could get by without them. The end product was a smoother, streamlined appearance and better handling. The new airplane was named Teenie Two.\n\nDesign\n\nTeenie Two was conceived as an airplane that could be built using only hand tools, things that would be possessed by the average person in the early 1970s. The philosophy was Keep It Simple. It was intended to be within reach of someone with no previous experience in building an airplane, or in metal work. To this end, the parts are laid out in such a way that they do not require complex jigs or frames of any kind. The materials were also selected because they could be obtained at a typical hardware store of the day.\n\nPower is derived from the ubiquitous air-cooled Volkswagen automobile engine with modifications laid out by the designer in the plans.\n\nThe fuselage is a monocoque design. The empennage consists of a single vertical tail with a hinged rudder. The horizontal stabilizer is fixed, an improvement over Parker's earlier design, the Jeanie's Teenie. A hinged elevator is attached to the horizontal tail.\n\nThe wings are a fully cantilevered design. The outer wing panels, 6 feet in length each, are detachable to facilitate ground transportation. To simplify construction, each wing rib is a single piece and slides onto the main spar, a technique that helps in rib alignment. The main spar utilizes a special channel that allows the outer wings to flex and minimizes the amount of material required for bracing. The Teenie Two is not equipped with flaps.\n\nThe landing gear is tubular steel, with automotive valve springs and rubber hose inside, for shock absorption. The landing gear is a fixed tricycle configuration with nose wheel steering through rudder bar deflection. The main gear is designed to fail in the event of excessive stress, thus preventing damage to the wing structure. The wing center section design, makes up part of the main landing gear attachment.  The tricycle configuration also eases ground handling.\n\nThe cockpit is ideally minimal, equipped with instrumentation for simple, day, VFR flying. Aileron and elevator control is affected through use of a side stick. This makes ingress/egress of the tight cockpit simpler and prevents leg movements from imparting motion to the stick inflight. Rudder control is by use of a rudder bar rather than individual pedals, thus reducing complexity. Flight controls are attached and actuated with push rods rather than cables.\n\nNew designs have the luxury of materials and tools that did not exist or were not readily available to the builders of the 1970s. In principle it is possible to refine older methods, and utilize more diverse materials in construction but the Teenie Two is meant to be built as a minimal airplane, with minimal tools, complexity, skillset, and expense.\n\nThe Teenie Two is constructed primarily of aluminum, with stainless steel and steel making up the balance. Parts are made from sheet, angle, and tubular stock. The aluminum sheet and extruded angles are limited to two required thicknesses, thus simplifying purchases. Components are fastened using steel mandrel blind rivets of various length. The sheet metal is formed over wooden templates traced from the full sized plans. Very little welding is required, and is generally limited to the landing gear, motor mounts, and small control linkages. The airplane is small enough that it can be built in a garage, on a large table. The aircraft can be built in around 300 hours.\n\nThe flight characteristics of the design were intended to be quick but not oversensitive, for mild aerobatics and handling in rough air. The side stick controller also necessitated full control authority by wrist movement alone. With a fuel capacity of 9 gallons and a typical cruise power setting, the Teenie Two has an endurance of nearly 3 hours.\n\nVariants\nTeenie Two\noriginal single-seat version\nDouble Teenie\nTwo-seat version\n\nThe Teenie Two design was the inspiration for another airplane designed by Gary Watson, called the Watson Windwagon. A redesign of the Watson Windwagon by Morry Hummel, led to the popular Hummelbird airplane. A closer derivative of the Teenie Two optimized for aerobatics, was developed by Bradley Aerospace and called the Bradley Aerobat.\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Now: Teenie Two, by Kevin Brown, Popular Mechanics, May 1971, pp.\u00a094ff. Google books\n Build This \u2018Flying Volkswagen\u2019 For Less Than $600!, by Kevin B. Brown, Popular Mechanics, May 1968, pp.\u00a0120ff. (about Jeanies Teenie, predecessor of the Teenie Two).\n\nCategory:1960s United States sport aircraft\nCategory:Homebuilt aircraft\nCategory:Light-sport aircraft\nCategory:Low-wing aircraft\nCategory:Single-engined tractor aircraft\nCategory:Aircraft first flown in 1969"}
-{"text": "Anna Brownell Jameson\n\nAnna Brownell Jameson (17 May 179417 March 1860) was the first Anglo-Irish art historian. Born in Ireland, she migrated to England at the age of four, becoming a well-known British writer and contributor to nineteenth-century thought on a range of subjects including early feminism, art history (particularly sacred art), travel, Shakespeare, poets, and German culture.  Jameson was connected to some of the most prominent names of the period including Fanny Kemble, Elizabeth Barrett-Browning and Robert Browning, Harriet Martineau, Ottilie von Goethe (the daughter-in-law of Goethe), Lady Byron, Charles and Elizabeth Eastlake, and Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon.\n\nBiography\nAnna Murphy was born in Dublin, 17 May 1794. Her father, Denis Brownell Murphy (died 1842), was a miniaturist and enamel painter. He moved to England in 1798 with his wife Johanna and four daughters (of whom Anna was the eldest) and eventually settled at Hanwell, London.\n\nAt sixteen years of age, she became governess in the family of Charles Paulet, 13th Marquess of Winchester. In 1821 she was engaged to lawyer and later Upper Canada jurist Robert Jameson. The engagement was broken off, and Anna Murphy accompanied a young pupil to Italy, writing a \"autobiographical\" narrative under the guise of an unnamed and ailing young woman who eventually dies. She gave this diary to a bookseller on condition of receiving a guitar if he secured any profits. Colburn ultimately published it as The Diary of an Ennuy\u00e9e (1826), which attracted much attention, not least because the identity of the writer was soon discovered creating a scandal among reviewers in particular who felt they had been duped.  For Anna however, it was the first taste of notoriety.  Anna Murphy was governess to the children of Edward Littleton, later created Baron Hatherton, from 1821 to 1825, when she relented and married Jameson.\n\nThe marriage proved unhappy. In 1829, when Jameson was appointed puisne judge in the island of Dominica, he left Anna in England (never sending for her during his time there despite repeated promises), and she visited Continental Europe again with her father. In that year she made her name when the Loves of the Poets was published. The book attracted a poem by Mrs. Cornwell Baron Wilson in tribute.\n\nThe first work which displayed her powers of original thought was her Characteristics of Women (1832).\nThese analyses of William Shakespeare's heroines are remarkable for their delicacy of critical insight and fineness of literary touch. They are the result of a penetrating, essentially feminine mind, applied to the study of individuals of its own sex, detecting characteristics and defining differences not perceived by the ordinary critic and entirely overlooked by the general reader.\n\nGerman literature and art had aroused much interest in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Jameson paid her first visit to the German Confederation in 1833. The conglomerations of hard lines, cold colours and pedantic subjects which decorated Munich under the patronage of King Ludwig I of Bavaria, were new to the world, and Jameson's enthusiasm first gave them an English reputation.\n\nIn 1836, Jameson was summoned to Canada by her husband, who had been appointed to the Court of Chancery of the province of Upper Canada. Jameson and her husband had already lived apart for over four years, during which Anna made a good living for herself as a writer. She made no secret of the fact that she was unhappy in her marriage. Upon her arrival, her husband failed to meet her at New York and she was left to make her way alone in winter to Toronto. Here she began the travelogue of her journey, Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada, which was published in Britain in 1838. She writes in this book her initial distaste for Toronto in her first few months there, describing it as \"ugly\" and \"inefficient.\" After eight months of travelling and writing in Canada, she felt it useless to prolong a life far from all ties of family happiness and opportunities for a woman of her class and education. Before leaving, she undertook a journey to the depths of the Indian settlements in Canada; she explored Lake Huron, and saw much of emigrant and aboriginal life unknown to colonial travellers. She returned to Great Britain in 1838.\n\nAt this period Jameson began making careful notes of the chief private art collections in and near London. The result appeared in her Companion to the Private Galleries (1842), followed in the same year by the Handbook to the Public Galleries. She edited the Memoirs of the Early Italian Painters in 1845. That same year she visited her friend Ottilie von Goethe. Her friendship with Annabella Byron, 11th Baroness Wentworth, dates from about this time and lasted for some seven years; it was brought to an end apparently through the Baroness's unreasonable temper.\n\nA volume of essays published in 1846 contains one of Jameson's best pieces of work, The House of Titian. In 1847 she went to Italy with her niece and subsequent biographer (Memoirs, 1878), Gerardine Bate (later the wife of the noted photographer Robert Macpherson), to collect materials for the work on which her reputation rests: her series of Sacred and Legendary Art. The time was ripe for such contributions to the traveller's library. The Acta Sanctorum and the Book of the Golden Legend had had their readers, but no one had ever pointed out the connection between these tales and the works of Christian art. The way to these studies had been pointed out in the preface to Kugler's Handbook of Italian Painting by Sir Charles Eastlake, who had intended pursuing the subject himself.\n\nEventually he made over to Jameson the materials and references he had collected. She recognised the extent of the ground before her as a mingled sphere of poetry, history, devotion, and art. She infected her readers with her own enthusiastic admiration; and, in spite of her slight technical and historical equipment, Jameson produced a book which thoroughly deserved its great success.\n\nShe also took a keen interest in questions affecting the education, occupations, and maintenance of her own sex. Her early essay on The Relative Social Position of Mothers and Governesses was the work of one who knew both sides; and in no respect does she more clearly prove the falseness of the position she describes than in the certainty with which she predicts its eventual reform. To her we owe the first popular enunciation of the principle of male and female co-operation in works of mercy and education. In her later years she took up a succession of subjects all bearing on the same principles of active benevolence and the best ways of carrying them into practice. Sisters of charity, hospitals, penitentiaries, prisons, and workhouses all claimed her interest \u2013 all more or less included under those definitions of \"the communion of love and communion of labour\" which are inseparably connected with her memory. To the clear and temperate forms in which she brought the results of her convictions before her friends in the shape of private lectures (published as Sisters of Charity, 1855, and The Communion of Labour, 1856) may be traced the source whence later reformers and philanthropists took counsel and courage.\n\nShe left the last of her Sacred and Legendary Art series in preparation. It was completed as The History of Our Lord in Art, by Lady Eastlake.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nJudith Johnston, 'Anna Brownell Jameson and the Monthly Chronicle''', In Garlick & Harris , eds., Victorian Journalism: Exotic and Domestic (Queensland University Press, 1998)\nJudith Johnston, 'Anna Jameson: Victorian, Feminist, Woman of Letters.' Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1997.\nGerardine Bate (Mrs. Robert) Macpherson, Memoirs of the Life of Anna Jameson (Boston, 1878)\n\nThomas, Clara. Love and Work Enough: The Life of Anna Jameson. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967.\nJameson, Anna. (1832). Characteristics of Women: Moral, Poetical, and Historical''. Saunders and Otley (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )\n\nExternal links\n\n Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online\n \n Works by Mrs. Jameson at Open Library\n Different sides of the picture. Four Women's Views of Canada (1816 - 1838). Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Susan Birkwood, Faculty of Graduate Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 1997 (Ann Cuthbert Knight; Jameson; Frances Trollope; Frances Wright)\n\nElectronic editions\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1794 births\nCategory:1860 deaths\nCategory:18th-century Irish women writers\nCategory:19th-century British writers\nCategory:19th-century Irish women writers\nCategory:Art historians\nCategory:British governesses\nCategory:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery\nCategory:People from Dublin (city)"}
-{"text": "Award Software\n\nAward Software International Inc. was a BIOS manufacturer founded in 1983,  by Rene Vishney and Bob Stillman in San Jose, California. In 1984 the company moved its international headquarters to Los Gatos, California, United States.\n\nHistory\nIn 1988, Bob Stillmen left the company. The company was privately held by Rene Vishney (Chairman of the Board) and his wife Deborah Lee (Marlow) Vishney (Chief Executive Officer).\n\nIn 1995, it was sold to Chinese company GCH Systems Ltd. (now defunct).\n\nOn , Award Software International Inc. announced its initial public offering.\n\nOn , Award Software International Inc. announced the acquisition of BIOS upgrades provider Unicore Software, Inc. making it a subsidiary of Award.\n\nOn , Phoenix Technologies Ltd. and Award Software International Inc. announced the completion of a definitive merger agreement, where Phoenix Technologies Ltd. would become the surviving corporate entity following the merger completion on . The merger was completed on .\n\nAfter merger\nAfter the Phoenix\u2013Award merger, later revisions of Award BIOS still attribute copyright to Award Software Inc instead of Phoenix Technologies Ltd., including the UEFI firmware.\n\nSubsidiaries\nAward Software Europe\nAward Software Hong Kong, Ltd\nAward Software Japan, KK: Established in 1997-06-03.\nAward Software International, Inc.\nUnicore Software, Inc.\n\nProducts\n\nAwardBIOS: It is a BIOS developed by Award Software, and later Phoenix Technologies.\nCardWare: It is a PC Card software product.\nEliteBIOS: It is the system management software product that Award Software designs, develops and markets to the manufacturers of desktop, server, mobile and embedded systems.\nPC DIAG: Diagnostic software\nCheckIt POSTcard: Power On Self Test system diagnostic board\nISA POSTcard: ISA Diagnostic hardware\nPCI POSTcard: PCI Diagnostic hardware\nPreboot Manager\nSMSAccess: System management software suite\nDMIAccess: Desktop Management Interface utilities\nLMAccess: Microsoft Windows NT and Windows 95-based hardware status monitoring and alarm application\nMPCAccess\nRPBAccess: Remote, preboot diagnostic and repair software\nUSBAccess: It is a USB-host software targeted for consumer electronics and embedded device manufacturers.\nWWWAccess: Product suite for Internet appliance applications using Intel x86 embedded design.\nAPIAccess: Integrates Win32 applications into real-time systems. Formerly Willows Toolkit for UNIX and Willows RT for Embedded Systems from Willows Software.\n\nSee also\n\n BIOS features comparison\n Phoenix Technologies\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAward website (archive)\nAward Software has merged with Phoenix Technologies (archive)\nUnicore Software, Inc. (archive)\nArchives of Award Taiwan website (English)\nTaiwan Venutures Capital Corp \u00b7 SC 13G \u00b7 Award Software International Inc \u00b7 On 2/14/97\nArchives of AwardBIOS motherboard download page\n\nCategory:BIOS\nCategory:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area\nCategory:Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area\nCategory:Defunct software companies of the United States\nCategory:Companies based in Mountain View, California\nCategory:Software companies established in 1983\nCategory:Software companies disestablished in 1998\nCategory:1998 mergers and acquisitions"}
-{"text": "Nello Santi\n\nNello Santi (22 September 1931 \u2013 6 February 2020) was an Italian conductor. He was associated with the Opernhaus Z\u00fcrich for six decades, and was a regular conductor at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. He was focused on Italian repertoire, especially operas by Verdi and Puccini, in a style following the tradition of Toscanini. He made sound and video recordings of Italian operas, including in 1971 Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Montserrat Caball\u00e9 and Sherrill Milnes, in 1976 Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re with Anna Moffo, Domingo and Pablo Elvira, in 2000 Verdi's I due Foscari, and in 2006 Donizetti's Don Pasquale in a Z\u00fcrich production. Santi conducted from memory, and said \"I love all of Verdi, but when he composed Rigoletto, Il Trovatore and La traviata he was in a profound state of grace.\"\n\nLife \n\nSanti was born on 22 September 1931 in Adria (Veneto), Kingdom of Italy, to Giovanni and Alfonsina () Santi. His mother took him to an open-air performance of Verdi's Rigoletto at age four, which made a lasting impression. He learned to play several instruments as a child, and studied them further at the Liceo musicale of Padua.\n\nIn 1951, he made his debut as a conductor at the Teatro Verdi in Padua, conducting Rigoletto. At the theatre, he also occasionally worked as a prompter, conductor of the chorus, accompanist of singers in concerts, substitute orchestra player and actor on stage.\n\nSanti was appointed music director of the Opernhaus Z\u00fcrich in 1958, where he had first conducted Verdi's La forza del destino, sung in German. He married there in 1959. He remained until 1969, and returned to conduct for decades, including rarities such as Verdi's Ernani, I Lombardi and I due Foscari, Rossini's Semiramide, Bellini's Il Pirata and Donizetti's Poliuto.\n\nAs a guest, he conducted in 1960 at the Royal Opera House, at the Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival. He had a contract with the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1962 when he made his debut with Verdi's Un ballo in maschera. He conducted more than 400 performances at the house. He conducted at many more opera houses all over the world including the Verona Arena.\n\nSanti followed the tradition of Arturo Toscanini, to stay close to the score, accompanying the singers without overpowering them, but restraining \"excessive liberties\" in embellishments and drawn out notes. Santi was able to sing \"any Italian opera vocal role from memory while conducting\".\n\nSanti retired to Riehen (canton Basel-Stadt), but still occasionally gave much-appreciated concerts in Basel and Z\u00fcrich. He was often called \"Papa Santi\" by his fellow musicians to show their high respect for his work. In 2017, he was invited to conduct La traviata at La Scala in Milan, with Anna Netrebko in the title role, and Verdi's Nabucco, with Leo Nucci performing the title role.\n\nSanti died in Zurich on 6 February 2020 at the age of 88 while undergoing treatment for a blood infection.\n\nRecordings \n 1971: Leoncavallo's Pagliacci with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Montserrat Caball\u00e9, Sherrill Milnes; London Symphony Orchestra and Chorus; Audio CD:  RCA Red Seal\n 1976: Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Anna Moffo, Cesare Siepi, Pablo Elvira; London Symphony Orchestra; Audio CD: RCA Red Seal\n 1981: Umberto Giordano's Andrea Ch\u00e9nier with Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Gabriela Be\u0148a\u010dkov\u00e1,  Piero Cappuccilli; Vienna State Opera orchestra and chorus; DVD: Deutsche Grammophon\n 1982: Puccini's La fanciulla del West with Carol Neblett, Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Silvano Carroli; Royal Opera House Orchestra and Chorus; DVD: Kultur Video\n 1987: Rossini's Guglielmo Tell with , Maria Chiara, Salvatore Fisichella; Condor, Opernhaus-Zurich; TV/DVD\n 2000: Verdi's I due Foscari with Leo Nucci, Vincenzo La Scola, Alexandrina Pendatchanska; Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus; DVD: TDK\n 2006: Donizetti's Don Pasquale with Juan Diego Florez, Isabel Rey, Ruggero Raimondi; Zurich Opera Orchestra; DVD; DECCA\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Nello Santi biography\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:2020 deaths\nCategory:People from the Province of Rovigo\nCategory:Italian conductors (music)\nCategory:Italian male conductors (music)\nCategory:20th-century conductors (music)\nCategory:20th-century Italian musicians\nCategory:21st-century conductors (music)\nCategory:21st-century Italian musicians\nCategory:20th-century Italian male musicians\nCategory:21st-century Italian male musicians"}
-{"text": "Operation Speedy Express\n\nOperation Speedy Express was a controversial U.S. Army 9th U.S. Infantry Division operation of the Vietnam War conducted in the Mekong Delta provinces Ki\u1ebfn H\u00f2a and V\u0129nh B\u00ecnh. The operation, led by Major General Julian J. Ewell, was part of US military \"pacification\" efforts against the Viet Cong (VC). The US military sought to interdict lines of VC communication and deny them the use of base areas. At least 5,000 to 7,000 killed were reported to have been civilians.\n\nOperation\nIn 1969 the 1st Brigade, 9th U.S. Infantry Division operated in \u0110\u1ecbnh T\u01b0\u1eddng Province, using night ambush tactics; the 2nd Brigade continued its mission with the Mobile Riverine Force. Although engagements in the operation were typically small, the 9th Infantry Division fought several sizeable engagements. The objective was summarized by a U.S. Army publication to take the \"war to the enemy in the Delta and sever his supply lines from Cambodia\".\n\nThe U.S. military used 8,000 infantrymen, 50 artillery pieces, 50 helicopters and extensive aerial bombardment. The United States Air Force used fighter bombers to carry out 3,381 tactical air strikes. The military also employed \"people-sniffer\" devices that detected traces of carbon and ammonia. The policy under this operation in a densely populated area was to target \"people running, people in black pajamas, civilians past night-time\" . Furthermore commanders and infantry units were forced into the field, and they were told they were not to leave until an acceptable number of \"kills\" were made. According to guerrilla leader Le Quan Cong, a Viet Cong platoon commander operating in the Delta during this operation, \"most of the people killed were civilians, because civilians would run, we soldiers held our fighting position so they could not get us, they had wiped out whole villages\" while failing to actually interdict the Viet Cong in the region. The Viet Cong claimed a strategic victory, claiming that their fighters and bases were left mostly intact and their presence in the region was not removed by the operation.\n\nControversies \nThe combined ground and air operation resulted in thousands of deaths. The U.S. military claimed that 10,889 of these deaths were VC soldiers, but this claim was undermined both by on-the-ground reports and by the much smaller number of weapons seized than enemy soldiers reported killed. The US Army Inspector General estimated that there were 5,000 to 7,000 civilian casualties from the operation.\n\nThe U.S. military claimed 10,899 enemy dead, with only 242 soldiers killed in this operation from the period of December 1968 to 31 May 1969 (a kill ratio of 45:1), but only 748 weapons were recovered (a ratio of enemy killed to weapons seized of 14.6:1). The U.S. Army after-action report attributed this to the fact the high percentage of kills made during night hours (estimated at 40%), and by air cavalry and other aerial units, as well as asserting that \"many of the guerilla units were not armed with weapons\". The commander of the 9th Division, MG Ewell, was allegedly known to be obsessed with body counts and favorable kill ratios and said \"the hearts and minds approach can be overdone....in the delta the only way to overcome VC control and terror is with brute force applied against the VC\". Robert G. Gard Jr., who served as artillery commander under Ewell and commenting on his superior officer stated \"the idea that we killed only enemy combatants is about as gross an exaggeration as I could imagine, but to talk about ratios of forty-five to one simply defies my imagination.\u201d\n\nControversy over the operation arose in June 1972, when Newsweeks Saigon Bureau Chief, Kevin Buckley (working with Alexander Shimkin), wrote an article titled \"Pacification's Deadly Price\" that questioned the spectacular ratio of U.S. dead to purported VC, as well the small number of weapons recovered, and suggested that perhaps more than 5,000 of the dead were innocent civilians (quoting an unnamed U.S. official). Buckley's statements were based on extensive interviews conducted by him and his associate Alexander D. Shimkin, who was fluent in Vietnamese. Although Buckley acknowledged that VC infrastructure and control in the region was extensive, he wrote that local hospitals had treated more wounds caused by U.S. firepower than by the VC. Col. David Hackworth was a battalion commander during Speedy Express; according to him, \"a lot of innocent Vietnamese civilians got slaughtered because of the Ewell-Hunt drive to have the highest count in the land.\" Hackworth added that \"the 9th Division had the lowest weapons-captured-to-enemy-killed ratio in Vietnam.\" The book Kill Anything That Moves by Nick Turse devotes a chapter to Speedy Express. It reports that \"free fire zones\" were designated in the Mekong Delta where any human present could be killed. These zones helped the 9th Division achieve an unlikely enemy-to-GI kill ratio of 134:1 in April 1969. According to Hackworth, Ewell's policies would later earn him the nickname the \"Butcher of the Delta\" from members of the 9th Division.\n\nMore recently, former Senator (and eventual Secretary of Defense) Charles Hagel of Nebraska, a veteran of the 9th Infantry, alleged that some U.S. commanders on the ground inflated the body count during the operation since this was how their success was judged.\"You used that body count, commanding officers did, as the metric and measurement of how successful you were....\"\n\nSee also \n Human Rights Record of the United States\n My Lai Massacre\n Phoenix Program\n Pentagon Papers\n Russell Tribunal\n Tiger Force\n Vietnam War Crimes Working Group\n United States war crimes\n Winter Soldier Investigation\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n John Pilger: Heroes, Jonathan Cape, Australia, 1986. \n\nCategory:1968 in Vietnam\nCategory:1969 in Vietnam\nSpeedy Express\nSpeedy Express\nSpeedy Express\nCategory:Vietnam War casualties\nCategory:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1968\nCategory:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1969\nCategory:Vietnam War crimes\nCategory:United States military war crimes"}
-{"text": "HMS Battleaxe (F89)\n\nHMS Battleaxe was a Type 22 frigate of the British Royal Navy. She was sold to the Brazilian Navy on 30 April 1997 and renamed Rademaker.\n\nConstruction and design\nBattleaxe was ordered by the British Admiralty on 4 September 1974, as the second Batch I Type 22 Frigate. The ship was laid down at Yarrow Shipbuilders' Scotstoun shipyard on 4 February 1976, and was launched by Audrey Callaghan, the wife of James Callaghan, the Prime Minister at the time, on 18 May 1977. Battleaxe was completed on 28 March 1980.\n\nBattleaxe was  long overall and  at the waterline, with a beam of  and a draught of . Displacement was  standard and  deep load.  She was powered by two Rolls-Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines rated at a total of  and two Rolls-Royce Tyne R1MC turbines rated at a total of , driving two shafts in a Combined gas or gas (COGOG) arrangement. They gave a speed of  when powered by the Olympuses and  when powered by the Tynes. The ship had a range of  at .\n\nAnti-aircraft armament consisted of two sextuple Sea Wolf surface-to-air missile launchers, one forward of the bridge, and one on the roof of the helicopter hangar. Four Exocet MM-38 anti-ship missiles were fitted on the forecastle. Gun armament was limited to a pair of 40 mm Bofors guns, mainly for peacetime patrol duties. A hangar and fight deck was fitted aft, allowing the ship to operate two Westland Lynx helicopters, which could carry anti submarine torpedoes, while close-in anti submarine armament was two triple STWS-1  torpedo tubes.\n\nOperational history\n\nRoyal Navy\nBattleaxe was at Gibraltar on 24 March 1982, as part of Exercise \"Springtrain 82\", but when the Falklands War broke out in April that year, she, unlike sister-ships  and , did not deploy to the South Atlantic as she was suffering from problems with her propeller shafts. Battlexe did deploy to the South Atlantic shortly after the end of the war, however, escorting the aircraft carrier , leaving Devonport on 2 August, reaching the vicinity of the Falklands on 24 August and returning to Britain on 19 November. She was deployed to the South Atlantic again from July 1983 to December 1983.\n\nBrazil\n\nRademaker was involved in an unfortunate incident on 29 November 2004, during the annual FRATERNO naval exercise with ships of the Argentinian Navy. While conducting gunnery practice against target drones, a malfunction of the Argentinian frigate ARA Sarandi's automatic weapons system caused her to fire on the Rademaker; four Brazilian crewmen were injured together with an Argentine naval observer. The ship suffered moderate damage.\n\nAlso in 2004, Rademaker deployed to Port-au-Prince, as part of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.\n\nIn April 2017, Rademaker was involved in the search for the missing bulk carrier Stellar Daisy after she disappeared in the Atlantic.\n\nRademaker joined the international efforts to locate the missing Argentine Submarine  in November 2017.\n\nIn fiction\nHMS Battleaxe was featured in Tom Clancy's novel Red Storm Rising.\n\nReferences\n\nPublications\n\n \n\nCategory:Ships built on the River Clyde\nCategory:1977 ships\nCategory:Type 22 frigates of the Royal Navy\nCategory:Type 22 frigates of the Brazilian Navy\nCategory:Gulf War ships of the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Falcon 3.0\n\nFalcon 3.0 is a combat flight simulator video game developed by Sphere Inc. and published by Spectrum HoloByte in 1991 as third official main entry in the Falcon series of the F-16 Fighting Falcon simulators.\n\nGameplay\nFalcon 3.0 was claimed to have used flight dynamics from a real military simulator, and required a math coprocessor to enable the high fidelity flight mode. Even in less demanding modes, it was still virtually unplayable on computers slower than a 386. The recommended configuration was a 33\u00a0MHz 486, a top end machine at this time.\n\nFalcon 3.0 offered \"padlock\" view, in which the player's POV is slewed in the direction of a selected target, scanning around the cockpit if necessary. It also offered players more natural looking topography than other commercial PC flight simulations at the time\u2014with mountains, hills, valleys and other features having their own unique shapes.\n\nDespite many bugs (Computer Gaming World reported that \"some readers have suggested that we give Falcon 3.0 the award for 'The Buggiest Game Ever'\"), Falcon 3.0 retained its reputation as the most realistic flight simulation for years.\n\nFighting Tiger and Falcon Gold\nAn expansion pack Operation Fighting Tiger contains several additional scenarios, including a future skirmish between Japan and Russia, which gave the player the Japanese F-16 variant, the \"FSX\".\n\nArt of the Kill, a video tutorial that teaches aerial dogfighting basics used Falcon 3.0s built-in ACMI recorder to reconstruct engagements, explains tactics and counter-tactics. Falcon 3.0 was also the subject of dozens of aftermarket books, some written by actual F-16 pilots. Only the Microsoft Flight Simulator series spawned more books.\n\nThe game was re-released in 1994 as Falcon Gold''' a compilation which included Art of the Kill video digitized on the CD collection, along with Operation Fighting Tiger and the announcement for Falcon 4.0. It noted for their early multiplayer support, as even the first version supported two players via a null modem serial port connection.\n\nReceptionFalcon 3.0 sold 400,000 copies by March 1995. Including its expansions, the full \"Falcon 3.0 line\" surpassed 700,000 copies in sales by December 1998. According to GameSpot, \"Falcon 3.0 sold well for years after its initial release, and add-on products extended its longevity.\"Falcon 3.0 received 5 out of 5 stars in Dragon. In 1992 a Vermont Air National Guard F-16 pilot stated in Computer Gaming World that the game's flight model and avionics were very accurate, and praised the game's VGA graphics. He concluded that Spectrum HoloByte had created \"the best flight simulator yet\". A survey in the magazine that year of wargames with modern settings gave the game four and a half stars out of five, describing Falcon 3.0 as \"not so much a game system as it is a way of life. Possibly the most complex air simulator ever released for the commercial sector\", and the magazine named it the year's best simulation game. In 1996, the magazine ranked Falcon 3.0 as the tenth best computer game of all time for its introduction of \"the first truly realistic flight model\" for a jet aircraft and for adding \"the useful (and necessary) wingmen and the first truly dynamic flight sim campaign,\" as well as the seventh most innovative computer game for setting \"a standard for realism and connectivity that is only now being surpassed.\" That year, Falcon Gold was also ranked as the 80th top game of all time by Next Generation, for being \"the most exacting computer simulation created.\"\n\nIn 1994, PC Gamer US named Falcon 3.0 the 15th best computer game ever. The editors wrote, \"There are a lot of jet simulations on the market, but none can really touch Spectrum Holobyte's Falcon 3.0 for sheer realism. The flight models are all so detailed, so unnervingly realistic, that you'll gain new respect for the men and women who fly these birds for a living.\" In 1996, Next Generation listed Falcon 3.0 Gold as number 80 on their \"Top 100 Games of All Time\", commenting that, \"Though it is bemoaned as one of the most demanding flight sims ever, Spectrum HoloByte's uncompromising simulation of the F-16 Fighting Falcon also manages to reign supreme as the most exacting computer simulation created. And as one of the first multiplayer combat simulations ever released, Falcon has managed to build a fanatical following of online pilots.\" CNET Gamecenter named Falcon 3.0'' one of the 10 most innovative computer games ever.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1991 video games\nCategory:Combat flight simulators\nCategory:DOS games\nCategory:DOS-only games\nCategory:Spectrum Holobyte games\nCategory:Video games developed in the United States\nCategory:Video games with expansion packs"}
-{"text": "Turraeanthus\n\nTurraeanthus is a genus of plants in the family Meliaceae. It contains the following species:\nTurraeanthus africana (Welw. ex C.DC.) Pellegr.\nTurraeanthus longipes Baill.\nTurraeanthus mannii Baill.\n\nCategory:Meliaceae\nCategory:Meliaceae genera\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Stress tensor\n\nStress tensor may refer to:\n\n Cauchy stress tensor, in classical physics\n Stress deviator tensor, in classical physics\n Piola\u2013Kirchhoff stress tensor, in continuum mechanics\n Viscous stress tensor, in continuum mechanics\n Stress\u2013energy tensor, in relativistic theories\n Maxwell stress tensor, in electromagnetism\n Electromagnetic stress\u2013energy tensor, in relativistic physics\n\nSee also\nStress (disambiguation)\nTensor (disambiguation)\nStress measures"}
-{"text": "Hard Upper Torso\n\nA Hard Upper Torso Assembly, or HUT, is a central component of several space suits, notably Roscosmos' Orlan and NASA's Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU).  The fiberglass HUT forms a rigid enclosure about the upper body of the occupant, providing pressure containment for this part of the body. The HUT incorporates structural attachment points for the arms, Lower Torso Assembly (LTA), helmet, chest-mounted Display and Controls Module (DCM), and Primary Life Support Subsystem (PLSS) backpack.\n\nThe original HUT design for the EMU, first used in 1980, included bellowed shoulder bearings, which allowed for variation in the angle of the shoulder bearings.  This allowed for one configuration to ease donning of the suit, and a different configuration to allow maximum mobility during EVA.  However, the limited life of the bellows prompted a redesign in 1990 to a fixed shoulder bearing angle and position, referred to as the Planar HUT, resulting in reduced mobility and more difficult donning and doffing.\n\nBecause of the high cost of manufacturing, only three sizes of HUTs are produced for the EMU.  This has the effect of limiting the number of people who can be properly fit for the suit.  The three HUT sizes are supposed to accommodate occupants from the 5th to the 95th percentile.\n\nThe HUT also includes an In-Suit Drink Bag, with a plastic tube extending into the helmet, to allow the astronaut to stay hydrated.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Space suit components"}
-{"text": "President (tree)\n\nThe President is a giant sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in the United States, east of Visalia, California. It is not the tallest giant sequoia tree in the world with a height of about , nor the widest at about  in diameter at the base, but it is the second-largest tree in the world, measured by volume of trunk, and the oldest-known living sequoia, about 3,200 years old. As of 2012, the volume of its trunk measured at about , with an additional  of branches.\n\nThe tree was named after President Warren G. Harding in 1923. Nearby trees include Chief Sequoyah, the 27th-largest giant sequoia in the world, and the Congress Group, two dense stands of medium-sized sequoias that represent the \"House\" and \"Senate\".\n\nDescription\nThe President features a dense crown with enormous branches reaching upward and outward. An especially prominent white branch is visible the western side of the tree's upper crown. A long, narrow burn scar is present on the north side of its trunk.\n\nDimensions\n\nSee also\n List of largest giant sequoias\n List of individual trees\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Individual giant sequoia trees\nCategory:Individual trees in California\nCategory:Sequoia National Park\nCategory:Oldest trees"}
-{"text": "Bean harvester\n\nA bean harvester, also known as a bean thresher or bean combine, is a threshing machine which is used to harvest beans. It mainly consists of a pickup, several beaters, shakers, one or several fans, elevators, conveyor belts, a storage bin, and usually a spreader at the rear. Until recently, the only practical manufacturer of bean harvesters was The Bidwell Bean Thresher Company.\n\nProcess\n\nThe pickup lifts the beans, which are arranged into windrows by rakes and pullers, off the ground and onto the main conveyor belt which feeds them into the first beater, which has many metal teeth, turns high RPMs, and does a significant portion of the threshing. From there the process varies from machine to machine. Basically the beans go through a series of more beaters and shakers.\n\nSee also\n\nThe Bidwell Bean Thresher Company\n\nCategory:Harvesters\nCategory:Agricultural machinery\nCategory:Combine harvesters"}
-{"text": "Joint Network Node\n\nThe Joint Network Node system, or JNN as it is commonly called, is a communications system the United States Military uses for remote, satellite-based communication.  It is described by General Dynamics and the US Army Signal School as \"the next generation of battlefield communications.\"\n\nThe JNN is a system developed to replace the Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) for the United States Military. It provides Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) capabilities for the Warfighter.\n\nThe JNN system includes communication equipment mounted in shelters on HMMWVs, called JNN shelters, satellite terminals mounted on trailers, and communication equipment mounted in transit cases. There are two classes of transit case equipment: Brigade Cases and Battalion Cases.\n\nThe system's core is a Promina switch and cisco routers, with NIPRNet and SIPRNet capabilities, plus secure and non-secure voice systems, VTC, and the ability to link in older \"legacy\" systems, such as MSE, into the global network.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Military electronics of the United States"}
-{"text": "Termioptycha albifurcalis\n\nTermioptycha albifurcalis is a moth in the family Pyralidae. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Pyralidae"}
-{"text": "Cherokee Lake\n\nCherokee Lake, also known as Cherokee Reservoir, is a reservoir in Tennessee formed by the impoundment of the Holston River behind Cherokee Dam.\n\nThe reservoir has a surface area of about , a flood-storage capacity of , and nearly  of shoreline. In a normal year, the lake water level fluctuates over a range of about .\n\nCherokee Dam is a Tennessee Valley Authority dam intended for hydroelectric generation and flood control. The dam was built on a crash schedule; construction started August 1, 1940, and was completed on December 5, 1941.\n\nPublic access areas, Panther Creek State Park and other public parks, commercial boat docks and resorts, and a state wildlife management area on the shores of the lake attract extensive recreational use.\n\nIn order to maintain dissolved oxygen concentrations in the river below the dam at levels that will support aquatic life, perforated hoses suspended above the bottom of Cherokee Reservoir are used to inject oxygen into the reservoir water and devices which resemble large underwater fans located just above the dam are used to push warm oxygenated water downward to the depths where water is released for hydroelectric generation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFishing Map of Cherokee Reservoir\n\nCategory:Holston River\nCategory:Protected areas of Grainger County, Tennessee\nCategory:Protected areas of Hamblen County, Tennessee\nCategory:Protected areas of Hawkins County, Tennessee\nCategory:Protected areas of Jefferson County, Tennessee\nCategory:Tennessee Valley Authority\nCategory:Reservoirs in Tennessee\nCategory:Bodies of water of Grainger County, Tennessee\nCategory:Bodies of water of Hamblen County, Tennessee\nCategory:Bodies of water of Hawkins County, Tennessee\nCategory:Bodies of water of Jefferson County, Tennessee\nCategory:1941 establishments in Tennessee"}
-{"text": "Eucalyptus urnigera\n\nEucalyptus urnigera, commonly known as urn tree, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to Tasmania. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped or elliptical leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and urn-shaped fruit.\n\nDescription\nEucalyptus urnigera is an evergreen tree that typically grows to a height of , although specimens up to  have been recorded in sheltered lower altitude positions. The spread of the tree is typically to . The tree has a lignotuber and often a gnarled appearance in exposed areas, however, in more sheltered and lower altitude sites it grows tall and straight. The bark is smooth, mottled grey, orange-tan to olive green over cream and is shed in flakes and the branchlets are often glaucous. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves that are sessile, heart-shaped to round,  long and  wide, arranged in opposite pairs with stem-clasping bases and finely notched or scalloped edges. The leaves range from being dark green in sheltered environments to glaucous in exposed areas. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to broadly lance-shaped or elliptical,  long and  wide, tapering to a petiole  long. The lateral veins diverge at angles of 25-60 degrees.\n\nThe flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of three on a down-turned peduncle  long, the individual buds on pedicels  long. Mature buds are cylindrical or urn-shaped and often glaucous,  long and  wide with a flattened hemispherical, slightly beaked operculum that is wider than the floral cup at the join. Flowering occurs in most months with a peak from April to July, and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, urn-shaped capsule  long and  wide with the valves below rim level.\n\nVariation in leaf colour\nUnlike many eucalypts, E. urnigera displays a morphological unity across the species with one important exception. There is a significant variation in the level of glaucicity (waxiness) between E. urnigera in lower altitude shady forest and those trees in the more exposed higher altitude sites. This was studied by Barber and Jackson in 1957 and followed up in later studies. E. urnigera at lower altitudes (560-670 m) and in sheltered sites are uniformly green whereas at higher altitude (950-1050 m), E. urnigera is uniformly glaucous. The transition from one phenotype to the other is most clearly seen on a steep section of walking track below the Chalet on the Pinnacle Road. Within 200 m altitude the transition is made. \nIt is believed that the lower light conditions of the relatively closed sub-alpine forest favours the green leaved phenotype, being able to more efficiently photosynthesize in lower light conditions than the glaucous phenotype. However, at the more exposed higher altitude where there is more direct sunlight the glaucous phenotype is favoured. The wax coating reflects infra redlight and probably assists in protecting the tree from frost. Further research has explored reflectance of ultraviolet and photosynthetically active radiation.\n\nTaxonomy\nThe species was first formally described by the nineteenth century English botanist, Joseph Hooker, in William Jackson Hooker's London Journal of Botany in 1847, from specimens collected by the colonial botanist Ronald Campbell Gunn from Mount Wellington and Lake Echo. The specific epithet (urnigera) comes from the Latin urna, meaning \"urn\" and gero, meaning \"to bear\". It relates to the distinctive urn shaped buds and seed capsules.\n\nDistribution and habitat\nEucalyptus urnigera is an endemic Tasmanian alpine eucalypt of the sub genus Symphomyrtus and is the dominant eucalypt species at altitudes from  on moist but well drained dolerite slopes and talus. It is restricted to the mountains of south eastern Tasmania, the Mount Wellington range, Mount Field and isolated pockets from Tylers Hill near Southport,  south of Hobart, north to Alma Tier near Interlaken and Mount Seymour east of Oatlands in central Tasmania and a small population on the eastern side of Maria Island off the east coast. Typically, it is found below the range of E. coccifera (snow gum) and above the mixed and wet sclerophyll forests of the lower slopes although it will grow within both vegetation types.\n\nEcology\nThe flowers of E. urnigera are pollinated by birds such as yellow-throated honeyeater (Lichenostomus flavicollis), black-headed honeyeater (Melithreptus affinis) and strong-billed honeyeater (Melithreptus validirostris).\n\nUse in horticulture\nEucalyptus urnigera does not have any commercial use as a timber tree in Tasmania but it is prized as a specimen tree in cooler regions of the United States of America and in the British Isles. Grafton Nursery in Worcestershire (UK) considers it superior to E.gunni, a eucalypt commonly grown in the UK. Its colourful bark and foliage make it a valuable as a garden ornamental. Its lignotuber enables coppicing and is proposed as one of the varieties for United Kingdom firewood production.\n\nSee also\nList of Eucalyptus species\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\nWilliams, K.J, and Potts, B.M., The Natural Distribution of Eucalyptus Species in Tasmania,  Cooperative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Department of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001,p 115, based on description in Curtis, W. M., & Morris, D. L., The Students Flora of Tasmania, Part 1, second edition 1975, Hobart, p 217\nReid, J.M., Hill,R.S., Brown, M.J., Hovenden, M.J. Eds, Vegetation of Tasmania, Hobart, 2005, p 203 quoting work of Savva, M., Potts, B. M., Reid, J.B. (1988). The breeding system and gene flow in Eucalyptus urnigera. In \u2018Pollination\u2019 \u201888\u2019. (Eds R.B. Knots, M.B. Sing and J.L. Troiani) pp 176\u2013182 (Plant Cell Biology Research Centre: Melbourne.) \nClose, D.C., Davidson, N.J., Shields, C.B., and Wiltshire, R.,  Reflectance and Phenolics of green and glaucous leaves of Eucalyptus urnigera, Australian Journal of Botany 55(5) 561-567 \nBarber, H.N., and Jackson,.W. D. (1957), Natural Selection in Eucalyptus, Nature 179, pp 1267\u20131269, cited in Vegetation of Tasmania. \n Birdlife of Wellington Park\n\nCategory:Trees of Australia\nurnigera\nCategory:Myrtales of Australia\nCategory:Flora of Tasmania\nCategory:Plants described in 1847\nCategory:Taxa named by Joseph Dalton Hooker"}
-{"text": "Sunland Derby\n\nThe Sunland Derby is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually at Sunland Park Racetrack in Sunland Park, New Mexico. Inaugurated in 2003, the race is open to three-year-olds willing to race one and one-eighth miles on the dirt and is sponsored by WinStar Farm of Versailles, Kentucky. Held in March, the Sunland Derby currently offers a purse of $800,000.\n\nIn its 11th year in 2013, it received Grade III status from the American Graded Stakes Committee for the first time in 2010. It is listed as an official Kentucky Derby prep race.\n\nThe 2016 running of the Sunland Derby was cancelled due to an outbreak of Equine herpesvirus 1.\n\nRecords\nSpeed  record:\n 1:46.94 - Cutting Humor (2019) (at current distance of 9 furlongs)\n 1:42.84 - Excessivepleasure (2003) (at former distance of 8.5 furlongs)\n\nMost wins by a jockey:\n 2 - Victor Espinoza (2006, 2007)\n 2 - Martin Garcia (2013, 2014)\n\nMost wins by a trainer:\n 3 - Bob Baffert (2006, 2013, 2014)\n\nMost wins by an owner:\n 2 - Michael E. Pegram (2006, 2013)\n\nWinners\n\nSee also\nRoad to the Kentucky Derby\n\nReferences\n\nThe 2009 Sunland Derby at the NTRA\n\nExternal links\nSunland Derby website\n\nCategory:2003 establishments in New Mexico\nCategory:Horse races in New Mexico\nCategory:Sunland Park Racetrack & Casino\nCategory:Flat horse races for three-year-olds\nCategory:Triple Crown Prep Races\nCategory:Graded stakes races in the United States\nCategory:Grade 3 stakes races in the United States\nCategory:Recurring events established in 2003\nCategory:Sports in New Mexico"}
-{"text": "Amanda Swisten\n\nAmanda Swisten (born December 20, 1978) is a former American model and actress of Scandinavian/Slavic descent, who has appeared in various films and TV shows.\n\nSwisten was born in New York City, New York. Her first credited appearance was in the film American Wedding in 2003 while playing Fraulein Brandi.  After which she appeared in films such as The Last Run (2004), The Girl Next Door (2004), and Freezer Burn (2005).  She has had guest appearances on TV series such as I'm with Her, Two and a Half Men, Quintuplets, and Joey. She has also appeared in a music video for William Hung's She Bangs as the artist's \"new girlfriend\".\n\nEarly life\nSwisten was born in Manhattan, but grew up in Connecticut.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial site of Amanda Swisten\nAmanda Swisten at Maxim\nThe Official Amanda Swisten MySpace\n\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Actresses from New York City\nCategory:American film actresses\nCategory:American female models\nCategory:American television actresses"}
-{"text": "Ibrahima Di\u00e9dhiou\n\nIbrahima Di\u00e9dhiou (born 13 October 1994) is a Senegalese international footballer who plays AS Beauvais Oise as a defender.\n\nCareer\nDi\u00e9dhiou has played club football for Eupen. Di\u00e9dhiou was released by Eupen after the 2016\u201317 season, and after one year without a club, he signed for fifth-tier French amateurs AS Beauvais Oise.\n\nDi\u00e9dhiou played for Senegal U-23 at the 2015 CAF U-23 Championship. He made his senior international debut for Senegal in a friendly against Colombia on 31 May 2014.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1994 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Senegalese footballers\nCategory:Senegal international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Championnat National 3 players\nCategory:AS Beauvais Oise players\nCategory:K.A.S. Eupen players\nCategory:Senegalese expatriate footballers\nCategory:Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Belgium\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Belgium\nCategory:2015 U-23 Africa Cup of Nations players\nCategory:African Games gold medalists for Senegal\nCategory:African Games medalists in football\nCategory:Competitors at the 2015 African Games\nCategory:Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in France"}
-{"text": "Yahoo! Gallery\n\nYahoo! Gallery was a service from Yahoo! that provided applications using Yahoo! technologies. It was shut down on July 14, 2009.  The site now redirects to Yahoo! Pulse.\n\nExternal links\n Yahoo! Gallery\n\nGallery"}
-{"text": "Manaharwa\n\nManaharwa is a town and Village Development Committee  in Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5,676 persons living in 947 individual households.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUN map of the municipalities of Bara District\n\nCategory:Populated places in Bara District"}
-{"text": "Raja Indainda\n\nIn Batak mythology, Raja Indainda is a god of thunder, as well as a spy and messenger of the other gods. He may be the son of Soripada.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Batak mythology\nCategory:Thunder gods\nCategory:Messenger gods"}
-{"text": "FIPS PUB 5-1\n\nREDIRECT Federal Information Processing Standard state code"}
-{"text": "Theurer-Wrigley House\n\nTheurrer-Wrigley House, also known as the Wrigley Mansion, is a historic building located in the Lincoln Park area of Chicago, United States.  The Italian Renaissance-style mansion was commissioned by Joseph Theurer, owner of the Schoenhofen Brewing Company, and purchased in 1911 by Chicago's Wrigley family. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, the house was built in 1896 by Richard Schmidt and, possibly, Hugh M.G. Garden, two architects later prominent in the prairie school movement. A four-story home with three-story coach house, both built on a grand scale and in a late-Italian Renaissance style, the Theuer-Wrigley House is one of Chicago's most stunning homes.\n\nThe house itself covers over 15,000 square feet, including eight bedrooms, a conservatory and a ballroom. A three-story coach house has additional bedrooms.  In 1984 the house had sat empty for several decades and a plan was made to make it the official residence of the mayor of Chicago, though the plan was never realized.\n\nArchitecture\nThe main house comprises 11 bedrooms and more than 6 baths. It includes among other features: a marble entrance before magnificent mosaic work; grand cherry staircase; elevated ballroom with bandstand and walk-in cedar coatroom; wine-bar with cellars; a walk-in safe used during prohibition to store various alcohols; atrium; Baroque ornamentation on the ceilings and walls; rich hardwood floors; and a full driveway circling the main building providing access to the coach house. The house also stored several exceptional stained glass windows by Louis Tiffany.  One of the windows is prominently on display in the Chicago History Museum.  The house has been ornamented with various exotic woods ranging from mahogany and cherry to gorgeous bird's eye maple. \n\nThe exterior is of ornate baroque terra cotta almost unparalleled in Chicago; it is suspected of having been the early work of the Northwestern Terra Cotta Co., and may have helped launch the company to some acclaim as it grew to its national presence. The company was later responsible in 1920 for the terra cotta exterior of the Wrigley Building of Chicago, the ornamenture for which that building is justly famous. Having purchased the Wrigley-Theurer Mansion in 1911 and commissioned the Wrigley Building in 1920, the influence of the beauty of the former on William Wrigley Jr.'s commission of the latter stands as an interesting footnote to history.\n\nIn recent years\n\nThe Wrigley Family left the residence vacant in the years during and after the Great Depression, a period during which such mansions became targets for kidnapping and robbery, as in the cases of the Lindbergh child, George Weyerhauser, William Hamm, and numerous others. \nOriginally furnished with nearly all Tiffany light fixtures, many of these were sold off at estate sales throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, or moved by the owners to other residences. The house was bought at some time in the late 1980s or early 1990s by Nick Jannes who started its renovation.  He renamed it The Jannes Mansion.  The downstairs was totally renovated and he rented it out for lavish events.\nThe house remained vacant or under relatively poor custodianship for many years and, though still in excellent condition, requires both care and repair. The house sold for $11,000,000 in 2004 and received attention from Forbes's and Christie's online sites. In early 2017, the home came onto the market via a foreclosure. The home sold in January 2018 for 4.65 million dollars.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nGoogle Street View\n\nCategory:Houses completed in 1896\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago\nCategory:Landmarks in Chicago"}
-{"text": "Getter Saar\n\nGetter Saar (born 6 June 1992) is an Estonian badminton player, currently residing in Finland. She started playing badminton at the age of ten, and made a debut in the international tournament in 2007. As a single player she was the third on the pedestal at the Estonian Championships in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Besides that, in 2010 and 2011 she was the Estonian junior champion in the women's singles, and in 2011 in the mixed doubles. Saar was a semi finalist in 2015 Riga International and the runner-up in 2019 Bulgarian International.\n\nAchievements\n\nBWF International Challenge/Series \nWomen's singles\n\n  BWF International Challenge tournament\n  BWF International Series tournament\n  BWF Future Series tournament\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Estonian female badminton players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Kuressaare\nCategory:Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Finland"}
-{"text": "Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cissokho\n\nFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cissokho (born April 19, 1971 in Rouen, France) is a French footballer who played 36 matches in Ligue 2 for Wasquehal in the 1997-1998 season .\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:French footballers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Rouen\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position"}
-{"text": "La Toya Jackson\n\nLa Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, businesswoman and television personality. The fifth and middle child of the Jackson family, Jackson first gained recognition on the family's variety television series, The Jacksons, on CBS between 1976 and 1977. Thereafter, she saw success as a solo recording artist under multiple record labels in the 1980s and 1990s, including Polydor, Sony Music and RCA, where she released nine studio albums over the course of fifteen years.  Her most successful releases in the United States were her self-titled debut album (1980) and the 1984 single \"Heart Don't Lie\". Jackson's other songs include \"If You Feel the Funk\", \"Bet'cha Gonna Need My Lovin'\", \"Hot Potato\", \"You're Gonna Get Rocked!\" and \"Sexbox\". Another one of Jackson's songs, \"Just Say No\" from her fifth album was composed for US first lady Nancy Reagan and Reagan administration's   anti-drug campaign.\n\nJackson posed for Playboy magazine in 1989 and again in 1991 to promote her New York Times Best Seller La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family. In 1992, Jackson signed a contract with the Moulin Rouge to star in the successful Paris revue, Formidable. \nDespite subsequent musical success, Jackson's recording career began its decline in the 1990s as a result of her controversial marriage to entertainment manager Jack Gordon, whom she divorced in 1997. After a period of public seclusion, she returned to the music industry in 2004 with the singles \"Just Wanna Dance\", \"Home\" and \"Free the World\", which saw success on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in the United States. In 2011, she was a contestant on the fourth installment of The Celebrity Apprentice and released an extended play, Starting Over, which is her most recent release to date. From 2013 to 2014, Jackson appeared in her own reality television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network, Life with La Toya, which aired for two seasons.\n\nLife and career\n\n1956\u20131979: Early life and The Jacksons\nBorn on her sister Rebbie's 6th birthday on May 29, 1956 in Gary, Indiana, La Toya Jackson is the fifth of ten children born to Joe and Katherine Jackson and the middle female child between Rebbie and Janet. Growing up, La Toya tended to be shy. After her mother became a member of the Jehovah's Witnesses in 1965, La Toya, along with the rest of her siblings followed. She would spend some of her time alongside her mother preaching door-to-door. \"Every morning, Michael and I witnessed, knocking on doors around Los Angeles, spreading the word of Jehovah.\" By 1972, at sixteen, La Toya joined her brothers in the spotlight with a tap dancing routine when her father arranged for them to perform shows in Las Vegas, among other cities. La Toya attended the Cal-Prep school in Encino, Los Angeles, CA and graduated in 1974. Jackson aspired to be an attorney specializing in business law. She attended college for a short time before her father insisted that she pursue a career in show business like the rest of the family.\n\nIn 1976 and 1977, La Toya and her sisters Rebbie and Janet appeared in all twelve episodes of The Jacksons\u2014a CBS-TV variety program, with their brothers Jackie, Tito, Marlon, Michael, and Randy. Along with their brothers (minus Jermaine, who stayed at Motown and left the family group when his brothers moved to Epic Records), La Toya and her sisters sang, danced, and performed skits. In 1978 during the filming of The Wiz, La Toya traveled with her brother Michael (who was cast as the Scarecrow), to New York. Sharing an apartment, it was the first time either of them had lived elsewhere as adults. Close siblings, Michael and La Toya, would not move out of the family's Encino, Los Angeles, California home until they were 30 and 31 respectively. Her dates during this period included Diana Ross' brother Chico and a young David Gest. Jackson also dated Bobby DeBarge and was the inspiration for Switch's 1979 hit \"I Call Your Name\".\n\nUnder Joe Jackson's tutelage Rebbie, La Toya and Janet formed a short-lived musical group. However, they never performed live and soon separated because of creative differences about the act's future direction. Consequently, no related material was ever released by the trio. The next year, La Toya began work on her first solo album.\n\n1980\u20131983: Beginning of solo career\nIn 1980, Jackson released her self-titled debut album. In order to distinguish herself from her famous brothers, The Jacksons, La Toya only wanted her first name on the album. \"I begged just to have it 'La Toya'. But my father said, 'It's your last name. You got to use it.' But I wanted to see what I could do as an individual.\" The first single \"If You Feel the Funk\", became a modest hit, climbing into the Top 40 of the US R&B chart. Her second single, \"Night Time Lover\", was produced by younger brother Michael, who provided backing vocals and co-wrote the song with La Toya. In turn, she provided the opening scream on her brothers', The Jacksons, 1980 hit, \"This Place Hotel\" as well as backing vocals on brother Michael's 1983 solo hit \"P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)\".\n\nThe La Toya Jackson album peaked at #116 on the US Billboard 200, #26 on the Billboard R&B album chart, and #178 on the UK Top 200, making it her highest placing album.\n\nIn 1981, Jackson released a follow-up album, My Special Love, which generated two singles, \"Stay the Night\" and \"I Don't Want You to Go\".\n\n1984\u20131987: Heart Don't Lie and international success\n1984 saw the release of Jackson's critically acclaimed album Heart Don't Lie. Jackson scored her biggest Billboard Hot 100 hit with the title track, which peaked at number 56. Other singles from this album were \"Bet'cha Gonna Need My Lovin'\", \"Hot Potato\", and a cover of Prince's \"Private Joy.\" Jackson and Amir Bayyan co-wrote \"Reggae Nights\" for Heart Don't Lie but the track did not make the cut. Jimmy Cliff's recording of the song was a hit and was nominated for a Grammy. Cliff commissioned Jackson to write two more songs: \"Brown Eyes\" and \"American Sweet.\"\n\nIn 1984, Jackson capitalized on her rising popularity by licensing her name to a fashion line; \"David Laurenz for La Toya.\" According to her three-year contract with the suede and leather-maker Jackson agreed to only wear David Laurenz items during her public appearances. Apparel in the collection included Jackson's signature leather headbands. Jackson starred in television and print advertisements for Nikon cameras and the following year she became the spokesmodel for cosmetics firm Mahogany Image and launched her own eponymous fragrance, La Toya.\n\nIn 1985, Jackson participated on the single \"We Are the World\", an appeal for famine relief in Ethiopia. That same year Jackson featured in anti-drug music video \"Stop the Madness\".\n\nHer 1985 single \"Baby Sister\" was a notable success, as it received one of five Outstanding Song Awards at the sixteenth annual World Popular Song Festival in Japan. \"Baby Sister\" was included on the 1986 album Imagination, released just before Jackson's record label, Private-I, went bankrupt resulting in poor promotion. Jackson went on to record two duets; \"Oops, Oh No!\" with Cerrone, and \"Yes, I'm Ready\" with artist Jed. In 1987 Jackson was featured as a special guest at Minako Honda's DISPA (Disco Party) concert, joining in for the song, \"Funkytown\".\n\n1988\u20131989: Departure from the Jackson family and Playboy\nIn 1987, Jack Gordon was hired to co-manage La Toya by her father, Joseph. He later took over her management completely. Under Gordon's management, Jackson's public image became increasingly sexier. Katherine Jackson recalled her shock seeing La Toya dance in a suggestive manner in 1988 for the first time in her autobiography My Family, The Jacksons: \"she'd been so conservative that she'd once dropped a friend who had begun wearing low-cut tops and skirts with slits in them.\" Katherine believed that Gordon was distancing La Toya from her family so he could \"become the dominating influence in her life.\" Around this time Jackson was disfellowshipped by the Jehovah's Witnesses. Defying her father, Jackson made a stormy exit from the family's Encino compound to take up residence in New York City. In late 1988, Jackson released the album La Toya, which featured the singles \"You're Gonna Get Rocked!\" and \"(Ain't Nobody Loves You) Like I Do\". The album also included a track titled \"Just Say No\", which was written for the Reagan administration's anti-drug campaign. The album included four tracks produced by Full Force, and three by Stock Aitken Waterman. The album was the first one Jackson released after changing her management.\n\nIn March 1989, Jackson posed topless for Playboy magazine. Jackson saw the pictorial as a declaration of independence from her conservative upbringing and \"to show my parents they couldn't dictate to me any more\u2014that I control my life.\" She posed again in Playboy in November 1991 to promote her autobiography and subsequently acted in a 1994 video for the magazine, becoming one of the first celebrities to have a Playboy video released. She later said that she initially refused to pose for the second spread and for the video, however, Gordon beat her into submission.\n\nIn 1989, Jackson began recording her sixth album Bad Girl. That year Jackson staged a live pay-per-view concert, A Sizzling Spectacular!, from Bally's theatre in Reno. Jackson's set list included songs from La Toya and Bad Girl. The show featured special guest star Edgar Winter.\n\n1989\u20131996: Public notoriety, abuse, and exile from the Jackson family\nOn September 5, 1989, after her Sizzling Spectacular concert in Nevada, Gordon and Jackson were married. Jackson later claimed she had been forcibly married, with Gordon claiming it was for her own protection against kidnapping by her family. La Toya Jackson states that this was both unplanned and against her wishes. According to Jackson, \"I told him, 'No way, Jack! I can't marry you. You know what marriage means to me. I've never been in love; I don't even date... It's not right. I don't love you. I don't have feelings for you.'\" Jackson told Ebony magazine the marriage was \"strictly in name only. It has never been consummated.\" Six months into the marriage, Jackson asked Gordon for an annulment when in Rome, Italy. In response, Gordon repeatedly bashed her head against the corner of the hotel room table saying that he would never let her go. Paparazzi subsequently photographed Jackson with black eyes, which Gordon claimed were caused by an intruder. From this point forward, Jackson lost all contact with her family and wrote an autobiography, La Toya: Growing Up in the Jackson Family, which accused her father of physical abuse. \nFor roughly the next decade Gordon controlled Jackson with threats, lies, and routine domestic violence. According to Jackson, \"When he hit me, the first time I was in shock, I just recalled my ear ringing, just ringing so hard.\" Gordon confiscated Jackson's passport, transferred her bank accounts into his name, hired bodyguards to watch La Toya constantly and banned her from speaking to or seeing her family, monitoring her every phone call. La Toya's father Joseph stated in his book The Jacksons that he believed Gordon brainwashed La Toya and made her fearful of her own family. Katherine also believed that La Toya had been brainwashed while Gordon claimed that Katherine had tried to kill her daughter. Sister Janet concurred with her parents saying at the time, \"I think this guy who is with her has brainwashed her and made her like this... He keeps her away from the family, and now he's brainwashed her so much she keeps herself away from us.\"\n\nIn 1990, Jackson participated in the Sanremo Music Festival, entering \"You and Me\" an English-language version of \"Verso l'ignoto\" by siblings Marcella and Gianni Bella. While \"You and Me\" did not win Best Song, it entered Italy's hit parade, peaking at number twenty-eight. That year Jackson signed on with German-based BCM Records and released the single \"Why Don't You Want My Love?\" Jackson recorded other material with BCM, but the label went bankrupt and album plans were scrapped. Jackson signed with Dino Records quickly thereafter. 1991 saw the release of No Relations, an album with strong house and funk influences. This album featured Jackson's top twenty-five Netherlands hit \"Sexbox\".\n\nIn 1992, Jackson signed a contract with the Moulin Rouge in Paris to star in her own revue, Formidable. Jackson was to perform two shows a night, six nights a week. Jackson was the highest-paid performer in the cabaret's history, earning a reported $5 million. Though Formidable was successful, selling out on most nights, Jackson departed half-way into her year-long contract owing the nightclub $550,000 in damages.\n\nIn October 1992, while taping an Exotic Club Tour in Minneapolis Jackson approached sister Janet Jackson, also in town recording her fifth studio album with Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, to ask for help in escaping Gordon. Janet struck La Toya, accusing her elder sister of recording their conversation.\n\nIn 1993 in their New York home, Gordon beat Jackson repeatedly with a heavy brass dining room chair, leaving Jackson with black eyes, swollen lip and chin \"the size of a clenched fist\", cuts requiring 12 mouth stitches and contusions on her face, arms, legs and back. Jackson lost consciousness during the beating, leading Gordon to believe she was dead. She recalled, \"He called his friends and said, 'She's dead. I killed her,' because I was lying in a puddle of blood and I was out.\" Gordon was arrested but then released, claiming he beat Jackson in self-defense.\nIn December 1993, Gordon hastily arranged a press conference in Tel Aviv, where he had Jackson read a statement claiming to believe the sex abuse allegation against her younger brother Michael might be true. This was an abrupt reversal of her previous defense of Michael against the charges. Gordon claimed La Toya had proof which she was prepared to disclose for a fee of $500,000. A bidding war between US and UK tabloids began, but fell through when they realized that her revelations were not what she had claimed them to be.  According to La Toya, Gordon threatened to have siblings Michael and Janet killed if she didn't follow his orders. In 1993, Jackson claims her father Joe Jackson sexually abused her as a child.\n\nUnder Gordon's management, Jackson's career declined with his booking of disreputable jobs such as spokesperson for the Psychic Friends Network. Because of Gordon's steady stream of publicity stunts and her media portrayal as the Jackson family \"black sheep\" La Toya had become a hate figure of sorts. By the mid-1990s Jackson's finances were in disarray and she was forced to file for bankruptcy in order to stave off claims of $550,000 in damages to the Moulin Rouge for ending her contract early. In 1993 Jackson held a concert at Poland's Sopot International Song Festival and released a step aerobics exercise video, Step-Up Workout. In 1994, Jackson again worked for Playboy Entertainment, becoming one of the very first celebrities to have a Celebrity Centerfold video. Playboy Celebrity Centerfold: La Toya Jackson was released in the first quarter of 1994 and sold roughly 50,000 copies. Jackson later released two albums, one of country music, From Nashville to You, and another of Motown hits, Stop in the Name of Love, in the mid-1990s.\n\n1996\u20132002: Escape and seclusion\n\nWhen Jackson became aware that Gordon was planning to feature her in a pornographic film she decided she'd had enough. Jackson phoned brother Randy who flew to New York to help her escape while Gordon was out. Only days later, La Toya filed for divorce in Las Vegas and sued Gordon in civil court for years of abuse under the Violence Against Women Act. She changed her name from La Toya Jackson-Gordon to La Toya Jackson, thus dropping use of her former middle name Yvonne.\n\nLa Toya Jackson ended her estrangement with the entire Jackson family and returned home to Hayvenhurst. Jackson forgave her parents for her stifled upbringing reasoning, \"I've come to realize that as we get older, we grow and learn a lot more. And I think that my father and my mother, they raised children the best way they know how.\" According to La Toya, Michael knew that she was forced to attack him in the press against her will and he did not blame her.\n\nJackson's last single of the 1990s was \"Don't Break My Heart.\"\n\nAfter separating from Gordon, Jackson cloistered herself in her home and lived alone for the first time\u2014the first six months she stated she never actually left her house due to being terrified of Gordon seeing her. Weary after her years of public scorn, she didn't know what to do with her life and was afraid to perform again. Jackson struggled to rebuild her confidence but was plagued with self-doubt, explaining, \"I got to the point, [...] where\u2014well, you know in the media they say things like, 'Oh, she can't sing. She has no talent. She can't dance.' I started believing that, and I was thinking, 'Oh my God'. And I started thinking, 'Oh gee, how could this happen to me?' How could I start believing this?\". After this time she started to perform in Europe and South America occasionally to start making money to pay off the huge debts which Gordon had accumulated in her name while they were married. In the wake of the September 11 attacks Jackson was moved to compose \"Free the World\". She performed the song for friends to a positive reception. This spurred on Jackson to write more songs, ending up with a full album, Startin' Over.\n\n2003\u20132006: Re-emergence and return to music\nJackson publicly re-emerged on Larry King Live on March 9, 2003. Her appearance caused CNN's phone lines to stay busy for hours and was King's highest-rated show in three years. Jackson announced her first musical project in six years, Startin' Over. Startin' Over's lead single was 2004's \"Just Wanna Dance\", released independently under her pseudonymous nickname \"Toy\" in order to avoid any prejudices DJs might hold against La Toya Jackson's name. The plan worked, with \"Just Wanna Dance\" reaching #13 on the US Billboard Hot Dance chart. \"Free the World\" was released later that year to similar success. Jackson's label, Ja-Tail Records secured a deal with Universal Music Group to distribute the album, which was delayed several times due to extenuating circumstances. The 2003 promotional copy of Startin' Over leaked online in 2006, however Jackson's management revealed that the entire album was being re-recorded with an all-new track list and updated sound. That year Jackson became the spokeswoman for Australian malt beverage Star Ice's US launch.\n\nAfter Jack Gordon's death in 2005, Jackson was free to speak more openly about the control he exerted over her life. She sent a security expert to eyewitness that Gordon had not faked his death a second time. In 2005 she appeared on ABC News to recant her previous allegations and defend brother Michael against new charges of child abuse. VH1 described Jackson as a role model having weathered various successes and setbacks.\n\n2007\u20132009: Reality television\n\nOn January 10, 2007, the reality TV show Armed & Famous premiered on CBS starring Jackson and other celebrities. The program documented Jackson's basic training and service as a reserve police officer with the Muncie Police Department. Jackson maintains her badge by continuing to volunteer as a deputy. The show was eventually removed from the CBS lineup, due to its inability to compete with American Idol. VH1 subsequently aired the remaining episodes. On the show, Jackson demonstrated her phobia of cats, after she began hysterically screaming and locked herself in a squad car. This fear, she revealed, was caused by a childhood memory in which a relative was attacked by a cat. She underwent on-screen therapy to try to relieve her of this phobia. A single called \"Armed and Famous\" was planned but the title was changed to \"I Don't Play That\" shortly before it was sent to radio stations, where it failed to take off, on January 29, 2007, due to CBS' cancellation of the show.\n\nIn January 2009, Jackson was paid \u00a3103,000 to appear as a contestant on the sixth series of the British television program Celebrity Big Brother. She was the second member of the Jackson family to be on the show, the first being her brother Jermaine in 2007. She was the fourth person evicted from the house.\n\nThe final version of Startin' Over was completed in late 2008, just before Jackson joined the cast of Celebrity Big Brother. A new lead single, \"Love, Honor, and Obey\", planned for a summer 2009 release, was put on hold because of the death of La Toya's younger brother Michael. Instead, \"Home\" was released on July 28, 2009 in Michael's memory with all proceeds going to AIDS Project Los Angeles, one of his favorite charities. La Toya Jackson was one of the first siblings present at Reagan-UCLA Medical Center on June 25, 2009, after brother Michael Jackson was pronounced dead after suffering cardiac arrest. She was named as the informant on her brother's death certificate. Jackson requested a second autopsy to be carried out after noting suspicious medical paraphernalia in Michael's rented house, evasive behavior by his doctors, and discovering that $2 million in cash and jewels had gone missing. The Los Angeles County Coroner ruled Jackson's death a homicide weeks later.\n\n2010\u2013present: Reality television and Starting Over\n\nIn 2010, Jackson launched Dream Cream, a hand cream for German cosmetics firm Alessandro International, and named Teddy Riley head of Ja-Tail Records' music division. Jackson took part in NBC's Celebrity Apprentice, which aired from March through May 2011 and raised $65,000 for her chosen charity, AIDS Project Los Angeles. La Toya was \"fired\" from Celebrity Apprentice in episode 8 during season 11, which aired on April 24, 2011 on NBC. In an Apprentice first, Jackson was rehired in the following episode, as she felt she couldn't defend her case. La Toya was fired for the second time on May 8, 2011 and became the first person to be fired from The Apprentice twice within the same season. She was also the first guest judge to appear in two episodes of season three of RuPaul's Drag Race. She also served as guest judge on the 17th season of America's Next Top Model. Jackson's second memoir, Starting Over, was released in the United States on June 21, 2011 through Gallery Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. An EP, also called Starting Over, was released the same day via digital outlets.\n\nIn 2013, Jackson started her own reality series called Life With La Toya which is premiered on Oprah Winfrey's OWN. Also in 2013, Jackson rejoined the newest cast for The All-Star Celebrity Apprentice. Jackson lasted until the 3rd episode of the season, when she was fired on an episode titled \"I'm Being Punked By A Jackson\". Jackson volunteered to be the project manager on a task that saw the cast creating a Soap Opera themed commercial for Crystal Light. Jackson's team lost the task and she subsequently was fired by Donald Trump. Unlike her first appearance on the show, Trump specifically stated that he would not allow Jackson to return to the show after being fired. In September 2013, Jackson made her stage debut in a week-long engagement in the off-Broadway musical, Newsical.\n\nIt was falsely reported that on December 6, 2013 Jackson married her business partner Jeffre Phillips in Los Angeles.  On December 16 TMZ reported that La Toya and Jeffre stated that they have not married and this was reaffirmed on Oprah: Where Are They Now?. Jeffre had publicly asked her to marry him in an episode of her reality series that recently aired. His decision to propose to La Toya was prompted by their friend Brenda Harvey Richie (ex-wife of Lionel Richie) who noted that they had been best friends for 15 years as he became La Toya's business partner after Jack Gordon. He did so with the permission of La Toya's father, Joe Jackson. Recently it has been reported that La Toya and Jeffre' Phillips have canceled their engagement, but remain close.\n\nCurrently, she and Jeffre are also the executive producers of a documentary called \"Dancing in Jaffa\" which follows 150 young Jewish and Palestinian Israelis as they dance together in unity by putting their cultural differences aside.\n\nIn 2016, she collaborated with Iranian-American pop star Andy on the single \"Tehran\" where she sings in Persian.\n\nOn May 24, 2018 she visited El hormiguero to sponsor the musical Forever. The best show about The King of Pop.\n\nIn 2018, Jackson participated in a celebrity edition of Food Network's Worst Cooks in America.  Coached by Tyler Florence, she advanced to the final and beat out Ian Ziering to win the season; $25,000 was awarded to Race to Erase MS in Jackson's name.\n\nIn February 2019, Jackson was revealed to be the Alien on the FOX reality series The Masked Singer.\n\nVocal style and influences\nLa Toya Jackson has a three-octave vocal range which soars to a high D#6 in her single, \"Bet'cha Gonna Need My Lovin'.\" The Evening Independent says that she has an \"attractive, pleasant voice that is matured and controlled.\" Andrew Hamilton of AllMusic describes her voice as a light, wispy \"sexy whisper\". Like her siblings, Michael and Janet, she is mainly a pop, R&B, and dance music performer but she has also dabbled in rock as heard in her song, \"No More Drama\" and reggae in her signature song \"Heart Don't Lie\", as well as country music.\n\nLike many other Jacksons, most notably Michael, she cites James Brown as a \"major influence\". When Jackson headlined the Moulin Rouge she paid homage to La Goulue and cited Josephine Baker as an influence. L'Express hailed Jackson as \"the new Josephine Baker.\" According to academic Bennetta Jules-Rosette, \"Through careful planning, she was able to model a successful part of her career abroad on the master tropes of a Baker-like image. Jackson exemplifies Baudrillard's notion that neither the message nor the content count as much as the referentiality of the signifier in postmodern performative discourse.\"\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n\n La Toya Jackson (1980)\n My Special Love (1981)\n Heart Don't Lie (1984)\n Imagination (1986)\n La Toya (1988)\n Bad Girl (1990)\n No Relations (1991)\n From Nashville to You (1994)\n Stop in the Name of Love (1995)\n\nEP albums\n\n Starting Over (2011)\n\nFilmography\n\nResidency \n Formidable (1992)\n\nAwards and other achievements\n Jackson co-wrote \"Reggae Nights\" for reggae artist Jimmy Cliff, which received a Grammy nomination for Best Reggae Recording. She later recorded the song for her album No Relations. She also wrote \"Brown Eyes\" for Cliff.\n Jackson was honored as a writer, arranger, and producer of Cliff Hanger, which won the Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album in 1986.\n She won one of five Outstanding Song Awards at the 1985 World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo, Japan, for her song \"Baby Sister\"\n Jackson received a US Congressional Tribute for her participation in a \"Beat It\" rally and Stay In School Campaign\n Jackson's footprints were immortalized on Rotterdam's Star Boulevard Walk of Fame on 19 December 1991, originally located in Scheveningen.\n She has a namesake dessert at Millions of Milkshakes in West Hollywood. The \"La Toya Jackson Shake\" consists of strawberries, raspberries, caramel, topped with whipped cream and a Cadbury flake.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official Facebook Page\n \n\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American female singers\nCategory:American women activists\nCategory:American disco musicians\nCategory:American house musicians\nCategory:20th-century American singers\nCategory:21st-century American singers\nCategory:Singers with a three-octave vocal range\nCategory:American sopranos\nCategory:American female pop singers\nCategory:American pop singers\nCategory:African-American female singer-songwriters\nCategory:African-American singer-songwriters\nCategory:American singer-songwriters\nCategory:American female singer-songwriters\nCategory:Dance-pop musicians\nCategory:American soul singers\nCategory:American women police officers\nCategory:Former Jehovah's Witnesses\nLa Toya Jackson\n \nCategory:LGBT rights activists from the United States\nCategory:Participants in American reality television series\nCategory:Musicians from Gary, Indiana\nCategory:Musicians from California\nCategory:Singers from California\nCategory:Writers from Gary, Indiana\nCategory:Singers from Indiana\nCategory:20th-century American women singers\nCategory:21st-century American women singers\nCategory:Michael Jackson sexual abuse allegations\nCategory:American women memoirists\nCategory:African-American memoirists\nCategory:American memoirists\nCategory:Victims of domestic abuse\nCategory:The Masked Singer (American TV series) contestants"}
-{"text": "Iron Cove\n\nIron Cove is a bay on the Parramatta River, in the inner-west of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is approximately  due west of Sydney's central business district. It is surrounded by the suburbs of Birchgrove, Balmain, Rozelle, Lilyfield, Haberfield, Five Dock, Rodd Point, Russell Lea and Drummoyne. The bay extends from Longnose Point to the south-west and is fed by the Hawthorne Canal and the Iron Cove Creek.\n\nHistory\nWilliam Dawes recorded the name of this place as Go-mo-ra in the language of the local people.\n\nIn the early days of the colony of New South Wales, the area was sometimes known as Long Cove, presumably for its long narrow shape. The origin of the name 'Iron Cove' is unclear. In his book on Sydney Harbour, P.R. Stephensen suggests that the name is derived from the iron shackles worn by convicts from Cockatoo Island who were forced to work in the area around the bay from 1839. However, he goes on to note that this is merely \"a surmise\". Another possible explanation for the name is that it was derived from the Ironbark trees that used to grow there.\n\nThe island in the middle of the bay is called Rodd Island, in honour of Brent Clements Rodd. Iron Cove is crossed by the Iron Cove Bridge, which was first opened in 1882 and links Rozelle and Balmain to Drummoyne. The original bridge was replaced in the 1950s. The Australian warships HMAS Ballarat and [[HMAS Goulburn|HMAS Goulburn''']] were broken up for scrap in the bay in 1953.\n\nThe land around the bay is mostly made up of publicly accessible foreshore or parkland. This forms a   jogging circuit known as The Bay Run.\n\nPollution\nAccording to the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, this bay and its catchment area are the most heavily polluted in Sydney Harbour. In particular, very high levels of copper, zinc, and lead have been detected in the bay. Some of this pollution is contained in road dust, which is washed into the bay in stormwater. Iron Cove Creek (Dobroyd Canal) also suffers from organic and hydrocarbon pollutants.\n\nA proposal has been put forward for a water filtration device to be installed at Iron Cove Creek. According to Professor Gavin Birch from the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, \"This device is specifically designed to stop those contaminants [heavy metals, organic pollutants and hydrocarbons] actually reaching Sydney Harbour.\"\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Blaxell, Gregory. The River: Sydney Cove to Parramatta''. Eastwood, N.S.W.: Brush Farm Historical Society, 2004. .\n\nCategory:Bays of New South Wales\nCategory:Coves of Australia\nCategory:Inner West"}
-{"text": "Kosmos 496\n\nKosmos 496 ( meaning Cosmos 496) was an unmanned test of the redesigned Soyuz ferry. It did not dock with any space station. After the Soyuz 11 disaster the third seat was removed because the space was need for the two crewmen in space suits and their equipment. Kosmos 496 retained its solar arrays.\n\nMission parameters\nSpacecraft: Soyuz-7K-T\nMass: 6800\u00a0kg\nCrew: None\nLaunched: June 26, 1972\nLanded: July 2, 1972\n\nReferences\nMir Hardware Heritage\nMir Hardware Heritage - NASA report (PDF format)\nMir Hardware Heritage (wikisource)\n\nCategory:1972 in spaceflight\nKosmos 0496\nKosmos 0496\nCategory:1972 in the Soviet Union\nCategory:Spacecraft launched in 1972"}
-{"text": "Monmouth Golf Club\n\nMonmouth Golf Club is an 18-hole golf club based just outside Monmouth at Leasbrook Lane, near Dixton.\n\nThe course is located on high ground to the east of the town with views of the Welsh hills, the Forest of Dean and the Wye Valley. The club claims to be one of the prettiest golf courses in Wales. The club has a short game practice area and a nine-hole practice putting green. Other facilities include a clubhouse, bar and shop\n\nThe hole names on the course are:\n\nHistory\nMonmouth Golf Club was formed on 25 June 1896 at a meeting held at the Kings Head Hotel, Monmouth.\n\nThe site of the club was initially Priory Farm. This proved unsuitable for golf and the club moved to Vauxhall Fields, taking over the Vauxhall Golf Club and its course. In 1903 the club moved to the Hendre Estate. The club moved again in 1905 to Troy Farm.\n\nMembership in the early years was about 30 to 40 people, which was deemed low. The problem of low membership was attributed to the inability of the course to cope with long grass in the summer months. This was because the landlord of the ground, which was rented out as a golf course, wanted to make hay on the fairways as well as receiving rent for the course. A dispute arose regarding the cutting of the long grass by the members of the club which caused the landowner to complain that the club was exceeding the terms of the covenant. A court case followed, eventually leading to a High Court ruling in 1910 which defined a fairway. The ruling was made in the club's favour. The long grass problem led to the closure of the course in 1912. Several attempts were made to reopen but these were not successful until 1920 when the club was reformed at Dixton on part of the present course.\n\nGeorge Waldron was the club's first professional. In 1921 he laid out a nine-hole course, which opened on 1 October 1921.\n\nIn 1992, land was rented to enable a further nine holes. The full eighteen-hole course was opened on 18 July 1992 and the new clubhouse later that year.\n\nImprovements in the drainage of the course and the construction of buggy paths around the course took place in the following years. In 2008 the club purchased the freehold of the previously rented area of the course, making the 18-hole course wholly owned by the members.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Monmouth, Wales\nCategory:Golf clubs and courses in Wales\nGolf club"}
-{"text": "KF Rrufeja\n\nKF Rrufeja Miletin\u00eb (, FK Rufeja Miletino) is a football club based in the village of Miletin\u00eb, Brvenica Municipality, North Macedonia. They are currently competing in the OFS Tetovo league.\n\nHistory\nThe club was founded in 1993.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nClub news \nClub info at MacedonianFootball \nFootball Federation of Macedonia \n\nCategory:Football clubs in North Macedonia\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1993\nCategory:1993 establishments in the Republic of Macedonia\nFK\nRufeja"}
-{"text": "Daniel Jensen (footballer, born 1985)\n\nDaniel Jensen (born 8 May 1985) is a former Danish professional football defender.\n\nExternal links\nCareer statistics at Danmarks Radio\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Danish footballers\nCategory:FC Nordsj\u00e6lland players\nCategory:FC Fredericia players\nCategory:Danish Superliga players\nCategory:People from Hiller\u00f8d Municipality\nCategory:Association football defenders"}
-{"text": "Dolni Vurpishta\n\nDolni Vurpishta is a village in Dryanovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Gabrovo Province"}
-{"text": "Calonotos aequimaculatus\n\nCalonotos aequimaculatus is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Zerny in 1931. It is found in Brazil.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Arctiinae"}
-{"text": "Gordon Smith (screenwriter)\n\nGordon Smith is an American television screenwriter, best known for his work on Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul. Smith has been nominated for two individual Primetime Emmys, and won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama in 2018 for the episode \"Chicanery\", and has received several other nominations.\n\nCareer\nSmith started as an office production assistant for season 3 of Breaking Bad, then became Vince Gilligan's assistant in season 4, and the writers assistant in season 5. Smith co-wrote the Breaking Bad mini-featurette titled Chicks 'N' Guns which was released on the fifth season Blu-ray.\n\nSmith was then hired as a staff writer for the Breaking Bad spinoff Better Call Saul. His first television script, for the episode \"Five-O\" (from season 1) earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series. He also wrote episode 8 from the first season, titled \"RICO\". For the second season of Better Call Saul, Smith was promoted to story editor and wrote two episodes, \"Gloves Off\" and \"Inflatable\". In the third season, he was promoted to a producer, and wrote another two episodes, \"Chicanery\" and \"Fall\". The episode \"Chicanery\" earned Smith his second Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.\n\nIn April 2017, Smith signed with Sony Pictures Television, where he served as a consulting producer for the WGN America television series Outsiders and was confirmed to return to Better Call Saul for its fourth season. For season 4, Smith was promoted to supervising producer and wrote two episodes, \"Something Beautiful\" and \"Coushatta\".\n\nAccolades\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American screenwriters\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Bunyala\n\nBunyala is a settlement in Kenya's Busia County.\n\nClimate of the Western Province\nThe climate is mainly tropical, with variations due to altitude. Kakamega district is mainly hot and wet most of the year, while Bungoma district is colder but just as wet. Busia district is the warmest, while the hilly Vihiga District is the coldest. The entire province experiences very heavy rainfall all year round, with the long rains in the earlier months of the year.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Western Province (Kenya)\nCategory:Busia County"}
-{"text": "Arab Sharkas case\n\nThe Arab Sharkas case is the name given to the military trial of nine men in Egypt in August 2014. Six defendants were sentenced to death in October, and executed in May 2015.\n\nAccording to military prosecutors for the government of Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, the defendants killed soldiers during a military raid in the village of Arab Sharkas in March 2014. Human rights organizations have stated that some of the defendants were imprisoned prior to the raid, or arrested elsewhere in Egypt; it is not clear if any were present at the raid. The defendants were tortured during their imprisonment, and refused an appeal prior to their executions. The case has been denounced by international human rights organizations.\n\nMilitary raid on Arab Sharkas village\n\nThe prosecution accused the defendants of killing a colonel and brigadier general during a firefight in the Qaliubiya village of Arab Sharkas, in northern Egypt, in March 2014. The firefight occurred during a government raid that killed six; prosecutors said that eight who were not killed were detained.\n\nAccording to Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, three of the six executed were already imprisoned by Egyptian security forces at a secret location - the Al-Azouly Military Prison - prior to the raid in which they were said to have been captured.\n\nEgyptian military prosecutors also accused the defendants of carrying out a shooting on a military bus in the Amiriya district of Cairo in March 2014, killing one soldier. Prosecutors furthermore stated the defendants were responsible for a later checkpoint attack in Cairo that killed six soldiers.\n\nTrial and execution\n\nThe defendants include Mohamed Bakry, Hany Amer, Mohamed Afifi, Abdel rahman Said, Khaled Farg and Islam Said, and were tortured in custody. They are said to have confessed they belong to Ansar Bait Al-Maqdis, considered a terrorist group by the Egyptian government. Now called Welayet Sinai, the organization is said to have ties to ISIS. One of the defendants, Said, was a high school student.\n\nThe military courts faced a suit calling for the death sentences to be halted, but postponed hearing the suit until two days after the executions were already carried out. Lawyers representing the defendants were not informed of their impending executions. \n\nOne lawyer, Ahmed Helmy, said that the executions were meant to broadcast that the el-Sisi government was able and willing to carry out executions following former president Morsi's conviction.\n\nTwo defendants were sentenced to life in prison, and another sentenced to death in absentia.\n\nEgyptian and international reaction\n\nHuman rights organizations including Amnesty International urged Egypt not to carry through the executions, and called the executions \"an egregious new low\" in which civilians had been tried by military courts. Human Rights Monitor, based in London, stated that the court \"ignored all evidence that might enable the defendants to be acquitted,\" called only one witness (an Egyptian government security officer), and used torture to extract confessions.\n\nThe Egyptian Freedom and Justice Party, dissolved by the el-Sisi government, called the executions a crime.\n\nThe Egyptian Revolutionary Council, an organization opposed to president el-Sisi, stated in response to the executions that el-Sisi's government executes \"innocent Egyptians for political scores.\" The organization leader Dr. Maha Azzam stated that the \"Egyptian regime has to be held directly accountable for the execution of citizens without any due process;\" she condemned western governments for supporting the executions.\n\nThe World Socialist Web Site stated that the trial and executions in the Arab Sharkas case paralleled those used against Morsi and the Muslim Brotherhood, and condemned continued American financial support for the Egyptian military.\n\nSee also\n2013 Egyptian coup d'\u00e9tat\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2014 in Egypt"}
-{"text": "List of tunnels in China\n\nThis list of tunnels in China includes any road, rail or waterway tunnel in China.\n\nBeijing\nXiaoyue Tunnel\n\nChongqing\nBaiyun Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\n\nGansu\nWushaoling Tunnel\n\nHainan\nQiaozhong Road Tunnel\n\nHong Kong\n\nAberdeen Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nAirport Express / Tung Chung Line (underwater) (metro)\nAirport Tunnel (beneath site of former Hong Kong International Airport) (road)\nBeacon Hill Tunnel (cross-mountain) (rail/metro)\nCheung Tsing Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nCross Harbour Tunnel (underwater) (road)\nEagle's Nest Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nEastern Harbour Crossing / Tseung Kwan O Line (underwater) (road and metro)\nLion Rock Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road and water pipe)\nSha Tin Heights Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nShing Mun Tunnels (cross-mountain) (road)\nTai Lam Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nTate's Cairn Tunnel (cross-mountain) (road)\nTsuen Wan Line (underwater) (metro)\nWestern Harbour Crossing (underwater) (road)\n\nShaanxi\nZhongnanshan Tunnel\n\nShandong\nQing-Huang Tunnel\n\nShanghai\nA20 (Outer Ring Road) Tunnel\nBund Passage\nBund Sightseeing Tunnel\nDalian Road Tunnel\nDapu Road Tunnel\nFuxing East Road Tunnel\nShanghai Metro Tunnels, including 6 crossings of the Huangpu River as of 2010\nShanghai Yangtze River Tunnel and Bridge\nXiangyan Road Tunnel\nYan'an East Road Tunnel\nYangpu Road Tunnel\n\nSichuan\nMount Erlang Tunnel\n\nTibet\nFenghuoshan tunnel\nYangbajing tunnel\n\nSee also\n List of long railway tunnels in China\nList of tunnels by location\n Yangtze River bridges and tunnels\n\n \nTunnels\nChina"}
-{"text": "2014\u201315 UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball team\n\nThe 2014\u201315 UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball team represents the University of North Carolina Wilmington during the 2014\u201315 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Seahawks, led by third year head coach Adell Harris, play their home games at the Trask Coliseum and were members of the Colonial Athletic Association. They finished the season 14\u201316, 10\u20138 in CAA play to finish in fifth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the CAA Women's Tournament to Elon.\n\nRoster\n\nSchedule\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#006666; color:#FFFF66;\"| Exhibition\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#006666; color:#FFFF66;\"| Regular season\n\n|-\n!colspan=9 style=\"background:#006666; color:#FFFF66;\"| 2015 CAA Tournament\n\nSee also\n2014\u201315 UNC Wilmington Seahawks men's basketball team\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:UNC Wilmington Seahawks women's basketball seasons\nUnc Wilmington"}
-{"text": "George Moore (Medal of Honor)\n\nSeaman George Moore (born George Joseph Moore, 1837 \u2013 d. July 24, 1904) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War and a recipient of the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.\n\nMilitary service\nBorn in 1837 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Moore enlisted in the Union Navy on November 26, 1862 at Boston, Massachusetts. He served aboard the USS Rhode Island. On December 30, 1862, the USS Monitor, which was under tow by the USS Rhode Island foundered 10 miles east of Cape Hatteras in heavy seas. Moore, a crew member aboard the Rhode Island\u2019s cutter boat, helped to rescue the crew members of the USS Monitor into the cutter, at the peril to his own life. Moore was awarded the Medal of Honor for this heroic action. George Moore re-enlisted in the Union Navy on January 23, 1864 serving till being discharged April 7, 1865.\n\nMedal of Honor citation\nRank and organization: Seaman, U.S. Navy. Accredited to: Pennsylvania. G.O. No.: 59, 22 June 1865.\n\nMoore's official Medal of Honor citation reads:\nServed on board the U.S.S. Rhode Island which was engaged in saving the lives of the officers and crew of the Monitor, 30 December 1862. Participating in the hazardous task of rescuing the officers and crew of the sinking Monitor, Moore after rescuing several of the men, became separated in a heavy gale with other members of the cutter that had set out from the Rhode Island, and spent many hours in the small boat at the mercy of the weather and high seas until finally picked up by a schooner 50 miles east of Cape Hatteras.\n\nDeath and burial\nMedal of Honor recipient George Moore died on July 24, 1904 in Trenton, New Jersey of congestion of the lungs and was buried in Saint John's Cemetery, Trenton, New Jersey The remains of George Moore, his widow Anna n\u00e9e Walters Moore plus other Moore / Walters family members are interred in Burial plot: Section A, lot 321.\n\nMoore's death notice in the July 25, 1904 Trenton Evening Times newspaper read:\n\nGeorge J. Moore - George J. Moore died at his residence, 238 Elmer street, last evening, after an illness of three days. He was about 45 years old. The widow and one son, George, survive. The arrangements for the funeral, in charge of Tilton, have not been completed. \n\nMoore's funeral notice in the July 28, 1904 Trenton Evening Times newspaper read:\n\nGeorge Moore \u2013 George Moore was buried this morning in St. John\u2019s cemetery. The funeral took place from his late residence, 238 Elmer street, with requiem high mass at Sacred Heart Church.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1837 births\nCategory:1904 deaths\nCategory:Military personnel from Philadelphia\nCategory:People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War\nCategory:Union Navy sailors\nCategory:United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients\nCategory:American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor\n\nExternal links"}
-{"text": "Izard\n\nIzard may refer to:\n\n Carroll Izard (1923\u20132017), American psychologist known for his contributions to Differential Emotions Theory (DET)\n Charles Beard Izard (1829\u20131904), New Zealand lawyer and politician; father of\n Charles Hayward Izard (1860\u20131925), New Zealand lawyer and politician\n George Izard (1776\u20131828), general in the United States Army during the War of 1812 and governor of the Arkansas Territory\n Mark W. Izard (1799\u20131866), 2nd Governor of Nebraska Territory\n Stephanie Izard (born 1976), American chef\n\nOther \n Izard County, Arkansas, north-northeast Arkansas\n Pyrenean Chamois or izard, a species of goat-antelope\n\nSee also\n Isard (disambiguation)\n Izzard (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Georgios Amanatidis\n\nGeorgios Amanatidis (; born 4 April 1970 in Mesopotamia) is a former Greek footballer. He played as central defender.\n\nPlaying career\nAmanatidis was captain of the Greek side Olympiacos F.C., and a member of the team which reached 7 Greek Championships successively (1997\u20132003). After 13 years in Olympiacos FC, he joined the roster of his former coach Takis Lemonis at Cypriot club APOEL in which he won the championship also. He also played for Apollon Kalamarias F.C., Kerkyra F.C., Ethnikos Asteras F.C. and Panachaiki FC.\n\nAmanatidis earned 18 caps for the Greek national team.\n\nPersonal \nHe is not related to Greek footballer and striker Ioannis Amanatidis.\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nOlympiacos\nGreek Championship: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003\nGreek Cup: 1999\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Greek footballers\nCategory:Greece international footballers\nCategory:Superleague Greece players\nCategory:Cypriot First Division players\nCategory:Apollon Pontou FC players\nCategory:Olympiacos F.C. players\nCategory:PAE Kerkyra players\nCategory:Ethnikos Asteras F.C. players\nCategory:Panachaiki F.C. players\nCategory:Association football defenders"}
-{"text": "Rhodanobacter glycinis\n\nRhodanobacter glycinis is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Rhodanobacter which has been isolated from the rhizoplane of a field with soybeans.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Xanthomonadales\nCategory:Bacteria described in 2014"}
-{"text": "Flora of Minas Gerais\n\nBrazil has great forests. Minas Gerais, Brazil's central state, larger domain is the tropical forest. Within it there are many types of plants. Separated by families this is a list of these plants:\n\nPoaceae\nBambusoideae - Imperata brasiliensis - Melinis minutiflora - Cymbopogon citratus.\n\nArecaceae\nCocos nucifera - Attalea funifera - Acrocomia aculeata.\n\nLauraceae\nOcotea megaphylla - Cinnamomum zeylanicum - Persea americana - Persea indica.\n\nAsteraceae\nVernonia polysphaera - Bellis annua - Pluchea sagittalis*.\n\nFabaceae\nAnadenanthera colubrina - Erythrina verna - Mimosa pudica - Dalbergia nigra - Ing\u00e1 - Hymenaea courbaril - Enterolobium timbouva - Mora - Myrocarpus frondosus - Vigna unguiculata.\n\nRubiaceae\nGenipa americana - Calycophyllum spruceanum - Ruta graveolens - Cephaelis - Coffea arabica - Uncaria tomentosa*.\n\nLoranthaceae\nViscum cruciatum\n\nLamiaceae\nRosmarinus officinalis - Ocimum basilicum.\n\nSolanaceae\nSolanum lycocarpum - Solanum nigrum - Melissa officinalis - Datura suaveolens.\n\nUrticaceae\nCecropia.\n\nCucurbitaceae\nMomordica.\n\nBrassicaceae\nCoronopus didymus.\n\nMoraceae\nFicus doliaria - Ficus gomelleira - Ficus clusiifolia.\n\nBromeliaceae\nBromeliaceae pinguim - Ananas.\n\nAgavaceae\nFurcraea foetida\n\nMyrtaceae\nEugenia uniflora - Psidium guajava- Psidium cattleianum - Plinia trunciflora - Campomanesia corymbosa.\n\nRhamnaceae\nZizyphus joazeiro.\n\nPhytolaccaceae\nPetiveria tetrandra\n\nBignoniaceae\nTabebuia spp - Crescentia cujete - Tabebuia - Tabebuia aurea - Jacaranda mimosaefolia.\n\nZingiberaceae\nAmomum cardamom*\n\nAnacardiaceae\nSchinopsis brasiliensis - Mangifera.\n\nBixaceae\nBixa orellana.\n\nEuphorbiaceae\nEuphorbia pulcherrima -  Alchornea triplinervia - Ricinus communis - Joanesia princeps.\n\nRutaceae\nBalfourodendron riedelianum - Pilocarpus microphyllus - Citrus \u00d7 limon - Citrus reticulata - Citrus x sinensis.\n\nSapindaceae\nSapindus saponaria.\n\nApocynaceae\nPlumeria.\n\nMalvaceae\nLuehea.\n\nMeliaceae\nCarapa\n\nAnnonaceae\nDuguetia lanceolata - Annona coriacea.\n\nTropaeolaceae\nTropaeolum majus\n\nApiaceae\nFoeniculum vulgare - Coriandrum sativum.\n\nSalicaceae\nCasearia sylvestris - Casearia gossypiosperma*.\n\nPhyllanthaceae\nPhyllanthus acutifolius.\n\nMusaceae\nMusa.\n\nAraceae\nXanthosoma sagittifolium - Philodendron.\n\nRosaceae\nRosa\n\nCaricaceae\nCarica papaya\n\nLecythidaceae\nSapucaia\n\nMyristicaceae\nBicuiba\n\nOthers\nPolypodium lepidopteris\nPortuguese common names\n\nCatita\nGema de Ovo\nFruta da Cutia\nGon\u00e7alves\nJo\u00e3o Henrique (plant)\nLimpa Viola\nJurob\u00e3o\nPasto de Abelha\nGond\u00f3\n\nSee also\n \n List of plants of Atlantic Forest vegetation of Brazil\n \n\n 01\nCategory:Environment of Minas Gerais\nCategory:Lists of flora of Brazil"}
-{"text": "Eighteen in the Sun\n\nEighteen in the Sun (, also known as Beach Party-Italian Style) is a 1962 Italian teen comedy film directed by Camillo Mastrocinque.The movie was shot in Naples and in island of Ischia.\n\nCast \n\nCatherine Spaak\nGianni Garko\nLisa Gastoni\nLuisa Mattioli\nGabriele Antonini\nFabrizio Capucci\nStelvio Rosi\nMario Brega\nFranco Giacobini\nIgnazio Leone\nOliviero Prunas\nGiampiero Littera\nSpiros Foc\u00e1s\nThea Fleming\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1962 films\nCategory:1960s comedy films\nCategory:Italian films\nCategory:Italian comedy films\nCategory:Films directed by Camillo Mastrocinque\nCategory:Films scored by Ennio Morricone\nCategory:Films set in the Mediterranean Sea"}
-{"text": "P\u00e4ivi Hirvel\u00e4\n\nP\u00e4ivi Maarit Hirvel\u00e4 (born 10 December 1954) is a Finnish former judge on the European Court of Human Rights. Hirvel\u00e4 is on leave from the Finnish state prosecutor's office. Hirvel\u00e4 holds a doctorate in law.\n\nHirvel\u00e4 worked as a general legal assistant in Sodankyl\u00e4 and Lahti, Finland 1981-82, referendary of the Kouvola Court of Appeal of 1984\u20131990 and after a district prosecutor in Lahti, until she was appointed Public Prosecutor in 1999. She has also worked in the European Court of Human Rights Secretariat as a lawyer and a rapporteur of the Parliamentary Ombudsman's Office. She began her post as a judge on the European Court of Human Rights on 1 January 2007.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Judges of the European Court of Human Rights\nCategory:Finnish judges\nCategory:1954 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Finnish judges of international courts and tribunals"}
-{"text": "Liam Reddox\n\nLiam Reddox (born January 27, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player who currently plays for the Belfast Giants of the Elite Ice Hockey League. He most recently played for and Captained the V\u00e4xj\u00f6 Lakers of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He has dual citizenship in both Canada and Scotland.\n\nPlaying career\nAs a youth, Reddox played in the 2000 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team.\n\nReddox was drafted in the fourth round of the 2002 Ontario Hockey League priority selection to the Peterborough Petes.  He played four games with the team as a callup during the 2002\u201303 season.  Reddox, who currently lives in Whitby, Ontario, led the Petes in scoring in his first two full years with the team, including his rookie season in 2003\u201304.\n\nReddox spent three years with the Peterborough Petes, in which he played with both Eric and Jordan Staal, Calgary Flames prospect Daniel Ryder (the younger brother of Michael Ryder) and former Oiler, Bryan Young.  Reddox played on a line with Ryder and Buffalo Sabres draft choice Patrick Kaleta.  On the powerplay, he would be the second defenceman alongside Columbus Blue Jackets draft pick Trevor Hendrikx, and had Steve Downie, a Philadelphia Flyers draft, on the wing.\n\nReddox amassed 86 goals and 124 assists for 210 points during his 208 games he played with the Peterborough Petes.  He was an assistant to captain Jamie Tardif in the 2005\u201306 season, in which the Petes won the Ontario Hockey League championship, in the team's 50th anniversary.\n\nReddox was signed to the Edmonton Oilers, who drafted him in the fourth round (112th overall) in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft, on June 1, 2006. He spent his first professional season in the Oilers organization with ECHL affiliate, the Stockton Thunder before moving up to the American Hockey League for the 2007\u201308 season with the Springfield Falcons. After making his NHL debut with a single appearance for the Oilers he was returned to the Falcons to end the year. In the 2008\u201309 season, Reddox was called up from the Falcons on November 14, 2008. Reddox then scored his first career NHL goal in just his second career game on November 15, 2008, against the Colorado Avalanche.\n\nOn August 9, 2010, Reddox was re-signed by the Oilers to a one-year contract.\n\nOn May 24, 2011, Reddox signed an initial one-year contract with the V\u00e4xj\u00f6 Lakers of the then named Elitserien.\n\nFollowing the 2018\u201319 season, having completed his 8th season with the Lakers, and 4th as Captain, Reddox left the club at the conclusion of his contract on April 4, 2019. In August 2019, Reddox signed for the Belfast Giants of the United Kingdom's Elite Ice Hockey League.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nInternational\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Canadian ice hockey left wingers\nCategory:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden\nCategory:Edmonton Oilers draft picks\nCategory:Edmonton Oilers players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Toronto\nCategory:Oklahoma City Barons players\nCategory:Ice hockey people from Ontario\nCategory:Peterborough Petes (ice hockey) players\nCategory:Stockton Thunder players\nCategory:Springfield Falcons players\nCategory:V\u00e4xj\u00f6 Lakers players"}
-{"text": "Flemons\n\nFlemons is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nDom Flemons (born 1982), American multi-instrumentalist and singer-songwriter\nRonald Flemons (born 1979), American football player\nWade Flemons (1940-1993), American singer\nWill Flemons, American basketball player"}
-{"text": "Lyman, South Carolina\n\nLyman is a town in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, United States, and is a suburb of Greer. The population of Lyman was 3,243 at the 2010 census.\n\nHistory\nThe town of Lyman originally grew around a general store owned by Augustus Belton Groce, which opened in the mid-1870s. This led to the community become known as Groce's Stop. In 1923, the Groce family sold over  to Pacific Mills; by the following year the Lyman Printing and Finishing Mill had been constructed, and by 1927, Pacific Mills had built 375 homes as housing for their employees.  The town was then renamed in memory of Arthur T. Lyman, a former president of the mill.  Lyman prospered for years as a textile town, but by 2005 the last mill was closed.\n\nMcMakin's Tavern was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.\n\nGeography\nLyman is located at  (34.956343, -82.124559).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which 0.25% is water.\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 2,659 people, 1,137 households, and 770 families residing in the town. The population density was 654.0 people per square mile (252.2/km\u00b2). There were 1,224 housing units at an average density of 301.1 per square mile (116.1/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.69% White, 6.09% African American, 0.26% Asian, 0.11% Native American, 0.90% from other races, and 0.94% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.47% of the population.\n\nThere were 1,137 households out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.2% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.84.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out with 21.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 23.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.9 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $38,750, and the median income for a family was $47,900. Males had a median income of $31,500 versus $22,950 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,431. About 4.7% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 11.8% of those age 65 or over.\n\nEducation\nLyman has a lending library, a branch of the Spartanburg County Public Library.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Town of Lyman\n\nCategory:Towns in Spartanburg County, South Carolina\nCategory:Towns in South Carolina"}
-{"text": "2016 World Cup of Golf\n\nThe 2016 World Cup of Golf (known as the 2016 ISPS Handa World Cup of Golf for sponsorship reasons) was a golf tournament played from 24\u201327 November at Kingston Heath Golf Club in Melbourne, Australia. It was the 58th World Cup. Twenty-eight countries competed as two-player teams. The format was 72-hole stroke play; the first and third days were alternate shot, and the second and fourth days were four-ball play.\n\nThe tournament was won by Denmark by four shots.\n\nQualification\nJason Day, the individual champion of the 2013 World Cup of Golf, qualified automatically, representing Australia, and was allowed to select his partner as defined below. One player each from 27 other countries qualified based on their position in the Official World Golf Ranking on 1 August. The deadline for these players to commit was 11 August.\n\nThe 28 exempt players selected a partner from the same country, if such a player was ranked in the top 500 of the OWGR. If less than five other players from that country were ranked in the top 500, a player could choose a partner from outside the top 500. The deadline for teams to be finalized is 26 August.\n\nTeams\nThe table below lists the teams in order of qualification (i.e. ranking of seeded player on 1 August 2016), together with their World Ranking at the time of the tournament.\n\nThe following players were eligible to be a seeded player but did not commit. The order is based on the World Rankings on 1 August 2016. Three countries with an eligible player did not compete: Argentina, Fiji and Paraguay. They were replaced by Chinese Taipei, India and Malaysia.\n\n  Jason Day\n  Dustin Johnson\n  Jordan Spieth\n  Rory McIlroy\n  Henrik Stenson\n  Bubba Watson\n  Danny Willett\n  Branden Grace\n  Sergio Garc\u00eda\n  Justin Rose\n  Louis Oosthuizen\n  Charl Schwartzel\n  Emiliano Grillo\n  Martin Kaymer\n  Anirban Lahiri\n  Fabi\u00e1n G\u00f3mez\n  Jamie Donaldson\n  Vijay Singh\n  Fabrizio Zanotti\n\nFinal leaderboard\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:World Cup (men's golf)\nCategory:Golf tournaments in Australia\nCategory:Sports competitions in Melbourne\nWorld Cup golf\nWorld Cup golf\nWorld Cup golf"}
-{"text": "Gul Phul\n\nGul Phul (Sindhi \u06af\u0644 \u06a6\u0644) is a children's magazine in Sindhi published by Sindhi Adabi Board.\n\nHistory and profile\n\nGul Phul was started in 1959 and enjoys the status of being the first and oldest children's magazine in Sindhi. The magazine is based in Hyderabad. Its first editor was Ghulam Rabbani Agro. It contains short stories, articles, mathematics, poems, jokes, interviews and other things of interest to children. In February 2016 the editors of the magazine reported that it had not been published for the last five months due to lack of funds by the Sindhi Adabi.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n WorldCat record\n\nCategory:1959 establishments in Pakistan\nCategory:Magazines established in 1959\nCategory:Pakistani children's magazines\nCategory:Sindhi children's magazines\nCategory:Media in Hyderabad, India"}
-{"text": "1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships \u2013 Women's 3000 metres\n\nThe women's 3000 metres event  at the 1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships was held on March 8.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\n3000\nCategory:3000 metres at the World Athletics Indoor Championships\nCategory:1997 in women's athletics"}
-{"text": "Nipteria\n\nNipteria is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Geometridae"}
-{"text": "Rieucros\n\nRieucros  is a commune in the Ari\u00e8ge department in southwestern France.\n\nPopulation\nInhabitants are called Rieucrosains.\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Ari\u00e8ge department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Ari\u00e8ge (department)\nCategory:Ari\u00e8ge communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia"}
-{"text": "Bibeau\n\nBibeau is a surname of French origin. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nAntoine Bibeau (born 1994), Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender\nMarie Bibeau (1865-1924), first Superior General of the Little Franciscans of Mary\nMarie-Claude Bibeau, Canadian politician\nMichael Zehaf-Bibeau (1982-2014) (aka Joseph Paul Michael Bibeau), the perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa\nRay Bibeau, Canadian ice hockey player\nR\u00e9nald Bibeau, Canadian politician"}
-{"text": "To Blue Horizons\n\nTo Blue Horizons is the tenth studio album by German band Bad Boys Blue. It was released on 26 March 1994 by Intercord. Three singles were also released. The record includes two international hits: \"Go Go (Love Overload)\" and \"Luv 4 U\".\n\nBackground\nOn this record, the band left its long-time label Coconut Records and producers Tony Hendrik and Karin Hartmann. As Trevor Bannister retired from the band, Bad Boys Blue became a duo again. John McInerney performed ten songs, and Andrew Thomas one.\n\nThe US edition of this album includes two additional songs \"Don\u2019t Be So Shy\" and \"Family Beat\". These songs were later featured in the band's next album Bang Bang Bang.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Luv 4 U (Radio Mix)\" \u2013 3:42   \n\"Go Go (Love Overload)\" \u2013 3:45   \n\"Take A Chance\" \u2013 3:58   \n\"Is It You?\" \u2013 3:26   \n\"What Else? (Radio Mix)\" \u2013 3:12   \n\"Grand Illusion\" \u2013 3:42   \n\"Prove Your Love\" \u2013 3:27   \n\"One More Kiss\" \u2013 3:34   \n\"It Was Only Love\" \u2013 3:41   \n\"Say You'll Be Mine\" \u2013 3:44\n\"Love's Not Always Like Paradise\" \u2013 3:43\n\nChart performance\nFinland \u2014 #25\nGermany \u2014 #83\n\nPersonnel\nBad Boys Blue\nJohn McInerney \u2013 lead vocal (tracks: 1 to 9, 11) \nAndrew Thomas \u2013 rap parts (1, 3, 6), lead vocal (tracks: 10)\n\nAdditional personnel\nArranged By [Additional] \u2013 Pit Sch\u00f6npflug \nBass \u2013 Michael Herzer \nExecutive Producer \u2013 Holger M\u00fcller \nGuitar \u2013 Adax D\u00f6rsam, Olli Rosenberger\nKeyboards \u2013 Horst Schnebel, Pit Sch\u00f6npflug, Thomas W\u00f6rner \nProducer \u2013 Horst Schnebel (tracks: 2 to 4, 6 to 11), Rico Novarini (tracks: 1 5) \nRecorded By, Arranged By, Mixed By \u2013 Horst Schnebel\nVocals \u2013 Armin Lud\u00e4scher, Joana Terry, Joshi Dinier, Sandy Davis, Sheryl Hackett, Ute Berling\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nALBUM - To Blue Horizons\nBad Boys Blue \u2013 General Information\n\nCategory:1994 albums\nCategory:Bad Boys Blue albums"}
-{"text": "Jefferson Territory\n\nThe Territory of Jefferson was an extralegal and unrecognized United States territory that existed from October 24, 1859 until the creation of the Colorado Territory on February 28, 1861.  The Jefferson Territory included land officially part of the Kansas Territory, the Nebraska Territory, the New Mexico Territory, the Utah Territory, and the Washington Territory, but the area was remote from the governments of those five territories.  The government of the Jefferson Territory, while democratically elected, was never legally recognized by the United States government, although it managed the territory with relatively free rein for 16 months.  Many of the laws enacted by the Jefferson Territorial Legislature were reenacted and given official sanction by the new Colorado General Assembly in 1861.\n\nOrigins\nOn August 25, 1855, the Kansas Territory created Arapahoe County, a huge county that included the entire western portion of Kansas to the Rocky Mountains. The boundaries of Arapahoe County were defined as: beginning at the northeast corner of New Mexico, running thence north to the south line of Nebraska and north line of Kansas; thence along said line to the east line of Utah Territory; thence along said line between Utah and Kansas territories, to where said line strikes New Mexico; thence along the line between said New Mexico and the territory of Kansas to the place of beginning.\n\nOccupied primarily by Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians with few white settlers, the county was never organized. The leaders of the Kansas Territory were preoccupied with the violent events of Bleeding Kansas, so little time or attention was available to attend to the needs of the far western portion of the territory. The question of whether to admit Kansas to the union as a slave state or free state dominated discussion in the populous eastern portion of the territory and led to three failed constitutional proposals between 1855 and 1858 (the Topeka, Lecompton and Leavenworth constitutions). The United States Congress was likewise preoccupied with threats of secession by the slave states.\n\nIn July 1858, the Pike's Peak Gold Rush began with the discovery of gold at the Dry Creek Diggings in Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory (now Englewood in Arapahoe County, Colorado).  The gold rush brought 100,000 gold seekers to the area known as the Pike's Peak Country, which included Arapahoe County as well as the unorganized southwestern corner of the Nebraska Territory and parts of the New Mexico and Utah territories.\n\nKansas, with a growing divide between the eastern commercial centers and the central agricultural populations, had concerns over how the gold rush and the influx of miners to the Rockies could shift the base of power from the northeastern side of Kansas to the mountainous region in the west of the state. Meanwhile, the miners, being  from the capital of the territory, felt that the legislature was out of touch with their needs. They thought a new territory or state would have the benefit of being responsive to their economic situation and consolidate the population that was currently spread across four territories. Denver area leaders decided to pursue both a relationship with Kansas and a bid for separation by sending delegates to the Kansas Territorial Legislature and the United States Congress.\n\nOn February 7, 1859 the Kansas Territorial Legislature replaced Arapahoe County with six new unorganized counties and appointed county commissioners for each. However, since the commissioners were not provided a salary, they never took office. The settlers in the region attempted to organize a county on their own and on March 28, 1859, an election was held to elect officers.  A total of 774 votes were cast, including 231 from Auraria and 144 from Denver City. A desire for a new territorial government kept the elected officials from taking their offices, as doing so would have given recognition to the Kansas Territorial government. In the meantime, Hiram J Graham, the local delegate to Congress, had successfully introduced a bill to establish a new territory in Pike's Peak Country. Though the bill did not pass, it nevertheless encouraged settlers to establish a separate government themselves.\n\nEstablishment\nIn April 1859, a small convention was held at Wootton's Hall in Auraria about the need for a local government.  The name Jefferson (in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States who had authorized the 1803 Louisiana Purchase that included much of the proposed territory) was chosen and a constitutional convention was scheduled for June 6, 1859. The conventioneers met that day, and then adjourned until August 1, 1859, when 167 representatives from 37 districts met to draft a constitution for Jefferson State. The state constitution was subsequently rejected in a popular referendum on September 24 in favor of creating a territory, primarily because the organization of the territory would be funded by Congress while the organization of a state would be self-funded. The original authors determined to hold another convention on October 3 to draft a provisional constitution for the Territory of Jefferson.\n\nThe proposed Territory of Jefferson included all of the present State of Colorado, but it was 70 percent more extensive. The territory had the same southern boundary as the present State of Colorado, the 37th parallel north, but the northern boundary was set at the 43rd parallel north,  farther north than Colorado's current northern boundary, the 41st parallel north. In addition the eastern boundary was located about  farther east at the 102nd meridian west, and the western boundary about  farther west at the 110th meridian west.  The territory was divided into eight council districts and 19 representative districts.\n\nOn October 24, 1859, an election was held to approve the formation of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson and to elect officials for the territory.  The formation of a provisional government was approved by a vote of 1,852 to 280 and the following officials were elected:\n\nOn November 7, 1859, Governor Robert Williamson Steele opened the first session of the provisional Jefferson Territorial Legislature in Denver City with the following proclamation:\n\nDuring this first session, the legislature organized 12 counties.  (The Colorado General Assembly would create 17 counties with somewhat similar boundaries in 1861.)  The legislature adjourned on December 7, 1859.\n\nMany settlers from eastern Kansas preferred to be governed by that territory.  Those resistant to the self-government of Jefferson Territory held an election on December 8, 1859, and elected Captain R. Sopris as their representative to the Kansas Territorial Legislature.\n\nGovernor Steele called the second session of the provisional Jefferson Territorial Legislature to meet at Denver City on January 23, 1860.\n\nMany disappointed gold seekers left the region in 1860.  The United States Census of 1860 counted approximately 35,000 persons in the region of the Jefferson Territory.  Governor Steele pointed out that many gold seekers were working claims in remote areas and estimated that the total number of people in the Jefferson Territory was 60,000.\n\nGovernor Steele attempted to reach accommodation with the officials of the Kansas Territory.  On August 7, 1860, Steele issued a proclamation requesting that the Provisional Government of the Jefferson Territory be merged into the Kansas Territory.  Kansas officials would have no merger with what they considered to be an outlaw government, so the stalemate continued.\n\nOn November 7, 1860, the U.S. presidential election produced a victory for Abraham Lincoln and precipitated the secession of seven slave states and the formation of the Confederate States of America.  These events eliminated any chance for federal endorsement of the Territory of Jefferson and any role in government for Governor Steele, a staunch pro-Union Democrat and vocal opponent of Lincoln and the Republican Party.\n\nSeeking to augment the political power of the free states, the Republican led U.S. Congress hurriedly admitted the portion of the Territory of Kansas east of the 25th meridian west from Washington to the Union as the free State of Kansas on January 29, 1861.  Kansas statehood left the western portion of the now defunct Kansas Territory, which the Jefferson Territory also claimed, officially unorganized.  While the federal government refused to sanction the Jefferson Territory, it had effectively acknowledged the eastern border of the region.\n\nCounties\nOn November 28, 1859, the Territory of Jefferson created 12 counties:\nCheyenne County evolved into Laramie County, Wyoming\nSt. Vrain County evolved into Weld County, Colorado\nArrappahoe County evolved into Arapahoe County, Adams County, and the City and County of Denver, Colorado\nEl Paso County evolved into El Paso County and Pueblo County, Colorado\nFountain County encompassed most of southeastern Colorado\nPark County evolved into Park County, Colorado\nSaratoga County evolved into Grand County and Summit County, Colorado\nNorth County evolved into Jackson County, Colorado\nJefferson County evolved into Jefferson County, Colorado\nJackson County evolved into Boulder County, Colorado\nHeele County evolved into Larimer County, Colorado\nMountain County evolved into Gilpin County and Clear Creek County, Colorado\n\nCapitals\nDenver City \u2013 October 24, 1859, to November 12, 1860.\nGolden City \u2013 November 13, 1860, to June 6, 1861.\nMost administrative affairs of the Territory of Jefferson were handled at the home of Governor Steele at Mount Vernon, Colorado and later Apex, Colorado.\n\nDissolution\nOn February 26, 1861, Congress passed a bill organizing the Territory of Colorado.  The bill was signed into law by U.S. President James Buchanan two days later on February 28, 1861.  On May 29, 1861, William Gilpin, newly appointed Governor of the Territory of Colorado, arrived in Denver City.  Most citizens of the region welcomed their new government.  On June 6, 1861, Governor Steele issued a proclamation declaring the Territory of Jefferson disbanded and urging all employees and residents to abide by the laws governing the United States.\n\nSee also\nColorado counties\nGovernor of the Territory of Jefferson\nJefferson (proposed Pacific state)\nJefferson (proposed Southern state)\nAbsaroka (proposed state)\nFranklin (proposed state)\nLincoln (proposed Northwestern state)\nLincoln (proposed Southern state)\nSuperior (proposed U.S. state), proposed Midwestern state\nCascadia (independence movement)\nList of U.S. state partition proposals\nList of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century\n\nReferences\n\n\"Gold Fever in Kansas Territory: Migration to the Pike's Peak Gold Fields, 1858\u20131860\" by Calvin W. Gower, Kansas Historical Quarterly, Spring, 1973 (Vol. 39, No. 1), pages 58 to 74\n\nExternal links\nThe New Territory of Jefferson  New York Times, 25 August 1859\nFiftyniners' Directory: Colorado Argonauts 1858\u20131859  Denver Public Library\n\n \nCategory:History of the American West\n.\nCategory:Kansas Territory\nCategory:New Mexico Territory\nCategory:Utah Territory\nCategory:Washington Territory\nCategory:Former regions and territories of the United States\nCategory:Pre-statehood history of Colorado\nCategory:Pre-statehood history of Wyoming\nCategory:Proposed states and territories of the United States\nCategory:Proposed states of the United States\nCategory:States and territories established in 1859\nCategory:States and territories disestablished in 1861\nCategory:1858 in Kansas Territory\nCategory:1858 in Nebraska Territory\nCategory:1858 in New Mexico Territory\nCategory:1858 in Utah Territory\nCategory:1861 in Colorado Territory\nCategory:1859 establishments in the United States\nCategory:1861 disestablishments in the United States"}
-{"text": "George Duffield (disambiguation)\n\nGeorge Duffield (born 1946) is an English jockey.\n\nGeorge Duffield may also refer to:\n\n George C. Duffield, trail boss whose 1866 diary shaped the character Gil Favor (Eric Fleming) on the television series Rawhide\n George Duffield (Reverend) (1732\u20131790), Presbyterian minister, aka George Duffield II\n George Duffield (Presbyterian) (1794\u20131868), Presbyterian minister, aka George Duffield IV\n George Duffield Jr. (1812\u20131888), American hymn writer, aka George Duffield V\n George Duffield (film-maker), British film producer and wildlife photographer"}
-{"text": "Melissa Sweet\n\nMelissa Sweet is an Australian freelance journalist and nonfiction writer. Formerly employed by The Sydney Morning Herald, The Bulletin magazine and Australian Associated Press, she specialises in writing about human health and medicine.\n\nEarly life and career\n\nSweet grew up in central Queensland, and on completing school, enrolled in a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in journalism and agriculture at Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT, now Curtin University of Technology) in Perth. Sweet was awarded the WAIT Academic Staff Association Medal as top graduating student when she completed the course in 1984.\n\nFrom 1987 she spent six years as medical writer for press agency Australian Associated Press, then took a position with PR firm Hill and Knowlton from 1993 to 1994 as a Senior account manager (healthcare). She moved back into news journalism in 1994, working as the medical writer for the Sydney Morning Herald and a columnist for Good Weekend magazine until 1998, when she was employed by The Bulletin magazine as a columnist and feature writer until 2003.\n\nIn 2002, Sweet was invited to join the Advisory Committee to an Australian Law Reform Commission and Australian Health Ethics Committee joint inquiry into the protection of human genetic information.\n\nSweet was awarded the National Press Club John Douglas Pringle Award in 2003, involving a travelling fellowship to the UK to research quality and safety in health care in England.\n\nSince then she has been a freelance journalist, with a regular column in the Adelaide Independent Weekly until 2005, and adjunct senior lecturer positions at the University of Sydney and University of Notre Dame.\n\nSweet currently runs Croakey, a social journalism in health initiative, and contributes to Australian Rural Doctor, Australian Doctor, Australian Worker, the British Medical Journal, The Medical Journal of Australia, Australian Prescriber,  Australian Nursing Journal and other professional publications.\n\nIn 2008, Sweet was awarded the Obesity Society Media Award.\n\nSweet is one of the founders of YouComm News, an Australian open-source community journalism project which began in 2010.\n\nOn completion of her PhD, Sweet was awarded the Parker Medal for most outstanding thesis for 2017 at Canberra University.\n\nArticles\n Intensive glare, 16 February 2010, Australian Broadcasting Corporation\n\nBooks\n Smart health choices : how to make informed health decisions, (with Judy Irwig and Les Irwig) Allen & Unwin, St Leonards, 1999\n Inside madness : how one woman's passionate drive to reform the mental health system ended in tragedy, Pan Macmillan Australia, Sydney, 2006\n Improving population health : the uses of systematic reviews (with Ray Moynihan), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 2007\n The big fat conspiracy, ABC Books, Sydney, 2007\n Ten Questions You Must Ask Your Doctor (with Ray Moynihan), Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 2008\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Melissa Sweet at LinkedIn\n  \n Melissa Sweet at AUSTLIT\n Melissa Sweet at National Library of Australia (2015-04-09, not yet identified by NLA id number)\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Australian freelance journalists\nCategory:Medical journalists\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Conlig\n\nConlig () is a village and townland about halfway between Bangor and Newtownards in County Down, Northern Ireland.\n\nMining\n\nThe area includes extant ancient copper mines. Weapons forged with the copper from this mine have been found across Europe, and was traded for tin from Cornwall during the Bronze Age. Copper mining in the area declined, though the site at Whitespots in the village subsequently became one of the most important sources for minerals in the United Kingdom during the 19th century. At this time, the mines were the largest such complex in Ireland, and produced around 13,500 tonnes of lead between the late 17th century until the end of the 19th century. Production stopped in 1900, after a decline from 1854.\n\nThe area contains the only known occurrence of the mineral harmotome in Northern Ireland.\n\nMuch of the area has been developed by the Department of Environment (DoE) as a country park, and the site can be accessed via the Somme Heritage Centre's car park. \n\nWhitespots has been designated an Area of Special Scientific Interest (ASSI) by the DoE in 1998.\n\nPlaces of interest\nSomme Heritage Centre\n Clandeboye Golf Club \n Assisi Animal Sanctuary \n Ark Farm (near the town of Conlig)\n\nNotable people\n Ex-Formula One racing driver Eddie Irvine was raised on the Green Road, which lies on the outskirts of Conlig Village.\n Viscount Pirrie, who replaced Edward Harland as Chairman of Harland and Wolff, was also raised in Conlig. Had he not become ill, he would have been on the Titanic's doomed maiden voyage.\n Former Lord Mayor of Belfast, Cllr Ian Adamson OBE (born 1944) also grew up in Conlig, his family owned the village shop.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Areas of Special Scientific Interest in Ards Borough\nCategory:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1998\nCategory:Villages in County Down\nCategory:Civil parish of Bangor\nCategory:Townlands of County Down"}
-{"text": "Zeiller & Fournier\n\nZeiller & Fournier was a short-lived French automobile producer.\n\nCar production began in 1920 at premises in Levallois-Perret, and ended in 1924.   The cars were designed by racing driver Charles Fournier.   There is no connection established between Charles Fournier and the Fournier brothers who established an automobile manufacturing business under the name \u00c9tablissements Fournier in the same part of north-central Paris.\n\nLess than a year after the outbreak of peace, Zeiller et Fournier took a stand at the 15th Paris Motor Show and exhibited 1 6/8HP car which sat on a  wheelbase and was powered by a Ballot 4-cylinder engine of 1131cc.   The car featured an interesting 5-speed friction transmission and a chain final drive.   There was also a smaller car produced with a 904cc 4-cylinder engine from Ruby.\n\nReading list \n Harald Linz, Halwart Schrader: Die Internationale Automobil-Enzyklop\u00e4die. United Soft Media Verlag, M\u00fcnchen 2008, . (German)\n George Nick Georgano (Chefredakteur): The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile. Volume 3: P\u2013Z. Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, . (English)\n George Nick Georgano: Autos. Encyclop\u00e9die compl\u00e8te. 1885 \u00e0 nos jours. Courtille, Paris 1975. (French)\n\nSources and notes \n\nCategory:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France\nCategory:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920\nCategory:1920 establishments in France\nCategory:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1924\nCategory:1924 disestablishments in France"}
-{"text": "Nieciszewo\n\nNieciszewo  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pruszcz, within \u015awiecie County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately  west of Pruszcz,  south-west of \u015awiecie, and  north-east of Bydgoszcz.\n\nReferences\n\nNieciszewo"}
-{"text": "A Gamble with Hearts\n\nA Gamble with Hearts is a 1923 British silent crime film produced by Master Films, directed by Edwin J. Collins and starring Milton Rosmer, Madge Stuart, and Olaf Hytten. The film was adapted from a novel by Anthony Carlyle.\n\nCast\n Milton Rosmer - Dallas Chalfont \n Madge Stuart - Morag Lannon \n Olaf Hytten - Dallas Junior \n Valia - Rosaleen Erle \n George Bishop - Inspector Duer \n Margaret Hope - Fanette Fraser \n Cecil Morton York - Vickers \n Mickey Brantford \n C. Hargrave Mansell\n Pat Fitzgerald\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1923 films\nCategory:British films\nCategory:1920s crime films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:British silent feature films\nCategory:Films based on British novels\nCategory:Films directed by Edwin J. Collins\n\nCategory:British black-and-white films\nCategory:British crime films"}
-{"text": "L'Union Saint Jean-Baptist d'Amerique (Woonsocket, Rhode Island)\n\nThe L'Union Saint Jean-Baptiste d'Amerique is a historic building at 1 Social Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.  Built in 1926, it housed a fraternal benefit society for French Canadian Roman Catholic immigrants for many years, serving a significant immigrant population in the community.  The building is also a prominent example of Classical Revival architecture, designed by a French Canadian immigrant architect, Walter Fontaine.  The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.\n\nDescription and history\nThe L'Union Saint Jean-Baptist d'Amerique building occupies a prominent site at the northern end of Woonsocket's Monument Square, at the southern corner of Social and Worrall Streets.  It is a four-story masonry structure, built mainly out of brick but with a limestone facade.  The facade faces west toward Social Street and Monument Square, and is dominated by monumental Corinthian columns and pilasters that rise from the second floor to an entablature beneath the projecting cornice.  It is eight bays wide, with the outermost bays housing single sash windows, and the inner ones consisting of paired sash windows recessed between the columns.  Panels of garlanded stone separate the windows in the inner bays.  The ground-floor storefronts have a modern exterior, which has been applied over the original pressed metal storefronts.\n\nL'Union Saint-Jean-Baptiste d\u2019Amerique (USJB) was founded in 1900 to serve a burgeoning French Canadian immigrant population in New England and the United States, drawn by the prospect of employment in the many textile mills. In Woonsocket, for example, by 1900 fully 60% of the city's population was of French Canadian extraction, and by 1920 it was among the most French cities in the country.  The USJB was a national organization which provided a support network for French Canadians, particularly supporting the continuation of French Canadian language and culture; its official language was French, and its membership was required to be Roman Catholic.  The organization was originally headquartered in a building on Clinton Street, and had this building erected as its headquarters in 1926.  It maintained its headquarters here until 1991, when it merged with Catholic Family Life Insurance.\n\nSee also\n National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Woonsocket, Rhode Island\nCategory:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island\nCategory:French-Canadian culture in Massachusetts\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island"}
-{"text": "Lars Bj\u00f6rn\n\nLars Gunnar Raldo \"Lasse\" Bj\u00f6rn (born 16 December 1931 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a retired ice hockey defenceman who played 217 games for the national team Tre Kronor. He won nine Swedish ice hockey championships with Djurg\u00e5rdens IF between 1950 and 1963, making him the only player ever to have won that many championships. He participated at nine IIHF World Championship tournaments, winning gold in 1953 and 1957 and three bronze medals. He participated in three Winter Olympics, winning one bronze medal in 1952. He was inducted into the International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame in 1998.\n\nHe is the maternal grandfather of retired player Douglas Murray, a Cornell University alumnus who played defense for the San Jose Sharks, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Montreal Canadiens.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Stockholm\nCategory:Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey players\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1952 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1956 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1960 Winter Olympics\nCategory:International Ice Hockey Federation Hall of Fame inductees\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden\nCategory:Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden\nCategory:Swedish ice hockey defencemen\nCategory:Olympic medalists in ice hockey\nCategory:Medalists at the 1952 Winter Olympics"}
-{"text": "18th Helpmann Awards\n\nThe 18th Annual Helpmann Awards for live performance in Australia was held across two nights; the Curtain Raiser Ceremony on 15 July 2018 at the Sydney Town Hall and the Awards Ceremony on 16 July 2018 at the Capitol Theatre, Sydney. Nominations were announced on 18 June 2018.\n\nMajor recipients included dance work Bennelong (six awards including Best New Australian Work and Best Dance Production), musicals Beautiful (five awards including Best Musical) and Muriel's Wedding (five awards including Best Original Score), opera Hamlet (four awards including Best Opera), and play The Children (three awards including Best Play).\n\nRecipients and nominations\n\nTheatre\n\nMusicals\n\nOpera and Classical Music\n\nDance and Physical Theatre\n\nContemporary Music\n\nOther\n\nIndustry\n\nLifetime Achievement\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2018 theatre awards\nCategory:Helpmann Awards\nCategory:2018 in Australia\nCategory:2018 music awards"}
-{"text": "Shillong Chamber Choir\n\nShillong Chamber Choir is an Indian chamber choir based in Shillong, Meghalaya that was founded in 2001. It received fame after winning the reality talent show, India's Got Talent (Season 2) in October 2010, on Colors TV, part of the Got Talent franchise, where it performed western chorals, as well as choral-style revamps of Hindi film (Bollywood) classics.\n\nThe choir participated in the 6th World Choir Games held at Shaoxing China (Shanghai) in July 2010 and was awarded Gold in all three categories: Musica Sacra, Gospel and Popular.\n\nHistory\nThe choir made its debut performance at Pinewood Hotel in Shillong, dubbed as rock capital of India on 14 and 15 January 2001, with Neil Nongkynrih, a concert pianist as their conductor, and continued performing ever since. Nongkynrih studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Trinity College, London, and thereafter worked as a concert pianist for 13 years in Europe, before returning to Shillong in Meghalaya and starting the choir with local youth.\n\nToday, it has 25 members including 15 singers, and other musicians and soloist, apart from conductor Nongkynrih. The choir\u2019s repertoire includes works of western classical music, including Handel, Bach, Gershwin and Mozart, from hits by rock group Queen, and Khasi folk songs and opera. Over the years it has performed in Britain, Poland, Switzerland, Sri Lanka, Italy and the Indian cities of Delhi, Bangalore, Mumbai and Guwahati. In 2008 The Shillong Chamber Choir, a short film, was directed by Bollywood scriptwriter Urmi Juvekar, sponsored by Government of India.\n\nThe choir performed with the visiting Vienna Chamber Orchestra in March 2009 at Shillong and Kolkata, and was invited to perform in Sri Lanka. In July 2010, the choir was selected by ICCR for a Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER) sponsored trip to participate at the 6th World Choir Games (\"Choir Olympics\") held at Shaoxing China (Shanghai), where it was a lone Indian group amidst over 8,055 singers in 209 choirs from more than 60 countries, besides 14,072 Chinese singers; 260 choirs took part in choral competitions in 20 categories. Shillong Chamber Choir got gold diplomas (not the top awards) in three categories: Musica-Sacra (sacred music), Gospel (medley of few songs) and Popular (medley of Bollywood and English numbers). This came after its participation at the 2nd World Choir Games, in South Korea (2002), won it a silver award in the folklore category.\n\nThe choir participated in reality talent show India's Got Talent (Season 2) in September 2010, on Colors TV, after participating in Kolkata auditions, where they qualified and then survived the elimination rounds, where they sang Hindi film classics \"Ajeeb Daastan Hai Yeh\" from Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai (1960) and \"Yeh Dosti\" from Sholay (1975) in the semi-final round. The choir grew immensely popular in Northeast India and even Union minister of state for Rural Development, Agatha Sangma appealed to the people of the Northeast to vote for the group in the finals, when she visit the group in Mumbai. It went on to win the show finale on 2 October, where they sang a choral version of Hindi film song \"Tu Aashiqui Hai\" from Jhankaar Beats (2003), while drummer Teji Toko from Arunachal Pradesh came second, and Sikh martial arts group Bir Khalsa came in third.\n\nThe choir performed at President Pratibha Patil\u2019s presidential banquet at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 8 November, for the U.S. President, Barack Obama and Michelle Obama, during their November 2010 state visit to India. They have already performed once at Rashtrapati Bhavan at the invitation of then president, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam on Christmas 2002.\n\nOn 28 and 29 October 2011, they performed again with The Vienna Chamber Orchestra in Shillong in a concert called \"Bollywood Leitmotifs Also...\" whereby melodies from Indian cinematic music was revamped for the choir and orchestra by their conductor Neil Nongkynrih.On 30 October 2011, they collaborated with Shankar, Ehsaan and Loy at the second Global Indian Music Awards(GIMA) which was shown on Colors channel. In 2015, Nongkynrih founder, mentor and conductor of the group was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award of India.\n\nIn 2013, they composed and sung four songs for their debut Malayalam movie, Goodbye December, and the song \"madi madi\", had aired live by BBC Radio.\n\nThe choir has been touring extensively all around India and the world gaining fame and recognition. Their future projects include involvement in music videos, movies and concerts all over India.\n\nShillong Chamber Choir often performs Christmas shows towards the end of the year. In December 2018 they performed in Chennai on December 15 at Phoenix Market City and December 18 at Khar Gymkhana.\n\nSee also\n Prince Dance Group (winner Season 1)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Shillong Chamber Choir, website\n Shillong Chamber Choir, performances\n\nCategory:Indian choirs\nCategory:Shillong\nCategory:Culture of Meghalaya\nCategory:Participants in Indian reality television series\nCategory:Got Talent winners\nCategory:Musical groups established in 2001\nCategory:2001 establishments in India"}
-{"text": "Cuamba Airport\n\nCuamba Airport  is an airport serving Cuamba, a city in the Niassa Province in Mozambique. The airport is in the southern part of the city and is a major airport in the province of Niassa in central Mozambique.\n\nThere are no scheduled flights in or out of the city. Kaya Airlines is the major airline that comes to the city, with non-scheduled flights from Nampula.\n\nFacilities\nThe airport resides at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway which is  in length.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Niassa province tourism\n \n\nCategory:Airports in Mozambique\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Niassa Province"}
-{"text": "Takenouchi no Sukune\n\nor Takeshiuchi no Sukune was a legendary Japanese hero-statesman, and is a Shinto kami.\n\nLife \nTakenouchi no Sukune was supposedly the son of Princess Kagehime, and is said to be grandson to . Descended from Emperor K\u014dgen, Takenouchi no Sukune served under five legendary emperors, Emperor Keik\u014d, Emperor Seimu, Emperor Ch\u016bai, Emperor \u014cjin, and Emperor Nintoku, but was perhaps best known for his service as Grand Minister to the Regent Empress Jing\u016b, with whom he supposedly invaded Korea. While Jingu was regent to her son, Ojin, Takenouchi was accused of treason. He underwent the \"ordeal of boiling water\" as a way to prove his innocence.\n\nIn addition to his martial services to these emperors, he was reputedly also a saniwa, or spirit medium.\n\nLegacy \nTwenty-eight Japanese clans are said to be descended from Takenouchi no Sukune, including Takeuchi and Soga. He is a legendary figure, and is said to have drunk daily from a sacred well, and this helped him to live to be 280 years old. Further, he is enshrined as a Kami at the Ube shrine, in the Iwami district of the Tottori Prefecture and at local Hachiman shrines.\n\nHis portrait has appeared on the Japanese yen, and dolls of him are popular Children\u2019s Day gifts.\n\nFirst convertible silver yen bill (1889-1958)\nFirst five yen bill (1899-1939)\nThird five yen bill (1916-1939)\nSecond one-yen bill (1943-1958)\nSecond 200 yen bill (1945-1946)\n\nFamily\n Father: Yanushioshiotakeogokoro-no-mikoto (\u5c4b\u4e3b\u5fcd\u7537\u6b66\u96c4\u5fc3\u547d, ?\u2013?)\n Mother: Yamashita no Kage-hime (\u5f71\u5a9b), sister of Kiinokuni no Miyatsukuko Uzuhiko (Ujihiko) (\u5c71\u4e0b\u5f71\u65e5\u58f2)\n Wife(s): unknown\n Son: Hata no Yashiro (\u7fbd\u7530\u77e2\u4ee3, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Hata uji (\u6ce2\u591a\u6c0f).\n Son: Kose no Okara (\u8a31\u52e2\u5c0f\u67c4, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Kose uji (\u5de8\u52e2\u6c0f).\n Son: Soga no Ishikawa (\u8607\u6211\u77f3\u5ddd, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Soga uji (\u8607\u6211\u6c0f).\n Son: Heguri no Tsuku (\u5e73\u7fa4\u6728\u83df, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Heguri uji (\u5e73\u7fa4\u6c0f).\n Son: Ki no Tsuno (\u7d00\u89d2, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Ki uji (\u7d00\u6c0f).\n Daughter: Kume no Matio-hime (\u4e45\u7c73\u80fd\u6469\u4f0a\u5200\u6bd4\u58f2, ?\u2013?)\n Daughter: Nonoiro-hime (\u6012\u80fd\u4f0a\u5442\u6bd4\u58f2, ?\u2013?)\n Son: Katsuragi no Sotsuhiko (\u845b\u57ce\u8972\u6d25\u5f66, ?\u2013?), ancestor of the Katsuragi uji (\u845b\u57ce\u6c0f).\n Son: Wakugo no Sukune (\u82e5\u5b50\u5bbf\u79b0)\n\nArtwork\n\nExternal links\n Encyclopedia of Shinto: Biographical note\n Tsukioka Yoshitoshi: Ukiyo-e image (1883)\n Nippon Kindai Banknote:Banknote portrait (1916)\n Takenouchi no Sukune Meets Dragon King of the Sea, Dallas Museum of Art, bronze sculpture:\n\nTakenouchi no Sukune\nTakenouchi no Sukune\nCategory:Deified Japanese people\nCategory:Hachiman faith"}
-{"text": "The Flying Dutchman (opera)\n\nThe Flying Dutchman (German: ), WWV 63, is a German-language opera, with libretto and music by Richard Wagner. The central theme is redemption through love. \nWagner conducted the premiere at the K\u00f6nigliches Hoftheater in Dresden in 1843. \n\nWagner claimed in his 1870 autobiography Mein Leben that he had been inspired to write the opera following a stormy sea crossing he made from Riga to London in July and August 1839. In his 1843 Autobiographic Sketch, Wagner acknowledged he had taken the story from Heinrich Heine's retelling of the legend in his 1833 satirical novel The Memoirs of Mister von Schnabelewopski (Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski).\n\nThis work shows early attempts at operatic styles that would characterise his later music dramas. In Der fliegende Holl\u00e4nder Wagner uses a number of leitmotivs (literally, \"leading motifs\") associated with the characters and themes. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture, which begins with a well-known ocean or storm motif before moving into the Dutchman and Senta motifs.\n\nWagner originally wrote the work to be performed without intermission \u2013 an example of his efforts to break with tradition \u2013 and, while today's opera houses sometimes still follow this directive, it is also performed in a three-act version.\n\nComposition history\n\nAt the beginning of 1839, the 26-year-old Richard Wagner was employed as a conductor at the Court Theatre in Riga. His extravagant lifestyle plus the retirement from the stage of his actress wife, Minna Planer, caused him to run up huge debts that he was unable to repay. Wagner was writing Rienzi and hatched a plan to flee his creditors in Riga, escape to Paris via London and make his fortune by putting Rienzi on to the stage of the Paris Op\u00e9ra. However, this plan quickly turned to disaster: his passport having been seized by the authorities on behalf of his creditors, he and Minna had to make a dangerous and illegal crossing over the Prussian border, during which Minna suffered a miscarriage. Boarding the ship Thetis, whose captain had agreed to take them without passports, their sea journey was hindered by storms and high seas. The ship at one point took refuge in the Norwegian fjords at Tvedestrand, and a trip that was expected to take eight days finally delivered Wagner to London three weeks after leaving Riga.\n\nWagner's experience of Paris was also disastrous. He was unable to get work as a conductor, and the Op\u00e9ra did not want to produce Rienzi. The Wagners were reduced to poverty, relying on handouts from friends and from the little income that Wagner could make writing articles on music and copying scores. Wagner hit on the idea of a one-act opera on the theme of the Flying Dutchman, which he hoped might be performed before a ballet at the Op\u00e9ra.\nThe voyage through the Norwegian reefs made a wonderful impression on my imagination; the legend of the Flying Dutchman, which the sailors verified, took on a distinctive, strange colouring that only my sea adventures could have given it.\nWagner wrote the first prose draft of the story in Paris early in May 1840, basing the story on Heinrich Heine's satire \"The Memoirs of Mister von Schnabelewopski\" (\"Aus den Memoiren des Herrn von Schnabelewopski\") published in Der Salon in 1834. In Heine's tale, the narrator watches a performance of a fictitious stage play on the theme of the sea captain cursed to sail forever for blasphemy. Heine introduces the character as a Wandering Jew of the ocean, and also added the device taken up so vigorously by Wagner in this, and many subsequent operas: the Dutchman can only be redeemed by the love of a faithful woman. In Heine's version, this is presented as a means for ironic humour; however, Wagner took this theme literally and in his draft, the woman is faithful until death.\n\nBy the end of May 1841 Wagner had completed the libretto or poem as he preferred to call it. Composition of the music had begun during May to July of the previous year, 1840, when Wagner wrote Senta's Ballad, the Norwegian Sailors' song in act 3 (\"\") and the subsequent Phantom song of the Dutchman's crew in the same scene. These were composed for an audition at the Paris Op\u00e9ra, along with the sketch of the plot. Wagner actually sold the sketch to the Director of the Op\u00e9ra, L\u00e9on Pillet, for 500 francs, but was unable to convince him that the music was worth anything. Wagner composed the rest of the Der Fliegende Holl\u00e4nder during the summer of 1841, with the Overture being written last, and by November 1841 the orchestration of the score was complete. While this score was designed to be played continuously in a single act, Wagner later divided the piece into a three-act work.  In doing so, however, he did not alter the music significantly, but merely interrupted transitions that had originally been crafted to flow seamlessly (the original one-act layout is restored in some performances).\n\nIn his original draft Wagner set the action in Scotland, but he changed the location to Norway shortly before the first production staged in Dresden and conducted by himself in January 1843.\n\nIn his essay \"A Communication to My Friends\" in 1851, Wagner claimed that The Dutchman represented a new start for him: \"From here begins my career as poet, and my farewell to the mere concoctor of opera-texts.\" Indeed, to this day the opera is the earliest of Wagner's works to be performed at the Bayreuth Festival, and, at least for that theatre, marks the start of the mature Wagner canon.\n\nRoles\n\nInstrumentation\nDer fliegende Holl\u00e4nder is scored for the following instruments:\n\npiccolo, 2 flutes, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons\n4 horns, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones, bass tuba\ntimpani\nharp\n1st and 2nd violins, violas, violoncellos, and double basses\n\non-stage\n3 piccolos, 6 horns, tam tam, wind machine\n\nSynopsis\nPlace: On the coast of Norway\n\nAct 1\nOn his homeward journey, the sea captain Daland is compelled by stormy weather to seek a port of refuge near Sandwike in southern Norway. He leaves the helmsman on watch and he and the sailors retire. (Song of the helmsman: \"\"\u00a0\u2014 \"With tempest and storm on distant seas.\") The helmsman falls asleep. A ghostly vessel appearing astern is dashed against Daland's vessel by the sea and the grappling irons hold the two ships together. Invisible hands furl the sails. A man of pale aspect, dressed in black, his face framed by a thick black beard, steps ashore. He laments his fate. (Aria: \"\"\u00a0\u2014 \"The time has come and seven years have again elapsed\") Because he once invoked Satan, the ghost captain is cursed to roam the sea forever without rest. An angel brought to him the terms of his redemption: Every seven years the waves will cast him upon the shore; if he can find a wife who will be true to him he will be released from his curse.\n\nDaland wakes up and meets the stranger. The stranger hears that Daland has an unmarried daughter named Senta, and he asks for her hand in marriage, offering a chest of treasure as a gift. Tempted by gold, Daland agrees to the marriage. The southwind blows and both vessels set sail for Daland's home.\n\nAct 2\nA group of local girls are singing and spinning in Daland's house. (Spinning chorus: \"\u00a0\u2014 \"Whir and whirl, good wheel\") Senta, Daland's daughter, dreamily gazes upon a gorgeous picture of the legendary Dutchman that hangs from the wall; she desires to save him. Against the will of her nurse, she sings to her friends the story of the Dutchman (Ballad with the Leitmotiv), how Satan heard him swear and took him at his word. She vows to save him by her fidelity.\n\nThe huntsman Erik, Senta's former boyfriend, arrives and hears her; the girls depart, and the huntsman, who loves the maiden, warns her, telling her of his dream, in which Daland returned with a mysterious stranger, who carried her off to sea. She listens with delight, and Erik leaves in despair.\n\nDaland arrives with the stranger; he and Senta stand gazing at each other in silence. Daland is scarcely noticed by his daughter, even when he presents his guest as her betrothed. In the following duet, which closes the act, Senta swears to be true till death.\n\nAct 3\n\nLater in the evening, the local girls bring Daland's men food and drink. They invite the crew of the strange vessel to join in the merry-making, but in vain. The girls retire in wonder; ghostly forms appear at work upon the vessel The Flying Dutchman, and Daland's men retreat in fear.\n\nSenta arrives, followed by Erik, who reproves her for deserting him, as she had formerly loved him and vowed constancy. When the stranger, who has been listening, hears these words, he is overwhelmed with despair, as he thinks he is now forever lost. He summons his men, tells Senta of the curse, and to the consternation of Daland and his crew declares that he is the \"Flying Dutchman\".\n\nAs the Dutchman sets sail, Senta throws herself into the sea, claiming that she will be faithful to him unto death. This is his salvation. The spectral ship disappears, and Senta and the Dutchman are seen ascending to heaven.\n\nRecordings\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\n\n \n The libretto in German and in English\n Synopsis and German libretto, Naxos Records\n Richard Wagner \u2013 Der fliegende Holl\u00e4nder. A gallery of historic postcards with motives from Richard Wagner's operas.\n\nCategory:Operas by Richard Wagner\nCategory:Romantische Opern\nCategory:German-language operas\nCategory:1843 operas\nCategory:Operas\nCategory:Stefan Zweig Collection\nCategory:Operas set in Norway"}
-{"text": "Richard Bristowe\n\nRichard Bristowe may refer to:\n\n Richard Bristowe (religious writer), English Catholic controversialist and Biblical scholar\nRichard Bristowe (MP) for Appleby"}
-{"text": "Zarnaq, Tabriz\n\nZarnaq () is a village in Meydan Chay Rural District, in the Central District of Tabriz County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,036, in 542 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Tabriz County"}
-{"text": "David Dunn (disambiguation)\n\nDavid Dunn (born 1979) is an English footballer.\n\nDavid Dunn may also refer to:\nDave Dunn (born 1948), ice hockey player\nDave Dunn (American football) (born 1965), American football coach\nDavid Dunn (footballer, born 1981), Scottish footballer \nDavid Dunn (American football) (born 1972), former American football wide receiver\nDavid Dunn (bobsleigh) (born 1936), American bobsledder\nDavid Dunn (politician) (1811\u20131894), U.S. politician\nDavid Dunn (character), main character from the 2000 film Unbreakable\nDavid B. Dunn (born 1949), American diplomat\nDavid Dunn (musician) (born 1984), American musician\nDavid Dunn (Montana politician), American politician, member of the Montana House of Representatives\n\nSee also\nDavid Dunne (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Rome, Delaware County, Ohio\n\nRome is an unincorporated community in Delaware County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.\n\nHistory\nRome was laid out in 1836. The community was named after the Italian city of Rome, the founder being interested in Ancient Roman history.  Rome was incorporated in 1838; the village incorporation was later dissolved at an unknown date.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Former municipalities in Ohio\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Delaware County, Ohio\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Ohio"}
-{"text": "Packardia\n\nPackardia is a genus of moths in the family Limacodidae.\n\nSpecies\n Packardia albipunctata (Packard, 1864)\n Packardia ceanothi Dyar, 1908\n Packardia elegans (Packard, 1864)\n Packardia geminata (Packard, 1864)\n\nSee also \n List of Limacodidae genera\n\nReferences \n\n Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States. AS Packard, 1864\n Lepidopterological Notes and Descriptions: No. 2, Read October 9, 1865. AR Grote and CT Robinson, 1866\n Lepidopterological contributions. AR Grote and CT Robinson, 1866\n A Revision of the Species of Euclea, Parasa and Packardia, with Notes on Adoneta, Monoleuca and Varina ornata Neum. Harrison G. Dyar, Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Vol. 18, No. 2/3 (1891), page 156 (JStor Stable URL)\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n Packardia at insectoid.info\n\nCategory:Limacodidae\nCategory:Limacodidae genera"}
-{"text": "Zographus plicaticollis\n\nZographus plicaticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by James Thomson in 1868. It is known from South Africa and Namibia.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Sternotomini\nCategory:Beetles described in 1868"}
-{"text": "Veye Tatah\n\nVeye Wirngo Tatah (born c.1971) is a Cameroon computer scientist and journalist who lives in Germany. She is an advocate for Africa who has received an Order of Merit from the German state..\n\nLife\nTatah was born in about 1971 and she arrived in Germany in 1991. She was born in Cameroon but became a German citizen in 2002. She worked for over six years as a computer science research assistant with the Technical University of Dortmund. She then became an IT consultant managing projects and particularly those concerned with inter-cultural communication. Tatah owns a catering company called Kilimanjaro Food.\n\nTatah has two children. She has also set a number of initiatives including the Learning and integration mobile app African-LIM, the \"African Women's Network\" and Africa Positive.\n\nTatah endeavours to increase international understanding. On 25 February 2010 Tatah received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for her special social engagement.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Cameroonian journalists\nCategory:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany"}
-{"text": "William and Victoria Pulver House\n\nWilliam and Victoria Pulver House is a historic home located at Snyderville in Columbia County, New York.  It was built about 1875 and is a two-story, square plan wood frame building with a hipped roof topped by a square cupola.  It has two, one story hipped roof wings. Also on the property is a shed and garage.\n\nIt was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)\nCategory:Italianate architecture in New York (state)\nCategory:Houses completed in 1875\nCategory:Houses in Columbia County, New York\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York"}
-{"text": "Fields Institute\n\nThe Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences, commonly known simply as Fields Institute, is an international centre for scientific research in mathematical sciences at the University of Toronto, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The institute is named for University of Toronto mathematician John Charles Fields, after whom the Fields Medal is also named. It was established in 1992, and was briefly based at the University of Waterloo before relocating to Toronto in 1995.\n\nAs a centre for mathematical activity, the institute brings together mathematicians from Canada and abroad. It also supports the collaboration between professional mathematicians and researchers in other domains, such as statistics, computer science, engineering, physical and biological sciences, medicine, economics and finance, telecommunications and information systems. It also holds monthly meetings on mathematics education, attended by participants from secondary school boards, university mathematics departments and the private sector.\n\nBuilding\nThe institute occupies a building at the university that was specially conceived and constructed for its activities, designed by Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg Architects. It accommodates up to 66 visitors and their support staff, providing office spaces and full access to the mathematics collection of the University of Toronto Libraries.\n\nPublications\nThe Fields Institute Monographs (FIM) features the research work of the institute, and is jointly published with the American Mathematical Society.\n\nFellows\n\nIn 2002, the Fields Institute initiated the Fields Institute Fellows program to recognize outstanding contributions to activities at the Fields Institute and within the Canadian mathematical community. The Fellowship is a lifetime appointment. Winners of the CRM-Fields-PIMS prize are automatically recommended for fellowship.\n\nSee also \n\n CRM-Fields-PIMS prize\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences\n\nCategory:University of Toronto\nCategory:Mathematical institutes\nCategory:Research institutes in Canada"}
-{"text": "John Williams (New South Wales colonial politician)\n\nJohn Williams (1821\u00a0\u2013 20 October 1891) was an Australian politician.\n\nHe was a member of Sydney City Council from 1849 to 1853 and from 1857 to 1861, and served as mayor in 1858. In May 1861 he was one of Charles Cowper's 21 appointments to the New South Wales Legislative Council, but he never took his seat. He was Crown Solicitor from 1859 to 1891, when he died in Sydney.\n\nReferences\n\n\u00a0\n\nCategory:1821 births\nCategory:1891 deaths\nCategory:19th-century Australian politicians\nCategory:Mayors and Lord Mayors of Sydney\nCategory:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council"}
-{"text": "Girl's Talk\n\nis the Japanese debut album by South Korean girl group Kara. It was released on November 24, 2010 in four editions: CD+DVD, CD+Photobook (28-pages), CD-Only First Press coming with Korean versions of the songs \"Sweet Days\", \"Love Is\", and \"Binks\" and a CD-Only Normal Press coming with no bonus tracks. The album has topped the Oricon Weekly Album Charts several times and was eventually certified as Double Platinum by the RIAJ.\n\nComposition \nThe album contains two original Japanese songs. There are five songs that were included on the group's fourth Korean mini-album Jumping (2010) including \"Sweet Days\" which was titled \"With\" on the mini-album and the second single Jumping. There are two songs which was previously released in Korean on their third mini-album Lupin (2010) and these are \"Lupin\" and \"Umbrella\". The debut single, Mister was previously released in Korean on their second studio album Revolution (2009).\n\nChart performance \n\nGirl's Talk had sold over 107,000 copies which placed on number 2 at the Oricon Weekly Album charts, behind Hikaru Utada's Utada Hikaru Single Collection Vol. 2, which sold over 231,000 copies in the same week. This is the first time in 6 years and 9 months for a foreign Asian girl group to sell over 100,000 copies on its first week in Japan since Twelve Girls Band did back in March 2004 with the release of their album Kik\u014d: Shining Energy. The album's first week sales doubles that of Kara Best 2007\u20132010 first week sales (51,000 copies) which was released back in September.\n\nThe album spent 14 weeks in the Top 10 spot of the Oricon Weekly Album charts. It was eventually certified Platinum by the RIAJ. On February 12, 2011, the album eventually peaked at number one after spending over 12 weeks in the charts, making it their first number-one album. The album managed to sell over 300,000 copies making them the first foreign female group to sell over 300,000 copies since Destiny's Child's #1's (2005). On November 18, 2011, it was announced that the album had already sold over 500,000 copies.\n\nTrack listings\n\nCharts\n\nOricon\n\nSingles and other songs charted\n\nSales and certifications\n\nSources \n\nCategory:2010 albums\nCategory:Dance-pop albums by South Korean artists\nCategory:Kara (South Korean band) albums\nCategory:Universal Records albums\nCategory:Japanese-language albums"}
-{"text": "Herman Paus\n\nHerman Christopher Paus (4 May 1897 \u2013 11 March 1983) was a Norwegian competitive skiier, who was among the pioneers of Nordic combined and ski jumping in the 1910s and 1920s. He later moved to Sweden where he bought the major estate Herresta near Stockholm from a relative. A relative of playwright Henrik Ibsen, Herman Paus was married to Leo Tolstoy's granddaughter Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus; as such he was the son-in-law of Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy.\n\nCareer\n \nHe grew up at Bygd\u00f8y near Oslo; his father Karl L. Paus was an engineer and steel industrialist, and a first cousin of playwright Henrik Ibsen. Since the late 1910s Herman Paus was active in competitive skiing in Norway as a member of SFK Lyn; he participated in numerous national and international competitions. He received the Lyn honorary award in 1926, along with then-Crown Prince Olav. In the 1920s he was active in Swedish competitive skiing as a member of Djurg\u00e5rdens IF. Norwegian newspapers mentioned his skiing career over 400 times between 1916 and the late 1920s.\n\nHerman Paus was educated as an agronomist at Vinterlandbruksskolen in Christiania, then at Pederstrup in Denmark and Valinge manor in Sweden. In 1923 he became manager of the Herresta estate, owned by his relative, papal chamberlain and count Christopher Tostrup Paus, who spent most of his time in\u00a0Rome. They were paternal second cousins, but Christopher Tostrup Paus was also his mother's first cousin; both were descended from wealthy timber merchant Christopher Tostrup. In 1938 Christopher Tostrup Paus sold Herresta to Herman Paus. Herman and Christopher Tostrup Paus donated various portraits to the Ibsen Museum, including a portrait of Ibsen's sister Hedvig Ibsen.\n\nIn early 1940 the engagement between Herman Paus and Countess Tatiana Tolstoy was announced; a member of the Tolstoy family, Tatiana was the last surviving grandchild of Leo Tolstoy. She was born on her grandfather's estate Yasnaya Polyana\u2014where he wrote both War and Peace and Anna Karenina\u2014but moved to Sweden in 1917. Herman and Tatiana Paus had four children, and their descendants own the Herresta and N\u00e4sbyholm estates in S\u00f6dermanland; their daughter Tatiana Paus is known as one of the personal friends of the King and Queen of Sweden. Herman Paus' brother Karl Paus owned N\u00e4rsj\u00f6 manor in nearby Eskilstuna.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1897 births\nCategory:1983 deaths\nCategory:Norwegian male ski jumpers\nCategory:Norwegian male Nordic combined skiers\nHerman\nCategory:Norwegian emigrants to Sweden"}
-{"text": "Powhatan (Five Forks, Virginia)\n\nPowhatan is a historic home located near Five Forks, James City County, Virginia. The house was designed by its owner Richard Taliaferro (c. 1705\u20131779) and built about 1750.  It is a two-story, five bay by two bay Georgian style brick dwelling.  It has a hipped roof with dormers and features two massive interior end T-shaped chimneys. The house was gutted by fire during the American Civil War.  It was thoroughly restored in 1948.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPowhatan, Powhatan Creek, Williamsburg, Williamsburg, VA: 1 photo, 1 measured drawing, and 2 data pages at Historic American Buildings Survey\n\nCategory:Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia\nCategory:Georgian architecture in Virginia\nCategory:Houses completed in 1750\nCategory:Houses in James City County, Virginia\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in James City County, Virginia\nCategory:Taliaferro family of Virginia"}
-{"text": "List of peers 1070\u20131079\n\n\n\nPeerage of England\n\n|rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of Hereford (1067)||William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford||1067||1072||Died\n|-\n|Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford||1072||1074||Forfeit\n|-\n|Earl of Kent (1067)||Odo, Earl of Kent||1067||1088||\u00a0\n|-\n|Earl of Cornwall (1068)||Robert, Count of Mortain||1068||1095||\u00a0\n|-\n|Earl of Dorset (1070)||Osmund, Count of Seez||1070||1099||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Norfolk (1070)||Ralph de Gael, 1st Earl of Norfolk||1070||1074||New creation; Forfeit\n|-\n|Earl of Chester (1071)||Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester||1071||1101||New creation\n|-\n|Earl of Northampton (1072)||Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northampton||1072||1075||New creation; Died\n|-\n|Earl of Shrewsbury (1074)||Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury||1074||1094||New creation\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lists of peers by decade\nCategory:1070s in England\n \nPeers"}
-{"text": "Damla S\u00f6nmez\n\nDamla S\u00f6nmez (born 3 May 1987) is a Turkish actress.\n\nLife and career\nShe is of Circassian descent. After completing St. Joseph French High School, she started her theater studies at Paris Sorbonne University and completed Yeditepe University in Theater Department. Damla Sonmez, who is involved in many productions on Turkish television, studied semi-timed 2 years violin and 1 year piano in Mimar Sinan University State Conservatory. She worked with Stuart Burney at the Black Nexxus Academy in New York.\n\nIn 2009, she starred in Bornova Bornova and won the \"Best Supporting Actress\" at the 46th Golden Orange Film Festival, alongside other awards at the Sadri Al\u0131\u015f\u0131k Awards and the Flying Broom International Women's Film Festival. She became the Young President of the festival at the 18th Broom Broom Women Films Festival in 2015 and she won the 21st Golden Boll Film Festival and the Best Actress Award at the Milano International Film Festival (MIFF) for her role in the film \"Sea Level\".\n\nFilmography\n\nTheater\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Turkish stage actresses\nCategory:Turkish film actresses\nCategory:Turkish television actresses\nCategory:21st-century Turkish actresses\nCategory:St. Joseph High School Istanbul alumni\nCategory:Turkish people of Circassian descent"}
-{"text": "Matanga\n\nMatanga (M\u0101ta\u1e45ga ) may refer to:\n\nGodwin Matanga, Commissioner of the Zimbabwe Republic Police\nHilary Matanga (born 1984), Zimbabwean cricketer\nKasyapa Matanga (fl. 67 CE), Indian Buddhist monk\nMatanga (moth), a genus of family Geometridae\nMatanga Muni, author of the Brihaddeshi, an early treatise on classical Indian music\nMatanga, Madagascar\nMatanga (sage), a rishi who appears in the Ramayana\nMatanga (yaksha), a spirit in Jainism, attendant of Suparshvanatha\nMatangi, Tantric goddess"}
-{"text": "Beta bulge\n\nA beta bulge can be described as a localized disruption of the regular hydrogen bonding of beta sheet by inserting extra residues into one or both hydrogen bonded \u03b2-strands.\n\nTypes\n\u03b2-bulges can be grouped according to their length of the disruption, the number of residues inserted into each strand, whether the disrupted \u03b2-strands are parallel or antiparallel and by their dihedral angles (which controls the placement of their side chains). Two types occur commonly. One, the classic beta bulge, occurs within, or at the edge of, antiparallel beta-sheet; the first residue at the outwards bulge typically has the \u03b1R, rather than the normal \u03b2, conformation.\n\nThe other type is the beta bulge loop (also named type G1 \u03b2-bulge), often occurs in association with an antiparallel sheet, but also in other situations. One residue has the \u03b1L conformation and is part of a beta turn or alpha turn, such that the motif sometimes forms the loop of a beta hairpin.\n\nEffects on structure\nAt the level of the backbone structure, classic \u03b2-bulges can cause a simple aneurysm of the \u03b2-sheet, e.g., the bulge in the long \u03b2-hairpin of ribonuclease A (residues 88-91).  A \u03b2-bulge can also cause a \u03b2-sheet to fold over and cross itself, e.g., when two residues with left-handed and right-handed \u03b1-helical dihedral angles are inserted opposite to each other in a \u03b2-hairpin, as occurs at Met9 and Asn16 in pseudoazurin (PDB accession code 1PAZ).\n\nEffect on Functionality of Proteins\nConserved bulges regularly affect protein functionality. The most basic function of bulges is to accommodate an extra residue added due to mutation etc., while maintaining the bonding pattern and thus the overall protein architecture. Other bulges are involved with protein binding sites. In specific cases like the Immunoglobulin family proteins, conserved bulges help dimerization of the Ig domains. They are also of functional importance in the proteins DHFR (Dihydrofolate Reductase) and SOD (Superoxide Dismutase), where loops containing bulges surround the active site.\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Protein structural motifs"}
-{"text": "Qarni Yarikh\n\nQarni Yarikh (, also Romanized as Q\u0101rn\u012b Y\u0101r\u012bkh; also known as Q\u0101rn\u012b Y\u0101req) is a village in Hajjilar-e Jonubi Rural District, Hajjilar District, Chaypareh County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Chaypareh County"}
-{"text": "Flash powder\n\nFlash powder is a pyrotechnic composition, a mixture of oxidizer and metallic fuel, which burns quickly and if confined produces a loud report. It is widely used in theatrical pyrotechnics and fireworks (namely salutes, e.g., cherry bombs, M-80s, firecrackers, and cap gun shots) and was once used for flashes in photography.\n\nDifferent varieties of flash powder are made from different compositions; most common are potassium perchlorate and aluminium powder. Sometimes, sulfur is included in the mixture to increase the sensitivity. Early formulations used potassium chlorate instead of potassium perchlorate.\n\nFlash powder compositions are also used in military pyrotechnics when production of large amount of noise, light, or infrared radiation is required, e.g., missile decoy flares and stun grenades.\n\nHistory\n\nLycopodium powder is a yellow-tan dust-like powder historically used as a flash powder. Today, the principal use of the powder is to create flashes or flames that are large and impressive but relatively easy to manage safely in magic acts and for cinema and theatrical special effects.\n\nMixtures\n\nNormally, flash powder mixtures are compounded to achieve a particular purpose.  These mixtures range from extremely fast-burning mixtures designed to produce a maximum audio report, to mixtures designed to burn slowly and provide large amounts of illumination, to mixtures that were formerly used in photography.\n\nAluminium and chlorate\nBecause of the above-mentioned instability. , the combination of aluminium powder and potassium chlorate is a poor choice for flash powder that is to be stored for more than a very short period.  For that reason, it has been largely replaced by the potassium perchlorate mixtures.  Chlorate mixes are used when cost is the overriding concern because potassium chlorate is less expensive than perchlorate.  It is critically important to exclude sulfur and any acidic components from these mixtures.  Sometimes a few percent of bicarbonate or carbonate buffer is added to the mixture to ensure the absence of acidic impurities.\n\n 6 KClO3 + 10 Al \u2192 3 K2O + 5 Al2O3 + 3 Cl2\n\nThe composition is approximately 70% KClO3 : 30% Al by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation.\n\nPotassium nitrate, aluminium and sulfur\nThis composition, usually in a ratio of 5 parts potassium nitrate, to 3 parts aluminium powder, to 2 parts sulfur, is especially popular with hobbyists. It is not very quick-burning, unless exceptionally fine ingredients are used. Although it incorporates sulfur, it is in fact fairly stable, sustaining multiple hits from a hammer onto a hard surface. Adding 2% of its weight with boric acid is reputed to significantly increase stability and shelf life, through resistance to dampening through ambient humidity. Other ratios such as 6 KNO3/3 Al/2 S and 5 KNO3/2 Al/3 S also exist and work. All ratios have similar burn times and strength, although 5 KNO3/3 Al/2 S seems to be dominant.\n\n2 KNO3 + 4 Al + S \u2192 K2S + N2 + 2 Al2O3\n\nThe composition is approximately 59% KNO3 : 31.6% Al : 9.4% S by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation.\n\nFor best results, \"German Dark\" aluminium should be used, with airfloat sulfur, and finely ball milled pure potassium nitrate. The finished mixture should never be ball milled together.\n\nAluminium and perchlorate\nAluminium powder and potassium perchlorate are the only two components of the pyrotechnic industry standard flash powder. It provides a great balance of stability and power, and is the composition used in most commercial exploding fireworks.\n\naka A B mixture\n\nThe balanced equation for the reaction is:\n\n6 KClO4 + 14 Al \u2192 3 K2O + 7 Al2O3 + 3 Cl2\n\nA ratio of seven parts potassium perchlorate to three parts dark pyro aluminium is the composition used by most pyrotechnicians. The stoichiometric ratio is 31.24% aluminum by mass to 68.76% perchlorate by mass.\n\nFor best results, the aluminium powder should be \"Dark Pyro\" grade, with a flake particle shape, and a particle size of fewer than 10 micrometres.  The KClO4 should be in powder form, free from clumps. It can be sieved through a screen, if necessary, to remove any clumps prior to use. The particle size of the perchlorate is not as critical as that of the aluminium component, as much less energy is required to decompose the KClO4 than is needed to melt the aluminium into the liquid state required for the reaction.\n\nAlthough this composition is fairly insensitive, it should be treated with care and respect.  Hobbyist pyrotechnicians usually use a method called diapering, in which the materials are poured separately onto a large piece of paper, which is then alternately lifted at each corner to roll the composition over itself and mix the components. Some amateur pyrotechnicians choose to mix the composition by shaking in a closed paper container, as this is much quicker and more effective than diapering. One method of mixing flash is to put the components in the final device and handling the device will mix the flash powder.  Paper/cardboard is chosen over other materials such as plastic as a result of its favorable triboelectric properties.\n\nLarge quantities should never be mixed in a single batch. Large quantities are not only more difficult to handle safely, but they place innocent bystanders within the area at risk. In the event of accidental ignition, debris from a multiple-pound flash powder explosion can be thrown hundreds of feet with sufficient force to kill or injure.  (Note: 3\u00a0grams of mixture is enough to explode in open air without constraint other than air pressure.)\n\nNo matter the quantity, care must always be taken to prevent any electrostatic discharge or friction during mixing or handling, as these may cause accidental ignition.\n\nMagnesium and nitrate\nAnother flash composition common among amateurs consists of magnesium powder and potassium nitrate. Other metal nitrates have been used, including barium and strontium nitrates.  Compositions using nitrate and magnesium metal have been used as photographic flash powders almost since the invention of photography. Potassium nitrate/magnesium flash powder should be mixed and used immediately and not stored due to its tendency of self-ignition.\n\nIf magnesium isn't a very fine powder it can be passivated with linseed oil or potassium dichromate.The passivated magnesium flash powder is stable and safe to store.\n\n2 KNO3 + 5 Mg \u2192 K2O + N2 + 5 MgO\nThe composition is approximately 50% KNO3 : 50% Mg by weight for the reactants of the above stoichiometrically balanced equation. Below is the same reaction but invlolving barium nitrate.\n\nBa(NO3)2 + 5 Mg \u2192 BaO + N2 + 5 MgO\n\nMixtures designed to make reports are substantially different from mixtures designed for illumination.  A stoichiometric ratio of three parts KNO3 to two parts Mg is close to ideal and provides the most rapid burn. The magnesium powder should be smaller than 200 mesh, though up to 100 mesh will work. The potassium nitrate should be impalpable dust.  This mixture is popular in amateur pyrotechnics because it is insensitive and relatively safe as such things go.\n\nFor photographic use, mixtures containing magnesium and nitrates are made much more fuel rich.  The excess magnesium is volatilized by the reaction and burns in air providing additional light.  In addition, the higher concentration of fuel results in a slower burn, providing more of a \"poof\" and less of a \"bang\" when ignited.  A formula from 1917 specifies 5 parts of magnesium to 6 parts of barium nitrate for a stoichiometry of nine parts fuel to one part oxidizer.  Modern recreations of photographic flash powders may avoid the use of barium salts because of their toxic nature.  A mixture of five parts 80 mesh magnesium to one part of potassium nitrate provides a good white flash without being too violent. Fuel rich flash powders are also used in theatrical flash pots.\n\nMagnesium based compositions degrade over long periods, as magnesium does not form a passivating oxide coating, meaning the metallic Mg will slowly react with atmospheric oxygen and moisture. In military pyrotechnics involving magnesium fuels, external oxygen can be excluded by using hermetically sealed canisters.  Commercial photographic flash powders are sold as two-part mixtures, to be combined immediately before use.\n\nMagnesium and PTFE \nA flash composition designed specifically to generate flares that are exceptionally bright in the infrared portion of the spectrum use a mixture of pyro-grade magnesium and powdered polytetrafluoroethylene.  These flares are used as decoys from aircraft that might be subject to heat-seeking missile fire.\n\n2n Mg + (C2F4))n \u2192 2n MgF2 (s) + 2n C (s)\n\nAntimony trisulfide and chlorate \nThis mixture, and similar mixtures sometimes containing pyro aluminium have been used since the early 1900s for small \"Black Cat\" style paper firecrackers. Its extremely low cost makes it popular among manufacturers of low-grade fireworks in China. Like all mixtures containing chlorates, it is extremely sensitive to friction, impact and ESD, and is considered unsafe in pyrotechnic devices that contain more than a few tens of milligrams of the mixture.\n\n3 KClO3 + Sb2S3 \u2192 Sb2O3 + 3 SO2 + 3 KCl\n\nThis mixture is not highly energetic, and in at least some parts of the United States, firecrackers containing 50\u00a0mg or less of this mixture are legal as consumer fireworks.\n\nSafety and handling\nFlash powders even within intended usages often release explosive force of deadly capacity.  Nearly all widely used flash powder mixtures are sensitive to shock, friction and electrostatic discharge. In certain mixtures, it is not uncommon for this sensitivity to spontaneously change over time, or due to change in the environment, or to other unknowable factors in either the original manufacturing or in real-world storage. Additionally, accidental contaminants such as strong acids or sulfur compounds can sensitise them even more. Because flash powder mixtures are so easy to initiate, there is potentially a high risk of accidental explosions which can inflict severe blast/fragmentation injuries, e.g. blindness, explosive amputation, permanent maiming, or disfigurement. Fatalities have occurred. The various flash powder compositions should therefore not be handled by anyone who is unfamiliar with their properties, or the handling techniques required to maintain safety. Flash powder and flash powder devices pose exceptionally high risks to children, who typically cannot understand the danger and may be less adept with safe handling techniques. As a result, children tend to suffer more severe injuries than adults.\n\nFlash powders\u2014especially those that use chlorate\u2014are often highly sensitive to friction, heat/flame and static electricity. A spark of as little as 0.1\u201310 millijoules can set off certain mixtures.  Certain formulations prominent in the underground press contain both sulfur and potassium chlorate. These mixtures are especially shock and friction sensitive and in many applications should be considered unpredictable.  Modern pyrotechnic practices call for never using sulfur in a mix containing chlorate salts.\n\nSome flash powder formulations (those that use single-digit micrometre flake aluminium powder or fine magnesium powder as their fuel) can self-confine and explode in small quantities. This makes flash powder dangerous to handle, as it can cause severe hearing damage and amputation injury even when sitting in the open. Self-confinement occurs when the mass of the pile provides sufficient inertia to allow high pressure to build within it as the mixture reacts. This is referred to as 'inertial confinement', and it is not to be confused with a detonation.\n\nFlash powder of any formulation should not be mixed in large quantities by amateur pyrotechnicians. Beginners should start with sub-gram quantities, and refrain from making large devices. Flash powder should only be made at the site at which it will be used. Additionally, the mixture should be made immediately before use.  When mixed, the transportation, storage, usage, various possession, and illegal \"firearms\" laws (including felonies) may come into effect that do not apply to the unmixed or pre-assembled components.\n\nSee also \n\n Pyrotechnic initiator\n Sprengel explosive\n Thermite\n Black powder\n Lycopodium powder\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Explosives\nCategory:Pyrotechnic compositions"}
-{"text": "L\u00e9on Gozlan\n\nL\u00e9on Gozlan (11 September 1803 \u2013 14 September 1866) was a 19th-century French  novelist and playwright.\n\nWhen he was still a boy, his father, who had made a large fortune as a ship-broker, met with a series of misfortunes, and L\u00e9on, before completing his education, had to go to sea in order to earn a living. In 1828 we find him in Paris, determined to run the risks of literary life. His townsman, Joseph M\u00e9ry, who was then making himself famous by his political satires, introduced him to several newspapers, and Gozlan's brilliant articles in Le Figaro did much harm to the already tottering government of Charles X.\n\nWorks \nHis first published work were:\n\n1820: les \u00c9motions de Polydore Marasquin, edition : H. Laurens (Paris) (160 p.-4 f. de pl. en coul. : ill. ; in-16) \n (undated) edition: F. Rouff (Paris) (32 p. : couv. ill. en coul. ; gr. in-8) \n1825: Plus joyeuses aventures d'Aristide Froissard, edition : F. Rouff (Paris) (48 pages)\n\nHis first novel was:\n\n1828: M\u00e9moires d'un apothicaire sur la Guerre d'Espagne, pendant les ann\u00e9es 1808 \u00e0 1814, with: S\u00e9bastien Blaze(1785-184.), edition: Ladvocat (Paris)(2 vol. 447, 400 p.; 22\u00a0cm),\n\nThis novel was followed by numberless others, including:\n\n1834: Les Intimes, (3 vol.), published under the pseudonym \"Michel Raymond\", with Raymond Brucker, Paris, Eug\u00e8ne Renduel,\nMichel Raymond, was a pseudonym, first used for a book written by Michel Masson and Raymond Brucker: Le Ma\u00e7on, m\u0153urs populaires, (4 vol.) This book was received with great praise of the critics. The pseudonym used was the conjunction of the first names of these two men. In cooperation with L\u00e9on Gozlan Raymond Brucker wrote the novel Les Intimes. It was published in 1834 under the same pseudonym \"Michel Raymond\", in an attempt to ride on the success of this name. Although he never protested, after this Michel Masson stopped all cooperation with Raymond Brucker.\n\n1836: Le Notaire de Chantilly, edition : Dumont (Paris) (2 vol. in-8\u00b0)\n1838: Washington Levers et Socrate Leblanc\n1839: Les Tourelles, Histoire des ch\u00e2teaux de France, edition: Dumont (Paris) (2 vol. (358, 348 p.); in-8)\n1858: (new edition), edition: Michel L\u00e9vy fr\u00e8res (Paris) (1 vol. 349 p.; in-18) \n1839: Les tourelles, Histoire des ch\u00e2teaux de France, edition: Dumont (Paris) (2 vol. (358, 348 p.) ; in-8) \n1843: Aristide Froissart, (one of the most curious and celebrated of his productions)\n1886: Aristide Froissart (Nouv. \u00e9d.), edition: Librairie illustr\u00e9e (Paris) (410 p. ; in-8)\n1845: Les Nuits du P\u00e8re Lachaise, edition: A. Lemerle (Paris) (3 vol. in-8\u00b0) \n1890: new edition: Calmann-L\u00e9vy (Paris) (1 vol. (360 p.); in-16) \n1852: De neuf heures \u00e0 minuit, edition: Victor Lecou (Paris) (III-350 p. ; in-18)\n1855: Le Tapis vert\n1857: Le Folle du logis\n1859: Le Folle du logis, edition : Librairie nouvelle (Paris), (In-18, 317 p. ) \n1857: Les Emotions de Polydore Marasquin, edition: Librairie illustr\u00e9e (Paris) (322 p.: ill., couv. ill.; in-16)\n1859: La Com\u00e9die et les Com\u00e9diens, edition: Michel L\u00e9vy, Paris, 1859, third edition. (17x11 cm. IV+345 p)\n1861: Le Faubourg myst\u00e9rieux, Le Vampire du Val de Gr\u00e2ce, edition : E. Dentu (Paris) (In-18, 335 p.) (1861)\n(translated by Brian Stableford as The Vampire Of The Val-de-Gr\u00e2ce in 2012; )\n1862: Histoire d'un diamant, edition: Michel-L\u00e9vy fr\u00e8res (Paris) (320 p., in-8) \n1866: Le capitaine Maubert, edition: C. Vanier (Paris), (1 vol. (174 p.) ; in-18 ), \n18??: Le dragon rouge, \n edition 1876: Bureaux du \"Si\u00e8cle\" (Paris) 1 vol. (numbered 265-345); in-4) \n18??: Aventures merveilleuses et touchantes du prince Ch\u00e8nevis et de sa jeune soeur ; woodcuts: Bertall, \n edition 1880: J. Hetzel (Paris) (1 vol. (120 p.) : fig. ; in-16 ) \n1872: La Vivandi\u00e8re, edition: E. Dentu (Paris), (In-18, 315 p.)\n\nHis best-known works for the theatre are:\n\n1848: Le Lion empaill\u00e9\n1849: Une temp\u00eate dans un verre d\u2019eau, first performance in Paris in the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre historique, 18 d\u00e9cembre 1849\n1850: La Queue du chien d'Alcibiade, com\u00e9die in 2 actes, First performance in the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre-Fran\u00e7ais, (Paris) 29 May 1850, edition: Michel-L\u00e9vy fr. (Paris)(48 p.; In-12) \n1850: Une Temp\u00eate dans un verre d'eau, two curtain-raisers which stayed long on the stage\n1852: Les Paniers de la comtesse\n1854: Louise de Nanteuil, pi\u00e8ce en cinq actes, First performance in the Th\u00e9atre du Vaudevilles 14 Januaryj 1854, edition : Michel-L\u00e9vy fr\u00e8res (Paris)(22 p. : fig.; 31 cm)(1860) \n1855: Le G\u00e2teau des reines, com\u00e9die en 5 actes, en prose, first presentation in the theatre 31 August 1855, \u00e9dition : Michel-L\u00e9vy fr\u00e8res (Paris) (In-18, 112 p. ) \n1857: La Famille Lambert, com\u00e9die en 2 actes, en prose, first performance: 28 April 1857, Theatre du Vaudeville (Paris)\nedition: Michel-L\u00e9vy fr\u00e8res (Paris) (12 p.: fig.; 31 cm) 1858,\n1861: La Pluie et le beau temps, comedie in 1 act, en proze, edition: Calmann Levy, Paris, (new edition, 1878) (28p, in.12) \n \nHe adapted several of his own novels to the stage. Gozlan also wrote a romantic and picturesque description of the old manors and mansions of his country entitled Les Ch\u00e2teaux de France (2 vols, 1844), originally published (1836) as Les Tourelles, which has some archaeological value, and a biographical essay on Balzac (Balzac chez lui, 1862).\n\nHe was made a member of the Legion of Honour in 1846, and in 1859 an officer of that order. Died 14 September 1866 in Paris, Gozlan was buried at Montmartre Cemetery\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nP Audebrand, L\u00e9on Gozlan'' (1887).\nMartha Katherine Loder, \"The Life and Novels of L\u00e9on Gozlan: A Representative of Literary Cross Currents in the Generation of Balzac\" (1943).\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\nCategory:1803 births\nCategory:1866 deaths\nCategory:Burials at Montmartre Cemetery\nCategory:People from Marseille\nCategory:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:French Jews\nCategory:19th-century French novelists\nCategory:Officiers of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur\nCategory:French male novelists\nCategory:19th-century French male writers"}
-{"text": "Mount Hope\n\nMount Hope may refer to:\n\nAntarctica\nMount Hope (Ross Dependency), a hill at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, Ross Ice Shelf\nMount Hope (Palmer Land), a mountain in the Eternity Range, Palmer Land\n\nAustralia\n Mount Hope, New South Wales, a settlement in western New South Wales\n Mount Hope, South Australia, a locality on the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia\n Mount Hope (Victoria), a granite outcrop in northern Victoria\n\nCanada\n Mount Hope, Hamilton, Ontario, a neighbourhood in upper Hamilton, Ontario\n Mount Hope, a community of Arran\u2013Elderslie, Bruce County, Ontario\n Mount Hope No. 279, Saskatchewan, a rural municipality in Saskatchewan\n\nOttoman Empire \n Mount Hope, Jaffa, a depopulated American farm\n\nTrinidad and Tobago\n Mount Hope, Trinidad and Tobago, birthplace of Hector Sam\n\nUnited States\n Mount Hope, Lawrence County, Alabama\n Mount Hope, Walker County, Alabama\n Mount Hope (Alaska), a mountain peak of Alaska\n Mount Hope, San Diego, a neighborhood of San Diego, California\n Mount Hope (Colorado), one of the Collegiate Peaks in Colorado\n Mount Hope (Cheverly, Maryland), a house\n Mount Hope (Hazlehurst, Mississippi), a National Register of Historic Places listing in Copiah County, Mississippi\n Mount Hope, Kansas, a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas\n Mount Hope Plantation House, Baton Rouge, Louisiana\n Mount Hope (MBTA station), a station in Boston, Massachusetts\n Mount Hope, Missouri, an unincorporated community\n Mount Hope (Nevada), a summit in Nevada\n Mount Hope, New Jersey, a section of Rockaway Township, New Jersey\n Mount Hope, New York, a town in Orange County, New York\n Mount Hope, Ohio, an unincorporated community in Holmes County\n Mount Hope, Licking County, Ohio, a ghost town\n Mount Hope, Pennsylvania, birthplace of Ralph E. Urban\n Mount Hope Estate, a property in Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania\n Mount Hope (Rhode Island), a hill in Bristol, Rhode Island\n Mount Hope Farm, an estate in Bristol, Rhode Island\n Mount Hope, Providence, Rhode Island, a neighborhood in northern Providence, Rhode Island\n Mount Hope (Ridgeway, South Carolina), a property in Fairfield County, South Carolina\n Mount Hope, Tennessee, an unincorporated community in Wayne County, Tennessee\n Mount Hope (Falls Church, Virginia), a property \n Mount Hope (New Baltimore, Virginia), a property in Fauquier County, Virginia\n Mount Hope, West Virginia, a city in Fayette County, West Virginia\n Mount Hope Historic District\n Mount Hope, Wisconsin, a village in Grant County, Wisconsin\n Mount Hope (town), Wisconsin, a town in Grant County, Wisconsin\n Mount Hope Corners, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Brunswick, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin\n\nOther uses\nMount Hope, a literary journal published at Roger Williams University in Bristol, Rhode Island\n\nSee also\nMount Hope Cemetery (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Philippine kinship\n\nPhilippine kinship uses the generational system in kinship terminology to define family. It is one of the more simple classificatory systems of kinship (especially if compared to the complex English-language kinship system, e.g., cousin). One's genetic relationship or bloodline is often overridden by the desire to show proper respect that is due in the Philippine culture to age and the nature of the relationship, which are considered more important.\n\nIn it, the literal differences are distinguished by generation, age, and in some cases by gender. However, non-Filipinos can be confused by apparently similar relationships being handled verbally differently by the same person, which generally occurs because of the circumstantial relationship or because some authority is represented by the addressee. Other factors that affect how a person is addressed are whether the two are familiar with each other, new to each other's acquaintance, or perhaps involved in a secondary relationship that imparts authority, such as one person being the supervisor of another at work.\n\nTito is commonly known as 'warrior' in the early 1800s and would be given to sons of soldiers that would enter battle and is a symbolization of death in historical mythology in foreign entities. Simply put, \"Kuya\" is used to address an older male relative or friend (especially ones own brother), and means \"brother\". \"Ate\", is in reference to an older female relative or respected friend (especially one's own sister or kapatid), and means \"Sister\".\n\nAs an example, a teenage girl would call her older brother \"kuya\". She would also tend to call her older male cousin \"kuya\". That he is an older, blood-related male is more important than that a brother is not genetically related to the same degree that a cousin is. The term kuya is actually likely to be applied to any older male who is within her generation and should be treated with respect, perhaps even the very close friends of her brother. Thus, the terms used are often intended to show the degree of the relationship and the type of relationship, rather than literal biological relationship.\n\nThis can be seen in social settings like Facebook, where Filipino teenagers include contemporaries in the \"brothers\" and \"sisters\" categories (the equivalent of a \"best friend\" in U.S. culture).\n\nInfluences on language\n\nScholars generally disagree on the genetic origin of the \"original\" Filipino people, if there is any one dominant progenitor. For centuries there have been migrations from Asia, the Middle East, all the nearby island countries, and Europe (primarily the Spanish) who have all given something genetically and etymologically to the Philippines. Over 170 languages are recognized but do not have official status; Tagalog and English are the official languages of the Philippines, and basic English is more effective for communicating with far-flung peoples in the Philippines than any one dialect, including Tagalog. English's prominence is a reflection of the Philippines' close relationship with the United States, especially since World War II, and a testament to the broad reach of television, which broadcasts in a mix of Tagalog and English.\n\nTagalog is an Austronesian language that has borrowed heavily from the Philippines' geographical neighbors (Malayo-Polynesian languages, Chinese) as well as from Spanish, a legacy of Spain's prolonged colonization. For example, Tagalog has incorporated words like the greeting \"Kumusta\", from the Spanish \"C\u00f3mo est\u00e1\". Familial greetings tend to be borrowed from Chinese.\n\nTerms based on biological relationships\n\nEgo's generation\n\nAs a child, one would refer to one's parents as \"Ama\" or \"Tatay\" (\"Father\", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively)  and \"Ina\" or \"Nanay\" (Mother, in formal and informal Filipino, respectively).  One's parents' siblings and their cousins would be called \"mga Tiyo\" (\"uncles\"), or \"Tiyo\" (\"uncle\")  or \"mga Tiya\" (\"aunts\") or \"Tiya\" (\"aunt\").  One would call one's godparents \"Ninong\" and \"Ninang\",\nmeaning godfather and godmother,  respectively.\n\nFamily friends one generation above, like parent's friends, are called \"Tito\" (for males) and \"Tita\" (for females), although they should not be confused with Tiyo and Tiya which are for blood relatives.  However, \"Tito\" and \"Tita\" are also sometimes used to reference blood relatives as well. Filipinos are very clannish and are known for recognizing relatives up to the 10th or even the 20th degree.\n\nA person's siblings (\"mga kapatid\") would be one's brothers or sisters.  The terms \"Kuya\" and \"Ate\" are used to address an older brother and sister respectively as a sign of respect.  Any children of their Tiyo (Uncle) or Tiya (Aunt) would be called \"mga pinsan\" (cousins) so one can either address them as \"pinsan\" or use the more commonly used \"Kuya [cousin's first name]\" or \"Ate [cousin's first name]\" if they are older, or simply address them with their first name or nickname.  Their godparent's children are called kinakapatid, which literally means someone made into a sibling.  The term \"Kuya\" is used in Filipino for older brother and \"Ate\" is used in Filipino for older sister, and those terms are what one also usually use to refer to or respect other people (including cousins and other strangers) who are in the same generation but a little older, or one could use the older term Manong (\"big brother\") and Manang (\"big sister\") for the much older people that one does not know up to two generations ahead, unless they are too old and then they should be called Lolo and Lola.\n\nThe children of one's \"mga kapatid\" (siblings) and \"mga pinsan\" (cousins) would be called \"mga pamangkin\" (nephews/nieces).\n\nIf a person is a \"Amang\" or \"Lolo\" (\"Grandfather\", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively) or \"Inang\" or \"Lola\" ( \"Grandmother\", in formal and informal Filipino, respectively), those called \"mga apo\" (\"grandchildren\") would be the offspring, not only of their children (\"mga anak\") but also the offspring of their children's cousins (\"mga pinsan\").  Not unless a person have a different title (like \"Attorney\"/\"Atty.\", \"Dr.\", \"Mayor\", etc.) that one are known for, one may also be addressed as \"Lolo\" or \"Lola\" by complete strangers or neighbors just by virtue of their age (usually when they are above 60 years old or already considered a senior citizen), as a form of respect.\n\nRepresentation\nThe following tree represents the Philippine kinship system, focusing on SECOND UNCLE and YOU.\n\nMembers of the family\n\nNon-literal usage of familiar terms \n\n\"Kuya\" and \"Ate\" are also titles used to address older male and female cousins (regardless if they are the eldest or not, but older than cousin addressing them) as a sign of respect. It may also be used for people who aren't necessarily relatives but are older. The criteria would be gender (first), age (second), degree of affiliation (third), with actual blood or non-blood relationship being the least important.\n\n\"Tiyo\" and \"Tiya\", used literally for uncle and aunt, are often confused with \"Tito\" and \"Tita\" which are used in reference to your parents' close friends. Again, the degree of affiliation in the relationship overrides the literal meaning.\n\nThis hierarchy of conditions would be consistently applied to other familial terms that are used for relationship of further distance, such as \"Ninang\" and \"Ninong\", which are often applied to people who have no actual blood relationship but have earned a showing of respect which also defines their age, gender, and station in life.\n\nFilipinos would generally greet each other using their title like: \"Kumusta Ate Jhen\", or \"Kumusta Kuya Jay\"; because doing otherwise is considered rude and disrespectful.\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\n \n  \n \n \n \n\n  \n \n\nCategory:Kinship terminology\nCategory:Philippine culture\nCategory:Philippine languages"}
-{"text": "Martti Talvela\n\nMartti Olavi Talvela (4 February 1935 \u2013 22 July  1989) was a Finnish operatic bass.\n\nBorn in Hiitola, Finland (now in the Republic of Karelia), the eighth of ten children he studied in Lahti and Stockholm, and made his operatic debut in Helsinki in 1960 as Sparafucile. He trained as a boxer in his youth and developed the stamina necessary for the biggest roles.\n\nOriginally Talvela was educated as a primary school teacher in Savonlinna, Eastern Finland (1952\u20131956), and he worked in that occupation at three schools (1957\u20131960). He sang at the Stockholm Royal Opera in Sweden from 1961 to 1962, before becoming a regularly employed singer at the Deutsche Oper of Berlin in 1962, the same year as his debut at Bayreuth.\n\nIn 1970, the Senate (government) of West Berlin formally granted him the rank of Kammers\u00e4nger. He was especially acclaimed as the title character in Boris Godunov, a role he performed 39 times at the Metropolitan Opera between 1974\u20131987, and as Pimen from the same work, as Paavo Ruotsalainen in The Last Temptations, as a Wagner singer who frequently performed at Bayreuth (King Marke, Hunding, Fasolt, Fafner, Hagen (one critic described his Hagen as an \"elemental force\") and Titurel), as the Commendatore, Sarastro, Dosefei, and Prince Gremin, as King Phillip II, the Grand Inquisitor and, in the later part of his career, the title character in Glinka's Ivan Susanin.\n\nAs his final record he left, terribly thinned out by illness, a warm and heartfelt version of Schubert's Winterreise. He left at least two recorded performances of Mussorgsky's Songs and Dances of Death \u2013 one with full orchestra and one with piano accompaniment.\n\nTalvela possessed a \"voice of immense size and wide range\" and was able to bring to his roles a combination of both \"grandeur and gentleness\". A large man,  tall and weighing nearly , he was a fine vocal actor who brought an air of dignity to his roles, even to pure-evil roles like Hagen and the Grand Inquisitor.\n\nHe can be seen performing on video as Boris Godunov, as Sarastro, as Osmin, as the Grand Inquisitor (in German) and as Don Fernando, and in the CBS special Beethoven's Birthday: A Celebration in Vienna, released on DVD as Bernstein on Beethoven: A Celebration in Vienna.\n\nTalvela was the first artistic leader of the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland, from 1972\u201379, and had been appointed general director of the National Opera in Helsinki just before his death.\n\nIn 1973 he received the Pro Finlandia Medal of the Order of the Lion of Finland.\n\nDuring the last eight years of his life (1981 to 1989), he worked as a farmer on the Inkil\u00e4nhovi (Inkil\u00e4 manor) farm in Juva, Eastern Finland, while continuing his official career as an opera singer. His health had begun to decline in 1975, when he was diagnosed with diabetes and gout. In 1982 alone, he suffered two heart attacks at the Metropolitan Opera. Stomach problems also plagued him at times in the 1980s.\n\nDeath\nTalvela died of a heart attack at age 54 while dancing at his daughter's wedding in Juva.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Short Biography with pictures.\n Talvela, Martti in National Biography of Finland.\n Interview with Martti Talvela, April 13, 1986.\n Singing Mussorgsky\u2019s \"The Field-Marshall\" from Songs and Dances of Death (YouTube video).\n\nCategory:1935 births\nCategory:1989 deaths\nCategory:People from Lakhdenpokhsky District\nCategory:Operatic basses\nCategory:Finnish opera singers\nCategory:Finnish basses\nCategory:Disease-related deaths in Finland\nCategory:20th-century opera singers\nCategory:20th-century male singers"}
-{"text": "March for Women's Lives (2004)\n\nThe March for Women's Lives (2004) was a protest demonstration held on April 25, 2004 at the National Mall in Washington, D.C. There was approximately 1.3 million participants. The demonstration was led by seven groups; National Organization for Women, American Civil Liberties Union, Black Women\u2019s Health Imperative, Feminist Majority, NARAL Pro Choice America, National Latina Institute for Reproductive Health, and Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Nselaa Ward, Juris Doctor was one of the key organizers of the March. This was referred to as one of the most carefully and tightly organized marches in history. The march was intended to address topics such as abortion rights, reproductive healthcare, women's rights, and others.\n\nEvents and participants\n\nA rally on the Mall began at 10 a.m., and was followed by a march through downtown Washington, with a route along Pennsylvania Avenue. Celebrities who appeared at the march included Peter, Paul and Mary, Indigo Girls, Susan Sarandon, Whoopi Goldberg, Ashley Judd, Kathleen Turner, Ted Turner, Ana Gasteyer, Janeane Garofalo, Bonnie Franklin, Julianne Moore and former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright; also appearing were veteran abortion rights leaders, such as Kate Michelman of NARAL Pro-Choice America and Gloria Steinem, and many members of Congress. During the rally Nselaa Ward, Juris Doctor also gave a keynote address on young women's reproductive rights in addition to debuting an international poetry slam group piece titled, \"Women Deserve Better.\" \n\nSponsoring organizations included NARAL Pro-Choice America (national), Choice USA, the Feminist Majority Foundation, Planned Parenthood, the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the National Organization for Women, Code Pink, and Black Women's Health Imperative.\n\nSixteen protesters from the Christian Defense Coalition were arrested for demonstrating without a permit when they crossed police barricades into the area designated for the March. They were not able to stop the March for Women's Lives.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Pro-Choice March Largest in History\", Women's eNews, 25 April 2004\n Choice USA Photo gallery (photos)\n NOW: Why You Should March\n LifeNews: Catholic Group Leaves Anti-War Coalition Over Pro-Abortion March\n NOW History of Marches and Mass Actions\n NOW March for Women's Lives gallery (text and photos)\n March for Women's Lives Records. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University\n\nCategory:2004 in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:2004 protests\nCategory:April 2004 events in the United States\nCategory:Abortion-rights movement\nCategory:Protest marches in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:History of women's rights in the United States\nCategory:Feminism and health\nCategory:Feminist protests\nCategory:Women in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:2004 in women's history\nCategory:Women's marches in the United States hi"}
-{"text": "Rujaym Salim\n\nRujaym Salim is a town in the Amman Governorate of north-western Jordan.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Amman Governorate"}
-{"text": "Francis Gage\n\nFrancis Gage (1621\u20131682) was an English Roman Catholic priest, who became President of the English College, Douai.\n\nLife\nBorn 1 February 1621, he was son of John Gage of Haling, Surrey, by his second wife, Mrs. Barnes, a widow. He was half-brother of Sir Henry Gage, governor of Oxford, of George Gage and of Thomas Gage, missionary and traveller. He was a student in the English College, Douay from 1630 to 1641, when he went to Paris to pursue theological studies under William Clifford at Tournai College, which had been granted by Cardinal Richelieu to Richard Smith for the education of the English clergy.\n\nIn 1646 he was ordained priest, and in 1648 appointed tutor to Thomas Arundel, then residing in Paris. He graduated B.D. at the Sorbonne in 1649, and D.D. in 1654. He then came to the English mission, was appointed archdeacon of Essex, and resided with Lady Herbert, whom he afterwards accompanied to France. He then went to Rome in 1659 as agent to Old Chapter. He remained in Rome until his recall in 1661, and then returned to the English mission. He was chaplain to Lady Strangford from 1663 to 1667, and afterwards tutor to Philip Draycot of Paynsley, Staffordshire, whom he accompanied on a Grand Tour.\n\nOn 23 January 1676 he was nominated President of Douai College, in succession to John Leyburn. The college flourished prospered until 1678 and the fabricated Popish Plot scare; from which it recovered. Gage died on 2 June 1682.\n\nWorks\nHe wrote \u2018Journal of the Chief Events of his Life, from his Birth in 1621 to 1627,\u2019 autograph manuscript, in the archives of the Old Chapter. Thompson Cooper in the Dictionary of National Biography states that Gage was the \u2018F. G.\u2019 who edited \u2018The Spiritual Exercises of \u2026 Gertrude More, of the \u2026 English Congregation of our Ladies of Comfort in Cambray,\u2019 Paris, 1658.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nCategory:1621 births\nCategory:1682 deaths\nCategory:17th-century English Roman Catholic priests"}
-{"text": "Union State Bank, Florence\n\nThe Union State Bank is an American community bank headquartered in Florence, Texas. It was established in 1928 as a merger of three local banks. Since 1972 the majority interest was acquired by the B.M. \"Bernie\" Beck family. Currently it is family operated, with Beck's family members serving as President, Chairman of the Board and CEO.\n\nBetween 1990 and 1997, four other branches were added, and the offices were established in Florence, Killeen, Georgetown, Liberty Hill, Round Rock, and Harker Heights. The bank received the  \"Blue Ribbon\" award for financial strength in the top 10% of banks in the United States.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Banks based in Texas"}
-{"text": "Ruslan Pukhov\n\nRuslan Pukhov (\u0420\u0443\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0443\u0445\u043e\u0432) is a Russian defense analyst and director of the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies. In addition to his role at CAST, since 2007 Pukhov has been a member of the Public Council of the Russian Ministry of Defense, composed of civilians and retired servicemen, which advises the Minister of Defense on a variety of issues. He was previously the executive director of the Russian Armorers Union, which represents Russian small arms manufacturers.\n\nOverview\nBorn on April 16, 1973, in Elektrostal, a suburb of Moscow. Pukhov studied international journalism at MGIMO University of the Russian Foreign Ministry from 1990-1994. In 1996, he graduated from the Franco-Russian dual-degree program between Master d'Etudes Internationales Sciences Po and MGIMO with an M.A. in Political Science.  While studying at Sciences Po, Pukhov interned at the Russian Embassy in Paris for six months. He then worked as a researcher of the Conventional Arms Project at the Center for Policy Studies in Russia (PIR Center) from 1996-1997. In the summer of 1997, Pukhov and Konstantin Makienko founded the Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies (CAST), which was inspired by the French think-tank Centre de Recherches et d'\u00c9tudes sur les Strat\u00e9gies et les Technologies or Centre for Study of Strategies and Technologies (CREST). CAST publishes the Russian language journal, Eksport Vooruzheniy (Arms Exports), which cover topics on Russian and former Soviet States defense industries, arms trade, and armed forces.\n\nPukhov has written a number of articles and op-eds on defense matters for the New York Times, Defense News, The National Interest, and other news sources. He has also published a number of books, including Brothers Armed: Military Aspects of the Crisis in Ukraine, The Tanks of August, The Turkish Military Machine etc.\nPukhov is also frequently interviewed on defense topics by Russian and foreign media sources, including Vedemosti, Kommersant, Wall Street Journal, and Reuters.\n\nSince 2018 Pukhov moderates the Ogarkov Readings dedicated to the memory of Marshal of the Soviet Union Nikolay Ogarkov, who anticipated the Revolution in Military Affairs.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Russian military writers\nCategory:Russian academics\nCategory:1973 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Pesceana (river)\n\nThe Pesceana is a right tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It discharges into the Olt in Dr\u0103g\u0103\u0219ani. Its length is  and its basin size is .\n\nReferences\n\n Trasee turistice - jude\u021bul V\u00e2lcea \n\nCategory:Rivers of Romania\nCategory:Rivers of V\u00e2lcea County"}
-{"text": "Maar Hattat\n\nMaar Hattat ()  is a Syrian village located in Hish Nahiyah in Maarrat al-Nu'man District, Idlib.  According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), Maar Hattat had a population of 798 in the 2004 census.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Maarrat al-Nu'man District"}
-{"text": "Peenem\u00fcnde\n\nPeenem\u00fcnde (, ) is a municipality on the Baltic Sea island of Usedom in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. It is part of the Amt (collective municipality) of Usedom-Nord. The community is known for the Peenem\u00fcnde Army Research Center, where the world's first functional large-scale liquid-propellant rocket, the V-2, was developed.\n\nGeography\n\nThe village with its seaport is located on the westernmost extremity of a long sand-spit, where the Peene empties into the Baltic Sea, in the northwestern part of Usedom Island. To the southeast it borders on the sea resort of Karlshagen.\n\nPeenem\u00fcnde harbour can be reached by ferry boat across the Peene from Kr\u00f6slin, liners also run along the Baltic coast to R\u00fcgen Island. The local railway station is the northern terminus of the Usedomer B\u00e4derbahn line to Zinnowitz. Air service for the village is available at the Peenem\u00fcnde Airfield.\n\nHistory\nDuring the 10th and 11th centuries, Peenem\u00fcnde was part of the region of Circipania, an area settled by the Circipanes, a West Slavic tribe constituent of the Lutici federation. Circipania was incorporated into the Billung March of the Holy Roman Empire in 936, but the Empire's influence in the region decayed by the end of that century after a successful Slavic uprising. During the late 12th century, in the aftermath of the Wendish Crusade, the region fell under the rule of the Duchy of Pomerania. After the Treaty of Kremmen in 1236, most of Circipania was transferred to the Margraviate of Brandenburg.\n\nIn World War II, the area was highly involved in the development and production of the V-2 rocket, until the production's relocation to Nordhausen. The village's docks were used for the ships which recovered V-2 wreckage from test launches over the Baltic Sea. German scientists such as Wernher von Braun, who worked at the V-2 facility, were known as \"Peenem\u00fcnders\".  The entire island was captured by the Soviet Red Army on 5 May 1945.  The gas plant for the production of liquid oxygen still lies in ruins at the entrance to Peenem\u00fcnde.\n\nThe post-war port was a Soviet naval base until turned over to the armed forces of East Germany in 1952. The seaport facilities were used at first by the East German Seepolizei (sea police) after new facilities for police motorboats had been built. On 1 December 1956 the headquarters of the First Fleet of the East German People's Navy was established at Peenem\u00fcnde.\n\nThe birthplace of modern rocket science is today displayed at the Peenem\u00fcnde Historical Technical Museum, a World War II museum on the European Route of Industrial Heritage opened in 1992 in the power station of the former Army Testing Site and the area of the World War II power station (now part of the village) \u2013 exhibits include a V-1 and a V-2.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official website of Peenem\u00fcnde and the Historical Technical Museum (English)\n V2 Rocket site\n\nCategory:Towns in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern\nCategory:Vorpommern-Greifswald\nCategory:Populated coastal places in Germany (Baltic Sea)\nCategory:Port cities and towns in Germany\nCategory:Seaside resorts in Germany\nCategory:Peenem\u00fcnde Army Research Center and Airfield\nCategory:Military facilities of the Soviet Union in Germany\nCategory:Russian and Soviet Navy bases\nCategory:V-2 missile launch sites\nCategory:Bezirk Rostock"}
-{"text": "Nathan Thornburgh\n\nNathan Thornburgh is an American journalist, former TIME Magazine foreign correspondent editor, and CEO of Roads & Kingdoms, which he co-founded with food writer Matt Goulding and at which Anthony Bourdain was a partner from 2015 until his death. Thornburgh also hosts the Roads & Kingdoms-produced podcast The Trip.\n\nEarly life\n\nThornburgh grew up in Key West, Florida and moved to San Francisco for high school. He graduated from Stanford University in 1998 with a B.A. in comparative literature.\n\nCareer\n\nTIME\n\nThornburgh began in journalism as a stringer in Seattle for Time Magazine and a freelance writer for Seattle alt-weekly newspaper The Stranger. During this period, he played music professionally in Seattle and Havana, Cuba. In 2003, he moved to Boston and then New York to work as a domestic and foreign correspondent for TIME, staying at the magazine in various capacities until 2011. He served as Nation Editor, working on TIME\u2019s U.S. political coverage in coordination with Jay Carney, then head of the Washington DC Bureau. He wrote numerous cover stories at TIME including The Class of 9/11, Dropout Nation, the Case for Amnesty. He was a writer on the 2007 TIME Person of the Year package on Vladimir Putin and later served as editor of the Briefing and 10 Questions sections of the magazine.\n\nRoads & Kingdoms\n\nThornburgh met former chef and Men\u2019s Health food editor Matt Goulding in 2009 in Mexico City, where they first came up with the idea for Roads & Kingdoms, a publication dedicated to in-depth travel, food, and politics reporting. They started Roads & Kingdoms first as a Tumblr in 2011, launching the full site in March 2012 with their third co-founder, designer Doug Hughmanick.\n\nIn 2015, Anthony Bourdain joined Roads & Kingdoms as the publication\u2019s sole investor and editor-at-large after Goulding sent him what AdAge described as a drunken e-mail. Roads & Kingdoms has won numerous awards, including the 2017 James Beard Foundation Award for Publication of the Year.  \n\nThornburgh was the editor of three books written by his Roads & Kingdoms partner Matt Goulding for HarperCollins: Rice Noodle Fish, Grape Olive Pig, and Pasta Pane Vino.\n\nIn 2017, Roads & Kingdoms and CNN partnered to create the digital venture Explore Parts Unknown, which included original stories, video, photography, and interactives from around the world.\n\nExplore Parts Unknown won several Webbies for design and video. Thornburgh won a 2018 Primetime Emmy as executive producer of Anthony Bourdain: Explore Parts Unknown in the Outstanding Short Form Non-Fiction category, along with director Kate Kunath, Matt Goulding, and several producers from CNN.\n\nThe Trip\n\nIn partnership with Anthony Bourdain, Thornburgh launched the travel podcast The Trip in 2017. Hosted by Thornburgh, The Trip features interviews with exceptional people around the world, including W. Kamau Bell, Samin Nosrat, Dan the Automator, and Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s.\n\nAccolades\n\n 2019 National Magazine Award for Website, Service and Lifestyle\n 2018 Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Short Form Non-Fiction\n 2018 James Beard Foundation Award for Best Food Section\n 2017 James Beard Foundation Award for Publication of the Year\n 2017 IACP Award, Literary Food Writing for Grape, Olive, Pig\n 2016 Travel Book of the Year, Society of American Travel Writers, for Rice, Noodle, Fish\n 2013 Society of American Travel Writers Gold Award for Best Travel Journalism Site\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:American male journalists\nCategory:21st-century American male writers\nCategory:Time (magazine) people\nCategory:21st-century American non-fiction writers\nCategory:American food writers\nCategory:People from Key West, Florida\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:21st-century American journalists\nCategory:Stanford University alumni\nCategory:Writers from San Francisco\nCategory:Writers from Florida\nCategory:American magazine journalists"}
-{"text": "Education in Harlem\n\nEducation in and around the neighborhood of Harlem, in Manhattan, New York City, is provided in schools and institutions of higher education, both public and private. For many decades, Harlem has had a lower quality of public education than wealthier sections of the city. It is mostly African American and lower-income. But also check out the Harlem Children's Zone\n\nFor purposes of this article, the modern boundaries of greater Harlem are considered to be West 110th Street, Fifth Avenue, East 96th Street, the East River, the Hudson River, and 155th Street, although some variation occurs with the southwestern boundary. This area includes both the neighborhood of Harlem itself, as well as the adjacent neighborhoods of East Harlem, Manhattanville, and Hamilton Heights.\n\nCommunity districts\nNew York City is divided into many Community School Districts (CSDs), although many functions formerly performed at the district level are now distributed elsewhere. Those districts with jurisdiction in parts of Harlem are Districts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 75, with 2, 3, and 6 also serving other parts of Manhattan and 75 being a citywide district covering special education schools.\n\nSome schools located outside of Harlem may have programs that take place in Harlem. An example is City-As-School, a public non charter high school headquartered in downtown Manhattan that supports education in conjunction with internships across the city, thus potentially including Harlem.\n\nHistory and quality of education\n\nIn the 1930s, overcrowding in schools in Harlem was identified as a major impediment to education and a subject for reform efforts. Lucile Spence, Gertrude Elise McDougald Ayer, and Layle Lane were educators involved in the reform efforts. \"Opportunities to enter a racially mixed high school were minimal, and by 1913 fewer than two hundred Black high school students attended racially mixed high schools,\" Jeffrey Babcock Perry wrote in Hubert Harrison: The Voice of Harlem Radicalism in 2009.\n\nBy 1993, Harlem was predominately African-American with incomes below the current national median. Many residents, who lived in poverty and thus were subject to racism as well as classism, found education disadvantaged. In standardized English and math tests, Harlem schools posted the worst average scores. Not receiving Regents high school diplomas on time was more common in Harlem than in most other communities in the city by 2006. This excluded GEDs, special education diplomas, or alternative certificates, as well as children in the criminal justice system who were not counted.\n\nDistrict 3, which covers most of southwestern Harlem as well as the Upper West Side, did not have any gifted & talented education programs in the Harlem section of the district , while in the Upper East Side, there are several gifted programs. The schools in the district are also highly segregated and are gradually losing enrollment to charter schools and better-performing schools elsewhere in the district. Most District 3 schools in Harlem are majority-black and Hispanic with decreasing enrollment over the years, while District 3 schools in the Upper West Side are mostly white with increasing enrollment. This is also true of Harlem schools in general. For example, PS 241 STEM Institute of Manhattan, a school on 113rd Street near Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, lost three-fourths of its enrollment in ten years, going from 582 students in 2007 to 125 students in 2016. Less than 25% of kindergarten students zoned to PS 241 actually attend that school. It was proposed to be closed in 2008\u20139 but the school was kept open due to opposition from a teachers' union. An October 2016 proposal to merge PS 241 with nearby PS 76 was poorly received by parents from the latter school, so the 2016 merger was also canceled. By contrast, further south in district 3, 89% of kindergartners zoned to PS 87 on West 78th Street are enrolled in that school.\n\nPrincipals of Harlem public schools give different reasons for low enrollment. Some said that their schools had not been advertised enough, while others stated that charter schools promoted their own enrollment at the expense of public schools. , two Harlem schools, PS 180 and PS 185, had seen increases in enrollment in the preceding years.\n\nOf the nine charter schools in District 3 , eight are in Harlem. Many black and Hispanic families in Harlem send their kids to charter or private schools, or to better-performing public schools elsewhere in the district. The public non charter schools in Harlem have been criticized for decades as being educationally among the worst in the city. By contrast, the charters in Harlem have been praised for their quality of education, even when compared to charters elsewhere in the nation. Charters have been criticized on other grounds, but not uniquely to Harlem, except for objections to there being so many charters in Harlem competing with public non charter schools for classroom space. Transfers of teachers involuntarily into Harlem in the 1960s, by sending the teachers to schools with difficult students, were reputedly intended by the City's Board of Education to drive unwanted teachers out of the profession altogether.\n\nColumbia University has periodically planned physical expansion, competing for space with residents, and seeking coordination with New York State for the application of eminent domain on the ground of blight.\n\nElementary through high school\nThis covers pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade.\n\nPublic schools\nPublicly funded schools include non charter and charter schools, generally not charging tuition, and getting their funds primarily from state and city governments.\n\nNon charter schools\n\nThe New York City Department of Education runs public non charter schools in Harlem and provides a locator service for finding them. These include:\n Central Park East\n Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics, a high school, 280 Pleasant Av.\n Park East High School\n Young Women's Leadership School of East Harlem, 105 E. 106th Street.\nThe Ralph Bunche School 425 W 123rd St, New York, NY 10027\nP.S. 149 Sojourner Truth 21 W 111th St, New York, NY 10026\nJohn H. Finley Campus School, PS/MS 129M 425 W 130th St, New York, NY 10027\n\nCharter schools\nCharter schools are authorized by any of three authorizing agencies and operate under fewer rules than do non charter schools, and often have higher expectations for students. In Harlem, many charters outperform non charter schools, doing a better job of educating students in math and English as measured by state examinations. Charters are generally free of tuition to attend. When a charter school receives more qualified applicants than it has classroom space to admit, it usually runs a lottery and places everyone who is not admitted that way onto a waitlist for possible openings later in the year. Schools offer classes in various grades and some add a grade each year, so that a student, once started, can continue studying in the same school.\n\nIn Harlem, about 20 percent of children who are eligible by age are enrolled in charters, and that does not count applicants who are denied admission because of lack of room.\n\nCharter schools in Harlem include:\n Amber Charter School, grades K\u20135, 220 E. 106th St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY):\n http://democracyprep.org/schools\n Grades 6\u20139, 207 W. 133rd St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n Dream Charter School, grades K\u20132, 232 E. 103rd St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n Future Leaders Institute Charter School, grades K\u20138, 134 W. 122nd St., in Community School District 3; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n Harbor Science and Arts Charter School, grades 1\u20138, 1 E. 104th St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Harlem Children's Zone:\n Harlem Children's Zone/Promise Academy I Charter School, grades K\u20136 & 9\u201310, 35 E. 125th St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n Harlem Children's Zone/Promise Academy II, grades K\u20135, 2005 Madison Av., in Community School District 5; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n Harlem Day Charter School, grades K\u20135, 240 E. 123rd St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Harlem Link Charter School, grades K\u20135, 20 W. 112th St., in Community School District 3; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Harlem Village Academies:\n Harlem Village Academy Charter School, grades 5\u201311, 244 W. 144th St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Harlem Village Academy Leadership Charter School, grades 5\u20139, 2351 1st Av., in Community School District 4; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Knowledge Is Power Program\nKipp Infinity Charter School, grades K & 5\u20139, 625 W. 133rd St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\nKIPP S.T.A.R. College Preparatory, grades 5\u20139, 425 W. 123rd St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n New Heights Academy Charter School, grades 5\u201312, 1818 Amsterdam Av., in Community School District 6; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n New York City Center for Autism Charter School, grades 1\u20136 & 8, 433 E. 100th St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n The Opportunity Charter School, grades 6\u201312, 240 W. 113th St., in Community School District; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.:\n Renaissance Charter High School for Innovation, 410 E 100th St.\n The Sisulu-Walker Charter School of Harlem, grades K\u20135, 125 W. 115th St., in Community School District 3; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n St. HOPE Leadership Academy Charter School, grades 5\u20138, 222 W. 134th St., in Community School District 5; school chartered by N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ.\n\n Success Academy Charter Schools:\n Success Academy Harlem 1, grades K\u20136, 34 W. 118th St., in Community School District 3; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY):\n Success Academy Harlem 2, grades K\u20134, 144-176 E. 128th Street., in Community School District 5; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Success Academy Harlem 3, grades K\u20134, 410 E. 100th St., in Community School District 4; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\n Success Academy Harlem 4, grades K\u20134, 240 W. 113th St., in Community School District 3; school chartered by State Univ. of N.Y. (SUNY)\nSuccess Academy Harlem 5, grades K-4, 301 W. 140 Street, in Community School District 5\nSuccess Academy Harlem 6, grades K-3, 461 W. 131st Street, in Community School District 5\nSuccess Academy Harlem North Central, grades 5\u20138, 175 W. 134th Street, in Community District 5\n Success Academy Harlem West, grades 5\u20138, 215 W. 114th Street, in Community School District 3\nSuccess Academy Harlem East, grades 5\u20138, 141 E. 111th Street\nThe Success Academy Charter Schools group has expanded rapidly in Harlem, opening several new schools in the past few years in order to increase student enrollment across its Harlem portfolio.\n\nPrivate schools\nPrivate schools generally charge tuition to attend.\n\nParochial schools\nParochial schools are generally run by religious institutions. Some include:\n The Cathedral School of St. John the Divine, grades K\u20138, Episcopal, 1047 Amsterdam Av.\n Cristo Rey New York High School, grades 9\u201312, 112 E. 106th St., Catholic;\n St. Hilda's & St. Hugh's School, toddlers-8th grade, Episcopal, 619 W. 114th St.\n St. Charles Borromeo School, Grades PK3-8, Catholic, 214 W. 142 St.\n St. Ann, The Personal School, Grades PreK3 - 8, Catholic, 314 East 110th St.\n\nNon parochial schools\nSome private schools are not run by religious institutions. Some include:\n Bank Street School for Children, nursery (about age 3)\u2013grade 8, 610 W. 112th St.\n The Children's Storefront, preschool\u2013grade 4, 70 E. 129th St.\n Harlem Academy, grades 1\u20138, 1330 5th Av.\n Manhattan Country School, grades pre-K\u20138, 7 E. 96th St.;\n The School at Columbia University, grades K\u20138,  556 W. 110th St.\n La Scuola D'Italia Guglielmo Marconi, grades pre-K\u201312, 12 E. 96th St.\n St. Bernard's School, boys-only school, grades pre-K\u20139, 4 E. 98th St.\n\nNurseries\nNurseries, sorted by the youngest age they generally accept, include:\n\n Rita Gold Early Childhood Center, for children 6 weeks to 5 years old, 525 W. 120th St., only for families associated with Columbia University\n Imagine Early Learning Center at Mt. Sinai Medical Center, for children 3 months to 5 years old, 60\u201362 E. 97th St.\n Bank St. Family Center, for children 6 months to 4.9 years old, 610 W. 112th St. \n Children's Learning Center, for children 6 months to 5 years old, 90 LaSalle St.\n Tompkins Hall Nursery School and Childcare Center, for children 15 months to 5 years old, 21 Claremont Av.\n Family Annex, for children 1 year 6 months to 5 years old, 560 W. 113th St.\n Barnard College Center for Toddler Development, for children 1.7 years to 3.0 years old, 3009 Broadway, at 120th St.\n City College's Child Development and Family Services Center, for children 2\u20136 years old, 133rd St. and Convent Ave.;, only for children of City College students\n The Columbia-Greenhouse Nursery School, for children 2\u20135 years old, 404 & 424 W. 116th St.\n The Red Balloon Community Day Care Center, for children 2\u20135 years old, 560 Riverside Dr.\n The Riverside Church Weekday School, for children 2\u20135 years old, 490 Riverside Dr.\n St. Benedict's Day Nursery, for children 2\u20136 years old for grades pre-K to K, 21 W. 124th St.; Roman Catholic\n St. Hilda's and St. Hugh's School, for children 2\u201313 years old, 619 W. 114th St.\n Broadway Presbyterian Church Nursery School, for children 2.9\u20135 years old, 601 W. 114th St.\n Bank St. School for Children, for children 3\u201313 years old, 610 W. 112th St.\n Hollingworth Preschool of Teachers College, Columbia University, for children 3\u20135 years old, at Teachers College, Columbia University\n La Scuola d'Italia Guglielmo Marconi, for children 3 years old and up for pre-K to grade 12, 12 E. 96th St.\n\nHigher education\nColleges and universities include:\n Barnard College, primarily for a liberal arts degree, 3009 Broadway; for women\n Boricua College, 3755 Broadway\n City College of New York (CCNY), undergraduate and graduate degrees and part of the studies for a medical degree, 160 Convent Av.\n Columbia University, undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees, 2960 Broadway:\n  Columbia's expansion with competition for land has been a community issue\n Helene Fuld College of Nursing, AAS and BS degrees, 24 East 120th Street, Manhattan\n Jewish Theological Seminary of America, undergraduate and graduate degrees, 3080 Broadway\n Albert A. List College of Jewish Studies, B.A. degree, 3080 Broadway:\n Manhattan School of Music, undergraduate and graduate programs, 601 W. 122nd St.\n New York College of Podiatric Medicine, 53 East 124th Street\n Teachers College, graduate degrees, 525 W. 120th St.:\n  Part of Columbia University\n Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, 230 W. 125th St.\n Touro College of Pharmacy, 230 W. 125th St.\n\nLibraries\n\nPublic libraries are suited to self-directed learning and the New York Public Library offer free online access from home to databases for research. The NYPL has one research library and ten local branches (listed here with the research library first followed by the local branches approximately from south to north):\n Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, 515 Lenox Avenue, is the research library\n 96th Street branch, 112 E. 96th St.\n Aguilar branch, 174 E. 110th St.\n Morningside Heights branch, 2900 Broadway\n 115th Street branch, 203 W. 115th St.\n Harlem branch, 9 W. 124th St.\n 125th Street branch, 224 E. 125th St.\n George Bruce branch, 518 W. 125th St.\n Hamilton Grange branch, 503 W. 145th St.\n Macomb's Bridge branch, 2633 Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Blvd.\n\nSee also\n\n Education in New York City\n\nReferences\n\n Meier, Deborah, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America From a Small School in Harlem (1995).\n\nFurther reading\n Haynes, Aquila E., ed., Directory of NYC Charter Schools: New York City Department of Education: 2010 \u2013 2011 (Dep't of Educ.) (editor of N.Y.C. Dep't of Educ., Charter School Office) (updates website)\n Goldman, Victoria, The Manhattan Directory of Private Nursery Schools (N.Y.: Soho Press, 6th ed. 2007 ()), esp. for neighborhoods or areas Uptown and Eastside\n Private Independent Schools (Wallingford, Conn.: Bunting & Lyon, 62d ed. 2009 () ()) (The Bunting and Lyon Blue Book)\n\nExternal links\n\n N.Y.C. Charter Center\n New York School Test Scores, as reported by N.Y. Times\n N.Y.C. Dept. of Education: find public charter and noncharter schools\n Lists of principals and other administrators, from N.Y.S. Education Department:\n School District Index for The NYS Administrators Listing (letter N): select a local district of interest\n NYC Special Schools \u2013 District 75\n NYC Chancellor's Office\n\nCategory:Education in Manhattan\nCategory:Harlem\nCategory:African Americans and education"}
-{"text": "Lapillopsidae\n\nLapillopsidae is a family of Temnospondyli.\n\nLapillopsis was found as the sister to Rotaurisaurus in a 1999 analysis that found the Lapillopsidae as basal stereospondyls. Lapillopsis was found as a sister to Dissorophoidea by a 2017 analysis. Another relative of Lapillopsis, Manubrantlia was described from the Early Triassic of India.\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Triassic temnospondyls"}
-{"text": "Okanagana magnifica\n\nOkanagana magnifica is a species of cicada in the family Cicadidae. It is found in North America.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1919\nCategory:Okanagana"}
-{"text": "Tze'elim\n\nTze'elim () is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located in the Negev desert, it falls under the jurisdiction of Eshkol Regional Council. In  it had a population of . A military training base of the ground forces of the IDF (often named \"Tze'elim Base\") is located nearby.\n\nHistory\n\nThe kibbutz was founded in January 1947 by gar'in from Jewish youth movements in Eastern Europe and North Africa, and was named for the abundant acacia trees in the area, which were mistakenly identified as the biblical Tze'elim trees. During the 1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War the kibbutz was used as a military base.\n\nEconomy\nToday the kibbutz markets itself as a tourist destination, with a natural hot springs spa and accommodation. Other economic activities are agriculture and farming.\n\nTransport\nTze'elim is linked to the regional council by bus route 14, to Tel Aviv by bus route 376, to Ofakim by bus route 30 and to Beersheba by bus route 130. All 4 bus routes are operated by Dan BaDarom. Tze'elim is situated off highway 222, in the north-western Negev.\n\nUrban Warfare Training Center\nIn 2005, the Israeli Defense Forces, with assistance from the United States, built the Urban Warfare Training Center at the Tze'elim Army Base, at a cost of $45 million. Nicknamed \"Baladia\" (Arabic for \"city\"), it is a 7.4 square mile training center used to instruct soldiers in urban warfare techniques, and consists of an imitation Middle Eastern style city with multiple multistory buildings. It has been used to train various military organizations, including the US Army and UN peacekeepers. The project was developed in response to the need for greater urban warfare training amongst the IDF, following the conflict during the Second Intifada.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links and references\nOfficial website \nUrban Warfare Training Center \u2013 Simulating the Modern Battle-Field, IDF 2011\nIsraeli MOUT Facility Model for National Guard globalsecurity.org 2008\nVideo Vice.com\nTze'elim Negev Information Centre\n\nCategory:Kibbutzim\nCategory:Kibbutz Movement\nCategory:Populated places established in 1947\nCategory:1947 establishments in Mandatory Palestine\nCategory:Populated places in Southern District (Israel)\nCategory:North African-Jewish culture in Israel"}
-{"text": "Pugyuru\n\nis a Japanese four-panel comic strip by Tohiro Konno. The manga was first serialized in the Japanese manga magazine Monthly Magazine Z in June, 2001. Pugyuru was adapted into an anime series that was broadcast on April 12, 2004 on the television station Kids Station. The initial broadcast lasted for thirteen episodes and ended on July 5, 2004.\n\nCharacters\n\n \nA tsukkomi character.  Except for the first syllable, her name is never revealed in the comic. Anyone who hears her name, whether they want to or not, faces a terrible fate. She has called herself Margaret in a dream. She has a flat chest.  She takes great effort to drink milk (and cola), but it has no effect.  She has short hair, but the front part is blonde, and the rear part is black, it's implied that this is natural and reverses when she's asleep.  Quite an unusual hair style. She has a black cowlick on the top of her head. She can use it as a fishing rod. When something pulls on her ahoge, the back part of her hair jumps up. When she loses it she faints. She has blue eyes.\n \nA maid, or rather, a mysterious organism, that comes from the Maid Planet (in the anime, Maid Country). It looks like she sprouted, rather than being born. According to her, she's \"the end of human evolution.\" She has a frilly thing on her head (it looks like a typical maid headdress) that can turn into a boomerang, cutlery, or even tissue paper. Also, the hair on her head can be used in similar ways. If anyone else wears it, it will self destruct or suck blood out of the person wearing it (it doesn't work on Kanato's mom, though). Her dream for the future is to become a sumo wrestler. Her head and body can be easily separated. Taking off her head is no problem at all. Up, down, left or right, her body is structurally symmetrical in all directions. Normal-sized humans can enter her body through her mouth. She has blue, short hair. Her eyes are green.\n \nA squid with a human face attached. Besides her normal face, she also has faces for going out, dating, and attacking.  In summer, she becomes a cooked squid. Lately, she has not made many appearances. It seems the author got tired of drawing her. Her final appearance was in volume three. Her fake head has black hair. Her eyes are violet.\n \nA snow woman. She doesn't like being cold. She has large breasts. She's usually cheerful and likes to drink, but when she drinks cola she turns into the evil \"Mizore Black\". She returns to normal after she burps. If she drinks blood, she turns red. She can grind her body to make shaved ice. Her body is cold, so she is popular in the summer. She usually just melts though. She likes hot springs, but when she gets in the water it completely freezes. If she writes \"hot spring mark\" on the ground and goes to sleep on it, she'll melt. She has light-purple, short hair. She has long bangs. If she has a left eye, it is always covered by her bangs. In her right eye, her pupil is red. Between her black knee socks and the hem of her short, white robe, she has some absolute territory.\n \nA yankee and a fighter. She's a girl that loves cute things and nail bats. She also likes chainsaws. Her hobby is beating and kicking people. She keeps several nail bats on her back. If you steal her nail bat, she becomes confused. She can make certain-kill technique beams, but the beams only come out of uncool parts of her body (like her ears, feet or her backside). She is especially skilled at catching a naked blade. Though she doesn't surpass Mizore, she has large breasts. She has messy, silver hair. She has scarlet eyes. She is a little bit tsundere.\n \nShe's a woman, but also perverted (like a middle-aged man). She usually sexually harasses female students. Her three sizes are bust 93 cm, waist 58 cm, hips 86 cm. She's a master at breathing. She is usually able to unhook the bras of female students with her breath. She likes to drink. She has dark blue eyes. She is always wearing her white coat.\n \nA guy in the yakuza. A local boss. He loves Cheko-chan. He has a widow's peak. He has a small mustache.\n \nAniki's underling. He loves Cheko-chan. He is completely bald.\n \nAniki's daughter. Her father's love for Cheko-chan bothered her, so she was trying to kill Cheko. Now, she gets along with Cheko. For a long time, she had guns stuck to her hands. Recently, she lost her \"urge to kill\" and the guns fell off. However, she still carries around various weapons (hidden). If you bump into her shoulder, a lot of weapons will fall down. She has black, long hair. Her eyes are green.\n ???\nThe mysterious organism normally attached to Mizore's head. It has been given several names, but its real name is unknown. Its whole body is shaped like an eyeball, but it can grow arms and legs when it needs to move. It can be eaten once in a while, probably for emergency rations. As it is part of Mizore's body it grows back very quickly.\n\n \nThe result of putting Cheko's head on a male student's body. Ma\u25cb\u25cb\u25cb and Reo have fallen in love with him. He's probably good at basketball.\n \nMizore's younger brother, the yeti. He looks like a girl. He's really cute. He has light-purple, long hair tied with black ribbons into twin tails. He has red eyes. Since he's a yeti, he has a fluffy tail. But, for some reason the tail disappeared because he doesn't have money. He likes donuts. He can make snow blow fiercely. Just like Mizore, he wears a short-hemmed, white robe. Since he wanted to be a maid, Cheko accepted him as her disciple. He calls Cheko \"Master\". For some reason, he says \"~sane\" at the end of his sentences. Unlike Mizore, he doesn't melt when it gets hot.\n \nA completely normal teacher who is usually killed. Has not appeared lately.\n \nMaid dog. It likes to eat maids. It has narrow eyes that are scary to be seen up close. Its cry sounds like \"sun\" rather than arf. It has not appeared lately.\n \nKanato's mother who first appeared in volume 5 (she appeared as a silhouette at the end of volume 4). It seems like she's divorced from her husband and she is raising Kanato as a single parent. Even Mizore can't compare to her beauty (about the same as the Nurse) and she has the strongest attack power on Earth. Also, her old scars show when she gets serious. She's a mother that likes to make funny lunches, she has a poker face and she does lots of amazing things (especially for Kanato) and Kanato admires her very much. She usually doesn't say more than one word when she talks, but she has the unique ability to converse through tobacco smoke. Her name is hinted to be Kanatora in volume 6 from hand-me-downs (possibly from Kanato's grandmother) but this has not been confirmed.\n\nBibliographical Information\n\nTankoubon\nPublished by Magazine Z KC instead of Kodansha.\nVolume 1 (March 23, 2004) \nVolume 2 (May 21, 2004) \nVolume 3 (February 23, 2005) \nVolume 4 (January 23, 2006) \nVolume 5 (October 23, 2006) \nVolume 6 (August 23, 2007) \nVolume 7 (June 23, 2008) \nExcept for volume 3, the volumes each include a bonus comic at the end of the book. There is also a bonus comic on the inside of the dust cover.\n\nAnime\nThe \"Pugyuru\" anime was broadcast on April 12, 2004 on Kids Station during the Anime Paradise block. Thirteen episodes total.\nEach episode is based on two to four strips from the original manga. The ending animation for each episode is different every time and is also based on strips from the original manga.\n\nStaff\nOriginal Creator - Tohiro Konno\nDirector - Hajime Kurihara (Creators Dot Com)\nScript - Hiroyuki Nakaki (Creators Dot Com)\nSound Director - Tomohiro Yoshida\nMusic - Yasunori Mitsuda\nAnimation Studio - Creators Dot Com\nProduction - Pugyuru Production Committee\n\nCast\nMa\u25cb\u25cb\u25cb - Sakura Nogawa\nCheko - Ai Tokunaga\nKanato - Yuu Asakawa\nMizore - Kumi Sakuma\nNachiko - Miki Narahashi\nNurse - Miho Yamada\nAniki - Toshihide Tsuchiya\nSabu - Toshimichi Seki\nTeacher - Nobuyuki Hiyama\n\nEpisode Titles\nMy New Life With Cheko-chan\nCheko-chan and the Scary People\nCheko-chan and Mizore\nCheko-chan and Nachiko\nMa... and the Exchange Students\nCheko-chan and Kanato\nNurse and Everyone\nMizore and the Part Time Job\nSquid... No, the Name is Nachiko\nCheko-chan and the Mysterious Button\nKanato and School Life\nThe Maid and Cheko-chan\nCheko-chan and the Experiment\n\nExternal links\n  The official Pugyuru TV anime website\n \n \n\nCategory:2001 manga\nCategory:2004 anime television series\nCategory:2004 Japanese television series endings\nCategory:Absurdist fiction\nCategory:Anime series based on manga\nCategory:Comedy anime and manga\nCategory:Kodansha manga\nCategory:School life in anime and manga\nCategory:Seinen manga\nCategory:Yonkoma"}
-{"text": "Faith and Politics Institute\n\nThe Faith & Politics Institute is a Washington, D.C. non-profit organization that serves members of Congress, national political leaders, and senior congressional staff by offering experiential pilgrimages, reflection groups, retreats and public forums.\"  Through its nonpartisan programs, the group \"works to bridge racial, religious, and political divisions among elected officials, while promoting reflective and ethical leadership. Since 1991, over 300 hundred members of Congress have taken part in efforts \"that encourage collaborative and visionary leadership practices and foster healing, civility, and respect.\".  Joan M. Mooney serves as its President & CEO.  While many Democratic and Republican Congressional Representatives work with the organization, including those on its Congressional Advisory Board, Representative John Lewis, a former leader of the Civil rights movement in America, has played a special role in its programs, including its annual Civil Rights Pilgrimage to Alabama.\n\nHistory\nThe Institute was founded in 1991 to \"provide bipartisan, bridge-building opportunities for political leaders to experience the spiritual power of conscience, courage, and compassion.\"\n\nPlans for the group resulted from an early \"reflection group\" that included Rep. Glenn Poshard, Ms. Anne Bartley, Rev. Joe Eldridge, and Rev. Doug Tanner. Convinced of the importance of such opportunities for reflection, Tanner founded the Institute in 1991 \"with the hope of providing opportunities for meaningful interactions and experiences among those who lead and serve our nation\",\nSome of the Institute's earliest efforts were linked to the \"Common Ground\" program, providing opportunities for staffers and members to help rebuild churches burned by arsonists in the mid-1990s.\n\nIn 1997, the organization expanded its programs when then-President Rev. Doug Tanner persuaded Representative Amo Houghton and Representative John Lewis (D-GA) to serve as the co-chairs of the group's Board of Directors. Their involvement brought in many additional members and leaders of Congress interested in dialogue across party, religious, racial, and ideological lines, creating a \"spiritual community of men and women who seek a better way to do the people's business.\"\n\nBoard and Advisors\nThe Board consists primarily of Government Relations professionals, and lawyers specializing in Government Regulation practices, representing such companies as American Airlines, American Bridge, American Values Network, Arent Fox, Aspen Institute, Association of American Publishers, Capital Concerts Inc., Coca-Cola Company, Covidien, Eleison LLC, Escambia Enterprises, Federal City Council, Fluor Corporation, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Goldman Sachs Group, Jewish Funds for Justice, Lightbridge Corporation, Microsoft Corporation, Moore Consulting, National Association of Broadcasters, National Democratic Institute, Regions Financial, The First Group, The Memorial Foundation, TwinLogic Strategies, United Health Group, and Williams & Jensen, and others.\n\nPrograms and activities\nActivities within these three broad areas include reflection groups, retreats, pilgrimages, and public forums.  The weekly reflection groups and occasional retreats are important opportunities seek to provide opportunities for members of Congress and other political leaders who work in the \"fast-paced and charged atmosphere of Washington, D.C., to \"connect their role with their greater calling as human beings.\" The public forums include lectures by well-known speakers \"whose lives reflect moral courage in the political arena;\" past speakers include South African Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Thich Nhat Hanh, authors and thought leaders Bryan Stevenson, JD Vance, Sam Quinones, Arthur Brooks, and jon a. powell.  The pilgrimages allow men and women from both houses of congress, along with staff members and special guests, to take part in trips that provide information, inspiration, and opportunities for reflection on the lessons to be learned from past struggles, such as the civil rights movement. The annual pilgrimage to Montgomery and Selma Alabama that includes a walk over the famous Edmund Pettus Bridge is an event led by Representative John Lewis, an early civil rights leader.  Other special activities include:\nThe Lewis-Houghton Leadership Awards: recognizing leaders \"who have exhibited qualities of conscience, courage and compassion in their roles as public servants.\"  \n United States-South Africa Faith and Politics Initiative: In May 2003, The Faith & Politics Institute provided program conceptualization, planning, and coordination for the Congressional visit (CODEL) to South Africa, led by Reps. Houghton and Lewis. This visit provided an opportunity to compare lessons learned from America's civil rights movement and South Africa's fight against apartheid, and established links for future dialogue.\n Saint Joseph's Day Breakfast: an annual breakfast program, including a speaker and awards ceremony, on Saint Joseph's Day. Because Saint Joseph is recognized by many as the patron saint of the worker, the Institute's St. Joseph's Day breakfast was founded \"to raise awareness of the spiritual and moral issues that affect economic life in America.\" \n The Congressional Reception: Every other year, this reception acknowledges both those who have supported the Institute's efforts and those who have been inspired by its programs.\n\nThe Faith & Politics Institute just concluded its annual Congressional Pilgrimage to Alabama that was focused on Art, Architecture, Story & Song, featuring a visit to Montgomery's new Memorial for Peace and Justice and Legacy Museum. The Institute brought together over 40 of Senators and Members of Congress in a bipartisan fashion to reflect on the Civil Rights struggle of the past.  For the 50th Anniversary of \"Bloody Sunday,\" there were about 90 lawmakers in attendance during the 3-day weekend including addresses and appearances by former President George W. Bush and President Obama in Selma, Alabama.\n\nPartnerships\nThrough partnership efforts with other organizations, the Institute extends its reach by co-sponsoring special events that its basic missions. Some groups, like the Fetzer Institute, partnered with the Institute to support a wide variety of its programs, while others focus on specific events, including:\nCongressional Conversations on Race: co-sponsored with Search for Common Ground, and founded on a belief in the need for the nation's leaders to recognize the spiritual nature of our nation's historic racial wounds, and work together toward healing.\nCivil Rights Heroes: Buried but not forgotten: in partnership with Sewall-Belmont House, the District of Columbia, GLAAD, and the National Park Service, honored women and men buried in the Congressional Cemetery, who played key roles in advancing justice and equality for all. One of the men honored was Leonard Matlovich a Vietnam war veteran Tech Sergeant, who had spoken out against discrimination against gay and lesbian service personnel.\nMuslims in America: The Faith & Politics Institute, along with the Newseum's Religious Freedom Education Project and Wesley Theological Seminary, hosted evening of storytelling and honest dialogue what it means to be Muslim-American in our contemporary context.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nVideo: closing of F&P presentation by Fr. Cletus Kiley\nRemarks by Majority Leader Nancy Pelosi at a F&P reception honoring Representative John Lewis of Georgia\nVideo: 2010 Civil Rights Pilgrimage to Montgomery and Selma Alabama, led by John Lewis\n\nCategory:1991 establishments in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:Peace and conflict studies\nCategory:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:Nonviolence organizations based in the United States\nCategory:Religious organizations based in Washington, D.C.\nCategory:Interfaith organizations\nCategory:Spiritual organizations\nCategory:Political organizations established in 1991"}
-{"text": "Obsessive Love (film)\n\nObsessive Love is a 1984 TV movie starring Yvette Mimieux, who co wrote the story and produced the film as well.\n\nCast\nYvette Mimieux\nSimon MacCorkindale\n\nProduction\n\"There are few enough films going these days,\" she said, \"and there are three or four women who are offered all the good parts. Of course I could play a lot of awful parts that are too depressing to contemplate.... [Television] is s not the love affair I have with film, but television can be a playground for interesting ideas. I love wild, baroque, slightly excessive theatrical ideas, and because television needs so much material, there's a chance to get some of those odd ideas done.\" \n\nThe film was the idea of Mimieux's. She based it on John Hinckley and thought it would be interesting if the sexes were reversed.\n\nMimieux said the network \"felt people wouldn't believe me as this woman. They said to me, 'She's a loner, and she shouldn't be attractive.' I asked them, 'Are you saying that only unattractive people can be crazy or lonely or have unfulfilled lives?'\" She also pushed against over explaining her character's condition. \"I prefer simply looking at the character, following her, seeing her intensity, her passion, her single-mindedness and her intelligence. To do a thumbnail psychological sketch was not what I wanted. That's the kind of thing they love to do on television so everybody understands everything, but in life we don't always understand everything. Even an analyst may not understand the person after years of analysis.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nObsessive Love at IMDb\n\nCategory:1984 films"}
-{"text": "Proteus vulgaris\n\nProteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole+ and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter.  It is grouped with the Morganellaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause wound infections and other species of its genera are known to cause urinary tract infections.\n\nThe term Proteus signifies changeability of form, as personified in the Homeric poems in Proteus, \"the old man of the sea\", who tends the sealflocks of Poseidon and has the gift of endless transformation.  The first use of the term \u201cProteus\u201d in bacteriological nomenclature was made by Hauser (1885), who described under this term three types of organisms which he isolated from putrefied meat.  One of the three species Hauser identified was Proteus vulgaris, so this organism has a long history in microbiology.\n\nOver the past two decades, the genus Proteus, and in particular P. vulgaris, has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions.  In 1982, P. vulgaris was separated into three biogroups on the basis of indole production.  Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species, P. penneri, while biogroups two and three remained together as P. vulgaris.\n\nLab identification \n\nAccording to laboratory fermentation tests, P. vulgaris  ferments glucose and amygdalin, but does not ferment mannitol or lactose.  P. vulgaris also tests positive for the methyl red (mixed acid fermentation) test and is also an extremely motile organism.\n\nWhen P. vulgaris is tested using the API 20E identification system it produces positive results for sulfur reduction, urease production, tryptophan deaminase production, indole production, sometimes positive gelatinase activity, and saccharose fermentation, and negative results for the remainder of the tests on the testing strip.\n\nIt is referenced in the Analytical Profile Index using the nine-digit code: 047602157.\n\nThe optimal growing conditions of this organism is in a facultative anaerobic environment with an average temperature of about 40\u00a0\u00b0C.\n\nThe Becton/Dickinson BBL Enterotube II  system for identification of members of the order Enterobacterales inoculated with P. vulgaris may yield the following results:\nPositive for glucose fermentation (with gas production) \nNegative for lysine and ornithine  \nPositive for hydrogen sulfide production and indole production  \nNegative for lactose, arabinose, adonitol, sorbitol and dulcitol\nPositive for the phenylalanine test and the Harnstoff urea test  \nP. vulgaris can test positive or negative for citrate.  All combine for a Biocode ID of 31406, (Biocode ID 31402, 31404, 31407 all resulting in P. vulgaris with asymptomatic results) for use in the Interpretation Guide/Computer Coding and Identification System. P. vulgaris can also test urease negative in solid media (such as in Enterotube), but will be urease positive in liquid media. The CCIS code will still identify it with a negative urease test. When inoculated in a gelatin stab test, P. vulgaris is capable of hydrolysis of gelatin.\n\nProteus infections\n\nCause and epidemiology \nNosocomial infections\nP. mirabilis causes 90% of Proteus infections.\nP. vulgaris and P. penneri are easily isolated from individuals in long-term care facilities and hospitals and from patients with underlying diseases or compromised immune systems.\nPatients with recurrent infections, those with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, those who have had urethral instrumentation, and those whose infections were acquired in the hospital have an increased frequency of infection caused by Proteus and other organisms (e.g., Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, enterococci, and staphylococci).\nP. vulgaris is highly resistant to antibiotics because of the plasmids present in the bacterium, making infections extremely difficult to cure. This is because the plasmids have varied drug resistant markers on them.\n\nClinical expression \nEnterobacterales (of which Proteus is a member) and Pseudomonas species are the micro-organisms most commonly responsible for Gram-negative bacteremia and sepsis.\n\nThe presence of the sepsis syndrome associated with a urinary tract infection (UTI) should raise the possibility of urinary tract obstruction. This is especially true of patients who reside in long-term care facilities, who have long-term indwelling urethral catheters, or who have a known history of urethral anatomic abnormalities.\n\nUTI obstruction\nUrease production leads to precipitation of organic and inorganic compounds, which leads to struvite stone formation. Struvite stones are composed of a combination of magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite) and calcium carbonate-apatite.  Struvite stone formation can be sustained only when ammonia production is increased and the urine pH is elevated to decrease the solubility of phosphate. Both of these requirements can occur only when urine is infected with a urease-producing organism such as Proteus. Urease metabolizes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide: urea 2 NH3 + CO2. The ammonia/ammonium buffer pair has a pK of 9.0, resulting in the combination of highly alkaline, ammonia-rich urine.\n\nSymptoms attributable to struvite stones are uncommon. More often, women present with UTI, flank pain, or hematuria, and are found to have a persistently alkaline urine pH (>7.0).\n\nTreatments \nAntibiotics to which P. vulgaris is known to be sensitive:\n\nCiprofloxacin\nCeftazidime\nNetilmicin\nSulbactam or cefoperazone\nMeropenem\nPiperacillin/tazobactam\nAmpicillin/sulbactam\n\nSee also\n Proteus OX19\n Swarming motility\n\nReferences\n\n\u201cProteus Vulgaris.\u201d Thistle, Thistle.co, www.thistle.co.za/pdf_files/education/microbiology/microbiology_legends/Cycle_41/Cycle%2041%20Organism%203%20-%20Proteus%20Vulgaris.pdf.\n\nExternal links\nType strain of Proteus vulgaris at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase\n\nCategory:Bacteria described in 1885"}
-{"text": "Asmafines River\n\nThe Asmafines River is a river in the United States territory of Guam.\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Guam\n\nReferences\nUSGS Geographic Names Information Service\n\nCategory:Rivers of Guam"}
-{"text": "Kalek\u00f6y\n\nKalek\u00f6y (literally \"Castle's village\" in Turkish;  - Simena), is a village of the Demre district in the Antalya Province of Turkey, located between Ka\u015f and Demre, on the Mediterranean coast. Kalek\u00f6y faces the island of Kekova, and can be reached by sea or on foot from \u00dc\u00e7a\u011f\u0131z.\n\nThe village lies amidst a Lycian necropolis, which is partially sunken underwater. Kalek\u00f6y is overlooked by a Byzantine castle, built in the Middle Ages to fight the pirates which nested in Kekova. The castle contains a small theatre.\n\nKalek\u00f6y is a popular yachting destination.\n\nSee also\n Lycia\n Turkish Riviera\n\nCategory:Villages in Turkey\nCategory:Lycia\nCategory:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey\nCategory:Sunken cities"}
-{"text": "1953 Orange Bowl\n\nThe 1953 Orange Bowl, part of the 1952 bowl game season, took place on January 1, 1953, at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida. The competing teams were the Alabama Crimson Tide, representing the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and the Syracuse Orangemen, competing as a football independent. Alabama won the game by a record margin of 61\u20136. The 55-point margin of victory remained the largest for a bowl game until the 2008 GMAC Bowl, and still stands as the largest margin of victory for an Alabama football team in a bowl game.\n\nTeams\n\nAlabama\n\nThe 1952 Alabama squad posted their best overall record the 1950s, finishing 9\u20132 leading into the postseason.  However, losses to Tennessee and Georgia Tech cost the Tide an SEC title. The day after defeating Maryland 27\u20137, Alabama accepted a bid to play in the Orange Bowl on New Years Day. The appearance marked the second for Alabama in the Orange Bowl, as they defeated Boston College 37\u201321 in the 1943 game.\n\nSyracuse\n\nThe 1952 Syracuse squad finished the regular season with a record of 7\u20132 and as winners of the Lambert Trophy for the first time in school history. The Orangemen accepted a bid to play in the Orange Bowl after Navy declined the initial bid.\n\nGame summary\nAlabama opened the scoring on the afternoon with a 27-yard touchdown pass from Clell Hobson to Bobby Luna to take a 7\u20130 lead. Syracuse responded on the following possession with their lone points of the game on a 15-yard, Joe Szombathy touchdown run. After the extra point failed, the score was 7\u20136. The Orangemen did not score again while the Crimson Tide scored 54 unanswered points. Alabama extended their lead to 21\u20136 at the half with two touchdowns on a one-yard Bobby Marlow run and a 50-yard Thomas Tharp reception from Hobson. The scoring continued in the third quarter with three more touchdowns on a 38-yard Bobby Luna run and runs of one and 30-yards by Tommy Lewis. Leading 41\u20136, Alabama scored another three touchdowns in the fourth quarter on a 21-yard Joe Cummings reception from Bart Starr, an 80-yard Hootie Ingram punt return and a 60-yard Marvin Hill interception return.\n\nThe final score of 61\u20136 set a NCAA record for largest margin of victory in a bowl game, surpassing the previous record of 49 points set by Michigan in both the 1902 and 1948 Rose Bowl Games. The 55-point margin of victory stood as the all-time record for a bowl game through the 2008 GMAC Bowl where Tulsa defeated Bowling Green 63\u20137 for a 56 point margin of victory. The 55-points still stands as the largest margin of victory for an Alabama football team in a bowl game.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1952\u201353 NCAA football bowl games\n1953\n1953\n1953\nCategory:1953 in sports in Florida\nCategory:January 1953 sports events"}
-{"text": "Chlo\u00e9 Coulloud\n\nChlo\u00e9 Coulloud is a French actress, known for her role in the 2011 French horror movie Livide.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:French film actresses\nCategory:21st-century French actresses"}
-{"text": "Kurimoto, Chiba\n\nwas a town located in Katori District, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.\n\nKurimoto Village was established on April 1, 1889. It was raised to town status on April 10, 1924.\n\nOn March 27, 2006, Kurimoto, along with the city of Sawara, and the towns of Omigawa and Yamada (both from Katori District), was merged to create the city of Katori, and thus no longer exists as an independent municipality.\n\nIn November 2005 (the last data available before its merger into Katori), the town had an estimated population of 5,179 and a population density of 178 persons per km\u00b2. Its total area was 29.05\u00a0km\u00b2.\n\nExternal links\nKatori official site \n\nCategory:Dissolved municipalities of Chiba Prefecture\nCategory:1889 establishments in Japan\nCategory:Populated places established in 1889\nCategory:Populated places disestablished in 2006\nCategory:2006 disestablishments in Japan"}
-{"text": "Burgstein (Thuringia)\n\nThe Burgstein is a rock formation, about  high, in the valley of the Ilm in Langewiesen in the central German state of Thuringia. It is made from quartz porphyry and has been a geological natural monument since 1939.\n\nIt was formed when the Ilm carved out its valley and washed away the surrounding rock. When the Ilmenau\u2013Gro\u00dfbreitenbach railway was built in 1881 it was exposed again because rock at its foot was removed in order to lay the railway track. The rock dates to the Pennsylvanian sub-period and belongs to the M\u00f6hrenbach Formation.\n\nThe origin of its name is not clear (Burgstein literally means \"castle rock\"). In Langewiesen, the road of Burgstein is named after the rock.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rock formations of Thuringia\nCategory:Natural monuments in Thuringia"}
-{"text": "Awa Ly\n\nAwa Ly (born 4 January 1977 in Paris, France) is a French singer and actress of Senegalese origin who lives in Italy.\n\nBiography\nAwa Ly was born and raised in Paris. Both her parents are from Senegal, while most of her family lives in Dakar. She currently lives in Rome and works mainly in Italy as an actress and a singer.\n\nIn 2011 she played in the film Escort in Love by Daniele Luchetti besides Paola Cortellesi, Raoul Bova and Rocco Papaleo.\n\nShe accompanied Pino Daniele in summer 2013 on an international tour after having already performed with him in the United States and Canada.\n\nAwa Ly has previously used My Major Company, a fan-funded music label in France and also for finishing her new five track EP Prochain, which was recorded at the Funkhaus in Berlin in December 2013, she seeks funding via the French crowdfunding platform KissKissBankBank.\n\nFilmography\n 2008: Black and White\n 2009: The Front Line \n 2010: La nostra vita\n 2010: 20 sigarette\n 2011: Escort in Love\n\nDiscography\n 2009: Modulated\n 2011: Parole Prestate\n 2014: Awa Ly\n 2016: Five and a Feather\n 2020: Safe and Sound\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n Official page on Facebook\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:French film actresses\nCategory:21st-century French singers\nCategory:21st-century French women singers"}
-{"text": "Maa Naa Chowdappa\n\nM. N. Chowdappa () was an Indian journalist, broadcaster and author born in July 1909.\n\nChowdappa completed his intermediate in Mysore. During his student days he developed an interest in literature, radio broadcasting and theatre under influence of his Guru N. Kasturi.\n\nChowdappa started his career at Akashavani (\"All India Radio\"), Mysore and Madras. Later Chowdappa was associated with B.N. Gupta in launching and editing Prajamatha (an illustrated weekly magazine in the Kannada language). During the pre-independence days, the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore was under the control of the British and Prajamatha was banned for its pro-nationalistic stance. At this juncture Chowdappa shifted to Hubli (which was at that time part of Mysore State) and published Prajamatha from there.\n\nChowdappa worked for Samyukta Karnataka (a Kannada daily) and was the first editor of Vakchitra (the first Kannada magazine dedicated to films and other fine arts). He also worked for Kathanjali and other publications. Later he joined Bangalore station of All India Radio as a co-producer for features and worked till 1969.\n\nPost retirement, Chowdappa worked for Congress Sandesha (a magazine of Indian National Congress). In 1972, Shri Devaraj Urs, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka invited Chowdappa to be his press secretary. Chowdappa also got an invitation from writer Niranjana to be one of the editors for Gnana Gangothri (an encyclopedia project in Kannada). His passion for literature and history made Chowdappa to choose the encyclopedia project instead of being a press secretary to the Chief Minister.\n\nChowdappa had a vast knowledge of Karnataka history, especially of the Karnataka dynasties, culture and literature. Hence he was requested by editors of various encyclopedias to contribute articles.\n\nA simple person who never bragged about his achievements, Chowdappa was hailed by friends as a silent worker.\n\nBooks/novels\n Shri Krishna Bhoopala\n Kunthi\n Kumara sambhava (drama)\n Chandragupta (drama)\n Vidura\n P. Kodanda Rao\n Sir. K. Sheshadri Iyer\n\nJournalism\n Kathanjali\n Prajamatha\n Samukta Karnataka\n Vakchitra\n\nAwards\n Shri Krisha Bhoopala won the state Sahitya Academy award\n He was honoured on the occasion of Golden Jubilee of the Indian and also Kannada films as the senior most film journalist.\n Kunti, a novel on the Mahabaratha character of Kunti was prescribed as a text book for high school second years for two consecutive years in the 1950s.\n\nCategory:1909 births\nCategory:1985 deaths\nCategory:Indian magazine editors\nCategory:All India Radio people\nCategory:Writers from Mysore\nCategory:Journalists from Karnataka\nCategory:Kannada-language journalists\nCategory:Indian male journalists\nCategory:20th-century Indian journalists\nCategory:Indian male novelists\nCategory:20th-century Indian novelists\nCategory:Novelists from Karnataka\nCategory:20th-century Indian male writers"}
-{"text": "American Standard (James Taylor album)\n\nAmerican Standard is the twentieth studio album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor. The album was released on February 28, 2020, by Fantasy Records.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2020 albums\nCategory:Fantasy Records albums\nCategory:James Taylor albums"}
-{"text": "Charles Reid\n\nCharles Reid may refer to:\nCharles Reid (rugby union), Scottish rugby player\nCharles Reid (snowboarder) (born 1990), Canadian snowboarder\nCharles C. Reid (1868\u20131922), U.S. Representative from Arkansas\nChip Reid, American news reporter\nTony Reid (Charles Anthony Reid, born 1962), Barbados-born American former cricketer\nCharles Reid (photographer) (1837\u20131929), Scottish photographer\nCharles Warwick Reid, Hong Kong Prosecutor who was convicted of corruption\n\nSee also\nCharlie Reid (disambiguation)\nCharles Reed (disambiguation)\nCharles Read (disambiguation)\nCharles Reade (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "List of African-American documentary films\n\nThis list of African American documentary films includes films that were made by African Americans, as well as films on the topic of African Americans.\n\nFilms marked with an asterisk (*) are specifically about the Civil Rights Movement.\n\n1930s\n Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert * (1939)\n\n1940s\n Commandment Keeper Church, Beaufort South Carolina, May 1940 (1940)\n Henry Browne, Farmer (1942)\n Negro Colleges in War Time (1943)\n The Negro Soldier (1944)\n The Negro Sailor (1945)\n Wings for This Man (1945)\n The Quiet One (1948)\n\n1950s\n All My Babies (1953)\n A City Decides * (1956)\n The Cry of Jazz (1959)\n\n1960s\n The Five Cities of June * (1963)\n Take This Hammer (1963)\n Children Without (1964)\n The March * (1964)\n Nine from Little Rock * (1964)\n A Time for Burning * (1966) \n The Jungle (1967)\n Legendary Champions (1968) \n Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther (1969)\n\n1970s\n A.k.a. Cassius Clay (1970)\n Black Roots (1970)\n Jack Johnson (1970)\n King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis * (1970)\n The Murder of Fred Hampton (1971)\n Black Rodeo (1972)\n Malcolm X * (1972)\n Always for Pleasure (1978)\n Goodnight Miss Ann (1978)\n 80 Blocks From Tiffany's (1979)\n Paul Robeson: Tribute to an Artist (1979)\n\n1980s\n Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle * (1982)\n Style Wars (1983)\n You Got to Move * (1985)\n Ethnic Notions (1987)\n Eyes on the Prize, part I * (1987)\n Hail! Hail! Rock 'n' Roll (1987)\n The Spirit Moves: A History of Black Social Dance on Film, 1900\u20131986 (1987)\n Adam Clayton Powell * (1989)\n Tongues Untied (1989)\n\n1990s\n Eyes on the Prize, part II * (1990)\n Color Adjustment (1992)\n A Great Day in Harlem (1994) \n Freedom on My Mind * (1994)\n Malcolm X: Make It Plain * (1994)\n A Time for Justice * (1994)\n Black is... Black Ain't (1995) \n VINTAGE - Families of Value (1995) \n All God's Children (1996) \n All Power to the People (1996)\n The Church of Saint Coltrane (1996) \n The Last Angel of History (1996)\n 4 Little Girls * (1997)\n Blacks and Jews (1997)\n Colors Straight Up (1997) \n Midnight Ramble (1997)\n MPG: Motion Picture Genocide (1997)\n\n2000s\n 4CHOSEN: The Documentary (2008)\n Afro-Punk (2003) \n Banished (2006)\n Beah: A Black Woman Speaks (2003)\n The Black Candle (2008)\n The Black List, vol. 1 (2008)\n The Black List, vol. 2 (2009)\n The Blues (2003)\n Hairkutt (2005)\n Colored Frames * (2007)\n Dare Not Walk Alone * (2006)\n E Minha Cara/That's My Face (2002)\n Faubourg Treme: The Untold Story of Black New Orleans (2008)\n February One: The Story of the Greensboro Four *\n Flight of the Red Tail Frederick Douglass and the White Negro (2008) \n From Swastika to Jim Crow A Girl Like Me Good Hair Hardwood Home of the Brave* (2004)\n Jim Brown: All-American LaLee's Kin: The Legacy of Cotton Legacy (2000)\n Maafa 21 Marcus Garvey: Look for me in the Whirlwind Meeting David Wilson Mighty Times: The Children's March *\n Mississippi Cold Case *\n My Nappy Roots: A Journey Through Black Hair-itage Negroes with Guns: Rob Williams and Black Power (2004)\n Neshoba *\n The Pact (2006)\n Red Tail Reborn (2007)\n Revolution '67 Rize Salute (2008)\n Scottsboro: An American Tragedy *\n Shouting Fire: Stories from the Edge of Free Speech *\n Sister Wife Slavery and the Making of America Soundtrack for a Revolution *\n Street Fight The Sugar Babies Sunday Driver Sweet Honey in the Rock: Raise Your Voice This Is the Life (2008)\n Tradition Is a Temple Twelve Disciples of Nelson Mandela Why We Bang The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 306 *\n\n2010s\n 13th The Barber of Birmingham *\n The Black List (Vol. 3)\n The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution The Czar of Black Hollywood Dark Girls The Fab Five Freedom Riders *\n Hale County This Morning, This Evening Hidden Colors, part 1: The Untold History Of People Of Aboriginal, Moor, and African Descent (2011)\n Hidden Colors, part 2: The Triumph of Melanin (2012)\n Hidden Colors, part 3: The Rules of Racism (2014)\n Hidden Colors, part 4: The Religion of White Supremacy (2016)\n I Am Not Your Negro (2016)\n In the Hour of Chaos Through a Lens Darkly: Black Photographers and the Emergence of a People \"Good Hair\" and Other Dubious Distinctions Motherland No Crossover: The Trial of Allen Iverson No Lye: An American Beauty Story Reincarnated'' (2013), on Snoop Dogg's conversion to Rastafarianism\n\n List\n Documentary\nAfrican American Documentary\n African American\nAfrican American Documentary\nDocumentary films"}
-{"text": "DRG Class 23\n\nThe German Class 23 (Baureihe 23 or BR 23) engines of the Deutsche Reichsbahn (DRG) were standard (Einheitslokomotiven) steam engines that were conceived as a replacement for the  Prussian P 8 by the Schichau Works. They were given the same boiler as the Class 50s which were developed in parallel and, like them, the newly developed 2'2' T 26 tender with its front wall that protected train crews during reverse running.\n\nIn 1941 the two prototypes were built and delivered. The procurement of 800 locomotives had been planned, however the constraints of the Second World War meant that they never entered full production.\n\nAfter the war the two locomotives, with operating numbers 23 001 and 23 002, went to the DR in East Germany and were variously stabled in Berlin, Brandenburg an der Havel, J\u00fcterbog and Halle. In 1961, number 23 001 was given a Reko boiler with combustion chamber, developed for the Class 50. In 1970 the locomotive was given EDP number 35 2001-2. Number 23 002 was to be reconstructed, but was retired however in 1967 due to damage to the frame and scrapped.\nNumber 23 001 was scrapped in 1975 in Cottbus, as it could no longer serve any useful purpose.\n\nAfter the war, the design of these Class 02 locomotives formed the basis for the new DB Class 23 and DR Class 23.10 locomotives which received the same class designation.\n\nSee also\n List of DRG locomotives and railbuses\n\n23\nCategory:2-6-2 locomotives\n23\nCategory:Railway locomotives introduced in 1941\nCategory:Passenger locomotives\nCategory:Standard gauge locomotives of Germany\nCategory:1\u2032C1\u2032 h2 locomotives"}
-{"text": "Ciompi Revolt\n\nThe Revolt of the Ciumpi was a rebellion among unrepresented labourers which occurred in Florence, Italy from 1378 to 1382.  Those who revolted consisted of artisans, labourers, and craftsmen who did not belong to any guilds and were therefore unable to participate in the Florentine government.  These labourers had grown increasingly resentful over the established patrician oligarchy.  In addition, they were expected to pay heavy taxes which they could not afford, forcing some to abandon their homes. The resulting insurrection over such tensions led to the creation of a government composed of wool workers and other disenfranchised workers which lasted for three and a half years.\n\nThe Ciompi revolt developed in three stages: reform in May and June, the violent 'revolution' of the revolt and fighting in mid-July, and the fall of the Ciompi government - 'the reaction', at the end of August 1378.  These workers' underrepresentation led to their exploitation, low wages, and political impotence. In June 1378 the city's fourteen minor guilds demanded greater representation in civic office from elites \u2013 the Signoria. These guildsmen still wanted to keep the Sotto posti, who were low wage textile workers with no guild representation, from forming their own guilds and being able to gain increased political power. To prevent this, the Signoria quadrupled the fee for admittance to the system.  This action sparked indignation and turned the Sotto posti into opponents of the Signoria aligning them with the lower class Ciompi.  On the 22 June the Ciompi took up arms for the first time but it was not until 21 July that they violently took over the city's government and forced the Signoria to create three new guilds and grant them political office.\n\nHistorians commonly highlight a few individuals as central to the events. Representing the middle and upper class was Salvestro de' Medici.  Representing the lower class was the mysterious group known as \"The Eight (Saints)\". Finally caught in the middle of these two groups is Michele di Lando.  He was \"separated from his social superior due to inferior birth, but he was also separated by his peers by his superior vision\". \n\nAlthough the Ciompi Rebellion was brief, it left an impact on future generations. The three and a half year revolt not only affected Florentine society throughout the 15th century, but was a flashpoint in Florentine history, which continued to intrigue historians. However, the interpretation of the events was different across the centuries.\n\nBackground\n\nUnstable government\nIn the years preceding the 1378 revolt, certain aspects of Florentine society set the stage for the uprising. Tensions within the oligarchy were already present decades before the revolt occurred. The Arti Minori, or minor guilds, were constantly in contention with the Arti Maggiori, or the seven major guilds. Between the years of 1339 to 1349, wealthy houses went bankrupt and markets were reduced. The economy never peaked nor declined sharply again, aside from minor political and military disputes familiar to Florence. Economic grievances had drawn artisans and wage-labourers into Florentine politics from the mid-fourteenth century. These workers, however, were forbidden from associating by city government. The oligarchy was unstable, as many either died from the plague or fled to safer territories. From these turbulent times emerged the gente nuova, or new men, a class of mainly immigrants with no aristocratic background who grew their wealth from trade. Together, the gente nuova and Arti Minori bonded over their dislike of the oligarchy. Each side sought to gain control over the other, as the oligarchy used the Guelph Party to justify their patriciate status, while the gente nuova appealed to the middle and lower classes for support. In 1375 the gente nuova seriously challenged the privileges of the oligarchy, sparking concerns from the latter of their possible collapse. In addition, war broke out against the papacy in the same year, increasing the costly burdens on the city. In late 1377 to early 1378, the oligarchy and the gente nuova formed a truce, only to be broken by the oligarchy in June, the month of the revolt.\n\nUpper class versus lower class and the origins of the term \"ciompi\"\nAs mentioned, tensions between the upper and lower classes were a major factor in bringing about the revolt. It is quite unclear who exactly qualified as belonging to the Florentine upper class, unlike in Venice where the class hierarchy was solidly entrenched. For the most part of the 14th century, a patriciate could be identified by the presence of a family name. On the other side of the spectrum was the popolo minuto, or the laboring classes of Florence, which also had no set boundaries. For example, an artisan could be considered an elite if he was wealthy and successful enough.  The majority of the popolo minuto, however, consisted of poor laborers flocking from village to city for work. Forced loans, high taxes and an even higher rate of indebtedness kept the Ciompi impoverished. In 1355, the miserabiles, defined as having no property, possession worth less than 100 lire and no trade or profession, accounted for 22% of households in Florence. The most important aspect of this class is that they had no representation in the Florentine government, which would be one of the main changes implemented by the Ciompi later on. These artisans and laborers were not part of guilds until the Ciompi and the Arti Minori took over the government beginning in 1378. In becoming the Ciompi, the word must have originated from the French, as the popolo minuto would hear them in the taverns say, \"Compar, allois a boier\" or \"Comrade, let's get a drink,\" and the Florentine labourers would pronounce this as \"ciompo,\" and then finally, \"ciompi.\" Thus, the term does not solely refer to wool makers. Records of condemned Ciompi rebels show that tavern owners were also found to be part of the revolt.\n\nRising taxes\nIn Florence of 1371, unequal taxation was the norm; in particular, the highlanders paid three times more in taxes than plain dwellers. This increase in taxation was not due to Florence's wars with Pisa from 1362-1364, or to the revolt of San Miniato from 1369-1370, but from the need to pay for increased military forces to push back against the Ubaldini and their allies. The Ubaldini were a feudal family who had strong influences over the peasants living in the Alpi Fiorentine, and Florence wished to break these ties for control in the north. Adding to the need for more military forces was the increased crime and attacks directed at merchants and at pilgrims passing through Florence that developed after the Black Death.  To pay these militias, however, Florence was getting deeper in debt, and the oligarchy burdened those living in the countryside with increasing taxation. As taxes kept on increasing, the highlanders chose to flee, worsening a labor shortage, already present after the Black Death. Furthermore, there were increasing differences in wealth between the popolo minuto and the patriciates. In fact, before the Ciompi, there were already rebellions organized by laborers, such as the October 9, 1343 revolt by wool workers led by the Sienese Aldobrando di Ciecharino, who lived in Florence.\n\nThe Revolt\n\nWhat was the Revolt of Ciompi?\nThe Revolt of the Ciompi was a popular revolt in Florence in 1378 spearheaded by wool carders known as Ciompi () and other non-guilded workers who rose up to demand a voice in the commune's ordering in addition to enacting debt and tax reforms.\nThe revolt was an outburst of proletariat unrest in the city of Florence that began in June 1378 and consisted of three phases ending in August of the same year. It was the result of a power struggle between Florence's ruling elites, the established artisan guilds of Florence, and Sotto posti (or un-guilded) which included the Ciompi; mainly a group of low-wage textile workers employed in Florence's thriving wool industry. At its height, this trade sold fabrics throughout Italy as well as overseas and employed up to a third of Florence's population.  Many of the issues leading to the revolt of the Ciompi involved the politics and relations between guild and non-guild members, as well as the ruling elites of the city (the Signoria). Guild members and the guild system were important aspects of Florence's politics by 1378, where they acted as political intermediaries between the individuals in their guild and the state. Guilds enforced industrial, fiscal, and monetary policy which benefited their trades and the lives of their workers  in addition to representing them politically, regulating their industries, and controlling who could become a member. As mentioned previously the guild system involved a hierarchy between the seven major and fourteen minor guild associations; the former represented those who had become a class of prosperous cloth merchants and bankers/financiers, and the latter consisting of various artisans, craftsmen and skilled labourers including, but not limited to, shoemakers, tailors and wine merchants.\n\nThe 21 guilds, however, did not include the whole of Florence's working population and many people were excluded from the system, thus limiting their protection from exploitation and ability to be involved in city politics. Few of those in the textile industry, including the Ciompi wool workers, were eligible for guild membership, with around only 200 of the approximately 14,000 people in wool manufacture qualifying, and the remainder named the Sotto posti who were designated ineligible for entry to the guild system or for creating a guild for their own benefit.  The exclusion of the Ciompi from this system reinforced unequal power relations within the city, reducing the rights and protections available for these unfortunate workers unlike those assigned to members in other guilds. It was a highly unequal society allowing Florence's wool trade to thrive and set the stage for the revolt.\n\nThe Ciompi resented the controlling power that was centred in the Arte della Lana\u2014the textile-manufacturing establishment which guided the economic engine of Florence's prosperity\u2014and was supported by the other major Guilds of Florence (the Arti maggiori) as well as the limitations they faced in influencing politics, and the lower wages and exploitation they experienced as a result of their exclusion from the guild system. The consequent revolt of 1378 marked the high point of labour agitation in Florence.\n\nThree phases\nThe Ciompi revolt occurred in three phases. These included a stage of reform in the months of May and June, the 'revolution', or violent outburst of the revolt occurring in mid-July, and the fall of the temporary Ciompi government - 'the reaction', which occurred at the end of August.  In June 1378, the series of events began with the fourteen minor guilds of Florence demanding greater representation in civic office. Initially the Ciompi were not violently involved and the early stages of the revolt were as much a power struggle between the guilds as it was between Florence's Signoria and the exploited lower class. The guildsmen who demanded this greater representation in government still sought to keep the Sotto posti from forming guilds and thereby being able to gain a political position.  However, the Sotto posti soon submitted their own demands and hoped to have them met. The Signoria had no intention of granting the un-guilded Sotto posti these liberties however and instead, feeling threatened, they made it more difficult to obtain office and quadrupled the fee for admittance. This action sparked indignation and turned the upper class Sotto posti, who were previously hopeful for better rights and social/professional advances, into opponents of the Signoria aligning their aims and ails with the lower class Ciompi. Salvestro de Medici was one of the individuals assigned the blame by many in the lower classes, and later also faced accusation from his peers for letting the situation with the Ciompi get out of hand.\n\nReform\nOn 22 June 1378, the first outbreak of violence occurred when the un-guilded wool-workers took up arms and attacked government buildings, monasteries and a number of Palazzi whilst also releasing inmates from city prisons. Nevertheless, it was yet to become a full blown revolt. The Signoria attempted to appease the lower classes through talks and petitions, although ultimately suggested little change and still left the Ciompi guildless and without power or representation in government. The procrastination of the Signoria and half measures adopted therefore is perhaps what contributed to the second phase of the revolt.\n\nRevolt\nOn July 21, the lower classes forcibly took over the government, placing the wool carder Michele di Lando in the executive office of gonfaloniere of justice, and showing their banner, the blacksmith's flag, at the Bargello, the palace of the podest\u00e0. On this day, thousands of armed wool workers (the Ciompi) and those from the Sotto posti, besieged the Signoria and pointedly hanged the public executioner by his feet in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. The Ciompi then compelled the governing body, the Signoria, to establish three additional guilds in order to grant them access to political office. In demanding the creation of an Arte del Pololo Minuto, the Ciompi requests were not especially radical: they were simply demanding the same rights as the other minor guilds currently had. Most of the Ciompi (and Sotto Posti involved) acted for reform rather than radical or revolutionary innovation. The total membership of the three new guilds was roughly 13,000 men whereas the twenty-one previously existing guilds had a membership of about 4000 to 5000 between them. After the incorporation of these new guilds, almost every man in Florence was able to participate in city government.\n\nConsidering how the Ciompi had seized power, their demands both politically and socially, were modest. Their main concerns included the formation of a guild for wool workers and they also wished to tackle unemployment by increasing wool production.  The Ciompi in fact did not demand ownership of cloth production or the cloth factories and their ideals were still based around the traditional guild idea, wishing to protect their economic interests and the situation of their workers.\n\nHowever the new Ciompi government, once they had pushed out the Signoria, experienced teething problems. Even though they made demands such as the right to elect three of their own priors, the reduction of judicial corporal punishment, and reform the tax system in fact the new government was rather weak and lacked strong bargaining skills. An analysis of those within the newly appointed Balia suggests that only half were actually Ciompi, the rest being of middle class and other professions. The clash of interests and resulting struggle and sense of betrayal experienced by the Ciompi when their leader Michele di Lando turned against them ignoring their demands, led to the third stage of the revolt.\n\nReaction\nAt the end of August 1378, factionalism among the Ciompi and the radical persecution of enemies of the revolution, led Michele di Lando to arrest two Ciompi leaders who had demanded constitutional reform. The next day, Michele di Lando rode out of the palace with the Standard Bearer of Justice and cleared the piazza of a militia from the three new guilds who were shouting \"Long live the popolo minuto\" and demanding the resignation of Michele di Lando's government. The workers' militia returned and a battle for the Piazza della Signoria broke out between the Ciompi and the forces of the major and minor guilds led by the guild of butchers. The Ciompi and Sotto posti were slaughtered that day by the other guilds alongside the reformist forces under previous Ciompi leader Michele di Lando, who also acted to crush the Eight Saints who were attempting to challenge his power in government. This day has been named one of the bloodiest in Florentine history.\n\nOn September 1, citizens assembled in the piazza and approved the dissolution of the Ciompi guild. Nevertheless, the government continued to enact Ciompi-led reforms, such as the establishment of the estimo\u2014a direct tax on household wealth on October 29, 1378. Overall, the Ciompi revolt consisted of complex social, economic and political factors, as well as the involvement of more than one group of workers such as the Ciompi. The hierarchical guild system played an important part in the conflict, as did guild members who were key in turning on the government and ending its short reign over the city. Although often portrayed as radical today, the demands and wishes of the wool workers and others involved were fairly modest and reform did not take the shape of a societal overhaul. The idea that the Ciompi could live harmoniously with all the other groups and guilds in society after they assumed government, however, was  idealistic. Furthermore, the disillusionment experienced when the conflict continued especially after the collapse of the regime and the guilds dissolution certainly contributed to the decline of labour unrest in Florence's cloth industry in the years following and lack of political power that these sections of society continued to have.\n\nKey figures\n\nSalvestro de' Medici\n\nAs \"a man of a noble house, great and rich\", Salvestro de' Medici was a lesser known cousin to the famous House of Medici a banking family.  He was blamed for causing the rebellion by the Ciompi by his peers (such as Alamanno Acciaioli, who was part of the Signory that brought the papal war to an end). Salvestro made an error in his struggle against the Guelf party, thus spoiling his family image as well as others of similar rank, \"subjecting them to the rashness of the excited multitude\".\n\n\"The Eight (Saints)\"\n\nVery little is actually known about \"The Eight (Saints)\" and who the members were.  Trexler calls the radical Ciompi rebel group Gli Otto Santi del Popolo di Dio (or the \"Eight Saints\", also known as the Eight of Santa Maria Novella) and suggests that they may be commonly confused with the more influential and better known otto della guerra (or the \"Eight of War\") who represented Florence and opposed Gregory XI and the Catholic Church in 1375 (in the War of the Eight Saints). The \"Eight of War\" were very much in power at the time of the Ciompi Revolt, however they played a very small role during the actual Ciompi Revolt.  The \"Eight Saints\" of the Popolo Minuto created itself as a shadow government to Michele di Lando's government they forcefully obtained the right to veto communal legislation. Di Lando's government defeated these radical challengers on August 31, 1378.\n\nMichele di Lando\nThere is very little recorded history about who Michele di Lando was before the Ciompi Revolt, because men of the lower working class did not leave behind major documents.  What is known is that he was a woolcomber, his mother was a washerwoman, and his wife ran a pork butcher's shop. Within his industry, di Lando was the foreman of all the menial workers and made enough money to show up in tax records as paying small sums.  He was also a caporale during the war of Papal States, he shared command over twenty-eight men with another  caporale (It is not known if he saw active service at that time, but the fact that he was trained in command and with arms, he was likely less docile than simple workers in his industry).\n\nHis ascension to the position of Signore and Gonfaloniere was literally a story about a man who went from rags to riches.  He walked into the Palace barefooted and took control at the people's request. This scene inspired awe even in the eyes of some of the Signory (despite their compromised position).  Alamanno Acciaioli was quoted saying, \"... He [di Lando] was given the Signory and they [the people] wished him to be Standard-Bearer of Justice and lord (signore)... this Michele di Lando, wool comber, was lord of Florence for twenty-eight hours and more.  This is the result of quarrelsomeness and innovation! O dear Lord, what great miracles you show us!...\" Upon Michele di Lando's ascension to power, the \"Eight of War\" (who thought themselves as effective rulers of Florence) wanted to appoint replacements for the Signory.  Di Lando dismissed them, wanting to show that he could govern without their assistance, and chose the electoral candidates himself. Once he secured his power, di Lando's government allied with the Popolo di Firenze, infuriating radical members of the Popolo Minuto (who elected their \"Eight Saints\" to oppose di Lando). After the final clash with the radicals, the Signory retook office at the end of Michele di Lando's term.  This regime did not last long, it was overthrown again in 1382 and di Lando was sent into exile as a collaborator with the Signory.\n\nThe Revolt's end, reflection, and impact\n\nThe end of Ciompi control\nThe city of Florence was governed by the Ciompi until 1382 when fear of foreign incursion and a prolonged dispute between the wool merchants and the dyers justified an intervention by the elite families on behalf of a disintegrating government. Delegitimizing the new established guilds and removing them from constitutional functions became a main objective of the post-1382 regime that repealed the guild government's reforms. City government engaged in a concerted campaign to depict the unguilded workers as criminal and heretical.\n\nThe Ciompi Rebellion was not particularly long, lasted only for three and a half years (1378-1382).  Yet, it not only reflected the long existed social issue of late 14th century Florence, but also constituted a long lasting impact on many generations to come. It greatly influenced Florentine society in the 15th century, and became a memorable moment of Florentine history, which historians of later centuries all showed great interest in, but interpreted the same event in a variety of different ways.\n\nReflection on problems in late 14th century Florence\n\nLate 14th century Florence was not a harmonious city, but one that had long been filled with tensions. The two major tensions were social and political, accumulating since Florence's commercial revolution 150 years prior to the rebellion.  Social tension existed between the poor Ciompi and wealthy merchants who dominated the lucrative wool industry, and the Florentine government, which continued to increase taxation. The Political tension was between the Ciompi, gente nouva, and the oligarchy, with the former two challenging the latter for more participation in government. The Ciompi Rebellion was the eruption of these long existing tensions, which could no longer be contained.\n\nImpacts on 15th century Florence\n\nAfter the Ciompi Uprising, the restored Florentine government did attempt to alleviate the plight of Ciompi artisans, such as a reform to lessen the burden of taxation. Yet, the rebellion left a permanent scar in the Florentine elites' mind (both the new and the old nobility) and created their everlasting fear and hatred toward the Ciompi. This scar built a tension between the new nobility and the lower labouring class greater than that prior to the uprising, as the elites constantly feared the rabble's secret plots.  The elites thus began to favour a more authoritative government, which may be more centralized and stronger in crushing a revolt. This eventually gave rise to the Medici family, the most powerful banking family of Florence, whose power outweighed Salvestro de' Medici's bad reputation, and became the de facto ruler of Florence in the 15th century, drastically changing the character of the Florentine communal government.\n\nImpacts on historians from different eras\n\nIn the 15th century, it would not be surprising for Florentine scholars, who were part of the elite, to view the uprising negatively. Leonardo Bruni regarded the uprising as a mob out of control, whose members viciously looted and murdered the innocent.  He viewed this event as a historical cautionary tale, which presented the horrendous consequence when rabbles managed to seize control from the ruling class.\n\nIn the 16th century, Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli shared a somewhat different view with Bruni.  Although he echoed Bruni's perspective, also referring to them as the mob, the rabbles, preoccupied by fear and hatred, he was more favorable than Bruni in viewing the event as a whole. According to Machiavelli, the revolt was a social phenomenon between one group of people, who were determined to obtain freedom, while the other determined to abolish it.\n\nIn the 19th century, however, historians began to show sympathy to the Ciompi. Romantic historians had a tendency to interpret history as an epic tale between the evil and good, and this applied to the Ciompi Rebellion. Romantic historians regarded Michele di Lando, the leader of the rebellion, as a hero to the people who fought against their ruthless oppressors.  In the late nineteenth century, a sculpture of the popular leader Michele di Lando was placed in a niche on the fa\u00e7ade of the Loggia del Mercato Nuovo. Marxist historians also sympathized with the Ciompi artisans, viewing them as the early proletariat, who tried to overthrow the oppressive bourgeoisies.\n\nRecent histories treat the conflict as a lens reflecting the issues of Florentine society in the late 14th century, and also as a catalyst for Florence's period politics.  Moreover, to them, the rebellion is a lens that reflects history as an ever changing entity, as historians living in different times have different \"presents,\" and one's present dictates how one views the past.\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\nBruni, Leonardo. \"History of the Florentine People: Volume 3\". Translated by James Hankins.  London: Harvard University Press, 2007 (hard cover, ).\nBrucker, Gene A. \"The Revolt of the Ciompi\", in Florentine Studies (1968).\nBrucker, Gene A. Florence: The Golden Age, 1138\u20131737. New York: Abbeville Press, 1984 (hardcover, ); Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998 (paperback, ).\nBrucker, Gene A. Renaissance Florence. New York. Wiley. 1969. Print. Pages 67\u201379.(paperback, )\nChronicles of the Tumult of the Ciompi (Monash publications in history; 7) by Rosemary Kantor and Louis Green (translators). Clayton, Vic.: Monash University, 1991 (paperback, ).\nCohn, Samuel Kline, Jr. Creating the Florentine State: Peasants and Rebellion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 (hardcover, ).\nCohn, Samuel Kline, Jr. The Laboring Classes in Renaissance Florence (Studies in social discontinuity). New York: Academic Press, 1980 (hardcover, ).\nCohn, Samuel Kline, Jr. Lust for Liberty: The Politics of Social Revolt in Medieval Europe, 1200\u20131425. Cambridge, MA; London: Harvard University Press, 2008 (hardcover, ).\nCohn, Samuel Kline Jr. Popular Protest in Late Medieval Europe: Italy, France, and Flanders. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004 (hardcover, )\nFar, James Richard. Artisans in Europe, 1300 -1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000. Pages 180-182.\nFerruci, Francesco. Italian Romanticism: Myth vs. History. Italian Issue 98.1 (1983) Pages 111-117\nIanziti, Gary. Leonardo Bruni, the Medici, and Florentine Histories. Journal of the History of Ideas 69.1 (2008): Pages 1\u201322\nHibbert, Christopher \"The House of the Medici: Its Rise and Fall\". William Morrow Paperbacks, 1999 ()\nKing, Margaret L. \"The Renaissance in Europe\" ()\nLantschner, The Ciompi Revolution Constructed: Modern Historians and the Nineteenth-Century Paradigm of Revolution. Annali di Storia di Firenze 4(2011) Pages 278-297\nLeibovici, Martine. \"From Fight to Debate: Machiavelli and the Revolt of the Ciompi\", Philosophy\u00a0& Social Criticism, 2002, Vol.\u00a028, No.\u00a06, pp.\u00a0647\u2013660.\nMarks, L.F. \"Fourteenth-Century Democracy in Florence\": [Review Article: Florentine Families and Florentine Diaries in the Fourteenth Century: Studies in Italian Medieval History Presented to Miss E.M. Jamison, P.J. Jones (ed.)], Past and Present, No.\u00a025. (Jul., 1963), pp.\u00a077\u201385.\nMollat, Michel, and Phillippe Wolff. The popular Revolutions of the Late Middle Ages. London. Allen & Unwin. 1973. Pages 138-161 (hardcover, )\nPhillips, Mark. \"Barefoot Boy Makes Good: A Study of Machiavelli's Historiography\". Medieval Academy of America 59, No. 3 (1984): 585-605. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846301\nScrepanti, Ernesto. L'angelo della liberazione nel tumulto dei Ciompi. Siena: Protagon, 2008 ().\nTrexler, R. C. \"Who Were the Eight Saints?\". Renaissance News 16, No. 2 (1963): 89-94. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2857798\nTrexler, Richard C. \"Follow the Flag: The Ciompi Revolt Seen From the Streets\". Bibliotheque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 46, No. 2 (1984): 357-392. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20677018\nWinter, Yves. Plebeian Politics: Machiavelli and the Ciompi Uprising. Political Theory 40.6 (2012) Pages 739-743\n\nCategory:Conflicts in 1378\nCategory:1370s in Europe\nCategory:1380s in Europe\nCategory:14th century in the Republic of Florence\nCategory:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe"}
-{"text": "Associated Television International\n\nAssociated Television International is a television production company mainly specializing in American and international syndication through production and distribution. The company is based out of a facility on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, mainly distributing and producing their own programming.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1982 establishments in California\nCategory:Associated Television International\nCategory:Companies based in Los Angeles\nCategory:Film production companies of the United States\nCategory:Media companies of the United States\nCategory:Television production companies of the United States"}
-{"text": "Richville, Ohio\n\nRichville is an unincorporated community and census-designated places in southern Perry Township, Stark County, Ohio, United States.  State Route 627 passes through the community. The community is part of the Canton\u2013Massillon Metropolitan Statistical Area.\n\nRichville was laid out in 1836. A post office was established at Richville in 1872, and remained in operation until 1902.\n\nIn 1997, the former Richville Elementary School was sold to a local church, which later abandoned the property. Efforts to sell the property to recover unpaid back taxes were unsuccessful, in part because of the potential cost of asbestos remediation. The building was later demolished.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Stark County, Ohio\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Ohio\nCategory:Census-designated places in Stark County, Ohio"}
-{"text": "Big Walnut High School\n\nBig Walnut High School is a public high school located in Sunbury, Ohio.  It is the only high school in the Big Walnut Local School District. It was established in 1950. The current building was built in 1991 and has a student population of almost 1,000.\n\nThe school's mascot is the golden eagle.\n\nOhio High School Athletic Association State Championship Titles\n\n Cheerleading--2013\n Boys Golf \u2014 2002\n Varsity Football \u2014 2007\n2018 Girls Volleyball\n\nNotable alumni\n Adam Shaheen - National Football League (NFL) tight end\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n District website\n\nCategory:High schools in Delaware County, Ohio\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1991\nCategory:Public high schools in Ohio\nCategory:1991 establishments in Ohio"}
-{"text": "Pattae' language\n\nPattae' (self-designation Basa Pattae' or Mattula' Pattae') is the language spoken by the Pattae', an ethnic group living along the coast in the eastern part of Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Based on lexical similarity and mutual intelligibility, Pattae' has been classified as a dialect of the Mamasa language, but native speakers consider it a separate language.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Media Pelopor Kemajuan Masyarakat Pattae | Pattae\n Scoop It Pattae\n\nCategory:Tribes\nCategory:Indonesian-language culture\nCategory:Indonesia-related lists"}
-{"text": "Tom's Gang\n\nTom's Gang is a 1927 American silent western film directed by Robert De Lacey and starring Tom Tyler, Sharon Lynn and Frankie Darro.\n\nCast\n Tom Tyler as Dave Collins \n Sharon Lynn as Lucille Rogers \n Frankie Darro as Spuds \n Harry Woods as Bart Haywood \n Frank Rice as Andy Barker \n Barney Furey as Ray Foster \n Thomas G. Lingham as George Daggett \n Jack Anthony as Bill Grimshaw\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Langman, Larry. A Guide to Silent Westerns. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1927 films\nCategory:1920s Western (genre) films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American Western (genre) films\nCategory:Films directed by Robert De Lacey\nCategory:American silent feature films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:Film Booking Offices of America films"}
-{"text": "Bozhak\n\nBozhak is a village in Kardzhali Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Kardzhali Province"}
-{"text": "Lectionary 326\n\nLectionary 326 (Gregory-Aland), designated by siglum \u2113 326 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has not survived in complete condition.\n\nDescription \n\nThe original codex contained lessons from the Gospel of John and Gospel of Luke (Evangelistarium), on 182 parchment leaves. The leaves are measured ().\n\nOriginally it contained lessons from the Gospel of Matthew, but this part of the codex lost. Some additional notes were added by a later hand. It has musical notes.\n\nThe text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 21 lines per page. Folio 180 is a palimpsest, it was overwritten.\n\nThe codex contains weekday Gospel lessons from Easter to Pentecost and Saturday/Sunday Gospel lessons for the other weeks.\n\nHistory \n\nScrivener dated the manuscript to the 14th or 12th century. Gregory dated it to the 13th century. It has been assigned by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 13th century.\n\nThe name of scribe was Michael.\n\nIt was purchased from H. Stanhope Freeman in 1862.\n\nThe manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (274e) and Gregory (number 326e). Gregory saw it in 1883.\n\nThe codex is housed at the British Library (Add MS 24377) in London.\n\nThe fragment is not cited in critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS4, NA28).\n\nSee also \n\n List of New Testament lectionaries\n Biblical manuscript\n Textual criticism\n Lectionary 325\n\nNotes and references\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Greek New Testament lectionaries\nCategory:13th-century biblical manuscripts\nCategory:British Library additional manuscripts"}
-{"text": "Joe A. Griffiths\n\nJoe A. Griffiths (1910 \u2013 9 March 1986) was a Maltese football player and coach who was the first manager of the Maltese national team, from 1957 to 1961.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1910 births\nCategory:1986 deaths\nCategory:Maltese footballers\nCategory:Maltese football managers\nCategory:Melita F.C. players\nCategory:Rabat Ajax F.C. managers\nCategory:Sliema Wanderers F.C. managers\nCategory:Hibernians F.C. managers\nCategory:Malta national football team managers\n\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position"}
-{"text": "South Island National Park\n\nSouth Island is a national park in North Queensland (Australia), 692\u00a0km northwest of Brisbane and the island is part of the Lizard Island Group and is South of Lizard Island situated 270\u00a0km north of Cairns, Queensland.\n\nLizard Island is a high granite island about 7 square kilometres in size, with three smaller islands nearby (Palfrey, South and Bird). Together these islands form the Lizard Island Group and their well-developed fringing reef encircles the 10-metre-deep Blue Lagoon.\n\nThe only settlements on the island are the Research Station, the Lizard Island Resort operated by Voyages Hotels & Resorts and a basic camping area operated by the Queensland Parks & Wildlife Service.\n\nAll islands in the Lizard Island Group are part of the Lizard Island National Park, administered by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Lizard Island is situated in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, administered jointly by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority and the Queensland Environmental Protection Agency. Permits are required for all manipulative research in the Lizard Island Group and the waters surrounding it.\n\nThe Lizard Island Group is a mid-shelf reef, situated 30 kilometres from the Australian mainland. Most reef and island types characteristic of the Great Barrier Reef are accessible from the Research Station.\n\nDuring his epic voyage of 1770, Captain James Cook climbed the peak on Lizard Island to chart a course out to sea through the maze of reefs which confronted him\n\nSee also \n\n Protected areas of Queensland\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:National parks of Queensland\nCategory:Islands of Queensland\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1941\nCategory:North Queensland"}
-{"text": "Rectus sheath\n\nThe rectus sheath, also called the rectus fascia, is formed by the aponeuroses of the transverse abdominal and the internal and external oblique muscles. It contains the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles.\n\nIt can be divided into anterior and posterior laminae.\n\nThe arrangement of the layers has important variations at different locations in the body.\n\nBelow the costal margin\nFor context, above the sheath are the following two layers:\n\n Camper's fascia (anterior part of the Superficial fascia)\n Scarpa's fascia (posterior part of the Superficial fascia)\n\nWithin the sheath, the layers vary:\n\nBelow the sheath are the following three layers:\n transversalis fascia\n extraperitoneal fat\n parietal peritoneum\n\nThe rectus, in the situation where its sheath is deficient below, is separated from the peritoneum only by the transversalis fascia, in contrast to the upper layers, where part of the internal oblique also runs beneath the rectus. Because of the thinner layers below, this region is more susceptible to herniation.\n\nAbove the costal margin\nSince the tendons of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis only reach as high as the costal margin, it follows that above this level the sheath of the rectus is deficient behind, the muscle resting directly on the cartilages of the ribs, and being covered only by the tendons of the external obliques.\n\nAdditional images\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  - \"Incisions and the contents of the rectus sheath.\"\n  - \"Anterior Abdominal Wall: The Rectus Abdominis Muscle\"\n  - anterior layer\n  - posterior layer above arcuate line\n  - posterior layer above arcuate line\n \n  - \"The Rectus Sheath, Anterior View & Transverse Section\"\n\nCategory:Abdomen\nCategory:Muscles of the torso"}
-{"text": "275th Regiment\n\nThe 275th Regiment, also known as 275 Viet Cong Main Force Regiment, was a regiment of the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. The regiment was formed in May 1965.\n\nHistory\nThe 275th Regiment was part of the VC 5th Division and operated in the Phuoc Tuy Province, now known as the province of Ba Ria-Vung Tau.\n\nOn 11 November 1965, the Regiment ambushed the ARVN 52nd Rangers near Kim Hai hamlet, in the village of Phuoc Hoa on Route 15, in Phuoc Tuy Province and inflicted heavy casualties upon the ranger battalion.\n\nPart of the Regiment fought initially against the 173rd Airborne Infantry Brigade between 24 May and 4 June 1966 during Operation Hardihood.American casualties during that operation were 23 killed and 160 woundedand 48 Viet Cong soldiers were reported to have been killed.\"American casualties during that operation were 23 killed and 104 wounded for a VC body count of 48.\"\n\nThe Regiment or its battalions participated alongside D445 Provincial Mobile Battalion in the Battle of Long Tan against Australian forces from D Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. According to the D445 Battalion political officer, the unit provided \"guides for the units that mortared the Task Force\" at Nui Dat base on 17 August 1966. A Viet Cong medic, Chung, reported that three of the 275th Regiment RCL detachment involved were killed in the Australian counter-battery fire and were buried nearby. Casualties among the Australians in the bombardment were 22 wounded. During the battle an 80-strong Vo Thi Sau civil labour company commanded by Chin Phuong, comprising mainly women and children, lent support by evacuating and treating the casualties. Vietnamese dead, according to Viet Cong and NVA histories were 47 killed. (Source: The Battle of Long Tan: NVA/VC Forces - Revisited. By  Ernest Patrick Chamberlain. August 2013.) Australian veterans and historians, in the main, claim that at Long Tan the 275 Regiment and D445 Battalion suffered heavy casualties, with the official Australian body count reported to be 245 Vietnamese killed. Only one member of D445 was captured at Long Tan (reportedly a 57 mm RCL gunner); and two members of 275 Regiment were captured who declared themselves to be members of \"Doan 45\" as their cover story. Several 275th Regiment soldiers received medals, letters of appreciation and commendation certificates for their part in the fighting. Estimates from official history records from the D445 Battalion indicate between 30-47 KIA total including other regiments.\n\nThe next major contact took place on 2 December 1966, when a US resupply convoy was attacked by the 275th Regiment south of Gia Ray. In this battle, the U.S. forces involved claimed to have killed at least 99 Viet Cong soldiers, while a sergeant from the 27th Engineer Battalion was killed and 22 were wounded in the Black Horse Regiment.\n\nDuring the start of the Tet Offensive, the 274th and 275th Regiments of the 5th Viet Cong Division took part in the attacks on Bien Hoa, northeast of Saigon on 18 February 1968.\n\nThe 275th Regiment took later part in the attack on Svay Rieng city in Cambodia on 11 August 1974.\n\nIn November 2006, Australian Prime Minister John Howard paid respect to the Vietnamese authorities, laying a wreath at the Go Cat Military Cemetery in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province where some 2000 former enemy combatants (mainly 5th and 9th NVA Divisions soldiers) are buried. \n\nIn 2010, as part of Operation Wandering Souls, Bob Hall and Derrill de Heer, both Vietnam veterans who are now academics at the University of New South Wales and the Australian Defence Force Academy, presented to the Veterans Association of Ba Ria-Vung Tau province, a list containing the full names, ranks and unit numbers of 535 Vietnamese soldiers buried by Australians in the province.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Military units and formations of the Viet Cong\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1965\nCategory:Regiments of the People's Army of Vietnam"}
-{"text": "Adamantios Androutsopoulos\n\nAdamantios Androutsopoulos (; 20 August 1919 \u2013 10 November 2000) was a lawyer and professor. He held various ministerial posts under the Greek military junta of 1967\u20131974 and was finally appointed 168th Prime Minister of Greece from 1973 to 1974 by junta strongman Dimitrios Ioannides.\n\nHe was born in Psari, Messenia, Greece in 1919. He studied at the University of Athens and at the University of Chicago. He never graduated from Chicago. He was Finance Minister (21 April 1967 \u2013 26 August 1971) and Minister for the Interior (26 August 1971 \u2013 10 May 1973) during the Papadopoulos military r\u00e9gime. When Papadopoulos was overthrown in 1973 by Ioannides, Androutsopoulos was appointed Head of Government (25 November 1973 \u2013 23 July 1974), and also Finance Minister (25 November 1973 \u2013 26 July 1974), until the return of democratic government in 1974 during the Metapolitefsi.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1919 births\nCategory:2000 deaths\nCategory:People from Messenia\nCategory:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni\nCategory:Prime Ministers of Greece\nCategory:Greek educators\nCategory:Greek lawyers\nCategory:Ministers of the Interior of Greece\nCategory:Leaders of the Greek military junta of 1967\u20131974\nCategory:Finance ministers of Greece\nCategory:20th-century Greek lawyers"}
-{"text": "Francisco R. Almada\n\nFrancisco R. Almada (October 4, 1896, Ch\u00ednipas, Chihuahua\u2014June 3, 1989, Chihuahua, Chihuahua) was a Mexican teacher, investigator, historian and politician. He served as governor of the state of Chihuahua on two occasions.\n\nPedagogic career\nAlmada  was born in the village of Ch\u00ednipas, today named Ch\u00ednipas de Almada in his honor. There he began his studies. Thereafter he worked as an assistant in the primary school he had attended. It was then he decided to enter the teaching profession. His school closed, and he accepted a position as a rural teacher in Masiaca, Sonora. However, he was soon (at age 20) named director of the school in Ch\u00ednipas, which was reopened upon his acceptance. Later in his career he was secretary of the Commission of Education and chief of the Department of Public Education of the state of Chihuahua.\n\nPolitical career\nAt a young age he joined in the antireelectionist movement in opposition to President Porfirio D\u00edaz. Soon he became involved in electoral politics, leading to three terms as president of the municipality of Ch\u00ednipas, all between 1918 and 1920. Three times he was deputy to the state legislature (1922, 1924 and 1928\u201330). Thereafter he served two terms in the federal Chamber of Deputies (1928\u201330 and, after reelection, 1930\u201332). He was a member of the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).\n\nOn July 3, 1929 he was named interim governor of the state by the legislature of Chihuahua, temporarily replacing Governor Luis L. Le\u00f3n until the latter returned to office on November 9, 1929. Le\u00f3n again asked for leave on December 6, and Almada again occupied the office.\n\nAttempted coup\nOn June 25, 1930, a coup led by deputies Manuel Jes\u00fas Estrada and Manuel Prieto overthrew the governor in a two-hour gun battle that killed one deputy and the chief of police. A company of federal troops then surrounded the governmental palace and restored Almada. Thereupon the legislature impeached him, charging him with partiality in the ongoing gubernatorial election. The legislature installed Estrada as governor, but Estrada was not recognized by the national government of Pascual Ortiz Rubio. The federal government again reinstated Almada, on June 27.\n\nThe situation remained tense, with many Chihuahuans taking up arms, but no further bloodshed occurred. The two sides presented their cases to the federal government, and on July 10 the government again sided with Almada. A few days later (July 15), he resigned, being replaced by Romulo Escobar.\n\nLater life\nLater he was a judge of the Civil Registry, director of the Regional Museum and head of the Department of Historical Studies of the Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chihuahua.\n\nAlmada was the founder and president of the Sociedad chihuahuense de estudios Hist\u00f3ricos (Chihuahua Society of Historical Studies) and an assiduous investigator and writer, publishing various works on the history and geography of Chihuahua and other Mexican states. He was a member of the Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, of the Sociedad Mexicana de Geograf\u00eda y Estad\u00edstica and of the Asociaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Historia.\n\nIn June 1976 the state legislature named Ch\u00ednipas the capital of the state for one day, and changed the name to Ch\u00ednipas de Almada. In 1980 the Chihuahua Society of Historical Studies dedicated a plaque at the summit of Cerro Mohinora (elev. 3,313\u00a0m) with the following legend: \"The two highest summits of Chihuahua, Mohinora and Francisco R. Almada.\"\n\nPublished works\nDiccionario de historia, geograf\u00eda y biograf\u00eda chihuahuenses, 2a. Edici\u00f3n, In\u00e9dita, 1927\nGobernantes de Chihuahua, 1929\nApuntes Hist\u00f3ricos de la Regi\u00f3n de Ch\u00ednipas, 1937\nDiccionario de historia, biograf\u00eda y geograf\u00eda del estado de Colima, 1939\nGuadalupe y Calvo, 1940\nLa imprenta y el periodismo en Chihuahua, 1943\nGobernantes del Estado de Chihuahua, 1951\nDiccionario de Historia, Biograf\u00eda y Geograf\u00eda sonorenses, 1952\nHombres de Nuevo Le\u00f3n y Coahuila en la defensa de Puebla y prisioneros en Francia en 1862, 1962\nLa revoluci\u00f3n en el estado de Chihuahua, 1965\nLa revoluci\u00f3n en el estado de Sonora, 1971\nLa invasi\u00f3n de los filibusteros de Crabb al estado de Sonora, 1973\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Diccionario Porr\u00faa de Historia, Biograf\u00eda y Geograf\u00eda de M\u00e9xico, Editorial Porr\u00faa 1995 (6th ed.) p.\u00a0118\n Tena, Antill\u00f3n Benjam\u00edn. Personajes de Chihuahua. INEA 1992. pp.\u00a0162ff.\n\nExternal links\n His profile at the Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez\n Brief biography\n\nThis article is a free translation of the article Francisco R. Almada at the Spanish Wikipedia, accessed on July 17, 2007, with some additional information.\n\nCategory:1896 births\nCategory:1989 deaths\nCategory:Governors of Chihuahua (state)\nCategory:Mexican historians\nCategory:20th-century Mexican writers\nCategory:20th-century Mexican male writers\nCategory:Members of the Mexican Academy of Language\nCategory:Autonomous University of Chihuahua alumni\nCategory:20th-century historians"}
-{"text": "Pescafresh\n\nPescafresh is a fresh seafood home delivery service based in Mumbai, India. The Company was started in 2004 by Sangram Sawant.\n\nHistory\nPescafresh started delivering fresh seafood in July 2004. It initially delivered in the areas between South Mumbai to Andheri on Western Suburbs to Sion on central suburbs. Since then it has expanded its services and has started delivering across Mumbai and claims to have reached more than 20,000 households across the city through its home delivery services.\n\nIn 2015 Pescafresh partnered with Star Bazaar and Tesco to start one of its kind Gourmet seafood counter. The store branded as Pescafresh Gourmet started operations at Star Bazaar Andheri in June 2015. In its Gourmet store Pescafresh offers Fresh Norwegian Pink Salmon and Himalayan Trout to its retail consumers.\n\nProducts\nPescafresh sells over 45 varieties of Fish such as Pomfret, Indian Salmon/Rawas, Kingfish, Seabass, Redsnapper, Tiger prawn, Lobster, Crab and many other local varieties. Pescafresh also partnered with Loch Duart to get fresh Scottish Salmon to India. Its gourmet range also includes Norwegian Halibut, Himalayan Trout and Fresh Pink Salmon that is imported from Norway.\n\nOperations\nAs of June 2015, Pescafresh operates in 4 cities in India: Mumbai, Bangalore and Delhi. It currently operates with hypermarket and supermarket chains such as ABRL More, Godrej Natures Basket, TATA Trents Gourmet west, TATA Star Bazaar and Le Marche, however the home delivery services are only available in Mumbai.\n\nFunding\nIn February 2014 Pescafresh raised funding from Blume Ventures. It was a lead investment accompanied by Orios Venture Partners as co investors.\nIt is currently in the process of raising its second round of funding in the range of $4\u20136 million.\nThe company plans to invest 25-30 Crores in next 3 years to consolidate its operations.\n\nOnline venture\nIn 2015 Pescafresh remade their website to make it an online marketplace for local and international seafood. The website will offer consumers local and international seafood varieties for home delivery. Pescafresh also plans to create a mobile app on Android and iOS platforms.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2004 establishments in India\nCategory:Companies established in 2004\nCategory:Companies based in Mumbai\nCategory:Seafood companies of India"}
-{"text": "James D. Gordon III\n\nJames D. Gordon III (born February 9, 1954) is an American legal academic who has also held administrative positions at Brigham Young University (BYU).\n\nAs a young man, Gordon served a mission for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in Italy.\n\nGordon earned a bachelor's degree in political science from BYU. He then earned a law degree from the University of California, Berkeley.  He was a law clerk for Judge Monroe G. McKay of the 10th United States Circuit court.  He then practiced law in Salt Lake City before joining the BYU faculty.\n\nAt BYU, Gordon served as Marion B. and Rulon A. Earl Professor of Law.  He also was acting dean of the J. Reuben Clark Law School from 2009 to 2010 and served for a time as associate academic vice president for faculty at BYU.  In this position, he served as the point man for the university's position in relation to the refusal to grant continuing status to a few professors at BYU in the mid-1990s who publicly criticized the school or its sponsoring institution instead of producing what BYU deemed to be worth-while scholarship in their fields of endeavor. The most drastic case that Gordon had to deal with may have been Gail T. Houston, who advocated prayer practices out-of-line with the teachings of the LDS Church.\n\nIn 2010, he was appointed assistant to the president for planning and assessment at BYU, filling the position vacated by Gerrit W. Gong, who become a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy.\n\nAmong other positions in the LDS Church, Gordon has served as a bishop and counselor in a stake presidency.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nBYU News announcement of Gordon's appointment as assistant to the president of BYU for assessment and planning\nMormon Scholars Testify entry for Gordon\n\nCategory:1954 births\nCategory:American leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\nCategory:American Mormon missionaries in Italy\nCategory:Brigham Young University alumni\nCategory:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni\nCategory:Brigham Young University faculty\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:20th-century Mormon missionaries\nCategory:Latter Day Saints from California\nCategory:Latter Day Saints from Utah"}
-{"text": "Rumsey Farm\n\nRumsey Farm was a historic home located near Middletown, New Castle County, Delaware.  It was built in 1854, and was a three-story, \"L\"-shaped, frame dwelling. It was representative of Peach Mansion architecture, with Greek Revival and Italianate style details. The house had porches with Doric order columns, flat roofs with protruding bracketed cornices, and Doric corner pilasters. It was built by John P. Cochran, 43rd Governor of Delaware (1875-1879). Nearby Hedgelawn is almost identical to Rumsey.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was demolished between 2011 and 2013.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware\nCategory:Greek Revival houses in Delaware\nCategory:Italianate architecture in Delaware\nCategory:Houses completed in 1854\nCategory:Houses in New Castle County, Delaware\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware"}
-{"text": "Hussain Nawaz\n\nREDIRECT Sharif_family#List_of_family_members"}
-{"text": "Stuart Hooper (footballer)\n\nStuart Hooper (born 16 June 1970 in Lytham St Annes, Lancashire) is an English former professional footballer who played in the Football League as a forward.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nCategory:1970 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Lytham St Annes\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Burnley F.C. players\nCategory:English Football League players"}
-{"text": "Louis Wilke\n\nLouis G. Wilke (October 10, 1896 in Chicago, Illinois, USA \u2013 February 28, 1962) was an American basketball coach and administrator. After coaching basketball on a high school level, he became the coach for Phillips University in 1928. He also coached the AAU Phillips 66ers from 1929 to 1931 to a 98-8 record. After his coaching career he served as a chairman of the AAU Basketball Committee for seven terms and was an executive board member of the US Olympic Committee from 1956 to 1960. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1983.\n\nExternal links\n Basketball Hall of Fame page on Wilke\n\nCategory:Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees\nCategory:Phillips Haymakers men's basketball coaches\nCategory:1896 births\nCategory:1962 deaths"}
-{"text": "Gwen Le Gallienne\n\nGwen Le Gallienne (1874\u20131966) was an English painter and sculptor. She was the first woman allowed to sketch battlefield scenes by the British War Office.\n\nLife\nGwen was born to Irma Hinton Perry and Roland Hinton Perry in 1874. She was Richard Le Gallienne's step-daughter, and took the name Gwen Le Gallienne. Her mother Irma was Richard Le Gallienne's third wife, and Irma and Richard married in 1911. Gwen was considered somewhat of a celebrity, starting in the 1920s, due to her nonconformity to sexual and social norms which led her to stand out. Her personality was even notable among the Montparnasse bohemian circle. Gwen was noted for having an affair with Louise Bryant. Gwen was friends with Stephen Ward during this time. Gwen and Bryant started their affair early in 1928, which caused much strain in Bryant's marriage. Allegedly, Bryant's husband found Louise's personal notes about her affair with Gwen and this caused their divorce. Gwen was also involved with Yvette Ledeux, a nurse, but Ledeux became involved with the painter Georges Malkine on a trip they all took in January 1929.\n\nCareer\nGwen was exhibiting her art by her twenties. She had multiple solo shows of her work.  In 1940, Le Gallienne was the first female painter who was allowed by the United Kingdom's War Office to go to war sites and paint scenes of battles.  Gwen also served in British intelligence during the war.\n\nLinks\n A photograph of Gwen Le Gallienne by Berenice Abbott\n Another photograph of Gwen Le Gallienne by Berenice Abbott\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1874 births\nCategory:1966 deaths\nCategory:20th-century English painters"}
-{"text": "Guaqui Municipality\n\nGuaqui Municipality is the second municipal section of the Ingavi Province in the  La Paz Department, Bolivia. Its seat is Guaqui.\n\nDivision \nThe municipality consists of only one canton, Guaqui Canton, which is identical to the municipality.\n\nThe people \nThe people are predominantly indigenous citizens of Aymara descent.\n\nPlaces of interest \nSome of the tourist attractions of the municipality are:\n Guaqui festivity from July 23 to July 25 celebrated in honour of Apostle James \n Apostle James church of Guaqui built between 1625 and 1784 \n Guaqui port\n\nSee also \n Achachi Qala\n Jach'a Uma Chuwani\n Pukara\n Qala Waxrani\n Quta Willk'i\n Tiwanaku River\n Wanq'uni\n\nReferences \n\n www.ine.gov.bo / census 2001: Guaqui Municipality\n\nExternal links \n Guaqui Municipality: population data and map (Spanish) \n\nCategory:Municipalities of La Paz Department (Bolivia)"}
-{"text": "Lactose synthase\n\nLactose synthase is an enzyme that generates lactose from glucose and UDP-galactose.\n\nIt is classified under .\n\nIt consists of N-acetyllactosamine synthase and alpha-lactalbumin.  Alpha-lactalbumin, which is expressed in response to prolactin, increases the affinity of N-acetyllactosamine synthase for its substrate, causing increased production of lactose during lactation.\n\nN-acetyllactosamine synthase falls under the category of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, a type-II membrane protein found in the Golgi. Alpha-lactalbumin is a Ca2+ binding protein specific to mammary glands. Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase consists of the catalytic component and alpha-lactalbumin consists of the regulatory component of lactose synthase. Alpha-lactalbumin promotes glucose binding to beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. The beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase catalytic component consists of two flexible loops: small loop and large loop. The small loop consists of a Trp residue (Trp314) with surrounding glycine residues, meanwhile the large loop makes up amino acid residues 345 to 365. The Trp residue in the small loop moves allowing for the sugar nucleotide to be locked into the binding site. This causes a conformational change in the large loop which then creates sites for oligosaccharide and metal ion binding, and protein-protein interactions for alpha-lactalbumin.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:EC 2.4.1"}
-{"text": "Cylindrical perspective\n\nCylindrical perspective is a form of distortion caused by fisheye and panoramic lenses which reproduce straight horizontal lines above and below the lens axis level as curved while reproducing straight horizontal lines on lens axis level as straight. This is also a common feature of wide-angle anamorphic lenses of less than 40mm focal length in cinematography, as well as the basis for creating the 146-degree peripheral vision of Cinerama when projected into a matching, cylindrically curved screen.\n\nSee also \n Distortion (optics)\n Stretch-o-Vision\n\nCategory:Photographic techniques"}
-{"text": "Coprotiella\n\nCoprotiella is a genus of fungi in the Thelebolaceae family. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Coprotiella gongylospora.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nIndex Fungorum\n\nCategory:Monotypic Leotiomycetes genera"}
-{"text": "Kristina Grim\n\nKristina Grim  (born 10 August 1991 in Munich) is a German pool player. She is part of the German National pool team. Grim participates especially in the disciplines of both Eight-ball and Nine-ball. She is currently ranked as the second highest ranked female German pool player.\n\nCareer \nKristina Grim turned professional in 2005. As a youth player, she played for PBV Atlantis in Bruckm\u00fchl and 1. Billardverein in Rosenheim. After progressing from the youth to adult classes, Grim joined PBC Dreieich Sprendlingen in Frankfurt. At the German Pool Championships in 2013 Grim won her first national championship in 8-Ball. In the final she defeated Ina Kaplan 7-3. The following year, Grim won the Grand Prix event in 8-ball. In 2015 Grim took first place in the rankings for the German Tour.\n\nSince winning the German championship in 2013, Kristina Grim is a regular member of the German national pool team and regularly competes in the European Pool Championships. In 2016 she won her first medal at the European championships, where she reached the semi-finals of the 9-ball event, before losing to Diana Khodjaeva 7-4. Grim has competed in the Euro Tour, reaching a high ranking of 49 after the 2016 North Cyprus Open.\n\nPersonal life \nKristina Grim lives in Karlsruhe and works as air traffic controller for Deutsche Flugsicherung.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Profile at the European Pool Championships\n Profile at the German-Tour\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:German pool players\nCategory:Female pool players\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Mohamed Zahir\n\nMajor General Mohamed Zahir (Dhivehi: \u0789\u07aa\u0780\u07a6\u0787\u07b0\u0789\u07a6\u078b\u07aa \u0792\u07a7\u0780\u07a8\u0783\u07aa) is a former Chief of Defence Force of the Maldives National Defence Force of the Republic of Maldives. \n\nAfter completion of secondary education from Majeediya School in 1972, Zahir joined the civil service and worked in various government departments before enlisting in the Maldives National Defense Force in 1978 to the rank of Sergeant and was commissioned as an officer two years later.\n\nHe assumed command as Chief of Staff of MNDF, formerly known as the National Security Service (NSS), on November 11, 1996 as a Brigadier. He was promoted to the rank of Major General on April 21, 2004. He was also the chairman of the MNDF Advisory Council, the highest forum of senior serving officers. Zahir is also known to many Maldivians by the nickname \"two two Zahir\" (22 Zahir). He held the post of CDF until 18 November 2008.\n\nZahir is a graduate of Hendon Police College, London, UK and the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, United States. He also attended John F. Kennedy School of Government, USA, in a program for Senior Executives in National and International Security.\n\nDuring his past years of service, he has undertaken various command positions within different units of the MNDF. Before assuming the duties as the Chief of Staff of MNDF, he was also the Deputy Chief of Staff of MNDF. During this tenure, he played an integral role in conceptualizing and doctrinally developing the operational functioning of all the arms and services of the MNDF. He has also commanded the NSS Training Unit, now re-established as Defence Institute for Training and Education, whereby laying the groundwork for restructure and streamlining overall training policies. Zahir's dedicated effort in the development of the military has been highly appreciated by all ranks of Maldives National Defence Force.\n\nFor his gallant actions in the incidents of 1988, when a group of PLOTE mercenaries from Sri Lanka attacked the capital Mal\u00e9, he was awarded the second highest gallantry award, the Medal for Exceptional Bravery. In addition, he is also decorated with the Presidential Medal, Distinguished Service Medal and the Dedicated Service Medal. In 2013 he was awarded the Order of Distinguished Army Service.\n\nOn 3 November 2008, Zahir was awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor by the former President Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom.\nZahir is married to Fathimath Amira. She is the Principal of the Centre for Higher Secondary Education.  The General has four sons and one daughter. His second son, Major Hussain Fairoosh is currently serving in Maldives National Defence Force.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nMaldivian Military Chief visits Army Headquarters \nMaldivian Military Chief Mohamed dahir in Sri Lanka \nMAJOR GENERAL MOHAMED dAHIR CHIEF OF STAFF OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY SERVICE, MALDIVES CALLS ON DGICG - 27 FEB 2006 \n\n|-\n\nCategory:Maldivian military personnel\nCategory:John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni\nCategory:1950s births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Stade Ibn Batouta\n\nStade Ibn Batouta () is a multi-use stadium in Tangier, Morocco. It is used mostly for football matches and big events as ceremonies or concerts. The stadium has a capacity of 45,000 people. It serves as the new home of IR Tanger, replacing the former Stade de Marchan. The stadium is named after Ibn Battuta.\n\nIt was inaugurated on April 26, 2011. On July 27, the stadium hosted the 2011 Troph\u00e9e des champions, in which Marseille beat Lille 5-4.\n\nIt was one of the confirmed host stadiums for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, which was to be hosted by Morocco until it was stripped of its hosting rights.\n\nIt hosted the 2018 Supercopa de Espa\u00f1a match between the Copa del Rey runners-up, Sevilla, and the winners of the 2017\u201318 Copa del Rey and 2017\u201318 La Liga, Barcelona.\n\nIt was one of the venues in Morocco's failed bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. It would've hosted the Quarter-Finals if Morocco had been awarded the World Cup.\n\nGalerie\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Football venues in Morocco\nCategory:Sport in Tangier\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Tangier\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Tangier\nCategory:Ittihad Tanger"}
-{"text": "Serge Lofo Bongeli\n\nSerge Lofo Bongeli Senge (born October 13, 1983 in Kinshasa) is a DR Congolese football player.\n\nCareer\nLofo began his career on the youth side with AS Paulino Kinshasa and was in 1999 promoted to the senior team. After three years with AS Paulino, he joined in winter 2002 to TP Mazembe and played there two season before in January 2004 he was scouted by Angolan top club Atl\u00e9tico Sport Avia\u00e7\u00e3o. He had three successful seasons with AS Avia\u00e7\u00e3o and signed than in February 2007 for Sagrada Esperan\u00e7a, but after one season with the team and four years in Angola turned back to his hometown Kinshasa, who signed with AS Vita Club. On 5 February 2010, he left AS Vita Club together with Tychique Ntela Kalema to sign with the German club Rot Weiss Ahlen, but this wasn't a big breakthrough for Serge. On 6 September 2010 he signed a one-year contract with the Belgian club FC Brussels.\n\nIn 2013, he was arrested in Israel on suspicion of murder, but he was released after his friend suspected his did murder.\n\nInternational career\nLofo has been capped nine times by the Congo DR national football team.\n\nHonours\n 2008: Linafoot Top Scorer\n\nInternational goals\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1983 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Kinshasa\nCategory:Atl\u00e9tico Sport Avia\u00e7\u00e3o players\nCategory:AS Vita Club players\nCategory:G.D. Sagrada Esperan\u00e7a players\nCategory:Maccabi Netanya F.C. players\nCategory:Rot Weiss Ahlen players\nCategory:TP Mazembe players\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Angola\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Germany\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Israel\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo footballers\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo international footballers\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in Angola\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo expatriates in Germany\nCategory:Girabola players\nCategory:Israeli Premier League players\nCategory:Association football forwards"}
-{"text": "Arthur (season 20)\n\nThe 20th season of Arthur began broadcast on PBS in the United States on October 10, 2016, and finished on June 1, 2017. In this season, Oasis Animation took over animation from 9 Story Media Group.\n\nChristian Distefano is the new voice of D.W., replacing Andrew Dayton. Distefano was previously the voice of James in Seasons 18 and 19. Jacob Ursomarzo replaced William Healy as Arthur, and Samuel Faraci and Devan Cohen replaced Jacob Ewaniuk and Jake Sim as Timmy and Tommy Tibble.\n\nEpisodes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal Links\n\nCategory:2016 American television seasons\nCategory:2017 American television seasons\nCategory:Arthur (TV series) seasons\nCategory:2016 Canadian television seasons"}
-{"text": "Yakima Peak\n\nYakima Peak is a  summit located on the eastern border of Mount Rainier National Park. It is also on the shared border of Pierce County and Yakima County in Washington state. Yakima Peak is situated northwest of Tipsoo Lake and west of Chinook Pass on the crest of the Cascade Range. Its nearest higher peak is Deadwood Peak,  to the north. The name Yakima Peak honors the Yakima Tribe of eastern Washington state. From Chinook Pass, a short scramble up a gully on the north side leads to a flat summit with unobstructed views of Mount Rainier and Naches Peak.\n\nClimate\nYakima Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range (Orographic lift), causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall onto the Cascades. As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in high avalanche danger. Yakima Peak is a major triple divide point with precipitation runoff draining into tributaries of the White River, Cowlitz River, and Yakima River.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n Geography of Washington (state)\n\nExternal links\n Weather forecast: Yakima Peak\n National Park Service web site: Mount Rainier National Park\n\nCategory:Cascade Range\nCategory:Mountains of Pierce County, Washington\nCategory:Mountains of Washington (state)\nCategory:Mountains of Yakima County, Washington"}
-{"text": "Frank Hartmann (footballer, born September 1960)\n\nFrank Hartmann (born 27 September 1960) is a German football coach and a former player.\n\nHonours \n Bundesliga runner-up: 1981\u201382\n DFB-Pokal winner: 1982\u201383, 1989\u201390\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:German footballers\nCategory:German football managers\nCategory:Bundesliga players\nCategory:2. Bundesliga players\nCategory:1. FC K\u00f6ln players\nCategory:FC Schalke 04 players\nCategory:1. FC Kaiserslautern players\nCategory:SG Wattenscheid 09 players\n\nCategory:Association football midfielders"}
-{"text": "Flying: The Early Years 1970 \u2013 1973\n\nFlying: The Early Years 1970 \u2013 1973 is a compilation album by the British rock band UFO.\n\nThe compilation is the digitally remastered edition of 3 albums compiled to a double disc set. These recording encompass the complete Decca/Nova years from 1972\u201373 and the albums UFO 1, UFO 2 (a.k.a. Flying) and UFO Live. In addition to all of these tracks is the non-LP single, \"Galactic Love\" and its b-side, \"Loving Cup\", edited from the UFO Live album.\n\nTrack listing \nDisc 1\n\"Unidentified Flying Object\"\n\"Boogie for George\"\n\"C'Mon Everybody\"\n\"Shake It All About\"\n\"Timothy\"\n\"Treacle People\"\n\"Evil\"\n\"Loving Cup\" (BBC Session)\n\"Follow You Home\" (BBC Session)\n\"Come Away (Melinda)\" (BBC Session)\n\"Prince Kajuku\"\n\"Coming of Prince Kajuku\"\n\"Star Storm\"\n\nDisc 2\n\"Silver Bird\"\n\"Flying\"\n\"C'Mon Everybody\" (live)\n\"Who Do You Love?\" (live) (Ellas McDaniel)\n\"Prince Kajuku/Coming of Prince Kajuku\" (live)\n\"Boogie for George\" (live)\n\"Follow You Home\" (live)\n\"Galactic Love\" (single)\n\"Loving Cup\" (B-Side)\n\nCategory:2004 compilation albums\nCategory:UFO (band) compilation albums\nCategory:Castle Communications compilation albums"}
-{"text": "Guy Martin (chef)\n\nGuy Martin (born 3 February 1957) is a French chef, who earned three stars from the Guide Michelin. He is currently working the restaurant Le Grand V\u00e9four in Paris.\n\nLife and career \nSelf-taught, he began his career as a pizzaiolo at age 17. He received his first Michelin star in 1984 while he had been a chef for only six months and they were only three people in his team. He then became head chef of the restaurant Le Grand Vefour that received three Michelin stars (reduced to two stars in 2008).\n\nIn 2010 was chosen to prepare the celebratory meal of the annexation of Savoie to France, held at the Ch\u00e2teau of the dukes of Savoie in Chamb\u00e9ry and cooked for the former French President Nicolas Sarkozy himself.\n\nSince 2011, he has hosted the television program \u00c9picerie fine, for two seasons of 35 episodes, in which he travels to discover the origin of the various foods and gives tips to prepare them. The program is broadcast on TV5 Monde, Cuisine TV and Voyage et Campagnes TV.\n\nHonours \n 1997 : Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\n 2002 : Chevalier of the Ordre des Palmes Acad\u00e9miques\n 2003 : Chevalier of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur\n 2012 : Officier of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur\n\nExternal links \n\n Official site of the restaurant Le Grand V\u00e9four\n Official site of the Atelier Guy Martin\n Official site of the restaurant Guy Martin Italia\n\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:French chefs\nCategory:Head chefs of Michelin starred restaurants\nCategory:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nCategory:Chevaliers of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur\nCategory:Officiers of the L\u00e9gion d'honneur\nCategory:People from Bourg-Saint-Maurice\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Sokolinaya Gora\n\nSokolinaya Gora may refer to:\nSokolinaya Gora District, a district in Moscow, Russia\nSokolinaya Gora (Moscow Metro), a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia"}
-{"text": "Baby Love (1968 film)\n\nBaby Love is a 1968 British drama film, directed by Alastair Reid and starring Ann Lynn, Keith Barron, Linda Hayden and Diana Dors.\n\nThe film tells the story of a schoolgirl who seduces her adoptive family after her mother commits suicide.\n\nReid went on to work in television, while Linda Hayden, who was only 15 at the time of filming, later appeared in sexploitation movies, including two of the entries in the Confessions film series, Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974) and  Confessions from a Holiday Camp (1977). The film features an uncredited appearance by Bruce Robinson, later to direct Withnail & I (1987).\n\nPlot\n\nCast\nLinda Hayden - Luci Thompson\nAnn Lynn - Amy Quayle\nKeith Barron - Robert Quayle\nDiana Dors - Liz Thompson\nDerek Lamden - Nicholas 'Nick' Quayle\nPatience Collier - Mrs. Carmichael\nDick Emery - Harry Pearson\nSheila Steafel - Tessa Pearson\nTimothy Carlton - Admiral\nSally Stephens - Margo Pearson\nMarianne Stone -  Manageress\nVernon Dobtcheff - Man In Cinema\nJulian Barnes - Crew member\nBruce Robinson - Man in nightclub (uncredited)\n\nReception\nThe film was the 11th most watched movie of the year in the UK in 1969.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nNew York Times review\nBaby Love at Rotten Tomatoes\n\nCategory:1968 films\nCategory:1960s drama films\nCategory:British films\nCategory:British drama films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films based on British novels\nCategory:Films set in London\nCategory:Embassy Pictures films\nCategory:Teensploitation"}
-{"text": "Oksana Koliada\n\nOksana Vasylivna Koliada (; born 4 September 1980) is a Ukrainian law enforcement officer and politician. On 29 August 2019, she was appointed as the Minister of Temporarily Occupied Territories, IDPs and veterans.\n\nBiography \nIn 2002, Koliada graduated from the . From 2016 to 2017, she studied at the Ivan Chernyakhovsky National Defense University of Ukraine. \n\nFrom 2003 to 2015, she worked at the Ministry of the Interior.\n\nFrom 2015 to 2017, Koliada served in the Armed Forces of Ukraine. She was the head of the Communications and Press Department of the Ministry of Defence.\n\nSince March 2019, she worked as Deputy Minister of Veterans Affairs.\n\nColonel of the Reserve.\n\nSee also \n Honcharuk Government\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Ministry for Veterans Affairs (in Ukrainian)\n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Volochysk\nCategory:National University of Defense of Ukraine alumni\nCategory:Ukrainian female military personnel\nCategory:Ukrainian colonels\nCategory:Women in 21st-century warfare\nCategory:Ukrainian women activists\nCategory:Ministry for Veterans Affairs of Ukraine\nCategory:Women government ministers of Ukraine\nCategory:21st-century Ukrainian women politicians\nCategory:21st-century Ukrainian politicians\nCategory:Temporarily occupied territories and IDPs ministers of Ukraine"}
-{"text": "List of Cork senior camogie team captains\n\nList of Cork senior camogie team captains features camogie players who have captained Cork in All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship finals and National Camogie League finals.\n\nList of Captains\n\nNotes\n  1934 captain, Kathleen Delea, is the great-aunt of 2003\u201304 captain, Stephanie Dunlea.\n  Mary Geaney became the first player to captain a team to both the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship. In 1976 she captained Kerry when they won the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship. In 1980 she captained the Cork senior camogie team. \n  Rena Buckley was the first player to captain Cork teams to both the All-Ireland Senior Ladies' Football Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship. In 2012 she captained the Cork senior ladies' football team. In 2017 she captained the Cork senior camogie team.\n\nReferences\n\n \nCamogie\nCork\nCork\nCork"}
-{"text": "76th Venice International Film Festival\n\nThe 76th annual Venice International Film Festival was held from 28 August to 7 September 2019. Film director Lucrecia Martel was appointed as the President of the Jury. The Truth, directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, was selected to open the festival. The Golden Lion was awarded to Joker, directed by Todd Phillips.\n\nJury\nMain Competition (Venezia 76)\n Lucrecia Martel, Argentine director and screenwriter (Jury President)\n Piers Handling, Canadian film historian and critic, executive director of the Toronto International Film Festival\n Mary Harron, Canadian director\n Stacy Martin, French actress\n Rodrigo Prieto, Mexican cinematographer\n Shinya Tsukamoto, Japanese filmmaker and actor\n Paolo Virz\u00ec, Italian director and screenwriter\n\nHorizons\n Susanna Nicchiarelli, Italian director and screenwriter (Jury President)\n Mark Adams, artistic director of the Edinburgh International Film Festival\n Rachid Bouchareb, French filmmaker\n \u00c1lvaro Brechner, Uruguayan filmmaker\n Eva Sangiorgi, artistic director of the Vienna International Film Festival\n\nLuigi De Laurentiis Award for a Debut Film\n Emir Kusturica, Serbian director, screenwriter and actor (Jury President)\n Antonietta De Lillo, Italian director and screenwriter\n Hend Sabry, Tunisian actress\n Michael J. Werner, American-Hongkongese film producer\n Terence Nance, American filmmaker\n\nVenice Virtual Reality\n Laurie Anderson, American composer, artist and director (Jury President)\n Francesco Carrozzini, Italian photographer \n Alysha Naples, Italian designer\n\nVenice Classics\n Costanza Quatriglio, Italian director and screenwriter\n\nOfficial selection\n\nIn Competition\nThe following films were selected for the main international competition:\n\nOut of competition\nThe following films were selected to be screened out of competition:\n\nHorizons\nThe following films were selected for the Horizons () section:\n\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:95%; margin-top:2px; margin-bottom:0px\"\n! colspan=4| Short films \u2013 In competition\n|-\n! English title\n! Original title\n! Director(s)\n! Production country\n|-\n| After Two Hours, Ten Minutes Had Passed || Nach zwei Stunden waren zehn Minuten vergangen || data-sort-value=\"Goldkamp\"| Steffen Goldkamp || Germany\n|-\n| Austral Fever || Fiebre austral || data-sort-value=\"Woodroffe\"| Thomas Woodroffe|| Chile\n|-style=\"background:#FFDEAD;\"\n| colspan=2| Darling || data-sort-value=\"Sadiq\"| Saim Sadiq || Pakistan, United States\n|-\n| colspan=2| Delphine || data-sort-value=\"Robichaud\"| Chlo\u00e9 Robichaud || Canada\n|-\n| colspan=2| The Diver || data-sort-value=\"Greenfield\"| Jamie Helmer, Michael Leonard || France, Australia\n|-\n| Dogs Barking at Birds || C\u00e3es que ladram aos p\u00e1ssaros || data-sort-value=\"Teles\"| Leonor Teles || Portugal\n|-\n| colspan=2| Give Up the Ghost || data-sort-value=\"Duraie\"| Zain Duraie || Jordan, Sweden\n|-\n| colspan=2| Kingdom Come || data-sort-value=\"Dunn\"| Sean Robert Dunn || United Kingdom\n|-\n| Sand || Morae || data-sort-value=\"Kim\"| Kim Kyung-rae || South Korea\n|-\n| colspan=2| Sh_t Happens || data-sort-value=\"\u0160tumpf\"| David \u0160tumpf, Michaela Mih\u00e1lyi || Czech Republic, Slovakia \n|-\n| Superheroes Without Superpowers || Supereroi senza superpoteri || data-sort-value=\"Baldacci\"| Beatrice Baldacci || Italy\n|-\n| The Tears Thing || Le coup des larmes || data-sort-value=\"Po\u00e9sy\"| Cl\u00e9mence Po\u00e9sy || France\n|-\n| colspan=2| Roqaia || data-sort-value=\"Baldacci\"| Diana Saqeb Jamal || Afghanistan, Bangladesh\n|}\n\nVenice Classics\nThe following films were selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section:\n\n Sconfini \nThe following films were selected for the Sconfini section:\n\nAutonomous sections\nInternational Critics' Week\nThe following films were selected for the 34th Venice International Critics' Week ():\n\nVenice Days\nThe following films were selected for the 16th edition of the Venice Days () section:\n\n  \n  \n\nAwards\nOfficial selection\nThe following official awards were presented at the 76th edition:\n\nIn Competition\nGolden Lion: Joker by Todd Phillips\nGrand Jury Prize: An Officer and a Spy, by Roman Polanski\nSilver Lion: Roy Andersson for About EndlessnessVolpi Cup for Best Actress: Ariane Ascaride for Gloria MundiVolpi Cup for Best Actor: Luca Marinelli for Martin Eden Best Screenplay Award: No.7 Cherry Lane, by Yonfan\nSpecial Jury Prize: The Mafia Is No Longer What It Used to Be by Franco Maresco\nMarcello Mastroianni Award: Toby Wallace, BabyteethHorizons (Orizzonti)\nBest Film: Atlantis by Valentyn Vasyanovych\nBest Director: Th\u00e9o Court for White on WhiteSpecial Jury Prize: Verdict by Raymund Ribas Gutierrez\nBest Actress: Marta Nieto for MadreBest Actor: Sami Bouajila for Bik eneich - Un filsBest Screenplay: Revenir by Jessica Palud\nHorizons Prize for Best Short: Darling by Sam Sadiq\n\nLion of the Future\nLuigi De Laurentiis Award for a Debut Film: You Will Die at 20 by Amjad Abu Alala\n\nVenezia Classici Awards\nBest Documentary on Cinema: Babenco: Tell Me When I DieBest Restored Film: Ecstasy (1933)\n\nSpecial Awards\nGolden Lion For Lifetime Achievement: Pedro Almod\u00f3var and Julie Andrews\n\nAutonomous sections\nThe following collateral awards were conferred to films of the autonomous sections:\n\nVenice Days\n SIAE Award: Marco Bellocchio for  The Traitor GdA Director's Award: La Llorona by Jayro Bustamante\n Europa Cinemas Label: Corpus Christi by Jan Komasa\n\nAutonomous awards\n\n Fondazione Mimmo Rotella Award: Donald Sutherland and Mick Jagger for The Burnt Orange Heresy''\n Campari Passion for the Cinema Award: Luca Bigazzi for The New Pope\n Bresson Award: Lucrecia Martel\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2019 film festivals\nCategory:2019 in Italian cinema\nCategory:August 2019 events in Italy\nCategory:September 2019 events in Italy\n76\nFilm"}
-{"text": "John Grin's Christmas\n\nJohn Grin's Christmas is a 1986 television film directed by and starring Robert Guillaume.  It is an adaptation of Charles Dickens's 1843 novella A Christmas Carol.  It is also Guillaume's directorial debut.\n\nPlot\n\nCast\nRobert Guillaume as John Grin\nTed Lange as Ghost of Christmas Present\nRoscoe Lee Browne as Ghost of Christmas Past\nAlfonso Ribeiro as Rocky\nCandy Brown as Mrs. Oliver\nKevin Guillaume (Robert's real-life son) as Sam Oliver\nGeoffrey Holder as Ghost of Christmas Future\nRobert O'Ree as Mr. Hodges\nJackie Richardson as Mrs. Alcott\n\nProduction\nThe film was shot in Toronto.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1986 television films\nCategory:1980s Christmas films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films based on A Christmas Carol\nCategory:ABC Movie of the Week\nCategory:Television programmes based on A Christmas Carol\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American Christmas films\nCategory:American television films\nCategory:Christmas television films\nCategory:Directorial debut films\nCategory:Films shot in Toronto\nCategory:Films shot in Ontario"}
-{"text": "WCCV-TV\n\nWCCV-TV, virtual channel 54 (UHF digital channel 35), is a religious independent television station licensed to Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The station is owned by the Asociacion Evangelistica Cristo Viene, Inc.\n\nHistory as WCCV-TV\nWCCV-TV began operations in 1982 as WATX-TV, and was an Independent station with local programming. It was owned by Bay Industries. In 1984, WATX-TV, became a satellite of WSJU channel 18, later in 1987, to WRWR-TV, Cinema 30. On January 7, 1988, Televangelist Yiye Avila bought WATX-TV for $40,000; the sale was completed on August 25, 1988. In 1989, WATX-TV changed its callsign to WCCV-TV and became a religious network known as La Cadena del Milagro.\n\nAs WVSN\nWVSN channel 68 began operations on March 12, 1984, and was the first Independent television station that broadcast music videos from the 60s, 70s & 80s based in Humacao. WVSN was owned by Radio Voz, until its closure on August 6, 1986. On October 30, 1986, WVSN resumed broadcasting, operating under the station general manager, Tito Atiles Natal, and was broadcasting music videos and local programming. In the 1990s, Yiye Avila, bought WVSN for $20,000 and became a repeater of WCCV-TV, La Cadena del Milagro.\n\nBroadcasting\n\nSatellite and translator stations\nWCCV-TV can be seen across Puerto Rico on the following stations:\n\nW30ED-D 30 (virtual channel 44.1) in Guayama (formerly W44CS-D 44)\nW13DI-D 13 (virtual channel 54.1) in Yauco\nW16DX-D 16 (virtual channel 54.1) in Aguada (formerly W49CZ-D 49)\nWVSN 23 (virtual channel 68.1) in Humacao\n\nThese stations are owned by La Cadena del Milagro, Inc.\n\nDigital television\nWCCV-TV's digital signal is multiplexed:\n\nOn February 17, 2009, WCCV-TV signed off its analog signal and completed its move to digital.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLa Cadena del Milagro\n (outdated records - station already displaced to new RF channel)\n (outdated records - station already displaced to new RF channel)\n\n (up to date, compared to TV Query above)\n (up to date, compared to TV Query above)\n\nCategory:Television channels and stations established in 1982\nCCV-TV\nCategory:1982 establishments in Puerto Rico\nCategory:Religious television stations in the United States"}
-{"text": "Mordella crassipes\n\nMordella crassipes is a species of beetle in the genus Mordella of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1891.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Beetles described in 1891\ncrassipes"}
-{"text": "Tommy M\u00f6rth\n\nTommy Jan M\u00f6rth (born July 16, 1959) is an ice hockey player who played for the Swedish national team. He won a bronze medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nInternational\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1984 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden\nCategory:Olympic ice hockey players of Sweden\nCategory:Swedish ice hockey players\nCategory:Olympic medalists in ice hockey\nCategory:Medalists at the 1984 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey players"}
-{"text": "Davidwache\n\nThe Davidwache (David(s) Watch) is the best known police station in Hamburg, which is located in the St. Pauli quarter near Reeperbahn, and, more exact, at the corner of Spielbudenplatz square and Davidstra\u00dfe. Today, it is the seat of Hamburg Police Department 15. While the Davidwache existed since 1840, the listed brick building was erected by Fritz Schumacher from 1913-1914 and opened on 10 December 1914. Sculptor Richard Ku\u00f6hl designed the ceramic elements of the station house. 2004/5 an extension of Davidwache on the backside was added. The building is known from numerous movies and TV series, and it was called Germany's best known police station. Paul McCartney and Pete Best had to spend a night at the Davidwache.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Hamburg-Mitte\nCategory:Police stations\nCategory:Heritage sites in Hamburg"}
-{"text": "2004 Brabantse Pijl\n\nThe 2004 Brabantse Pijl was the 44th edition of the Brabantse Pijl cycle race and was held on 28 March 2004. The race started in Zaventem and finished in Alsemberg. The race was won by Luca Paolini.\n\nGeneral classification\n\nReferences\n\n2004\nBrabantse Pijl"}
-{"text": "4Q107\n\n4Q107 ( or 4QCantb) is a fragment of the Song of Songs (2:9\u201117; 3:1\u20112, 5, 9\u201111; 4:1\u20113, 8\u201111, 14\u201116; 5:1) in Hebrew found in Cave 4 at Qumran in the West Bank and which comprises part of the Dead Sea Scrolls.  From the palaeography (script) on the fragment it has been identified as being early-Herodian,  i.e. c.30 BCE-30 CE. The scribe responsible for 4Q107 did not write 4Q108 as there are differences in writing style. Also, the lacuna in the second column of 4Q107 does not provide enough space to accommodate 4Q108.\n\nThe fragments which make up the Song of Songs found at Qumran are called 4Q106, 4Q107, 4Q108, and 6Q6. The scroll 4Q240 is possibly a commentary on the Song of Songs.\n\nSee also\n List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts\nDead Sea Scrolls\n4Q106\n4Q108\n4Q240\n6Q6\nTanakh at Qumran\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library\n\nCategory:Dead Sea Scrolls\nQ4,107\nCategory:1st-century BC biblical manuscripts"}
-{"text": "Shakhir Hossain\n\nShakhir Hossain (born 20 October 1997) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Uttara Sporting Club in the 2018\u201319 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League on 26 February 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1997 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Bangladeshi cricketers\nCategory:Uttara Sporting Club cricketers\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Cole Sprouse\n\nCole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) is an American actor. He is the twin brother of Dylan Sprouse and is known for his role as Cody Martin on the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and its spinoff The Suite Life on Deck. In 2017, Sprouse began starring as Jughead Jones on The CW television series Riverdale.\n\nEarly life and education \nCole Mitchell Sprouse was born in Arezzo, Italy, to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright, while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany. Cole was born 15\u00a0minutes after his older twin brother Dylan Sprouse. Cole was named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole. Four months after his birth, the family moved back to their parents' native Long Beach, California.\n\nCareer \nCole and his brother, Dylan, began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother, Jonine Booth Wright, who was a drama teacher and actress. Much of Sprouse's early career was shared with his brother\u2014some of their earliest roles were shared roles as one baby or child in commercials, television shows, and films. Due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day, casting twins in a single role allows more time for one character to be filmed. Some notable roles he shared with his brother include the characters of Patrick Kelly in the sitcom Grace Under Fire from 1993 to 1998, Julian in the 1999 film, Big Daddy, and young Pistachio Disguisey in 2002's The Master of Disguise. In 2001, Cole began appearing in episodes of NBC's television sitcom Friends, as Ross Geller's son, Ben; this role was his first role in which he did not appear with his brother. As he and his brother grew older, they began taking on more roles as separate characters but often still worked on the same projects. Their first role as separate characters in the same production was as kids in a MADtv sketch. Sprouse portrayed Cody Martin in the 2005 Disney Channel original series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody alongside his brother; he reprised the role in the show's 2008 spinoff, The Suite Life on Deck and its related film.\n\nOn February 9, 2016, Sprouse was cast as Jughead Jones in The CW's teen drama series Riverdale, based on the characters of Archie Comics. The series premiered on January 26, 2017.\n\nIn 2019, Sprouse starred in Five Feet Apart, a romantic drama which was released in March and performed well at the box office. He plays a cystic fibrosis patient who falls in love with a girl (played by Haley Lu Richardson) with the same disease. It was his second lead role in a major theatrical film, 20 years after his first, Big Daddy.\n\nSprouse will produce and star in the eight-episode podcast Borrasca, which is scheduled to debut in April 2020.\n\nPersonal life \nSprouse is a fan of comics and worked at the Los Angeles comic store Meltdown.\n\nSprouse began attending New York University in 2011, after deferring one year. Initially interested in studying film and television production, he decided to enroll instead in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study, pursuing the humanities and in particular archaeology. He graduated alongside his brother in May 2015. Sprouse worked briefly in the field of archaeology, participating in excavations and performing lab work. He specialized in geographical information systems and satellite imaging. During his studies he performed summer digs in both Europe and Asia. While engaged in his undergraduate work, he unearthed a mask of Dionysus on a dig in Bulgaria.\n\nSprouse has an avid interest in photography. In 2011, he launched a personal photography website and took classes at NYU. He has  had shoot assignments for major fashion publications including Teen Vogue, L'Uomo Vogue, The Sunday Times Style, and W Magazine, among others.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nDiscography \n \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\", Disneymania 4, 2005\n \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\", Princess Disneymania, 2008\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:20th-century American male actors\nCategory:21st-century American male actors\nCategory:American male child actors\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:Identical twin male actors\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Arezzo\nCategory:Male actors from Long Beach, California\nCategory:Twin people from the United States\nCategory:People from Calabasas, California\nCategory:New York University Gallatin School of Individualized Study alumni"}
-{"text": "Senter-Rooks House\n\nThe Senter-Rooks House, also known as Twin Oaks, is a historic house in Humboldt, Tennessee, U.S.. It was the residence of a former mayor of Humboldt. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.\n\nHistory\nThe house was built in 1860-1866 for J. N. Lanom. A year after the end of the American Civil War of 1861-1865, in 1866, the house was purchased by Moses E. Senter, who served as Humboldt's mayor from 1866 to 1869. Senter was also the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Humbold until he became a Freemason in 1873.\n\nThe house was purchased by Charles Wesley Rooks, a newspaper publisher and state senator, in 1917. He served as the president of the Savings and Loan Association of Humboldt from 1938 to 1946. He lived in the house with his wife, Kate Senter, who was Moses E. Senter's granddaughter. It was owned by their daughter, Bessie Rooks Fitzgerald, from 1946 to 1976, when it was purchased by their grandson, Dr. Charles Couch.\n\nArchitectural significance\nThe house was designed in the Neo-Classical architectural style. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since July 9, 1980.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Gibson County, Tennessee\nCategory:Neoclassical architecture in Tennessee\nCategory:Houses completed in 1866"}
-{"text": "Eddie Werge\n\nEdward Werge (9 September 1936 \u2013 2007) was an English professional footballer who played as a winger or wing half. He made a total of 160 appearances in the Football League for Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and Leyton Orient. He also had a spell in mid-career in South Africa playing for Arcadia Shepherds.\n\nPlaying career\n\nEarly career\nEddie Werge began his youth career at Bexleyheath and Welling (later known as Bexley United) before signing for local professional club, Charlton Athletic in 1957. He made 44 appearances for Charlton between then and 1961, scoring 19 goals.\n\nCrystal Palace, South Africa and Leyton Orient\nIn May 1961, Werge signed for Crystal Palace for whom he made 83 appearances, scoring 6 times. Werge spent the 1965\u201366 season in South African football playing for Arcadia Shepherds before returning to England in December 1966 when he signed for Leyton Orient, where he finished his professional career.\n\nLater career\nIn 1968, having made a further 33 appearances for Orient, (no goals) he moved back into non-league football with Bexleyheath, by this time known as Bexley United.\n\nAfter his football career ended, Werge became a driving instructor.\n\nEddie Werge died in 2007 aged 70 or 71.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1936 births\nCategory:2007 deaths\nCategory:Footballers from Sidcup\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:English Football League players\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Bexley United F.C. players\nCategory:Charlton Athletic F.C. players\nCategory:Crystal Palace F.C. players\nCategory:Arcadia Shepherds F.C. players\nCategory:Leyton Orient F.C. players"}
-{"text": "Michael David Pfeifer\n\nMichael David Pfeifer (born May 18, 1937) is the Roman Catholic bishop emeritus of the Diocese of San Angelo. He was born in Alamo, Texas, the son of Maund Pfeifer and Alice Clausney Savage. On December 21, 1964 he was ordained a priest for the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate and served as a missionary in Mexico for several years. On May 31, 1985, Pope John Paul II named him Bishop of San Angelo; he was consecrated on July 26 of the same year.\n\nPfeifer has taken a vocal stand against the use of embryonic stem cells instead promoting the use of adult stem cells.\n\nIn accordance with canon law, Pfeifer submitted his resignation letter to then Pope Benedict XVI on his 75th birthday on May 18, 2012.  Pfeifer said he would remain dedicated to serve his community in the interim before a new bishop is selected.\n\nPope Francis accepted Pfeifer's resignation on December 12, 2013.\n\nSee also\n \n\n Catholic Church hierarchy\n Catholic Church in the United States\n Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States\n List of Catholic bishops of the United States\n Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Diocese of San Angelo Official Site\n  Bishop Michael Pfeifer: 25 years of compassion\n\nEpiscopal succession\n\nCategory:1937 births\nCategory:Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of San Antonio\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Hidalgo County, Texas\nCategory:Religious leaders from Texas\nCategory:Catholics from Texas"}
-{"text": "Kortavij-e Olya\n\nKortavij-e Olya (, also Romanized as Kortav\u012bj-e \u2018Oly\u0101 and Kort V\u012bj-e \u2018Oly\u0101; also known as Gortav\u012bch-e \u2018Oly\u0101, Kortav\u012bj-e B\u0101l\u0101, Kurtai, and Kurtai B\u0101l\u0101) is a village in Kanduleh Rural District, Dinavar District, Sahneh County, Kermanshah Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 295, in 72 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Sahneh County"}
-{"text": "J.T. Murphy No 1 Crater\n\nThe J.T. Murphy No. 1 Crater is the site of a historic oil-drilling accident near Norphlet, Union County, Arkansas.  The site is located about  north and west of Norphlet, off Firetower Road about 3/4 mile (1.21\u00a0km) north of its junction with Baugh Street.  On May 14, 1922, an oil drilling crew completed a  well, dubbed J.T. Murphy No. 1, and began pumping.  The early production was entirely natural gas, which began escaping from the drill collar.  Eventually it caught fire, burning for several hours, and destroying the derrick.  It also caused a series of violent underground explosions.  This resulted in the creation of a crater  in diameter and  deep, along with a number of other, shallower, craters.  The land, which had previously been in cotton production, was abandoned, and has gradually returned to forest.\n\nThe site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Arkansas\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas\nCategory:Geography of Union County, Arkansas\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Union County, Arkansas\nCategory:1922 in Arkansas"}
-{"text": "Terry O'Mara\n\nTerry O'Mara (born 24 February 1941) is  a former Australian rules footballer who played with Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \t\t\n\t\t\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1941 births\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Fitzroy Football Club players\nCategory:West Preston Football Club players"}
-{"text": "Virtuoso (video game)\n\nVirtuoso is a third-person shooter video game developed by MotiveTime Ltd. and originally published by Nova Spring and Elite Systems in North American and Europe for the MS-DOS in 1994.\n\nGameplay \nVirtuoso is the story of a rock musician in the year 2055, who decides to spend his time battling in Virtual Reality.\n\nPorts \nA port of Virtuoso for the Atari Jaguar CD was announced in the January 1995 issue of online magazine Atari Explorer Online and was in development and planned to be published by Telegames. It was originally slated for a Spring/Summer 1995 release and later planned for a Q2 1995 release, however, Telegames UK president Pete Mortimer stated in a email exchange with website CyberRoach that work on the port and other upcoming titles from the company for the Atari Jaguar platform were suspended after sales of previous titles published by them were not profitable.\n\nReception\nNext Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that \"The game is Doom without the first person perspective or any of the fun.\"\n\nElectronic Gaming Monthlys Seanbaby placed it as number 5 in his \"20 worst games of all time\" feature.\n\nReviews\nGamePro (Aug, 1995)\nElectronic Gaming Monthly (Jul, 1995)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Virtuoso at GameFAQs\n Virtuoso at Giant Bomb\n Virtuoso at MobyGames\n\nCategory:1994 video games\nCategory:3DO Interactive Multiplayer games\nCategory:Cancelled Atari Jaguar games\nCategory:Data East video games\nCategory:DOS games\nCategory:Music video games\nCategory:Single-player video games\nCategory:Third-person shooters\nCategory:Vic Tokai games\nCategory:Video games developed in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Video games set in the 2050s\nCategory:Video games set on Mars\nCategory:Video games with digitized sprites"}
-{"text": "Terro\n\nTerro may refer to:\n\n Terro A brand of ant pesticide based on cyhalothrin\n Terro"}
-{"text": "B\u00fclowstra\u00dfe (Berlin U-Bahn)\n\nB\u00fclowstra\u00dfe is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the  in the Sch\u00f6neberg district. It opened in 1902 on the western branch of the Stammstrecke, Berlin's first U-Bahn line. Like the eponymous street, the station is named after the Prussian general Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von B\u00fclow.\n\nThe station features in the 2011 film Unknown with Liam Neeson.\n\nHistory\nArchitect Bruno M\u00f6hring planned it in an Art nouveau style, and his son Rudolf enlarged the hall in 1929.\n\nHeavily damaged by air raids and the Battle of Berlin on 22/23 November 1943 and 19 July 1944, the station was rebuilt after World War II, but went out of service in 1972 due to the interruption of the U2 line by the construction of the Berlin Wall. The building then hosted a bazaar in discarded U-Bahn wagons, until in 1993 the eastern and western parts of the U2 were reconnected.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Berlin U-Bahn stations\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Tempelhof-Sch\u00f6neberg\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1902\nCategory:Art Nouveau architecture in Berlin\nCategory:Art Nouveau railway stations"}
-{"text": "Daniel Grant (politician)\n\nDaniel Grant (26 September 1826 - ?) was an English printer and Liberal politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1880 to 1885.\n\nGrant was the son of Captain Daniel Grant of South Shields. He was educated at the Upper School of the Royal Hospital Greenwich. He founded the printing firm of Grant and Co of Turnmill Street, Clerkenwell and was principal partner for many years. He was a member of the Sylvan Debating Club.\n\nIn 1868 and 1874 Grant stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Marylebone. At the 1880 general election he was elected one of two Members of parliament for Marylebone and held the seat until 1885. Following the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 the old constituency of Marylebone was divided into a number of single-member constituencies. At the 1885 general election Grant was the Liberal candidate at Marylebone East, but was defeated by his Conservative opponent, Lord Charles Beresford.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1826 births\nCategory:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nCategory:UK MPs 1880\u20131885\nCategory:Year of death missing"}
-{"text": "Demand\n\nIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given period of time. The relationship between price and quantity demanded is also known as the demand curve. Preferences which underlie demand, are influenced by cost, benefit, odds and other variables.\n\nFactors influencing demand\n\nInnumerable factors and circumstances affect a buyer's willingness or ability to buy a good. Some of the common factors are:\n\nGood's own price: The basic demand relationship is between potential prices of a good and the quantities that would be purchased at those prices. Generally the relationship is negative meaning that an increase in price will induce a decrease in the quantity demanded. This negative relationship is embodied in the downward slope of the consumer demand curve. The assumption of a negative relationship is reasonable and intuitive. For example, if the price of a gallon of milk rose from $5 to a price of $15, this is a big price increase. This significant price increase causes the consumer to demand less of that product at the price of $15 because not only is it more expensive, but the new price is very unreasonable for a gallon of milk.\n\nPrice of related goods: The principal related goods are complements and substitutes. A complement is a good that is used with the primary good. Examples include hotdogs and mustard, beer and pretzels, automobiles and gasoline. (Perfect complements behave as a single good.) If the price of the complement goes up the quantity demanded of the other good goes down.\n\nMathematically, the variable representing the price of the complementary good would have a negative coefficient in the demand function. For example, Qd = a - P - Pg where Q is the quantity of automobiles demanded, P is the price of automobiles and Pg is the price of gasoline. The other main category of related goods are substitutes. Substitutes are goods that can be used in place of the primary good. The mathematical relationship between the price of the substitute and the demand for the good in question is positive. If the price of the substitute goes down the demand for the good in question goes down.\n\nPersonal Disposable Income: In most cases, the more disposable income (income after tax and receipt of benefits) a person has, the more likely that person is to buy.\n\nTastes or preferences: The greater the desire to own a good the more likely one is to buy the good. There is a basic distinction between desire and demand. Desire is a measure of the willingness to buy a good based on its intrinsic qualities. Demand is the willingness and ability to put one's desires into effect. It is assumed that tastes and preferences are relatively constant.\n\nConsumer expectations about future prices, income and availability: If a consumer believes that the price of the good will be higher in the future, he/she is more likely to purchase the good now. If the consumer expects that his/her income will be higher in the future, the consumer may buy the good now. Availability (supply side) as well as predicted or expected availability also affects both price and demand.\n\nPopulation: If the population grows this means that demand will also increase.\n\nNature of the good: If the good is a basic commodity, it will lead to a higher demand\n\nThis list is not exhaustive. All facts and circumstances that a buyer finds relevant to his willingness or ability to buy goods can affect demand. For example, a person caught in an unexpected storm is more likely to buy an umbrella than if the weather were bright and sunny.\n\nDemand function and equation and curve\nThe demand equation is the mathematical expression of the relationship between the quantity of a good demanded and those factors that affect the willingness and ability of a consumer to buy the good. For example, Qd = f(P; Prg, Y) is a demand equation where Qd is the quantity of a good demanded, P is the price of the good, Prg is the price of a related good, and Y is income; the function on the right side of the equation is called the demand function. The semi-colon in the list of arguments in the demand function means that the variables to the right are being held constant as one plots the demand curve in (quantity, price) space. A simple example of a demand equation is Qd = 325 - P - 30Prg + 1.4Y. Here 325 is the repository of all relevant non-specified factors that affect demand for the product. P is the price of the good. The coefficient is negative in accordance with the law of demand. The related good may be either a complement or a substitute. If it is a complement, the coefficient of its price would be negative as in this example. If it is a substitute, the coefficient of its price would be positive. Income, Y, has a positive coefficient indicating that the good is a normal good. If the coefficient was negative the good in question would be an inferior good meaning that the demand for the good would fall as the consumer's income increased. Specifying values for the non price determinants, Prg = 4.00 and Y = 50, results in the demand equation Q = 325 - P - 30(4) +1.4(50) or Q = 275 - P. If income were to increase to 55 the new demand equation would be Q = 282 - P. Graphically this change in a non price determinant of demand would be reflected in an outward shift of the demand function caused by a change in the x intercept.\n\nDemand curve\n\nIn economics the demand curve is the graphical representation of the relationship between the price and the quantity that consumers are willing to purchase. The curve shows how the price of a commodity or service changes as the quantity demanded increases. Every point on the curve is an amount of consumer demand and the corresponding market price. The graph shows the law of demand, which states that people will buy less of something if the price goes up and vice versa.\n\nPrice elasticity of demand (PED)\n\nPED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable, Q, to changes in the price variable, P. Elasticity answers the question of the percent by which the quantity demanded will change relative to (divided by) a given percentage change in the price. For infinitesimal changes the formula for calculating PED is the absolute value of (\u2202Q/\u2202P)\u00d7(P/Q).\n\nElasticity along linear demand curve\nThe slope of a linear demand curve is constant. The elasticity of demand changes continuously as one moves down the demand curve because the ratio of price to quantity continuously falls. At the point the demand curve intersects the y-axis PED is infinitely elastic, because the variable Q appearing in the denominator of the elasticity formula is zero there. At the point the demand curve intersects the x-axis PED is zero, because the variable P appearing in the numerator of the elasticity formula is zero there. At one point on the demand curve PED is unitary elastic: PED equals one. Above the point of unitary elasticity is the elastic range of the demand curve (meaning that the elasticity is greater than one). Below is the inelastic range, in which the elasticity is less than one. The decline in elasticity as one moves down the curve is due to the falling P/Q ratio.\n\nConstant price elasticity demand\nConstant elasticity of demand occurs when  where a and c are parameters, and the constant price elasticity is\n\nPerfectly inelastic demand\nPerfectly inelastic demand is represented by a vertical demand curve. Under perfect price inelasticity of demand, the price has no effect on the quantity demanded. The demand for the good remains the same regardless of how low or high the price. Goods with (nearly) perfectly inelastic demand are typically goods with no substitutes. For instance, insulin is nearly perfectly inelastic. Diabetics need insulin to survive so a change in price would not effect the quantity demanded.\n\nMarket structure and the demand curve\nIn perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price. The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers. Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable\n\nInverse demand function\n\nIn its standard form a linear demand equation is Q = a - bP. That is, quantity demanded is a function of price. The inverse demand equation, or price equation, treats price as a function g of quantity demanded: P = f(Q). To compute the inverse demand equation, simply solve for P from the demand equation. For example, if the demand equation is Q = 240 - 2P then the inverse demand equation would be P = 120 - .5Q, the right side of which is the inverse demand function.\n\nThe inverse demand function is useful in deriving the total and marginal revenue functions. Total revenue equals price, P, times quantity, Q, or TR = P\u00d7Q. Multiply the inverse demand function by Q to derive the total revenue function: TR = (120 - .5Q) \u00d7 Q = 120Q - 0.5Q\u00b2. The marginal revenue function is the first derivative of the total revenue function; here MR = 120 - Q. Note that the MR function has the same y-intercept as the inverse demand function in this linear example; the x-intercept of the MR function is one-half the value of that of the demand function, and the slope of the MR function is twice that of the inverse demand function. This relationship holds true for all linear demand equations. The importance of being able to quickly calculate MR is that the profit-maximizing condition for firms regardless of market structure is to produce where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (MC). To derive MC the first derivative of the total cost function is taken. For example, assume cost, C, equals 420 + 60Q + Q2. Then MC = 60 + 2Q. Equating MR to MC and solving for Q gives Q = 20. So 20 is the profit maximizing quantity: to find the profit-maximizing price simply plug the value of Q into the inverse demand equation and solve for P.\n\nResidual demand curve\nThe demand curve facing a particular firm is called the residual demand curve. The residual demand curve is the market demand that is not met by other firms in the industry at a given price. The residual demand curve is the market demand curve D(p), minus the supply of other organizations, So(p):\nDr(p) = D(p) - So(p )\n\nDemand Function and Total Revenue\nIf the demand curve is linear, then it has the form: p = a - b*q, where p is the price of the good and q is the quantity demanded. The intercept of the curve and the vertical axis is represented by a, meaning the price when no quantity demanded. and b is the slope of the demand function. If the demand function has the form like that, then the Total Revenue should equal quantity demanded times the price of the good, which can be represented by: TR= q*p = q(a-bq).\n\nIs the demand curve for PC firm really flat?\nPractically every introductory microeconomics text describes the demand curve facing a perfectly competitive firm as being flat or horizontal. A horizontal demand curve is perfectly elastic. If there are n identical firms in the market then the elasticity of demand PED facing any one firm is\n PEDmi = nPEDm - (n - 1) PES\nwhere PEDm is the market elasticity of demand, PES is the elasticity of supply of each of the other firms, and (n -1) is the number of other firms. This formula suggests two things. The demand curve is not perfectly elastic and if there are a large number of firms in the industry the elasticity of demand for any individual firm will be extremely high and the demand curve facing the firm will be nearly flat.\n\nFor example, assume that there are 80 firms in the industry and that the demand elasticity for industry is -1.0 and the price elasticity of supply is 3. Then\n PEDmi = (80 x (-1)) - (79 x 3) = -80 - 237 = -317\n\nThat is the firm PED is 317 times as elastic as the market PED. If a firm raised its price \"by one tenth of one percent demand would drop by nearly one third.\" if the firm raised its price by three tenths of one percent the quantity demanded would drop by nearly 100%. Three tenths of one percent marks the effective range of pricing power the firm has because any attempt to raise prices by a higher percentage will effectively reduce quantity demanded to zero.\n\nDemand management in economics\nDemand management in economics is the art or science of controlling economic or aggregate demand to avoid a recession. Such management is inspired by Keynesian macroeconomics, and Keynesian economics is sometimes referred to as demand-side economics.\n\nDifferent types of goods demand\nNegative demand: If the market response to a product is negative, it shows that people are not aware of the features of the service and the benefits offered. Under such circumstances, the marketing unit of a service firm has to understand the psyche of the potential buyers and find out the prime reason for the rejection of the service. For example: if passengers refuse a bus conductor's call to board the bus. The service firm has to come up with an appropriate strategy to remove the misunderstandings of the potential buyers. A strategy needs to be designed to transform the negative demand into a positive demand.\n\nNo demand: If people are unaware, have insufficient information about a service or due to the consumer's indifference this type of a demand situation could occur. The marketing unit of the firm should focus on promotional campaigns and communicating reasons for potential customers to use the firm's services. Service differentiation is one of the popular strategies used to compete in a no demand situation in the market.\n\nLatent demand: At any given time it is impossible to have a set of services that offer total satisfaction to all the needs and wants of society. In the market there exists a gap between desirables and the availables. There is always a search on for better and newer offers to fill the gap between desirability and availability. Latent demand is a phenomenon of any economy at any given time, it should be looked upon as a business opportunity by service firms and they should orient themselves to identify and exploit such opportunities at the right time. For example, a passenger traveling in an ordinary bus dreams of traveling in a luxury bus. Therefore, latent demand is nothing but the gap between desirability and availability.\n\nSeasonal demand:Some services do not have an all year round demand, they might be required only at a certain period of time. Seasons all over the world are very diverse. Seasonal demands create many problems to service organizations, such as:- idling the capacity, fixed cost and excess expenditure on marketing and promotions. Strategies used by firms to overcome this hurdle are like - to nurture the service consumption habit of customers so as to make the demand unseasonal, or other than that firms recognize markets elsewhere in the world during the off-season period. Hence, this presents and opportunity to target different markets with the appropriate season in different parts of the world. For example, the need for Christmas cards comes around once a year. Or the, seasonal fruits in a country.\n\nDemand patterns need to be studied in different segments of the market. Service organizations need to constantly study changing demands related to their service offerings over various time periods. They have to develop a system to chart these demand fluctuations, which helps them in predicting the demand cycles. Demands do fluctuate randomly, therefore, they should be followed on a daily, weekly or a monthly basis.\n\nCriticism\nE. F. Schumacher challenges the prevailing economic assumption that fulfilling demand is the purpose of economic activity, offering a framework of what he calls \"Buddhist economics\" in which wise demands, fulfilling genuine human needs, are distinguished from unwise demands, arising from the five intellectual impairments recognized by Buddhism:\n\nDemand reduction\n\nIn psychopharmacology \n\nDemand reduction refers to efforts aimed at reducing the public desire for illegal and illicit drugs. The drug policy is in contrast to the reduction of drug supply, but the two policies are often implemented together.\n\nIn energy conservation \n\nEnergy demand management, also known as demand-side management (DSM) or demand-side response (DSR), is the modification of consumer demand for energy through various methods such as financial incentives and behavioral change through education.\n\nSee also\n\n Consumption\n Demand chain\n Demand curve\n Demand-led growth\n Derived demand\n Law of demand\n Law of supply\n Planned obsolescence\n Supply (economics)\n Supply-side economics\n Supply and demand\n Utility\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Consumer theory"}
-{"text": "Ike Azotam\n\nIkechukwu \"Ike\" Azotam (born January 14, 1991) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player who currently plays for Leyma B\u00e1squet Coru\u00f1a of the Spanish LEB Oro league. He played basketball at the collegiate level with Quinnipiac for four seasons and earned all-conference recognition on three occasions. Azotam attended the John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science and Marianapolis Preparatory School for high school and was named New England All-Star in his final two seasons. He is mainly a power forward.\n\nEarly life \nIke was born on January 14, 1991 in Boston, Massachusetts as the youngest of four children of Ada and Bennet Azotam. He has two brothers, Dozie and Uchenna, and a sister, Adaorah. Azotam's parents both moved from Nigeria to the United States at about 20 years old for a better life. Dozie played American football for the Georgetown Hoyas and is a member of the school's African-American Advisory Board (AAAB). Unchenna and Adaorah attended Georgetown as well, leading Ike to consider joining the same school. The family lived on the south end of Roxbury, a neighborhood in Boston, on 1350 Tremont St. Their house was located very close to the Reggie Lewis Track and Athletic Center.\n\nIke began playing basketball in fifth grade, but began taking it more seriously once he went through a growth spurt heading into ninth grade. Growing up, he often walked from his home to a nearby YMCA facility to practice. Azotam supposedly made his first slam dunk his first at the age of 15, a moment that he would remember for the rest of his life. Despite repeatedly performed the same move, but failed to do so when he called his friends to watch him. However, in the summer, he grew four inches and was eventually able to consistently dunk the ball. Azotam also liked to play with Dozie, who was seven years older and playing college football at around the same time. His mother said, \"You would have to ask him to take out the trash, clean the dishes and clean his room, but you never had to ask him to play basketball.\"\n\nHigh school career \n\nAzotam first played high school basketball with John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science in the neighborhood of Roxbury in Boston. He came in as a freshman with very little experience in organized basketball and O'Bryant head coach Juan Figueroa praised him for his athleticism but considered him very raw, primarily on the defensive end. However, he rapidly improved within the next three years. On March 2, 2007, as a sophomore, Azotam recorded 18 points and 9 rebounds. He had two offensive rebounds in the final two minutes of the game, but North Attleborough High School pulled off the upset win. By the end of his sophomore season, he was averaging 16.5 points and 9.5 rebounds per game. In his junior season, on January 12, 2009, Azotam was one of seven Players of the Week in boys' basketball named by Boston.com after scoring a total of 40 points and 34 rebounds in wins over Boston English and West Roxbury High School. Later that year, on February 21, John O'Bryant was defeated by Madison Park Technical Vocational High School at the Boston City League championship game despite having Azotam put up a double-double of 16 points and 20 rebounds. Following his third season at O'Bryant, after which they finished 18\u20136, Azotam earned New England All-Star and Massachusetts All-Scholastic recognition. He decided to attend Marianapolis Preparatory School in Thompson, Connecticut as a senior to help secure an NCAA Division I scholarship in the near future. By the end of his season with Marianapolis Prep, he was averaging 19.3 points, 10.3 rebounds, 5.2 assists, and 2.1 blocks, leading the team to second place at the NEPSAC championship. The Golden Knights finished with a record of 21\u20139.\n\nCollege career\nAzotam played collegiately for the Quinnipiac Bobcats from 2010 to 2014. He was twice named to the Second-team All\u2013NEC in 2012 and 2013. Azotam was a First-team All\u2013MAAC selection in his senior year in 2014.\n\nProfessional career \nIn September 2014, Azotam signed his first professional contract with Mar\u00edn Peixegalego of the LEB Plata, the second-best basketball league in Spain behind the ACB. The team was coming off a 9\u201315 season, in which they failed to qualify for the playoffs. He made his debut on October 5 against Azpeitia, scoring 22 points and adding 7 rebounds and 2 steals. In his next game, on October 11, Azotam recorded his first double-double, with 19 points and 13 rebounds vs Canarias Basketball Academy. He followed up by notching a season-high 24 points on Xuventude Baloncesto. Azotam had another notable performance on November 30, when he scored 19 points and grabbed 10 rebounds against FC Barcelona B\u00e0squet B. Azotam led Mar\u00edn in points, rebounds, field goal percentage and minutes through February 17, 2015, when he was named LEB Plata Player of the Week. By the end of the season, he was averaging 13.9 points and 6.6 rebounds and making over 55% of his shots.\n\nOn October 29, 2015, Azotam inked with the Island Storm of the National Basketball League of Canada (NBL). He claimed that he wanted to play with the team because the Storm were historically successful in the NBL Canada. Head coach Joe Salerno said, \"Ike is a tough, hard nose, physical player, who has a great mid-range game and isn't scared to mix it up a bit in the paint.\" Salerno also believed that Azotam would have an even more successful second season in professional basketball.\n\nAzotam returned to Spain in December 2015, after signing with Leyma B\u00e1squet Coru\u00f1a of the LEB Oro.\n\nPersonal \nThroughout his childhood, Ike was closest to his eldest brother Dozie. Dozie, ironically, can\u2019t hit a free throw and has no bounce, but he provided great emotional support. Apart from playing basketball with him, the younger Azotam would ride to the airport with his father whenever Dozie, who attended Georgetown University, would return to his family's Boston home. Upon his return, he would go to the local YMCA with Ike. He did this to the extent that it became a tradition. Dozie said, \"It just became a habit...Family comes first.\" Unfortunately, Ike couldn\u2019t learn much from his brother, Dozie, due to his overall lack of basketball knowledge. He instead turned to Steve Ekechuku to fine tune his game. Mr. Ekechuku earned his stripes on the Akron blacktop crossing up anyone who dared challenge him. They called him simply \u201cThat Guy.\u201d Steve was happy to pick up the slack left by Dozie and impart much of his wisdom on his young understudy. Steve always told Ike, \u201cif you believe in yourself, you can accomplish anything!\u201d None of Ike's siblings stand above 6\u00a0ft 1 in (1.85 m) and his mother is even shorter. However, his uncles and cousins are far taller, ranging from 6\u00a0ft 6 in (1.98 m) to 6\u00a0ft 8 in (2.03 m). Ike himself has a height of 6\u00a0ft 7 in (2.01 m) and stood 6\u00a0ft 6 (1.98 m) as a high school senior.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Ike Azotam on Eurobasket.com \n Ike Azotam on RealGM\n Ike Azotam on Sports Reference\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Spain\nCategory:American people of Nigerian descent\nCategory:B\u00e1squet Coru\u00f1a players\nCategory:People from Roxbury, Boston\nCategory:Power forwards (basketball)\nCategory:Quinnipiac Bobcats men's basketball players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Boston\nCategory:American men's basketball players"}
-{"text": "Terance Mathis\n\nTerance Paul Mathis (born June 7, 1967) is an American former Pro Bowl wide receiver in the NFL and at one time Vice President of Marketing for NASCAR's Leavine Family Racing Drafted in 1990 by the New York Jets, he played the majority of his career with the Atlanta Falcons. He last played in the NFL in 2002 with the Pittsburgh Steelers, then retired after the conclusion of the 2002 season. Currently, he is second in career two-point conversions with six, behind  Marshall Faulk's seven.\n\nOn February 1, 2011, Mathis was named as the Offensive Coordinator at Savannah State University.\n\nOn May 3, 2017, Mathis was named as the Head Football Coach at Pinecrest Academy in Cumming, Georgia.\n\nFamily \nMathis grew up as the son of Carole Mahone, his father died when he was six months old. His mother is also a breast cancer survivor, having beaten the disease two months before Mathis played in Super Bowl XXXIII. He and his wife Arnedia have a daughter named Terae and a son Terance Jr. Terance also has three other children Sydney, Erik, and Vanessa who just appeared in the Cherish music video \"Unappreciated\".\n\nHigh School & College \nMathis attended Redan High School in Stone Mountain, GA, and University of New Mexico, where he played both football and basketball. In 1989, he became New Mexico's first consensus All-American after setting a Division I record for most receiving yards. He also became the first player to have more than 250 receptions, 4,000 receiving yards, and 6,000 yards total.\n\nNFL \nAfter Mathis was drafted by the Jets in 1990, he was used as a punt and kick returner. He had 43 kickoff returns for 787 yards, including one touchdown. He also had 19 receptions for 245 yards that season. The following year, he played in all sixteen games for the Jets, starting one. He had 28 receptions for 329 yards and one touchdown. He led the team in kickoff returns, piling up 599 yards. Mathis played with the Jets until 1994, starting two more games and scoring four touchdowns total.\n\nIn 1994, Mathis signed as an unrestricted free agent with the Atlanta Falcons. That season, he set a club record by catching 111 passes, becoming the eighth player in the history of the NFL to exceed the 100-catch mark in one season. He also ranked in third in the NFL that season in touchdown receptions. He played on the NFC Pro Bowl squad at the end of the season. He had his second consecutive 1000-yard season the following year despite missing the only two games of his career due to an injury. In 1996, Mathis caught for 771 yards to give him a career total of 3,000 yards.\n\nIn 1998, Mathis made his first post-season appearance for the Falcons, and made a three-yard touch down catch for the Falcons in Super Bowl XXXIII. He also led the team in receptions in that game, making seven for eighty-five yards. The following season, he passed Andre Rison as the club's all-time reception leader. Two years later, he passed Rison on the team's all-time touchdown list. After the season, he was released from the Falcons, and signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He did not start a game, but had two touchdown receptions and 218 receiving yards. After Pittsburgh chose not to re-sign him, he retired from the NFL.\n\nHe is second as Falcons career records touchdown receptions (57)  and third most receiving yards (7,349).\n\nCharity \nMathis was selected as the Atlanta Falcons' \"Man of the Year\" in 1998 for his accomplishments on and off the field. In 1996, he founded the \"Terance Loves Children\" foundation, now known as the Terance Mathis Foundation.\n\nNASCAR \nIn June 2005, Mathis announced the formation of his own NASCAR team, Victory Motorsports, with Carl Long and Morty Buckles as scheduled drivers. Established Cup team Morgan-McClure Motorsports (which received support and engines from Hendrick Motorsports) would provide technical support for the new No. 04 Chevrolet. Mathis and the 34-year-old Buckles ambitiously planned 20 Cup races and a dozen ARCA races for 2006, but the deal never fully materialized. In June 2006, it had been announced Mathis had acquired R&J Racing, but that deal fell through.  On February 2013, he was named Vice President of Marketing for part-time Sprint Cup Series team Leavine Family Racing.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nPittsburghsteelers.com bio\nNFL.com stats\nFalcon's Mathis using Super Bowl week to make impact.\n\nCategory:1967 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American players of American football\nCategory:All-American college football players\nCategory:American football wide receivers\nCategory:Atlanta Falcons players\nCategory:NASCAR team owners\nCategory:National Conference Pro Bowl players\nCategory:New Mexico Lobos football players\nCategory:New York Jets players\nCategory:Pittsburgh Steelers players\nCategory:Players of American football from Michigan\nCategory:Sportspeople from Detroit"}
-{"text": "Ulladulla High School\n\nUlladulla High School is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in the town of Ulladulla on the south-east coast of New South Wales, Australia.\n\nEstablished in 1974, the school enrolled approximately 1,200 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom seven percent identified as Indigenous Australians and seven percent were from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; the principal is Denise Lofts.\n\nHistory\n\nUlladulla High School was opened in 1974 and took over the role of the local high school that Milton Central School (now Milton Public School) had previously filled. Since the opening of UHS, the school has undergone extensive construction and renovation, most notably starting in 2006. This construction saw the commencement of the building that is known as 'Q' block, which provides in excess of 20 classrooms, two large staff rooms accommodating all the staff present at UHS, and state of the art technology. Included in the classrooms are 4 new creative arts rooms, and 2 new music rooms, as well as 2 large art workshops and 1 large music workshop. Also located in the creative and performing arts section is a kiln room, a blue room, a darkroom, several art store rooms, a sound proof band room, a sound proof piano room, and several music store rooms.\n\nThe school's major refurbishment stage of the blocks G, K, M, F and E and the Library and Administration blocks has recently been completed and major landscaping work has been finalised. As of late 2011, the school has commenced its largest contraction project since 2006, with the commencement of the new Multi Purpose Hall which will seat in excess of 800 audience members internally, as well as several hundred more in the adjoining COLA.\n\nThe original D block was removed in the first half of 2010 and currently is being transformed into wheelchair access for adjacent blocks, and native gardens for students. The school has recently also undergone extensive landscaping, with the design and placement of several new native gardens.\n\nPrincipals\n\nAcademic performance\nThe school's NAPLAN results are generally below the Australian average, but typically above the averages achieved by schools of a similar demographic.\n\nControversies\n\nIn 2012, there were numerous complaints by members of the community about students loitering in the CBD during school hours, drinking, smoking, swearing and harassing shoppers. This later sparked controversy and has called for the encouragement and support of the local community to not serve students unless they are in possession of a valid leave pass. The initiative 'you need the student pass' was implemented as of 5 June 2012.\n\nIn 2011 Ulladulla High School faced criticism over its management of Special Religious Education. The then principal, Tracy Provest, was criticised by some parents for requiring non-religious students to attend scripture lessons to acquire 'non scripture' notes, and providing minimal supervision for those 'opting out'.\n\nIn 2009, Ulladulla High School was featured in the media for allowing the Christian-affiliated Organisation, Choices, Decisions, Outcomes to provide sex education classes to students.\n\nIn 2006, the Principal, Tracy Provest, allowed students to be breathalysed at school socials, despite this being against Departmental guidelines.\n\nNotable alumni\n Matt Best - drummer in the band Tonight Alive signed to both Fearless Records and Sony Music Entertainment Australia\n Jihad Dib - former teacher at the school who later became a politician\n Luke O'Donnell - former professional rugby league footballer\n Gary Warburton - professional rugby league player with the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs\n\nSee also \n\n List of government schools in New South Wales\n List of schools in Illawarra and the South East (New South Wales)\n Education in Australia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n http://web2.ulladulla-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/moodle/file.php/12/general_info/asr_uhs_2009.pdf\n http://web2.ulladulla-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/moodle/mod/resource/view.php?id=110\n http://profile.ak.fbcdn.net/object2/1274/8/n11749205230_1918.jpg\n NSW Schools website\n\nCategory:South Coast (New South Wales)\nCategory:Public high schools in New South Wales\nCategory:1974 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1974"}
-{"text": "Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement \u2013 New Country\n\nThe Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement \u2013 New Country  (Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik \u2013 Nuevo Pa\u00eds) is a left wing indigenist party in Ecuador. It was founded in January 1996 primarily as a way to advance the interests of a wide variety of indigenous peoples' organizations throughout Ecuador. In the context of Ecuador's indigenous movement, Pachakutik emerged after successful civil society mobilizations by large indigenous organizations such as CONAIE and CONFENAIE. Despite being backed by CONAIE and the workers' Social Movement Cooperation, the party is not affiliated with the organizations, as its official purpose was to serve as an alternative to the traditional cluster of political parties that had ruled Ecuadorian politics.  The party has been a topic of controversy among indigenous peoples throughout Ecuador because of its nature as a political party, and many indigenous people are unwilling to recognize it as representing their interests because they feel that the party has compromised too many indigenous demands in order to participate in the political process.\n\nPachakutik participated in the presidential elections of 1996 despite having only been formed a few months beforehand. In order to give a strong media boost to the party in their first presidential election, they recruited a former TV personality named Freddy Ehlers to represent the party on the highest national stage. Although Ehlers failed to win the election, he placed third with nearly twenty percent of the popular vote despite having less than five months to prepare his campaign. In addition, eight members of Pachakutik won seats as national deputies, including CONAIE president Luis Macas, and although they constituted less than ten percent of the seats in the National Congress of Ecuador, the presence of the party was undeniable. For the first time indigenous citizens of Ecuador were present in Congress, representing the interests of all groups throughout the country.\n\nPachakutik, along with a strong civil society effort by CONAIE and others, was instrumental in pushing for the new Ecuadorian Constitution in 1998 which, among other things, recognized the country as multi-cultural, paving the way for such reforms as bilingual education.  Since the 1998 elections in which Pachakutik's amount of representation declined, the party has never quite reached its prior levels of support and has been unable to topple the majority of the Congress that does not share their views.  It has been criticized by CONAIE for its ineffectiveness, leading to a coup d'\u00e9tat in 2000 organized by CONAIE in association with sympathetic members of the military.  Although after only hours of taking the capital and instituting a three-man junta including CONAIE president Antonio Vargas the government dissipated, echoing CONAIE's frustration.  Pachakutik has since distanced itself somewhat from CONAIE while still remaining intensely involved with gaining indigenous rights.\n\nAt the 2002 legislative elections, the party won at least 11 out of 100 seats. Its candidate Lucio Guti\u00e9rrez, member of the Patriotic Society Party 21 January won 20.3% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day and won the second round with 58.7%.\n\nAfter three months of government Gutierrez broke up its alliance with Pachakutik and he discharged its ministers. The party soon grew to despise him and publicly criticize him.  In 2003 they even began to call for the removal of President Guti\u00e9rrez publicly in the media.  The political party is struggling with problems of identity at this point in time and is in risk of losing all that it had originally gained in 1996.\n\nHowever, with Gutierrez out, the return of Luis Macas to the presidency of CONAIE and the opposition to the signature of an agreement of free trade with United States, they have been able to reunify to the movement.\n\nAt the 2006 elections, the party won at least 6 out of 100 seats. Its candidate Luis Macas, obtained 2.19% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day.\n\nAt the 2009 elections, the party had its worst results since its founding, but still maintains representation, with 4 seats out of 124 in National Assembly.\n\nAt the 2013 elections, the party won at least 5 out of 137 seats. Its candidate Alberto Acosta, obtained 3.26% of the vote in the presidential elections of the same day.\n\nDuring the 2010 Ecuador coup d'\u00e9tat attempt, Pachakutik stated that President Rafael Correa was authoritarian and issued a press release opposing him and supporting police and army rebels. American-Venezuelan lawyer Eva Golinger accused Pachakutik of having accepted funding from USAID and NED, and playing a role as part of a United States plan to destabilise Latin American democracies in the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA). Pachakutik denied \"having any relationship at all with the organism known as USAID, previously NED, not today nor ever\". Golinger responded by referring to a National Democratic Institute (NDI, one of the four institutes funded by NED) report from 2007 describing Pachakutik being trained by the NDI in \"Triangle of Party Best Practices and strategic planning methodologies\" as part of NDI's Latin American/Caribbean Political Party Network of over 1400 individual members, funded under NED Core Grants 2000-031, 2001-048, 2003-028, and 2004-036.\n\nSee also\n Pachakuti\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial web site\nLuis Macas Home Page\nCONAIE\n\nCategory:1996 establishments in Ecuador\nCategory:Indigenist political parties in South America\nCategory:Indigenous organisations in Ecuador\nCategory:Political parties established in 1996\nCategory:Plurinational Unity of the Lefts\nCategory:Socialist parties in Ecuador"}
-{"text": "Mese\n\nMese may refer to:\nChikako Mese, American mathematician\nMese, Burma, a town in Kayah State of eastern Myanmar\nMese, Lombardy, a comune (municipality) in the province of Sondrio, Italy\n Mese, the Hungarian name for Me\u015fendorf village, Bune\u015fti Commune, Bra\u015fov County, Romania\nMese (mythology), one of the three Muses of the lyre that were worshipped at Delphi\nMese (Constantinople), the main road of Constantinople\nMese, Ancient Greek comedy of the middle period, 385-323 BCE\nMatsya Kingdom, an Indian/Central Asian kingdom, classically called the Mese or Mes\u00eb"}
-{"text": "Julie Ashton-Lucy\n\nJulie Ashton-Lucy (born 29 November 1965) is an international field hockey umpire from Queensland, Australia. She was honored as Hockey Australia 2005 Official of the Year.\n\nShe has umpired at 2002 and 2006 Commonwealth Games, the 2002, 2006 and 2010 Hockey World Cup, as well as the 2004, 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics, where she umpired the final of the 2012 tournament.\n\nOn 13 September 2000, Ashton-Lucy was awarded the Australian Sports Medal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Hockey Australia website\n Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth games website\n\nCategory:1965 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Women's field hockey umpires\nCategory:Australian field hockey umpires\nCategory:Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal\nCategory:Australian female field hockey players\nCategory:Australian women referees and umpires"}
-{"text": "Donna Smellie\n\nDonna Smellie (born 2 September 1964) is a Canadian athlete. She competed in the women's heptathlon at the 1984 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1964 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Canadian heptathletes\nCategory:Canadian female long jumpers\nCategory:Canadian female hurdlers\nCategory:Olympic track and field athletes of Canada\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1990 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Commonwealth Games competitors for Canada\nCategory:Sportspeople from Mississauga\nCategory:Track and field athletes from Ontario\nCategory:Black Canadian sportspeople\nCategory:Black Canadian women"}
-{"text": "Redlynch, Wiltshire\n\nRedlynch is a village and civil parish about  southeast of Salisbury in Wiltshire, England. The parish includes the villages of Morgan's Vale and Woodfalls immediately west and southwest of Redlynch; the village of Lover,  southeast of Redlynch; and the hamlet of Bohemia, south of Lover. Much of the parish lies within the boundaries of the New Forest National Park.\n\nThe River Blackwater rises near Lover and flows east through the parish towards Landford and Hampshire, where it joins the Test.\n\nHistory \nThe earliest settlement was at Pensworth, north of Grove Copse and northwest of the present Redlynch, in the 12th or 13th centuries. This village had declined by the 15th century and in the 20th century the name survived only as Upper Pensworth Farm.\n\nIn the 18th century settlement was along roads and the edges of commons. Settlement increased in the 19th century, at Redlynch and at Warminster Green (called Lover since 1876) where the church and school were built.\n\nRedlynch was home to the clockmaker Peter Bower (1715/21 \u2013 1795) who resided close to the site now known as Bowers Hill.\n\nReligious sites \nRedlynch parish church of Saint Mary at Lover is a yellow brick building dating from 1837. Originally part of Downton parish, a separate ecclesiastical district was created for the church in 1841. The vicarage was the childhood home of Bernard Walke who served as an Anglican priest in three Cornish parishes.\n\nThe Church of St Birinus at Morgan's Vale was built as a chapel of ease to Downton in 1894\u201396. It is a red brick Gothic Revival building with stone dressings and Perpendicular Gothic style windows. It was designed by the Gothic Revival architect C. E. Ponting of Marlborough in the style of his architectural contemporary W. D. Caroe. The benefices of the two churches were combined in 1968; as of 2016 the incumbent resides at Downton.\n\nWoodfalls Methodist Church was built in 1874 by the Primitive Methodists and joined the Salisbury Methodist Circuit in the 1940s.\n\nNotable buildings \nNewhouse, east of Redlynch on the road towards Whiteparish, was built c. 1619. The house and estate were bought in 1633 by Giles Eyre (father of Sir Giles Eyre, member of Parliament and judge) and continue to be held by his descendants. The house is constructed from English bonded brick with limestone dressings and has a distinctive Y-shaped plan; it was designated as Grade I listed in 1960. There is an early 18th-century granary and two stable blocks, from 1750 and the late 19th.\n\nGovernance\nThe civil parish elects a parish council. It is in the area of Wiltshire Council unitary authority, which performs most significant local government functions.\n\nRedlynch was formerly part of the parish of Downton. It became a separate civil parish in 1896, then was extended in 1934 to include the former parish of Morgan's Vale and Woodfalls (which had separated from Downton in 1923), and Nomansland. A community governance review effective 1 April 2017 transferred the eastern portion of Redlynch parish to Landford. The area transferred includes the settlements of Nomansland and Hamptworth.\n\nThe parish is part of Redlynch and Landford electoral ward which stretches east from Redlynch to Landford. The total population of the ward taken at the 2011 census was 4,719.\n\nAmenities \nMorgan's Vale and Woodfalls CE Primary School serves Morgan's Vale, Woodfalls, Lover and Redlynch; it was built as a National School in 1869, next to St Birinus' church.\n\nRedlynch Village Hall is near the church at Lover. Built in 1922 as the church hall, it was modernised in the early 21st century. The parish has two pubs: the Kings Head at Redlynch and the Wodfalls Inn at Woodfalls.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\nRedlynch Parish Council\nRedlynch ONLINE\n\nCategory:Villages in Wiltshire\nCategory:Civil parishes in Wiltshire"}
-{"text": "Jubilee International Church\n\nJubilee International Church was established in 1992 with just 7 members in Clapham, London SW4. They then purchased and modernised a former 1935 Baptist church building and moved in 2006 to the Chinbrook and the former Chinbrook Meadows areas of Grove Park. The church was part of the Assemblies of God in Great Britain, a leading Pentecostal denomination worldwide. The church had a number of branches in the UK and in several nations worldwide.\n\nHistory of the building\n\nWhen the Grove Park Estate was first built in the 1920s, Lewisham Council determined that it should also include a church. Mr Frederick E Pinkess who had been running a successful \u2018mobile\u2019 Sunday school in the community decided to apply for permission to get a church built. He could clearly see that the area had potential for a thriving parish. With the help of the Shaftesbury Society, which was affiliated to the Baptist Church, Mr Pinkess raised enough money to build a church which was completed in May 1935. It was a non-denominational place of worship called Grove Park Mission and served as a mercy ministry to the poor. In the 1930s and 1940s, the church had a very popular and effective outreach programme in the community especially amongst the children, which led to a thriving Sunday school. Outreaches included opening-air singing and playing hymns along the local residential streets while carrying around the heavy church organ for music. There were regular open air outreaches every Sunday afternoon and evening for many years.\n\nIn 1947, the work was connected with the Free Church movement which was of the Plymouth Brethren movement. Then from 1961, Pastor Gordon Thomson who was connected to Honor Oak Christian Fellowship became the long-term pastor of the congregation now called The Christian Fellowship. A local branch of Operation Mobilisation was also instrumental in helping with this work.\n\nIn 1987, Book Aid began to lease space in the building from The Christian Fellowship, and then in August 2005 the building was sold to Jubilee International Church who had migrated from the Clapham area. Pastor Thomson expressed the fact that they were thankful to see the church building in the hands of a new thriving congregation. He and his wife both died within a month of each other in 2007.\n\nOpposition \n\nThe new church came into the media spotlight in the summer of 2006 following serious controversy with local residents in Grove Park and heated dialogues with the local council, London Borough of Lewisham regarding planning consent. Following a favourable decision by the council regarding planning usage, this issue eventually culminated in racist arson attacks against the church and continuing minor attacks and opposition for almost two years. The proverbial dust settled after about 18 months.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n JIC website\n Assemblies of God in Great Britain\n Anger at Council's U-turn on church. News Shopper. 20 June 2006\n Church prayer answered. News Shopper. 18 July 2006\n Church damaged in racist arson attack. This is Local London. 16 August 2006 \n Church damaged in racist arson attack. Wandsworth Guardian. 16 August 2006\n\nCategory:Churches in the London Borough of Lewisham\nCategory:Pentecostal churches in London"}
-{"text": "Now TV (Hong Kong)\n\nNow TV (also stylised as now TV) is a pay-TV service provider in Hong Kong operated by PCCW Media Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of PCCW. Launched on 26 September 2003, its TV signal is transmitted with IPTV technology through HKT's fixed broadband network.\n\nIt provides 197 TV channels including 176 channels branded under now TV (32 channels in HD), 21 channels from TVB Network Vision (1 channel in HD), and over 30 video on demand categories. \n\nNow TV is the largest pay-TV operator in Hong Kong in terms of number of subscribers, number of channels, number of HD channels and quantity of VOD contents. The word \"Now\" is abbreviated from \"Network Of the World\".\n\nHistory and establishment\nLaunched in March 1998, PCCW's services included a wide range of information and entertainment, such as news, video-on-demand (VOD), music videos, home-shopping, home-banking and educational content. iTV had some 67,000 subscribers at the end of 2000.\n\nDue to the liberalization of the pay-TV market by the HKSAR government in early July 2000, the then existing duopolists, iTV and i-Cable, were confronted with ferocious competition. With fewer subscribers and hence the decline in the revenue generated from iTV, the interactive television operation was terminated in the final quarter of 2002. Now Broadband pay-TV service was launched in September 2003 with 23 channels under the same umbrella company PCCW; iTV is thus commonly viewed as the predecessor of Now TV.\n\nIn December 2005, Now TV introduced a technology with connection speed up to 18 megabits per second (Mbit/s). At least 75% of the service area will be offered a service running up to 8Mbit/s. In addition, Video-On-Demand services were launched in January 2006.\n\nNow TV subscribers have access to 136 channels.\n\nChronology\nMarch 1998 Hong Kong Telecom commercially launched iTV\nJuly 2000 Liberalisation of the pay-TV market\nLast quarter of 2002 Termination of iTV\nAugust 2003 Now TV was unveiled\nSeptember 2003 Now TV was officially launched\n\nCharging schemes\nSince each household has to install a special decoder to view the channels, there is an extra deposit and installation for the decoder. However, these charges are waived for Netvigator broadband subscribers. With the decoder, households are able to watch approximately 20 free channels.\n\nFor the subscription channels, Now uses the pricing model of pay-per-channel basis. There are bundle offers in existence, for given bouquet of channels, but these are less comprehensive than those offered by rivals.\n\nNow TV offers a business package (in which there are fewer channels for subscription than household customers) for businesses at a higher price than household subscribers.\n\nSince 1 September 2007, Now TV no longer offers STAR Sports or ESPN as stand-alone packages, preferring instead to bundle them into a single multi-sport package. This has caused some distress amongst many viewers who view this move as a breach of their commitment contract's that stipulates that upon expiry of channel contracts, contracts are automatically renewed.\n\nChannel highlights\nIn the beginning, Now TV only operated 23 channels, most of which were in English. In response to competition, it has expanded its repertoire of new channels, adding programming such as the Disney Channel and ESPN. By June 2005, the number of channels grew to more than 70, with an increased number of Cantonese channels.\n\nIn 2006, Now TV outbid i-Cable for the rights to broadcast English Premier League football in Hong Kong, starting with the 2007-08 season.\nIt is also the broadcaster of LaLiga, the Spanish football competition\n\nNow TV currently has the most channels of any pay TV provider in Hong Kong. At present, it offers 21 free channels and 103 pay channels, including 15 audio channels. The total number of channels exceeds 130.\n\nLanguages of channels provided\nThe majority of its programming is in English, Cantonese or Putonghua, though some programming in Hindi (Star Bharat), and French (TV5MONDE),  is available.\n\nBusiness performance and development\nNow TV service was launched with 23 channels in September 2003 but was soon expanded to exceed 30 with the addition of sports-related channels and BBC World and the Animax channel, as well as the Cantonese-language Star Chinese Movies and Xing Kong channels. Within four months of launch, Now TV had attracted more than 200,000 customers by end-2003.\n\nAlthough Now TV mainly targets high-income viewers, its subscriber numbers have grown sharply. As well as home viewership, the service has been extended to hotel rooms, offices, sports bars and hotels.\n\nAccording to a report in Ming Pao Finance on 5 October 2005, the number of subscribers to Now TV exceeded 450,000. Per annual reports issued by PCCW, at the end of December 2005 the number of paying subscribers to Now TV stood at 549,000 (approximately 61% were paid subscribers, with 31% being free subscribers). These figures compare with totals of 361,000 at end-December 2004 and 269,000 at end-June 2004. Despite the growth in subscribers, Now TV was operating at a loss in 2005. By August 2006, Now TV had in excess of 654,000 subscribers.\n\nAlthough NOW TV can claim consistent growth in subscriber numbers, quality of service remains 'average' at best.  Many viewers report 'jerky' TV reception, slow refresh times when changing channels, and picture freezing extending over several minutes at multiple instances during single programming.\n\nStrategy\nIn early July 2000, the HKSAR government awarded five new pay-TV licences. The new entrants were all relatively seasoned broadcasting companies including Galaxy Satellite Broadcasting, Hong Kong DTV Company, a British broadcaster Elmsdsale, Hong Kong Network TV and Pacific Digital Media HK. The considerable opening of the market sparked intense competition for programming and viewer share, which can be seen by the extensive use of advertising.\n\nTo avoid direct competition with the two local digital terrestrial channels - Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB) and ViuTV - Now TV has sought to build up and secure its local pay-TV position by signing long-term contracts with a variety of channels from around the world.\n\nExclusivity\nOn November 15, 2006, Now TV made a knock-out bid, of an estimated HK$1.56 billion, to secure the license to exclusively broadcast football matches of the Barclays Premier League matches in Hong Kong for three seasons commencing from the 2007/2008 season. Two years previously, i-Cable had paid an estimated HK$700 million for a three-year contract.\nNow TV announced in January 2006 that a three-year deal was signed with ESPN STAR for the rights to live matches of the UEFA Champions League during the 2006-2009 seasons.\nIn December 2006 secured the exclusive rights to broadcast the Euro 2008 football championship by agreeing to pay HK$400 million.\nPlayboy TV will become exclusive to Now TV from December 1, 2006.\n\nPricing\ni-Cable has been forced to adopt an alternative pricing model for its subscribers. It allows subscribers to pick and choose their own channels, similar to the pay-by-channel of Now. Moreover, from Asia Media in October 2005, Now TV claimed that they will not follow i-Cable to minimize monthly charges since they have added new channels and improved the delivery standard, in order to maintain competitiveness. In December 2006, it announced it was instead planning on raising subscription rates after having secured exclusive rights in the ESPN, Premier League, and Euro 2008.\n\nAwards\n\nAt the 2004 Convention of CASBAA (Cable and Satellite Broadcasting Association of Asia), Now TV was awarded \"The Chairman's Award\". CASBAA, representing 120 corporations serving more than 3 billion viewers, acknowledged Now TV for its \"innovative and proactive marketing of a secure and advanced pay-TV platform and for growing its interactive capability, resulting in a stellar subscriber take-up\" on 31 October 2004.\n\nPlans\nThe company had planned to roll out high-definition television (HDTV), which offers up to four times the picture resolution of standard-definition television, in late 2007. But on 19 July 2007, it unveiled plans to begin HDTV broadcasts ahead of schedule. Included on the first slate of HDTV programming are 90 Premier League football matches. Subscribers will be required upgrade to a new set-top box with a one-off charge of HK$530, pay an additional HK$38/month for set-top box rental, and an additional HK$68/month over and above the existing charge for the \"Mega Sports Pack\". The new service will require a Netvigator broadband connection of at least 11Mbit/s.\nThey also plan 4 a Korean Television channel.\n\nSee also\nIPTV\nHK Television Entertainment\nViuTV\nViuTVsix\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Television stations in Hong Kong\nCategory:Internet television\nCategory:Television channels and stations established in 1998"}
-{"text": "Viva la Diva (Darcey Bussell and Katherine Jenkins)\n\nViva la Diva is an operatic ballet show by Welsh mezzo-soprano Katherine Jenkins and prima ballerina Darcey Bussell, CBE. In the show Jenkins and Bussell pay homage to past 'divas' and idols, including Doris Day, Edith Piaf (who died in 1963), Marilyn Monroe (who died in 1962), Maria Callas (who died in 1977), Fred Astaire (who died in 1987), Audrey Hepburn (who died in 1993) and Moira Shearer (who died in 2006). Choreographer Kim Gavin directs.\n\nThe object of the show was to primarily swap talents. Bussell and Jenkins sang and danced respectively. In an interview, they reported it as being 'so, so much fun', but completely new territory for both of them. The show's 17 date tour around the UK was a sellout.\n\nThe show was not received favourably by The Daily Telegraph's reviewer.\n\nThe DVD of the concerts was released on 10 November 2008, and was filmed at the O2 Arena London. The DVD also includes bonus interviews with Jenkins and Bussell. The idea of the show came from Steven Howard, who also produced it.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Katherine Jenkins video albums\nCategory:2007 concert tours\nCategory:2008 concert tours\nCategory:Ballet in the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Bukit Kerang\n\nBukit Kerang is an archaeological site of the Mesolithic era found in the Aceh Tamiang regency, Aceh, Eastern Sumatra, Indonesia.\n\nThe site stretches for about 120 kilometres to Tembung, a part of Medan in North Sumatra, in the southern part of the Aceh Tamiang regency. Two sites have been identified by the Archaeological Center of Medan (Balai Arkeologi Medan). For thousand of years the site has drawn farther and farther away from the coast. The site\u2019s distance from coast now is about 10 to 15 kilometres. The archaeologists who first researched the site were Dutch archaeologists in the 1920s to 1930s.\n\nThe prehistoric site was named \"Bukit Kerang\", meaning \"hill of mollusk shells\". The most significant part of it is a large shell mound, formed from a mass of mollusk shells. Prehistoric man of the Mesolithic era (dating from 5000\u20137000 years ago) lived by the shore of eastern Sumatra and mollusks were the easiest foodstuff that could be found. A pile of waste mollusk shells built up over time. There were also skulls, brainpans and bones which have been found inside the site. One of the skulls had teeth made of hematite.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n https://web.archive.org/web/20070502210749/http://kompas.com/ver1/Iptek/0704/03/172801.htm\n https://web.archive.org/web/20070916015812/http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/iptek/2007/04/13/brk%2C20070413-97804%2Cid.html\n\nCategory:Archaeological cultures of Southeast Asia\nCategory:Mesolithic cultures of Asia\nCategory:Archaeological sites in Indonesia\nCategory:Former populated places in Indonesia\nCategory:Shell middens\nCategory:Prehistoric Indonesia"}
-{"text": "Eudonia asaleuta\n\nEudonia asaleuta is a moth of the family Crambidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1907. It is endemic to New Zealand.\n\nThe wingspan is 21\u201323\u00a0mm. The forewings are iridescent pale ochreous mixed with dark bluish-grey, suffused or irrorated with white. The hindwings are pale greyish-ochreous, with suffused dark-grey terminal fascia.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1907\nCategory:Moths of New Zealand\nCategory:Scopariinae\nCategory:Endemic fauna of New Zealand\nCategory:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick"}
-{"text": "Rudi Mahall\n\nRudi Mahall (born December 23, 1966 in N\u00fcrnberg, Germany) is a contemporary jazz bass clarinetist.\n\nWhile studying classical clarinet, Mahall shifted towards contemporary music, improvisation and jazz.\nHe is, or was a member of following bands:\nAvantgardeband Die Hartmann 8, Der Rote Bereich (initially comprehending Frank M\u00f6bus, Marty Cook, Jim Black und Henning Sievert), the Trio Tiefe t\u00f6ne f\u00fcr Augen und Ohren (with Sievert and Bill Elgart), Carlos Bicas Azul and Die Entt\u00e4uschung (amongst others with Axel D\u00f6rner, Jan Roder). He carried out several projects and published CDs with Aki Takase, about the work  of Eric Dolphy and others. Mahall participated to Alexander von Schlippenbach's recording of the complete works of Thelonious Monk, published by a prestigious Swiss label, and he is a member of the Globe Unity Orchestra.  Moreover, he performed with Conny Bauer, Lee Konitz, Barry Guy, Karl Berger, Paul Lovens, Sven-\u00c5ke Johansson, Radu Malfatti, Ed Schuller, Ray Anderson, Kenny Wheeler, Hannes Bauer and many others.\n\nMahall performed at the Free Music Festival Jazz \u00e0 Mulhouse in 2008,  at the Moers Festival, the JazzFest Berlin, the Leverkusener Jazztage and jazz festivals in New York City, Amsterdam, M\u00fcnchen, W\u00fcrzburg, N\u00fcrnberg, and he toured in Portugal, southern and eastern Africa.\n\nDiscography\n Solo, Psi Records, 2006.\n Monk's Casino: Alexander von Schlippenbach, Axel D\u00f6rner, Rudi Mahall, Jan Roder, Uli Jenessen. Intakt Records, 2005.\n Contemporary Quartet Marcin Oles, Bartlomiej Oles, Rudi Mahall, Mircea Tiberian. Nottwo Records, 2002.\n with Juergen Wuchner et al.\n Trio in Treptow, Rudi Mahall, J\u00fcrgen Wuchner, Uli Jennessen, Date unknown\n Chambermusik, with J\u00fcrgen Wuchner Group, 1996\n with Aki Takase\n \"Evergreen\" Duo, Intakt Records CD 152, 2009\n Quartet: Aki Takase, Johannes Bauer, Tony Buck. Jazzwerkstatt CD 019, 2007\n The Dessert Duo, 2004.\n Aki Takase Plays Fats Waller: Aki Takase, Eugene Chadbourne, Nils Wogram, Rudi Mahall, Thomas Heberer, Paul Lovens, 2003.\n St Louis Blues: Aki Takase, Rudi Mahall, Fred Frith, Nils Wogram, Paul Lovens, Enja Records, 2001.\n Duet For Eric Dolphy, Enja Records, 1997\n Live at Willisau Jazz Festival: Aki and The Good Boys (Aki Takase, Rudi Mahall, Tobias Delius, Johannes Fink, Heinrich K\u00f6bberling, Jazzwerkstatt 2008\n Evergreen, Intakt, 2009\n Der Rote Bereich: Rudi Mahall, Frank Moebus & John Schr\u00f6der\n Live in Montreux, ACT Records, 2004\n Love Me Tender, ACT Records, 2001\n Drei, Jazz4Ever Records, 1998\n Zwei\n Eins\n Die Enttaeuschung: Rudi Mahall, Axel D\u00f6rner, Jan Roder, Uli Jennessen\n 5, Intakt Records CD 166, 2009\n 4, Intakt Records CD 125, 2007\n Drei, Grob Records, 2007\n Zwei, 2002\n Eins\n Quartetto Pazzo: Rudi Mahall, Christof Thewes et al.\n Melancholera JazzHausMusik, 2007.\n Quartetto Pazzo JazzHausMusik, 2003.\n with ELEkTRO: ELEkTRO feat Rudi Mahall & Even Hermansen, 2014 (Blackout Music)\n\nExternal links\n\n Image Gallery \n\nCategory:Free jazz clarinetists\nCategory:German jazz clarinetists\nCategory:1966 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Avant-garde jazz clarinetists\nCategory:People from Nuremberg\nCategory:21st-century clarinetists\nCategory:Berlin Contemporary Jazz Orchestra members\nCategory:Globe Unity Orchestra members"}
-{"text": "Cicero station (CTA Green Line)\n\nCicero is a station on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system, serving the Green Line.  It opened on March 3, 1894, and serves the Austin neighborhood on Chicago's West side. Until 1948, the next station towards the Chicago Loop was . The station is 24 blocks east and 2 blocks north of Harlem.\n\nBus connections \nCTA\n  54 Cicero \n\nPace\n  392 Green Line Cicero CTA/UPS Hodgkins (Weekday UPS shifts only)\n\nNotes and references\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Cicero (Lake Street Line) Station Page\nCicero Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View\nKilpatrick Avenue closed entrance from Google Maps Street View\n\nCategory:CTA Green Line stations\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1894"}
-{"text": "Zoarab\n\nZoarab was king of the Daylamites in the late 6th-century. He is first mentioned in 590, when he together with Sarames the Younger, betrayed the Sasanian king Hormizd IV (r. 579\u2013590) by murdering his general Pherochanes. Zoarab then joined the rebellion of Bahram Chobin, while Sarames joined a group of dissatisfied nobles led by Vistahm and Vinduyih.\n\nBahram Chobin managed to briefly become king of the Sasanian Empire from 590 until he was defeated and killed in 591. Hormizd IV's son Khosrow II thereafter became king, but Vistahm later rebelled himself; Zoarab joined his rebellion, which lasted from 591 to 596 or from 594/5 to 600.\n\nSources \n\n \n\nCategory:6th-century births\nCategory:6th-century Iranian people\nCategory:Sasanian generals\nCategory:Year of death unknown\nCategory:Daylamites\nCategory:Rebellions against the Sasanian Empire"}
-{"text": "Chau Say Tevoda\n\nChau Say Tevoda (, literally: prolific grandchildren of a deity) is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia. It is just east of Angkor Thom, directly south of Thommanon across the Victory Way (it pre-dates the former and post-dates the latter). Built in the mid-12th century, it is a Hindu temple in the Angkor Wat period. It is dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu with unique types of female sculptures of devatas enshrined in it. The Buddha images have been interpreted to have been built during the reign of Dharanindravarman, father of Jayavarman VII, who ruled from Preah Khan of Kompong. The temple was in a dilapidated state with 4,000 of its elements lying scattered on the embankment and in the Siem Reap River. Many of these elements were used in the restoration work carried out by a Chinese team between 2000 and 2009 under a project sponsored by the People's Republic of China. The temple was reopened in late 2009.\n\nLocation\nChau Say Tevoda is a temple at Angkor, Cambodia just to the northeast of the ancient capital Angkor Thom's east gate, directly south of Thommanon across the Victory Way (it pre-dates the former and post-dates the latter). It is on a road which has the Thomannon temple on its opposite side,  from the east gate and  to a bridge built with carved stones from temple ruins in the vicinity. The bridge is without a river flowing beneath it in view of the shifting nature of the course of the Siem Reap River.\n\nHistory\nOriginally Chau Say Tevoda was partly built in the mid-12th century under the reign of King Suryavarman II. Further supplementation of structures was done under the reign of Jayavarman VII. Though the temple was built under Hindu kings during the 11th and 12th centuries with predominantly Hindu deities such as Shiva and Vishnu, representation of Buddha images was interpreted to have been built during the reign of Dharanindravarman, father of Jayavarman VII, who ruled from Preah Khan Kompong Svay.\n\nThe temple was reconstructed on the basis of about 4,000 elements of the temple that were found lying around at the site. This restoration was done by a Chinese team between 2000 and 2009 under a project sponsored by the People's Republic of China.\n\nFeatures\n\nThe Tevoda is built to a cruciform plan and linked to an entrance hall, similar to the Hindu temples built in India, particularly in Odisha. The temple has four gopuras or towers on the four cardinal signs with an entrance from the east though a raised bridge. The long hall, which links the gopuras and central chamber of the temple, has very elegant flower decorations. The temple consists of a central tower with an attached mandapa, which is achieved through an antarala chamber of small size, and with two libraries on its southern and northern sides.\n\nIt is enclosed by a compound wall which has four gopuras or towers. To its east, there is a raised causeway that leads to the Siem Reap River. Many of the sculptures depict Vishnu and are in a fairly good condition. However, the main deity of the temple is Shiva. Some of the sculptures are also of Buddha but disfigured totally. With time the ceiling has collapsed and led to further deterioration. The defaced Buddhas, which are deified in a lotus posture, flanked by devotees, are in a mandapa behind a pediment from the entrance door which leads to the antarala.\n\nThe incomplete eastern Gopura I, which is oriented in the western direction, has a roof which is part of the second \"pediment of the lateral southern extension\" which is not fully restored. The main figure here is of Buddha in a cross legged posture seated on a high platform flanked by disfigured carvings which are interpreted as that of Garuda and the king of Nagas. The top pediment of this Gopura I with figure of Buddha has an umbrella cover of a Bodhi tree. Carvings depicting episodes from the life of Buddha are seen on the northern door of the eastern Gopura I. A notable bass relief here is of Sita (heroine of the epic Ramayana) in a seated posture over an altar flanked  by rakshasis (female demonesses). Hanuman, in a small monkey form, is carved in sitting posture facing Sita and offering her Rama's ring. A wall built with laterite stones enclosing the temple,  which had existed in the past, has disappeared.\n\nThe temple was in a dilapidated state with 4,000 of its elements lying scattered on the embankment and in the Siem Reap River. Between 2000 and 2009 some of these elements were put together under a restoration project initiated by the People's Republic of China. The temple reopened in late 2009 and is fully accessible.\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Photographic Documentation and Gallery\n\nCategory:Hindu temples in Siem Reap Province\nCategory:Angkorian sites in Siem Reap Province"}
-{"text": "Night Drive (album)\n\nNight Drive (alternatively known as Original Motion Picture Soundtrack IV) is the third studio album by Chromatics, released on August 28, 2007 on the Italians Do It Better record label.  The label reissued an analogue remaster of the album as a \"Deluxe Edition\" in 2010, on both CD and double LP formats.  A limited print run of the double LP was pressed on colored vinyl: blue for Sides A and B, and red for Sides C and D. The \"Deluxe Edition\" restores five tracks that had originally constituted Side D of the album, but had been scrapped before the original 2007 release date due to technical problems and time constraints.\n\nWith this album, Chromatics made a drastic departure from their previously punk sound, as they pursued a new direction reminiscent of Italo disco.  It is the first full-length Chromatics album to feature singer Ruth Radelet and drummer Nat Walker. Guitarist Adam Miller and multi-instrumentalist Johnny Jewel had been featured on the band's previous LPs.\n\nMusical content \nThe album's title may be a reference to a 1985 single (\"Night Drive\"/\"Time Space Transmat\") by Detroit techno pioneer Juan Atkins.\n\nOpening track \"The Telephone Call\" contains samples from \"Lady Operator\" by Mirage and from Chromatics' own tracks \"The Killing Spree\" and \"Let's Make This A Moment To Remember.\"  It sketches out a plot involving a female protagonist who, after spending an evening at a nightclub, is about to drive home to meet her boyfriend.  It ends with a sample of a car driving off, and then segues into the title track.  Accordingly, these opening two tracks, along with album closer \"Accelerator,\" suggest that the album may be a concept album about a late night drive.\n\nThe words of \"I Want Your Love\" contain a reference to the song \"96 Tears\" by ? & The Mysterians\n\n\"Running Up that Hill\" is a cover version of the first track from Kate Bush's 1985 album, Hounds of Love.\n\nThe guitar solo in \"Healer\" contains a musical quotation from Joy Division's \"Shadowplay,\" from their 1979 album, Unknown Pleasures.\n\nAlbum closer \"Accelerator\" contains an interpolation of chords from the album's title track.\n\n\"Tick of the Clock\" has been used in numerous Hollywood films, including Drive and Taken 2. It has been licensed for commercial usage in ad campaigns for National Geographic, AIDS awareness, Miss America, Major League Baseball, HTC, Fox Sports, and many others.\n\nReception \n\nIn a review for AllMusic, K. Ross Hoffman praised how Night Drive \"evokes widescreen opulence with a sonic palette that extends beyond the bedrock of synths, guitars, and drum machines to include touches of organ, strings, flutes, and so on, but it's always used sparingly, rarely outstepping the group's meticulously minimal, carefully controlled arrangements\". A negative review by Nina Phillips in Stylus Magazine called the album \"poorly produced,\" criticized \"Tomorrow Is So Far Away\" for its repetitive structure, and cited \"Tick of the Clock\" as a \"conceptual failure\".\n\nAndrew Graham, writing for The Boston Phoenix, praised the 2010 remastered and expanded version of the album, calling \"Circled Sun\" a \"newly unearthed gem\" and stating that \"In less capable hands, Night Drives parts might blur together into a soporific whole, but Chromatics don't let the production dominate\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nJohnny Jewel \u2013 programming\n Adam Miller \u2013 guitar\n Ruth Radelet \u2013 vocals\n Nat Walker \u2013 drums\n\nRecorded at Suite 304 during Summer 2007 for Italians Do It Better.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2007 albums\nCategory:Chromatics (band) albums"}
-{"text": "List of Kadenang Ginto episodes\n\nKadenang Ginto (/) is a 2018 Philippine drama television series starring Francine Diaz, Andrea Brillantes, Beauty Gonzalez, Albert Martinez, Dimples Romana, Adrian Alandy and Richard Yap. The series premiered on ABS-CBN's Kapamilya Gold afternoon block and worldwide via The Filipino Channel, replacing Asintado. The series aired from October 8, 2018 to February 7, 2020.\n\nSeries overview\n\nEpisodes\n\nSeason 1 (2018\u201319)\n\nSeason 2 (2019)\n\nSeason 3 (2019\u201320)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Kadenang Ginto\nCategory:Lists of Philippine drama television series episodes"}
-{"text": "Helmuth F\u00f6rster\n\nHelmuth F\u00f6rster (19 April 1889 \u2013 7 April 1965) was a German general' in the Luftwaffe during World War II. A decorated World War I aviator, he returned to military service in 1934 as an Oberstleutnant in the Luftwaffe. Promoted to Oberst in 1936, he was appointed to command the 4th Bomber Wing. During the invasion of Poland, F\u00f6rster commanded the Lehrdivision with significant success. He was then appointed as chief of staff of the 5th Air Fleet during the invasion of Norway. After serving on the German-French Peace Commission, he was appointed as military governor of the German-occupied territory of Serbia from April to June 1941, then commanded the 1st Air Corps during the invasion of the Soviet Union until October 1942. Whilst in command of the 1st Air Corps he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. He spent the remainder of the war as chief of administration at the Reich Ministry of Aviation. He was pensioned as an Oberstleutnant in 1952.\n\nAwards and decorations\n\n Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 February 1942 as General der Flieger and commander of I. Flieger-Korps\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1889 births\nCategory:1965 deaths\nCategory:People from Strzelce Opolskie\nCategory:People from the Province of Silesia\nCategory:Luftwaffe World War II generals\nCategory:German military personnel of World War I\nCategory:Prussian Army personnel\nCategory:Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern\nCategory:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross\nCategory:German prisoners of war in World War II\nCategory:Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class\nCategory:Generals of Aviators"}
-{"text": "United States invasion of Afghanistan\n\nThe United States invasion of Afghanistan occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001 and was supported by close US allies. The conflict is also known as the US war in Afghanistan. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda and deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power. The United Kingdom was a key ally of the United States, offering support for military action from the start of preparations for the invasion. It followed the Afghan Civil War's 1996\u20132001 phase between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance groups, although the Taliban controlled 90% of the country by 2001. The US invasion of Afghanistan became the first phase of the War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present).\n\nUS President George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden and expel al-Qaeda; bin Laden had already been wanted by the FBI since 1998. The Taliban declined to extradite him unless given what they deemed convincing evidence of his involvement in the 9/11 attacks, and ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases and hand over other terrorist suspects apart from bin Laden. The request was dismissed by the US as a meaningless delaying tactic, and it launched Operation Enduring Freedom on October 7, 2001 with the United Kingdom. The two were later joined by other forces, including the Northern Alliance troops on the ground. The US and its allies rapidly drove the Taliban from power by December 17, 2001, and built military bases near major cities across the country. Most al-Qaeda and Taliban members were not captured, escaping to neighboring Pakistan or retreating to rural or remote mountainous regions during the Battle of Tora Bora.\n\nIn December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to oversee military operations in the country and train Afghan National Security Forces. At the Bonn Conference in December 2001, Hamid Karzai was selected to head the Afghan Interim Administration, which after a 2002 loya jirga (grand assembly) in Kabul became the Afghan Transitional Administration. In the popular elections of 2004, Karzai was elected president of the country, now named the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. In August 2003, NATO became involved as an alliance, taking the helm of ISAF. One portion of US forces in Afghanistan operated under NATO command; the rest remained under direct US command. Taliban leader Mullah Omar reorganized the movement, and in 2002, it launched an insurgency against the government and ISAF that continues to this day.\n\nOrigins of Afghanistan's civil war\n\nAfghanistan's political order began to break down with the overthrow of King Zahir Shah by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan in a bloodless 1973 coup. Daoud Khan had served as prime minister since 1953 and promoted economic modernization, emancipation of women, and Pashtun nationalism. This was threatening to neighboring Pakistan, faced with its own restive Pashtun population. In the mid-1970s, Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto began to encourage Afghan Islamic leaders, such as Burhanuddin Rabbani and Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, to fight against the regime. In 1978, Daoud Khan was killed in a coup by Afghan's Communist Party, his former partner in government, known as the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). The PDPA pushed for a socialist transformation by abolishing arranged marriages, promoting mass literacy and reforming land ownership. This undermined the traditional tribal order and provoked opposition from Islamic leaders across rural areas, but it was particularly the PDPA's crackdown that contributed to open rebellion, including Ismail Khan's Herat Uprising. The PDPA was beset by internal leadership differences and was weakened by an internal coup on September 11, 1979, when Hafizullah Amin ousted Nur Muhammad Taraki. The Soviet Union, sensing PDPA weakness, intervened militarily three months later, to depose Amin and install another PDPA faction led by Babrak Karmal.\n\nThe entry of the Soviet Union into Afghanistan in December 1979 prompted its Cold War rivals, the United States, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and China, to support rebels fighting against the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In contrast to the secular and socialist government, which controlled the cities, religiously motivated mujahideen held sway in much of the countryside. Beside Rabbani, Hekmatyar, and Khan, other mujahideen commanders included Jalaluddin Haqqani. The CIA worked closely with Pakistan's Inter-Service Intelligence to funnel foreign support for the mujahideen. The war also attracted Arab volunteers, known as \"Afghan Arabs\", including Osama bin Laden.\n\nAfter the withdrawal of the Soviet military from Afghanistan in May 1989, the PDPA regime under Najibullah held on until 1992, when the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the regime of aid, and the defection of Uzbek general Abdul Rashid Dostum cleared the approach to Kabul. With the political stage cleared of Afghan socialists, the remaining Islamic warlords vied for power. By then, Bin Laden had left the country. The United States' interest in Afghanistan also diminished.\n\nWarlord rule (1992\u20131996)\n\nIn 1992, Rabbani officially became president of the Islamic State of Afghanistan, but had to battle other warlords for control of Kabul. In late 1994, Rabbani's defense minister, Ahmad Shah Massoud, defeated Hekmatyr in Kabul and ended ongoing bombardment of the capital. Massoud tried to initiate a nationwide political process with the goal of national consolidation. Other warlords, including Ismail Khan in the west and Dostum in the north, maintained their fiefdoms.\n\nIn 1994, Mullah Omar, a Pashtun mujahideen who taught at a Pakistani madrassa, returned to Kandahar and founded the Taliban. His followers were religious students, known as the Talib, and they sought to end warlord-ism through strict adherence to Islamic law. By November 1994, the Taliban had captured all of Kandahar Province. They declined the government's offer to join in a coalition government and marched on Kabul in 1995.\n\nTaliban Emirate vs. Northern Alliance\n\nThe Taliban's early victories in 1994 were followed by a series of costly defeats. Pakistan provided strong support to the Taliban. Analysts such as Amin Saikal described the group as developing into a proxy force for Pakistan's regional interests, which the Taliban denied. The Taliban started shelling Kabul in early 1995, but were driven back by Massoud.\n\nOn  September 27, 1996, the Taliban, with military support by Pakistan and financial support from Saudi Arabia, seized Kabul and founded the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. They imposed their fundamentalist interpretation of Islam in areas under their control, issuing edicts forbidding women to work outside the home, attend school, or to leave their homes unless accompanied by a male relative. According to the Pakistani expert Ahmed Rashid, \"between 1994 and 1999, an estimated 80,000 to 100,000 Pakistanis trained and fought in Afghanistan\" on the side of the Taliban.\n\nMassoud and Dostum, former arch-enemies, created a United Front against the Taliban, commonly known as the Northern Alliance. In addition to Massoud's Tajik force and Dostum's Uzbeks, the United Front included Hazara factions and Pashtun forces under the leadership of commanders such as Abdul Haq and Haji Abdul Qadir. Abdul Haq also gathered a limited number of defecting Pashtun Taliban. Both agreed to work together with the exiled Afghan king Zahir Shah. International officials who met with representatives of the new alliance, which the journalist Steve Coll referred to as the \"grand Pashtun-Tajik alliance\", said, \"It's crazy that you have this today \u2026 Pashtuns, Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazara \u2026 They were all ready to buy in to the process \u2026 to work under the king's banner for an ethnically balanced Afghanistan.\" The Northern Alliance received varying degrees of support from Russia, Iran, Tajikistan and India.\n\nThe Taliban captured Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998 and drove Dostum into exile.\n\nThe conflict was brutal. According to the United Nations (UN), the Taliban, while trying to consolidate control over northern and western Afghanistan, committed systematic massacres against civilians. UN officials stated that there had been \"15 massacres\" between 1996 and 2001. The Taliban especially targeted the Shiite Hazaras. In retaliation for the killing of 3,000 Taliban prisoners by Uzbek general Abdul Malik Pahlawan in 1997, the Taliban killed about 4,000 civilians after taking Mazar-i-Sharif in 1998.\n\nBin Laden's so-called 055 Brigade was responsible for mass-killings of Afghan civilians. The report by the United Nations quotes eyewitnesses in many villages describing \"Arab fighters carrying long knives used for slitting throats and skinning people\".\n\nBy 2001, the Taliban controlled as much as 90% of the country, with the Northern Alliance confined to the country's northeast corner. Fighting alongside Taliban forces were some 28,000\u201330,000 Pakistanis and 2,000\u20133,000 Al Qaeda militants. Many of the Pakistanis were recruited from madrassas. A 1998 document by the US State Department confirmed that \"20\u201340 percent of [regular] Taliban soldiers are Pakistani.\" The document said that many of the parents of those Pakistani nationals \"know nothing regarding their child's military involvement with the Taliban until their bodies are brought back to Pakistan\". According to the US State Department report and reports by Human Rights Watch, other Pakistani nationals fighting in Afghanistan were regular soldiers, especially from the Frontier Corps, but also from the army providing direct combat support. The 055 Brigade had at least 500 men during the time of the invasion, at least 1,000 more Arabs were believed to have arrived in Afghanistan following the September 11 Attacks, crossing over from Pakistan and Iran, many were based at Jalalabad, Khost, Kandahar and Mazar-i Sharif. There were rumors in the weeks before the September 11 attacks that Juma Namangani, had been appointed as one of the top commanders in the 055 brigade.\n\nAl-Qaeda\nIn August 1996, Bin Laden was forced to leave Sudan and arrived in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. He had founded al-Qaeda in the late 1980s to support the mujahideen's war against the Soviets, but became disillusioned by infighting among warlords. He grew close to Mullah Omar and moved Al Qaeda's operations to eastern Afghanistan.\n\nThe 9/11 Commission in the US reported found that under the Taliban, al-Qaeda was able to use Afghanistan as a place to train and indoctrinate fighters, import weapons, coordinate with other jihadists, and plot terrorist actions. While al-Qaeda maintained its own camps in Afghanistan, it also supported training camps of other organizations. An estimated 10,000 to 20,000 men passed through these facilities before 9/11, most of whom were sent to fight for the Taliban against the United Front. A smaller number were inducted into al-Qaeda.\n\nAfter the August 1998 US Embassy bombings were linked to bin Laden, President Bill Clinton ordered missile strikes on militant training camps in Afghanistan. US officials pressed the Taliban to surrender bin Laden. In 1999, the United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on the Taliban, calling for Bin Laden to be surrendered. The Taliban repeatedly rebuffed these demands, though there were reports about attempts to negotiate the delivery of Bin Laden by the Taliban.\n\nCentral Intelligence Agency (CIA) Special Activities Division paramilitary teams were active in Afghanistan in the 1990s in clandestine operations to locate and kill or capture Osama bin Laden. These teams planned several operations, but did not receive the order to proceed from President Clinton. Their efforts built relationships with Afghan leaders that proved essential in the 2001 invasion.\n\nChange in US policy toward Afghanistan\nDuring the Clinton administration, the US tended to favor Pakistan and until 1998\u20131999 had no clear policy toward Afghanistan. In 1997, for example, the US State Department's Robin Raphel told Massoud to surrender to the Taliban. Massoud responded that, as long as he controlled an area the size of his hat, he would continue to defend it from the Taliban. Around the same time, top foreign policy officials in the Clinton administration flew to northern Afghanistan to try to persuade the United Front not to take advantage of a chance to make crucial gains against the Taliban. They insisted it was the time for a cease-fire and an arms embargo. At the time, Pakistan began a \"Berlin-like airlift to resupply and re-equip the Taliban\", financed with Saudi money.\n\nUS policy toward Afghanistan changed after the 1998 US embassy bombings. Subsequently, Osama bin Laden was indicted for his involvement in the embassy bombings. In 1999 both the US and the United Nations enacted sanctions against the Taliban via United Nations Security Council Resolution 1267, which demanded the Taliban surrender Osama bin Laden for trial in the US and close all terrorist bases in Afghanistan. The only collaboration between Massoud and the US at the time was an effort with the CIA to trace bin Laden following the 1998 bombings. The US and the European Union provided no support to Massoud for the fight against the Taliban.\n\nBy 2001 the change of policy sought by CIA officers who knew Massoud was underway. CIA lawyers, working with officers in the Near East Division and Counter-terrorist Center, began to draft a formal finding for President George W. Bush's signature, authorizing a covert action program in Afghanistan. It would be the first in a decade to seek to influence the course of the Afghan war in favor of Massoud. Richard A. Clarke, chair of the Counter-Terrorism Security Group under the Clinton administration, and later an official in the Bush administration, allegedly presented a plan to incoming Bush National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice in January 2001.\n\nA change in US policy was effected in August 2001. The Bush administration agreed on a plan to start supporting Massoud. A meeting of top national security officials agreed that the Taliban would be presented with an ultimatum to hand over bin Laden and other al-Qaeda operatives. If the Taliban refused, the US would provide covert military aid to anti-Taliban groups. If both those options failed, \"the deputies agreed that the United States would seek to overthrow the Taliban regime through more direct action.\"\n\nNorthern Alliance on the eve of 9/11\nAhmad Shah Massoud was the only leader of the United Front in Afghanistan. In the areas under his control, Massoud set up democratic institutions and signed the Women's Rights Declaration. As a consequence, many civilians had fled to areas under his control. In total, estimates range up to one million people fleeing the Taliban.\n\nIn late 2000, Massoud officially brought together this new alliance in a meeting in Northern Afghanistan to discuss \"a Loya Jirga, or a traditional council of elders, to settle political turmoil in Afghanistan\". That part of the Pashtun-Tajik-Hazara-Uzbek peace plan did eventually develop. Among those in attendance was Hamid Karzai.\n\nIn early 2001, Massoud, with other ethnic leaders, addressed the European Parliament in Brussels, asking the international community to provide humanitarian help to the people of Afghanistan. He said that the Taliban and al-Qaeda had introduced \"a very wrong perception of Islam\" and that without the support of Pakistan and Osama bin Laden, the Taliban would not be able to sustain their military campaign for another year. On this visit to Europe, he warned that his intelligence had gathered information about an imminent, large-scale attack on US soil.\n\nOn September 9, 2001, Massoud was critically wounded in a suicide attack by two Arabs posing as journalists, who detonated a bomb hidden in their video camera during an interview in Khoja Bahauddin, in the Takhar Province of Afghanistan. Massoud died in the helicopter taking him to a hospital. The funeral, held in a rural area, was attended by hundreds of thousands of mourning Afghans.\n\nSeptember 11, 2001 attacks\n\nOn the morning of September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda carried out four coordinated attacks on the United States, employing four commercial passenger jet airliners that were hijacked. The hijackers \u2013 members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell \u2013 intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. The fourth plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C., to target the White House or the United States Capitol. No flights had survivors. In total, 2,996 people died, including the 19 hijackers, and more than 6,000 others were injured in the attacks. According to the New York State Health Department, 836 first responders, including firefighters and police personnel, had died as of June 2009.\n\nOn September 11, Taliban foreign minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil \"denounce[d] the terrorist attack, whoever is behind it\", but Mullah Omar immediately issued a statement saying bin Laden was not responsible. The following day, President Bush called the attacks more than just \"acts of terror\" but \"acts of war\", and resolved to pursue and conquer an \"enemy\" that would no longer be safe in \"its harbors\". The Taliban ambassador to Pakistan, Abdul Salam Zaeef, said on September 13, 2001, that the Taliban would consider extraditing bin Laden if there was solid evidence linking him to the attacks. Though Osama bin Laden eventually took responsibility for the 9/11 attacks in 2004, he denied having any involvement in a statement issued on September 17, 2001, and by interview on September 29, 2001.\n\nThe State Department, in a memo dated September 14, demanded that the Taliban surrender all known al-Qaeda associates in Afghanistan, provide intelligence on bin Laden and his affiliates, and expel all terrorists from Afghanistan. On September 18, the director of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence, Mahmud Ahmed conveyed these demands to Mullah Omar and the senior Taliban leadership, whose response was \"not negative on all points\". Mahmud reported that the Taliban leadership was in \"deep introspection\" and waiting for the recommendation of a grand council of religious clerics that was assembling to decide the matter. On September 20, President Bush, in an address to Congress, demanded the Taliban deliver bin Laden and other suspected terrorists and destroy the al-Qaeda bases. \"These demands are not open to negotiation or discussion. The Taliban must act and act immediately. They will hand over the terrorists, or they will share in their fate.\"\n\nOn the same day, a grand council of over 1,000 Muslim clerics from across Afghanistan, which had convened to decide bin Laden's fate, issued a fatwa expressing sadness for the deaths in the 9/11 attacks, recommending that the Islamic Emirate \"persuade\" bin Laden to leave their country, and calling on the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation to conduct an independent investigation of \"recent events to clarify the reality and prevent harassment of innocent people\". The fatwa went on to warn that should the United States not agree with its decision and invade Afghanistan, \"jihad becomes an order for all Muslims.\" However, on the same day the Taliban ambassador to Pakistan said: \"We will neither surrender Osama bin Laden nor ask him to leave Afghanistan.\" These maneuvers were dismissed by the US as insufficient.<ref>Tyler Marshall, \"Afghan Clerics Urge Bin Laden to Go \u2013 AFTER THE ATTACK Policy: Religious council's edict is applauded in the region. U.S. dismisses the move\", Los Angeles Times, 21 September 2001</ref>\n\nOn September 21, Taliban representatives in Pakistan reacted to the US demands with defiance. Zaeef said the Taliban were ready, if necessary, for war with the United States. His deputy Suhail Shaheen warned that a US invasion would share in the same fate that befell Great Britain and the Soviet Union in previous centuries. He confirmed that the clerics' decision \"was only a recommendation\" and bin Laden would not be asked to leave Afghanistan. But he suggested \"If the Americans provide evidence, we will cooperate with them... In America, if I think you are a terrorist, is it properly justified that you should be punished without evidence?\", he asked. \"This is an international principle. If you use the principle, why do you not apply it to Afghanistan?\" As formulated earlier by Mullah Omar, the demand for evidence was attached to a suggestion that bin Laden be handed over for trial before an Islamic court in another Muslim country. He did not address the demands to hand over other suspected terrorists or shut down training camps.\n\nOn September 24, Mahmoud told the US Ambassador to Pakistan that while the Taliban was \"weak and ill-prepared to face the American onslaught\", \"real victory will come through negotiations\", for if the Taliban were eliminated, Afghanistan would revert to warlord-ism. On September 28, he led a delegation of eight Pakistani religious leaders to persuade Mullah Omar to accept having religious leaders from Islamic countries examine the evidence and decide bin Laden's fate, but Mullah Omar refused.\n\nOn September 28 Bush commented, \"First, there is no negotiations [sic] with the Taliban. They heard what I said. And now they can act. And it's not just Mr. bin Laden that we expect to see and brought [sic] to justice; it's everybody associated with his organization that's in Afghanistan. And not only those directly associated with Mr. bin Laden, any terrorist that is housed and fed in Afghanistan needs to be handed over. And finally, we expect there to be complete destruction of terrorist camps. That's what I told them; that's what I mean. And we expect them \u2014 we expect them to not only hear what I say but to do something about it.\"\n\nOn October 1, Mullah Omar agreed to a proposal by Qazi Hussain Ahmad, the head of Pakistan's most important Islamic party, the Jamaat-i-Islami, to have bin Laden taken to Pakistan, where he would be held under house arrest in Peshawar and tried by an international tribunal within the framework of sharia law. The proposal was said to have bin Laden's approval. Pakistan's president Pervez Musharraf blocked the plan because he could not guarantee bin Laden's safety. On October 2, Zaeef appealed to the United States to negotiate, \"We do not want to compound the problems of the people, the country or the region.\" He pleaded, \"the Afghan people need food, need aid, need shelter, not war.\" However, he reiterated that bin Laden would not be turned over to anyone unless evidence was presented.\n\nA US State Department spokesman in response to a question about sharing evidence with the Taliban stated, \"My response, first of all, is that strikes me as a request for delay and prevarication rather than any serious request. And second of all, they're already overdue. They are already required by the United Nations resolutions that relate to the bombings in East Africa to turn over al-Qaeda, to turn over their leadership, and to shut down the network of operations in their country. There should be no further delay. There is no cause to ask for anything else. They are already under this international obligation, and they have to meet it.\" The British Prime Minister Tony Blair called on the Taliban to \"surrender the terrorists or surrender power\".\n\nNonetheless, some evidence of bin Laden's involvement in the 9/11 attacks was shown to Pakistan's government, whose leaders later stated that the materials they had seen \"provide[d] sufficient basis for indictment in a court of law\". Pakistan ISI chief Lieutenant General Mahmud Ahmed shared information provided to him by the US with Taliban leaders. On October 4 the British government publicly released a document summarizing the evidence linking bin Laden to the attacks. The document stated that the Taliban had been repeatedly warned in the past about harboring bin Laden but refused to turn him over as demanded by the international community. Evidence had been supplied to the Taliban about bin Laden's involvement in the 1998 Embassy bombings, yet they did nothing.\n\nOn October 5, the Taliban offered to try bin Laden in an Afghan court, so long as the US provided what it called \"solid evidence\" of his guilt. The US Government dismissed the request for proof as \"request for delay or prevarication\"; NATO commander George Robertson said the evidence was \"clear and compelling\". On October 7, as the US aerial bombing campaign began, President Bush ignored questions about the Taliban's offer and said instead, \"Full warning had been given, and time is running out.\" The same day, the State Department gave the Pakistani Government one last message to the Taliban: Hand over all al-Qaeda leaders or \"every pillar of the Taliban regime will be destroyed.\"\n\nOn October 11 Bush told the Taliban \"You still have a second chance. Just bring him in, and bring his leaders and lieutenants and other thugs and criminals with him.\" On October 14, Abdul Kabir, the Taliban's third ranking leader, offered to hand over bin Laden to a neutral third country if the US government provided evidence of his guilt and halted the bombing campaign. He apparently did not respond to the demand to hand over other suspected terrorists apart from bin Laden. President Bush rejected the offer as non-negotiable. On October 16, Muttawakil, the Taliban foreign minister floated a compromise offer that dropped the demand for evidence. However, Muttawakil was not part of the Taliban's inner circle; he wanted the bombing to stop so that he could try to persuade Mullah Omar to adopt a compromise.\n\nLegal basis for war\nOn September 14, 2001, Congress passed legislation titled Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, which was signed on September 18, 2001 by President Bush. It authorized the use of US Armed Forces against those responsible for the 9/11 attacks and those who harbored them.\n\nArticle 2(4) of the United Nations Charter, to which all Coalition countries are signatories and for which its ratification by the US makes it the \"law of the land\", prohibits the 'threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state' except in circumstances where a competent organ of the UN (e.g. the Security Council) has authorized it, or where it is in self-defense under article 51 of the Charter. Although the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) did not authorize the US-led military campaign, some argued it was a legitimate form of self-defense under the UN Charter.\n\nSome proponents of the legality of the invasion argued that UNSC authorization was not required, since the invasion was an act of collective self-defense provided for under Article 51 of the UN Charter. Specifically, it was argued that a series of UN Security Council Resolutions concerning Afghanistan provided for the possibility of establishing that the Taliban were indirectly responsibility for al-Qaeda's attacks, on the basis that Afghanistan was offering them safe harbour. Some critics claimed that the invasion was illegal under Article 51 because the 9/11 attacks were not \"armed attacks\" by another state, as required under article 51 of the Charter: they were not perpetrated by Afghanistan but by non-state actors. They argued that the actions taken by the terrorists in 9/11 were not attributable to Afghanistan. This position is consistent with the case law of the International Court of Justice, also known as the World Court, which has been slow to recognize attacks carried out by non-State actors as attributable to States, even in cases where States lend their support to the actions of non-State actors. Others claimed that, even if the 9/11 attacks were attributable to Afghanistan, the response of the NATO coalition would not constitute self-defense as these acts do not meet the proportionality test under international law, as established in the Caroline Affair.\n\nOn December 20, 2001, more than two months after the attack began, the UNSC authorized the creation of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the Afghan Interim Authority in maintaining security. This resolution did not make any express declarations as to the legality of the war but determined that \"the situation in Afghanistan still constituted a threat to international peace and security\" while \"reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan\".\n\n2001: Overthrow of the Taliban\n\nCommand Structure\n\nUnder the overall leadership of General Tommy Franks, Commander-in-Chief, US Central Command, four major task forces were raised to support Operation Enduring Freedom: the Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force (CJSOTF), Combined Joint Task Force Mountain(CJTF-Mountain), the Joint Interagency Task Force-Counterterrorism (JIATF-CT), and the Coalition Joint Civil-Military Operations Task Force (CJCMOTF).\n\nCJSOTF was a mixture of black and white SOF and comprised three subordinate task forces: Joint Special Operations Task Force-North (JSOTF-North - known as Task Force Dagger), Joint Special Operations Task Force-South (JSOTF-South - known as Task Force K-Bar) and Task Force Sword (later renamed Task Force 11). Task Force Dagger was established on October 10, 2001, led by Colonel James Mulholland and was formed around his 5th Special Forces Group with helicopter support from the 160th SOAR, Dagger was assigned to the north of Afghanistan. Task Force K-Bar, also established on October 10, was assigned to Southern Afghanistan, led by Navy SEAL Captain Robert Harward and formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEAL Teams 2, 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion, 3rd Special Forces Group. The Task force principally conducted SR and SSE missions, although some 3rd SFG ODAs were given to the foreign internal defense and unconventional warfare role - advising anti-Taliban militias. Task Force Sword, established in early October 2001, was a black SOF unit under direct command of Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC). This was a so-called hunter-killer force whose primary objective was to capturing or killing senior leadership and High-value target (HVT) within both al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Sword was initially structure around a two-squadron component of operators from Delta Force (Task Force Green) and DEVGRU (Task Force Blue) supported by a Ranger protection force teams (Task Force Red) and ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators (Task Force Orange) and the 160th SOAR (Task Force Brown). The British Special Boat Service was integrated directly into Swords structure.\n\nAlongside the SOF task forces operated the largely conventional CJTF-Mountain. Mountain initially comprised three subordinate commands, but only one was a special operations force - Task Force 64, a special forces task group built around a sabre squadron from the Australian SAS. The US Marines contributed Task Force 58, consisting of the 15th MEU, who were later replaced by Task Force Rakkasan. The JIATF-CT (better known as Task Force Bowie), led by Brigadier General Gary Harrell, was an intelligence integration and fusion activity manned by personnel from all Operation Enduring Freedom \u2013 Afghanistan (OEF-A) participating units, both US, coalition and a number of civilian intelligence and law enforcement agencies. Bowie numbered 36 military personnel and 57 from agencies such as FBI, NSA, and CIA, as well as liaison officers from coalition SOF. Administratively embedded within Bowie was Advanced Force Operations (AFO). AFO was a 45-man reconnaissance unit made up of Delta Force reconnaissance specialists augmented by selected SEALs from DEVGRU and supported by ISA's technical experts. AFO had been raised to support TF Sword and was tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield, working closely with the CIA and reported directly to TF Sword. AFO conducted covert reconnaissance - sending small 2 or 3 man teams into al-Qaeda 'Backyard' along the border with Pakistan, the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance; much of the work was done on foot or ATVs. The final task force supporting OEF-A was CJCMOTF, which had the responsibility of managing civil affairs and humanitarian efforts.\n\nFirst move\n\nOn September 26, 2001, fifteen days after the 9/11 attack, the US covertly inserted (by a CIA-piloted Mi-17 helicopter) seven or eight members of the CIA's Special Activities Division and Counter Terrorism Center (CTC), led by Gary Schroen,  into the Panjshir Valley, north of Kabul. They formed the Northern Afghanistan Liaison Team, known by the call-sign 'Jawbreaker', a team composed of former special operations, communication and linguistic experts.Units Credited With Assault Landings  They brought three cardboard boxes filled with $3 million in $100 bills to buy support. Jawbreaker linked up with General Abdul Rashid Dostum, head of the Northern Alliance, and prepared the way for the introduction of Army Special Forces into the region. The Jawbreaker team brought satellite communications enabling its intelligence reports to be instantly available to headquarters staff at Langley and Central Command (CENTCOM), who were responsible for Operation Crescent Wind and Operation Enduring Freedom. The Team also assessed potential targets for Operation Crescent Wind, provide an in-extremis CSAR and could provide BDA for the air campaign.\n\nOn September 28, 2001, British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw approved the deployment of MI6 officers to the Afghanistan and the region, utilising people involved with the mujahadeen in the 1980s, and who had language skills and regional expertise. At the end of the month, a handful of MI6 officers with a budget of $7 million landed in northeast Afghanistan, they met with General Mohammed Fahim of the Northern Alliance and began working with other contacts in the north and south to build alliances, to secure support and to bribe as many Taliban commanders as they could to change sides or leave the fight.\n\nInitial air strikes\n\nOn October 7, 2001, the US officially launched military operations in Afghanistan. Airstrikes were reported in Kabul, at the airport, at Kandahar (home of Mullah Omar), and in the city of Jalalabad. The day before the bombing commenced, Human Rights Watch issued a report urging that no military support be given to the Northern Alliance due to their human rights record.\n\nAt 17:00 UTC, President Bush confirmed the strikes in his address to the nation, and Prime Minister Blair also addressed his nation. Bush stated that Taliban military sites and terrorist training grounds would be targeted. Food, medicine and supplies would be dropped to \"the starving and suffering men, women and children of Afghanistan\". Most of the Taliban's outdated SA-2 and SA-3 surface to air missiles, as well as its intended radar and command units, were destroyed on the first night along with the Taliban's small fleet of MIG-21s and Su-22s.\n\nTraining camps and Taliban air defenses were bombarded by US aircraft, including Apache helicopter gunships from the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade. US Navy cruisers, destroyers and Royal Navy submarines launched several Tomahawk cruise missiles.\n\nThe strikes initially focused on Kabul, Jalalabad and Kandahar. Within a few days, most Taliban training sites were severely damaged and air defenses were destroyed. The campaign focused on command, control, and communications targets. The front facing the Northern Alliance held, and no battlefield successes were achieved there.\n\nDuring these initial airstrikes a garrison of the 055 brigade near Mazar-i-Sharif was one of the first targets for US aircraft. Donald Rumsfeld described the troops as \"the al-Qaeda-dominated ground force\".\n\nEarlier Bin Laden had released a video in which he condemned all attacks in Afghanistan.\n\nOn October 18, 2001, Operational Detachment Alpha (ODA) teams 555 and 595, both 12-man Green Beret teams from the 5th Special Forces Group, plus Air Force Combat Controllers, were airlifted by helicopter from the Karshi-Khanabad Air Base in Uzbekistan more than  across the  Hindu Kush mountains in zero-visibility conditions by two MH-47E Chinook helicopters from 2nd Battalion 160th SOAR to the Dari-a-Souf Valley, just south of Mazar-e-Sharif. The Chinooks were refueled in-flight three times during the 11-hour mission, establishing a new world record for combat rotor-craft missions at the time. They linked up with the CIA and Northern Alliance. Within a few weeks the Northern Alliance, with assistance from the US ground and air forces, captured several key cities from the Taliban.\n\nIn mid-October 2001, A and G squadron of the British 22nd SAS Regiment, reinforced by members of the Territorial SAS regiments, deployed to north west Afghanistan in support of OEF-A. They conducted largely uneventful reconnaissance tasks under the code-name Operation Determine, none of these tasks resulted in enemy contact; they traveled in Land Rover Desert Patrol Vehicles (known as Pinkies) and modified ATVs. After a fortnight, with missions drying up, both squadrons returned to their barracks in the UK.\n\nObjective Rhino and Gecko\n\nOn the night of October 19, 2001, 200 Rangers from the 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, parachuted from 4 Lockheed MC-130 aircraft onto \"Objective Rhino\", a landing strip south of Kandahar, covered by AC-130 gunships. Before the Rangers dropped, the site was softened up by B-2 Spirit stealth bombers. The Rangers met almost no resistance, except for a solitary Taliban fighter who was quickly killed, securing the objective. A small Taliban force mounted in pick up trucks that attempted to investigate was spotted and destroyed by the AC-130s. The Rangers provided security while a FARP (Forward Arming and Refuelling Point) was established using fuel bladders from MC-130s; the mission paved the way for the later use of the airstrip by the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit as FOB Rhino, who would be among the first conventional forces to set foot in Afghanistan. No casualties were suffered in the operation itself (two Rangers received minor injuries in the jump itself), though two Rangers assigned to a CSAR element supporting the mission were killed when their MH-60L helicopter crashed at Objective Honda in Pakistan, a temporary staging site used by a company of Rangers from 3/75. The helicopter crashed due to a brownout.\n\nAt the same time, a squadron of Delta Force operatives supported by Rangers from Task Force Sword conducted an operation outside of Kandahar at a location known as Objective Gecko \u2013 its target was Mullah Omar, who was suspected to be at his summer retreat in the hills above Kandahar. Four MH-47E helicopters took off from the USS Kitty Hawk (which was serving as an SOF base) in the Indian Ocean carrying 91 soldiers. The assault teams were drawn from Delta, while teams from the Rangers secured the perimeter and manned blocking positions. Before the soldiers were inserted, the target area was softened up by preparatory fire from AC-130s and MH-60L Direct Action Penetrators. The assaulters met no resistance on target and there was no sign of the Taliban leader, so they switched to exploiting the target location for any intelligence, while their helicopters landed at Rhino to refuel at the newly established FARP. As the teams prepared to extract, a sizable Taliban force approached the compound and engaged the US force with small arms fire and RPGs. The Delta Force operators and Rangers engaged the insurgents and a heavy firefight developed. An attached Combat Controller directed fire from the orbiting AC-130s and DAPs, allowing the assault force to break contact and withdraw to an emergency Helicopter Landing Zone (HLZ). One of the MH-47Es lost a wheel assembly after striking the compound wall in the scramble to extract the ground force. Some 30 Taliban fighters were killed in the firefight; there were no US soldiers killed, but 12 Delta operators were wounded. Delta's plans to leave a stay-behind reconnaissance team in the area were aborted by the Taliban response.\n\nContinued air strikes\nThe Green Berets of ODA 595 split into two elements, Alpha and Bravo. Alpha rode on horseback with the Uzbek Warlord General Dostum to his headquarters to plan the impending assault on Mazar-e-Sharif.  Bravo was tasked with clearing the Dari-a-Souf Valley of Taliban and to travel into the Alma Tak Mountains to get a good look at its area of operations.\n\nOn October 20, 2001, the Alpha element of ODA 595 guided in the first JDAM bomb from a B-52, impressing Dostum, who soon taunted the Taliban over their radio frequencies. As part of its operations, the Americans beamed in radio broadcasts in both Pashto and Dari calling al-Qaeda and the Taliban criminals who were not proper Muslims and promising US$25 million to anyone who would provide information leading to the whereabouts of bin Laden.\n\nTwo weeks into the campaign, the Northern Alliance demanded the air campaign focus more on the front lines. A number of units from the US 5th Special Forces Group Operational Detachment Alpha teams were accompanied by USAF Tactical Air Control Party. They called in air strikes on targets, pounding Taliban vehicles, antiaircraft weapons, armored vehicles, their trenches, and ammunition supplies.\n\nOn October 23, ODA 585 infiltrated an area near Kunduz to work alongside the warlord Burillah Khan.\n\nThe United States conducted its own psychological warfare operation with EC-130E Commando Solo aircraft beaming radio transmissions in both Dari and Pashtu to the Afghan civilian population. Radios were dropped with humanitarian packages that were fixed to only receive news and Afghan music from a Coalition radio station. Air Force Special Operations aircraft also dropped huge numbers of Psy Ops leaflets, decrying the Taliban and al-Qaeda as criminals who ruined Afghanistan and promoting the $25 million reward placed on Bin Laden's head.\n \nCarrier-based F/A-18 Hornet fighter-bombers hit Taliban vehicles in pinpoint strikes, while other aircraft cluster bombed Taliban defenses. At the beginning of November, US aircraft attacked front lines with daisy cutter bombs and AC-130 gunships.\n\nBy November 2, Taliban frontal positions were devastated and a march on Kabul seemed possible. According to author Stephen Tanner,\n\nAlso on November 2, the 10-man ODA 553 inserted into Bamain and linked up with General Kareem Kahlili's forces; ODA 534 was also inserted into the Dari-a-Balkh Valley after being delayed by weather for several nights, its role was to support General Mohammed Atta - the head of Jaamat-e-Islami militia. Alongside the Green Berets was a small element of CIA SAD operatives.\n\nBravo team of ODA 595 conducted its own airstrikes in the Dari-a-Souf Valley, cutting off and destroying Taliban reinforcements and frustrating its attempts to relieve its embattled forces in the north. Cumulatively, the near constant airstrikes had begun to have a decisive effect and the Taliban began to withdraw toward Mazar-e-Sharif. Dostum's forces and Alpha team of ODA 595 followed, pausing only to drop further bombs on Taliban stragglers using their Special Operations Forces Laser Marker (SOFLAM), a device that emits laser-aiming point that can be followed by a smart bomb, such as a JDAM.\n\nOn the Shomali Plains, ODA 555 and the CIA Jawbreaker team attached to Fahim Khan's forces began calling in airstrikes on entrenched Taliban positions at the southeastern end of the former Soviet air base at Bagram. The Green Berets set up an observation post in a disused air traffic control tower and with perfect lines of sight, guided in two BLU-82 Daisy Cutter bombs which devastated the Taliban lines, both physically and psychologically. By November 5, 2001, the advance of Dostum and his force was stalled at the Taliban-held village of Bai Beche in the strategically vital Dari-a-Souf Valley. Two earlier Northern Alliance attacks had been driven back by the entrenched Taliban; Dostum prepared his men to follow a bombing run from a B-52 with a cavalry charge, but one of Dostum's lieutenants misunderstood an order and sent around 250 Uzbek horseman charging toward the Taliban lines as the B-52 made its final approach, three or four bombs landed just in time on the Taliban positions and the cavalry charge succeeded in breaking the back of the Taliban defenders.\n\nOn November 8, ODAs 586 and 594 were infiltrated into Afghanistan in MH-47s and picked up on the Afghan/Tajik border by CIA-flown MI-17s crewed by the SAD Air Branch contractors. ODA 586 deployed to Kunduz with the forces of General Daoud Khan and ODA 594 deployed into the Panjshir to assist the men of ODA 555.\n\nBush went to New York City on November 10, 2001 to address the United Nations. He said that not only was the US in danger of further attacks, but so were all other countries in the world. Tanner observed, \"His words had impact. Most of the world renewed its support for the American effort, including commitments of material help from Germany, France, Italy, Japan and other countries.\"\n\nAl-Qaeda fighters took over security in Afghan cities. The Northern Alliance troops planned to seize Mazar-i-Sharif, cutting off Taliban supply lines and enabling equipment to arrive from the north and then attack Kabul.\n\nDuring the early months, the US military had a limited presence on the ground. Special Forces and intelligence officers with a military background liaised with Afghan militias and advanced after the Taliban was disrupted by air power.\n\nThe Tora Bora Mountains lie roughly east of Kabul, on the Pakistan border. American analysts believed that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda had dug in behind fortified networks of caves and underground bunkers. The area was subjected to a heavy B-52 bombardment.\n\nUS and Northern Alliance objectives began to diverge. While the US was continuing the search for Osama bin Laden, the Northern Alliance wanted to finish off the Taliban.\n\nBattle of Mazar-i Sharif\n\nMazari-i Sharif was important because it is the home of the Shrine of Ali or \"Blue Mosque\", a sacred Muslim site, and because it is a significant transportation hub with two major airports and a major supply route leading into Uzbekistan. Taking the city would enable humanitarian aid to alleviate a looming food crisis, which threatened more than six million people with starvation. Many of those in most urgent need lived in rural areas to the south and west of Mazar-i-Sharif. On November 9, 2001, Northern Alliance forces, under the command of Dostum and Ustad Atta Mohammed Noor, overcame resistance crossing the Pul-i-Imam Bukhri bridgeSpecial Warfare Journal, \"The Liberation of Mazar e Sharif: 5th SF group conducts UW in Afghanistan\", 1 June 2002 and seized the city's main military base and airport.\n\nODA 595 and ODA 534 and the seven members of the CIA's Special Activities DivisionNeville, Leigh,  Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military), Osprey Publishing, 2015 , p.38-41 assisted about 2000 members of the Northern Alliance who attacked Mazari Sharif on horseback, foot, pickup trucks, and BMP armored personnel carriers. The US forces utilized close air support, which they used to destroy armor and vehicles. After a brief but bloody 90-minute battle, the Taliban withdrew, triggering celebrations.\n\nThe fall of the city was a \"body blow\" to the Taliban and ultimately proved to be a \"major shock\", since the US Central Command (CENTCOM) had originally believed that the city would remain in Taliban hands well into the following year and any potential battle would require \"a very slow advance\".\n\nUS Army Civil Affairs Teams from the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion and Tactical Psychological Operations Teams from the 4th Psychological Operations Group assigned to both the Green Berets and Task Force Dagger were immediately deployed to Mazar-e-Sharif to assist in winning the hearts and minds of the inhabitants.\n\nFollowing rumors that Mullah Dadullah was headed to recapture the city with as many as 8,000 fighters, a thousand US troops of the 10th Mountain Division were airlifted into the city, providing the first solid position from which Kabul and Kandahar could be reached. The US Air Force now had an airport to allow them to fly more sorties for resupply missions and humanitarian aid.\n\nUS-backed forces began immediately broadcasting from Radio Mazar-i-Sharif, the former Taliban Voice of Sharia channel, including an address from former President Rabbani.\n\nOn November 10, operators from C squadron SBS inserted via two C-130s into the recently captured Bagram Airfield and caused an immediate political quandary with the Northern Alliance leadership, which claimed the British had failed to consult in on the deployment.Farrell, Theo, Unwinnable: Britain\u2019s War in Afghanistan, 2001\u20132014, Bodley Head, 2017 , P.81-82 The British government had not given any forewarning or sought permission from the Northern Alliance of the deployment. The Northern Alliance foreign minister Abdullah Abdullah was \"apoplectic\" as he considered the uninvited arrival to be a violation of sovereignty, and complained bitterly to the head of the CIA field office, threatening to resign if the British did not withdraw. As it happened, the British government did alert the deputy head of the United Nations mission in Afghanistan that they were deploying troops to Bagram, albeit at short notice. Arriving on the first flight, Brigadier Graeme Lamb, then the Director Special Forces, simply ignored Abdullah and drove to the Panjshir Valley, where he paid his respects to Ahmad Shah Massoud's grave and held talks with Northern Alliance leaders. The British Foreign Secretary tried to reassure the Northern Alliance that the deployment was not a vanguard of a British peacekeeping army, but Northern Alliance leaders did not believe them; with the threat of the Northern Alliance opening fire on incoming RAF troop transports, the deployment was put on hold.\n\nOn November 11, in the central north of Afghanistan, ODA 586 was advising General Daoud Khan outside the city of Taloqan and coordinating a batch of preparatory airstrikes when the General surprised everyone by launching an impromptu massed infantry assault on the Taliban holding the city. Before the first bomb could be dropped, the city fell.\n\nFall of Kabul\n\nOn the night of November 12, Taliban forces fled Kabul under cover of darkness. Northern Alliance forces (supported by ODA 555) arrived the following afternoon, encountering a group of about twenty fighters hiding in the city's park. This group was killed in a 15-minute gun battle. After these forces were neutralized, Kabul was in the hands of coalition forces.\n\nThe fall of Kabul started a cascading collapse of Taliban positions. Within 24 hours, all Afghan provinces along the Iranian border had fallen, including Herat. Local Pashtun commanders and warlords had taken over throughout northeastern Afghanistan, including Jalalabad. Taliban holdouts in the north fell back to the northern city of Kunduz. By November 16, the Taliban's last stronghold in northern Afghanistan was under siege. Nearly 10,000 Taliban fighters, led by foreign fighters, continued to resist. By then, the Taliban had been forced back to their heartland in southeastern Afghanistan around Kandahar.\n\nElsewhere in Afghanistan UK and US special forces joined the Northern Alliance and other Afghan opposition groups to take Herat in November 2001. Canada and Australia also deployed forces. Other countries provided basing, access and overflight permission.\n\nAs a result of all the losses, surviving members of the Taliban and al-Qaeda retreated toward Kandahar, the spiritual birthplace and home of the Taliban movement and Tora Bora.\n\nBy November 13, al-Qaeda and Taliban forces, possibly including bin Laden, were concentrating in Tora Bora,  southwest of Jalalabad. Nearly 2,000 al-Qaeda and Taliban fighters fortified themselves in positions within bunkers and caves. On November 16 the US began bombing the mountain redoubt. Around the same time, CIA and Special Forces operatives were at work in the area, enlisting local warlords and planning an attack.\n\nObjective Wolverine, Raptor and Operation Relentless Strike\nOn November 13, the 75th Ranger Regiment carried out its second combat parachute drop into Afghanistan. A platoon-sized Ranger security element, including Team 3 of the Ranger Reconnaissance Detachment, accompanied by 8 Air Force Special Tactical operators, parachuted into a site southwest of Kandahar, codenamed Bastogne to secure a FARP for a follow on operation by the 160th SOAR. A pair of MC-130 cargo soon landed at the improvised airstrip and deposited four AH-6J Little Bird helicopters, the flight of little birds lifted off to hit a Taliban target compound near Kandahar code named Objective Wolverine. After destroying the target, the Little Birds returned to the FARP and proceeded to rearm and refuel and then they launched another strike against a second site called objective Raptor. With their mission completed, the Little Birds returned to the FARP, loaded onto the MC-130s and flew back to Pakistan. Several nights later, a similar mission codenamed Operation Relentless Strike took place \u2013 this time with the Rangers driving their modified HMMWV and Land Rovers to secure a remote desert strip. These were the first missions in Afghanistan conducted by the Little Bird pilots of the 160th SOAR, as the helicopters could not operate at the high altitudes in the mountains.\n\nMeanwhile, the US was able to track and kill al-Qaeda's number three, Mohammed Atef, with a bomb at his Kabul home between November 14\u201316, 2001, along with his guard Abu Ali al-Yafi'i and six others.Associated Press, \"Taliban confirms death of Osama bin Laden's military chief in US strike\", Houston Chronicle, 17 November 2001\n\nBattle of Tarinkot\n\nOn November 14, 2001, ODA 574 and Hamid Karzai inserted into Uruzgan Province via 4 MH-60K helicopters with a small force of guerrillas. In response to the approach of Karzai's force, the inhabitants of the town of Tarinkot revolted and expelled their Taliban administrators. Karzai traveled to Tarinkot to meet with the town elders. While he was there, the Taliban marshaled a force of 500 men to retake Tarinkot. Karzai's small force plus the American contingent, which consisted of US Army Special Forces from ODA 574 and their US Air Force Combat Controller, Tech Sergeant Alex Yoshimoto, were deployed in front of the town to block their advance. Relying heavily on close air support directed by Yoshimoto, the American/Afghan force managed to halt the Taliban advance and drive them away from the town.\n\nThe defeat of the Taliban at Tarinkot was an important victory for Karzai, who used the victory to recruit more men to his fledgling guerrilla band. His force would grow in size to a peak of around 800 men. On November 30, they left Tarinkot and began advancing on Kandahar.\n\nFall of Kunduz\n\nTask Force Dagger attention focused on the last northern Taliban stronghold, Kunduz; as the bombardment at Tora Bora grew, the Siege of Kunduz was continuing. General Daoud and ODA 586 had initiated massive coalition airstrikes to demoralize the Taliban defenders. After 11 days of fighting and bombardment, Taliban fighters surrendered to Northern Alliance forces on November 23. Shortly before the surrender, Pakistani aircraft arrived to evacuate intelligence and military personnel who had been aiding the Taliban's fight against the Northern Alliance. The airlift is alleged to have evacuated up to five thousand people, including Taliban and al-Qaeda troops.\n\nOperation Trent\n\nAfter political intersession with Prime Minister Tony Blair, the SAS were given a direct-action task \u2013 the destruction of an al-Qaeda-linked opium plant. The facility was located  southwest of Kandahar, manned by between 80 and 100 foreign fighters, with defenses consisting of trench lines and several makeshift bunkers. The SAS were ordered to assault the facility in full daylight: the timelines had been mandated by CENTCOM and were based on the availability of air support assets \u2013 only one hour of on-call close air support was provided. The timings meant that the squadrons could not carry out a detailed reconnaissance of the site prior to the assault being launched. Despite these factors, the commanding officer of 22 SAS accepted the mission. The Target was a low priority for the US and probably would have been destroyed from the air if the British hadn't argued for a larger role in Afghanistan; US SOF commanders guarded targets for their own units. The strategic significance of the facility has never fully been explained.\n\nThe mission began in November 2001, with an 8-man patrol from G Squadron's Air Troop performing the regiments first wartime HALO parachute jump - onto a barren desert site in Registan to test its suitability as an improvised airstrip for the landing of the main assault force in C-130 Hecules. The Air Troop advance team confirmed it was suitable and later that day a fleet of C-130s began to land, each touching down just long enough for the SAS to disembark in their vehicles. Operators from A and G squadron drove directly off the ramps as the planes moved along the desert strip before the aircraft took off again; the squadrons were drove in 38 Land Rover \"pinkies\", 2 logistics vehicles and 8 Kawasaki dirt bikes, they formed up and proceeded towards their target. One Land Rover broke down due to an engine problem, the vehicle was left behind, its 3-man crew stayed to guard it (they were picked when the assault force exfilled). The assault force drove to a previously agreed forming-up point and split into two elements - the main assault force and the FSB (fire support base), A Squadron was given the task of assaulting the target facility, whilst G Squadron took the role of FSB, G Squadron would suppress the enemy with vehicle-mounted GPMGs, .50cal HMGs, MILAN antitank missiles along with 81mm mortars and M82A1 sniper rifle, allowing A squadron closed in on the target (the force was out of range of the Coalition artillery guns).\n\nThe Assault began with a preparatory airstrike, following this, A Squadron moved from its start line, firing its weapon; they pulled up meters from the outer perimeter to dismount from their vehicles and closed in on the target on foot. All the while, G Squadron provided covering fire with heavy weapons onto the facility. Air support flew sorties until they ran out of munitions; on a final pass, a US Navy F-18 Hornet strafed a bunker with its 20mm cannon, which narrowly missed several members of G Squadron. As A Squadron closed on the fortified positions several SAS troopers were wounded, the al-Qaeda fighters were not particularly well trained but they were fanatical fighters and most relished the fight. The SAS had to fight hard for every inch of progress. The RSM in command of the FSB joined in the action, he brought forward teams to reinforce A Squadron when he believed the assault was stalling, they were several hundred meters from the enemy positions when he was shot in the leg by an AK-47 round. Eventually, the A Squadron assault force reached the objective, they cleared the HQ building, gathering all intelligence materials they could find. The mission lasted 4 hours and a total of 4 SAS operators were wounded; the operation became the largest British SAS operation in history.\n\nBattle of Qala-i-Jangi\n\nOn November 25, as Taliban and terrorist prisoners were moved into Qala-I-Janghi fortress near Mazar-I-Sharif, a few Taliban attacked their Northern Alliance guards. This incident triggered a revolt by 600 prisoners, who soon seized the southern half of the medieval fortress, including an armory stocked with an array of AK47s, RPGs and crew-served weapons. Johnny Micheal Spann, one of two CIA SAD operatives at the fortress who had been interrogating prisoners, was killed, marking America's first combat death.\n\nThe other CIA operator, known as 'Dave,' managed to make contact with CENTCOM who relayed his request for assistance to SOF troops at TF Dagger safe house in Mazar-e-Sharif. The safe house housed members of Delta Force, some Green Berets and a small team from M squadron SBS. A QRF was immediately formed of whoever was in the safe house at the time: a headquarters element from 3rd Battalion, 5th SFG, a pair of USAF liaison officers, a handful of CIA SAD operators and the SBS team. The 8-man SBS team arrived in Land Rover 90s and the Green Berets and CIA operatives arrived in minivans and began engaging the prisoners, fighting a pitched battle to \"stem the tide\" of the uprising; as a result, CIA operative 'Dave' managed to escape, following this the operators turned their attention to recovering Spann's body. Over the course of 4 days the battle continued, Green Berets called in multiple airstrikes on the Taliban prisoners, during one CAS mission a JDAM was misdirected and hit the ground closed to the Coalition and Northern Alliance positions, wounding 5 Green Berets and four SBS operators to various degrees.\n\nAC-130 gunships kept up aerial bombardments throughout the night, the following day (November 27) the siege was finally broken as Northern Alliance T-55 tanks were brought into the central courtyard to fire shells from its main guns into several block houses containing Taliban. Fighting continued sporadically thought the week as the last remnants were mopped out by Dostrum's Northern Alliance forces, the combined Green Beret-SBS team recovered Spann's body.\n\nThe revolt was crushed after seven days of fighting involving a Special Boat Service unit, Army Special Forces, and Northern Alliance forces and other aircraft provided strafing fire and launched bombs. 86 Taliban survived, and around 50 Northern Alliance soldiers were killed. The revolt was the final combat in northern Afghanistan.\n\nConsolidation: the taking of Kandahar\nODA 574 and Hamid Karzai began moving on Kandahar, gathering fighters from friendly local Pashtun tribes. His militia force eventually numbered some 800 men. They fought for two days with the Taliban, who were dug into ridge-lines overlooking the strategic Sayd-Aum-Kalay Bridge, eventually seizing it, with the help of US air-power, and opening the road to Kandahar.\n\nBy the end of November, Kandahar was the Taliban's last stronghold, and was coming under increasing pressure. Nearly 3,000 tribal fighters, led by Karzai and Gul Agha Sherzai, the governor of Kandahar before the Taliban seized power, pressured Taliban forces from the east and cut off northern supply lines to Kandahar. The Northern Alliance loomed in the north and northeast.\n\nODA 583 had infiltrated the Shin-Narai Valley, southeast of Kandahar to support Gul Agha Sherzai, the former governor of Kandahar. By November 24, ODA 583 had established covert observations posts, which allowed them to call in devastating fire on Taliban positions.\n\nMeanwhile, nearly 1,000 US Marines, ferried in by CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters and C-130s, set up a Forward Operating Base known as Camp Rhino in the desert south of Kandahar on November 25. This was the coalition's first base, and enabled other operating bases to form. The first significant combat involving US ground forces occurred a day after Rhino was captured, when 15 Taliban armored vehicles approached the base and were attacked by helicopter gunships, destroying many of them. Meanwhile, airstrikes continued to pound Taliban positions inside the city, where Mullah Omar remained. Omar remained defiant although his movement controlled only four out of 30 Afghan provinces by the end of November. He called on his forces to fight to the death.\n\nOn December 5, a 2,000\u00a0lb GPS-guided bomb landed among the Green Berets from ODA 574, killing 3 members and wounding the rest of the team. Over 20 of Karzai's militia were also killed and Karzai himself slightly wounded. A Delta Force unit nearby that had been operating nearby on a classified reconnaissance mission arrived in their Pinzgauers and secured the site, while Delta medics worked with wounded Green Berets. Along with a USMC CH-53 casualty evacuation helicopter onboard ODB 570 and ODA 524 were immediately dispatched by helicopter to assist with the wounded and to eventually replace the fallen operators of ODA 574.\n\nOn December 6, Karzai was informed that he would be the next president of Afghanistan, he also negotiated the successful surrender of both the remaining Taliban forces around Sayd-Aum-Kalay and the entire city of Kandahar itself. ODA 524, ODB 570 and Karzai's militia began their final push to clear the city. The US government rejected amnesty for Omar or any Taliban leaders. On December 7, Sherzai's forces seized Kandahar airport and moved in the city of Kandahar. Omar slipped out of Kandahar with a group of loyalists and moved northwest into the mountains of Uruzgan Province, thus reneging on the Taliban's promise to surrender their fighters and their weapons. He was last reported seen leaving in a convoy of motorcycles.\n\nOther Taliban leaders fled to Pakistan through the remote passes of Paktia and Paktika Provinces. The border town of Spin Boldak surrendered on the same day, marking the end of Taliban control in Afghanistan. Afghan forces under Gul Agha seized Kandahar, while the US Marines took control of the airport and established a US base.\n\nAlso in early December 2001, as the US invasion of Afghanistan was almost completed, it was reported that warlord Dostum's forces, who were fighting the Taliban alongside the US Special Forces, had intentionally suffocated as many as 3,000 Taliban prisoners in container trucks in an incident that has become known as the Dasht-i-Leili massacre. The Taliban prisoners were shot and/or suffocated while being transferred by US and Junbish-i Milli soldiers from Kunduz to Sheberghan prison in Afghanistan. The site of the graves is believed to be in the Dasht-i-Leili desert just west of Sheberghan, in the Jowzjan Province.\n\nBattle of Tora Bora\n\nAfter the fall of Kabul and Kandahar, al-Qaeda elements including Bin Laden and other key leaders withdrew to Jalalabad, Nangarhar Province, from there they moved into the Tora Bora region of the White Mountains, 20\u00a0km away from the Pakistan border - where there was a network of caves and prepared defenses used by the mujahideen during the Soviet-Afghan War. Signal intercepts and interrogation of captured Taliban fighters and al-Qaeda terrorists pointed towards the presence of significant numbers of foreign fighters and possible HVTs in and moving to the area; instead of committing conventional forces, higher echelons of both the White House and the Pentagon took the decision to isolate and destroy the al-Qaeda elements in the area with the US SOF supporting locally recruited AMFs (Afghan Militia Forces) - due to misplaced fear of replicating the Soviets experience in the area.\n\nODA 572 and a CIA Jawbreaker team (small group of CIA SAD ground branch operators) were dispatched to Tora Bora to advise eastern anti-Taliban forces under the command of two warlords: Hazrat Ali and Mohammed Zaman (both had a deep-seated distrust toward each other); using CIA hard currency, some 2,500 to 3,000 AMF were recruited for the coming battle; al-Qaeda were using Tora Bora as a final strongpoint. The leader of the CIA Jawbreaker team requested a battalion of Rangers - 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment - to be dropped into the mountains to establish blocking positions along potential escape routes out of Tora Bora into Pakistan. They would serve as the 'anvil' whilst Green Berets with the AMF would be the 'Hammer,' with attached Air Force Combat Controllers, the Rangers could direct airstrikes onto enemy concentrations or engage them in ambushes; troops from the 10th Mountain Division were also an option, but this was denied.\n\nFrom the outset of the battle, ODA 572 with its attached Combat Controller called in precision airstrikes (15,000lb Daisy Cutters were often used), whilst their AMFs launched what amounted to a number of poorly executed and coordinated attacks on established al-Qaeda positions with a predictable degree of success. The Green Berets discovered that the militias lacked both the motivation and skill for the battle: according to ODA members they would gain ground in the morning following US airstrikes and then relinquish control of those gains the same day, they would also retreat to their base areas for sleep each night. With the AMF offensive stalled and the CIA and ODA teams overstretched, the decision was made to deploy more troops into the battle.\n\n40 operators from A squadron Delta Force were forward deployed to Tora Bora and would assume tactical command of the battle from the CIA, with the Delta squadron were a dozen of so members of M squadron SBS, members of MI6 also deployed to the region alongside the SBS. The Delta operators were deployed in small teams embedded within the militias and sent their own Recce operators out to pick up Bin Laden's trail, eventually with the assistance of Green Berets and CIA operators cajoling the AMF, progress was made. The Delta squadron commander agreed with the Jawbreaker assessment of the situation and requested blocking forces or the scattering of aerial landmines to deny mountain passes to the enemy and since the deployment of the Ranger battalion had been denied, he requested that his operators carryout their proposed role but all his requests were denied by General Franks. On December 12, two weeks into the battle, AMF commander Zaman opened negotiations with the trapped al-Qaeda and Taliban in Tora Bora, despite the frustrations of the Americans and British, a temporary truce was called until 0800hr the following morning to allow al-Qaeda to supposedly agree to surrender terms by Shura (group meeting). This was a ruse played to allow as many as several hundred al-Qaeda and members of the 055 Brigade to escape over night toward Pakistan.Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N , 2012, , p.338\n\nThe following day, a handheld ICOM radio recovered from the body of a dead al-Qaeda fighter allowed members of the Delta squadron, SBS, CIA, and MI6 to hear Bin laden's voice - apparently apologizing to his followers for leading them to Tora Bora and giving his blessing for their surrender - thought to be addressed to the terrorists that stayed to fight a rearguard action to allow Bin Laden to escape. Credible rumors of cash payments by Bin Laden to at least one of the warlords abound - the reluctance of the AMF to press the attack may have been influenced by similar bribes. The leader of the CIA Jawbreaker team at Tora Bora believed that two large al-Qaeda groups escaped: the smaller group of 130 jihadis escaped east into Pakistan, while the second group including Bin Laden and 200 Saudi and Yemeni jihadis took the route across the mountains to the town of Parachinar, Pakistan; the Delta squadron commander believed that Bin Laden crossed the border into Pakistan sometime around 16 December. A Delta Recce team, call-sign 'Jackal', spotted a tall man wearing a camouflage jacket with a large number of fighters entering a cave, the Recce team called in multiple airstrikes on the obvious presumption that it was Bin Laden, but later DNA analysis from the remains did not match Bin Laden's. With the majority of the terrorists gone the battle came to an end, official tallies of claiming hundreds of al-Qaeda killed at Tora Bora are difficult to confirm since many of the bodies were buried in caves or vaporized by bombs, just under 60 prisoners were taken.Corera, Gordon, MI6: Life and Death in the British Secret Service, W&N , 2012, , p.338 Around December 17, across the border, Pakistani Border Scouts, allegedly assisted by members of JSOC and the CIA in capturing an upward of another 300 foreign fighters. \n\nOn December 20, ODA 561 were inserted into the White Mountains to support ODA 572 in conducting SSE of the caves and to assist with recovering DNA samples from terrorist bodies.\n\nUS and UK forces continued searching into January, but no sign of al-Qaeda leadership emerged. An estimated 200 al-Qaeda fighters were killed during the battle, along with an unknown number of tribal fighters. No American or British deaths were reported.\n\nDiplomatic and humanitarian efforts\n\nIn December 2001 the United Nations hosted the Bonn Conference. The Taliban were excluded. Four Afghan opposition groups participated. Observers included representatives of neighboring and other involved major countries.\n\nThe resulting Bonn Agreement created the Afghan Interim Authority that would serve as the \"repository of Afghan sovereignty\" and outlined the so-called Petersberg Process that would lead towards a new constitution and a new Afghan government.\n\nUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1378 of November 14, 2001, included \"Condemning the Taliban for allowing Afghanistan to be used as a base for the export of terrorism by the al-Qaeda network and other terrorist groups and for providing safe haven to Osama bin Laden, al-Qaeda and others associated with them, and in this context supporting the efforts of the Afghan people to replace the Taliban regime\".\n\nThe United Nations World Food Programme temporarily suspended activities within Afghanistan at the beginning of the bombing attacks but resumed them after the fall of the Taliban.\n\nSecurity force for Kabul\n\nOn December 20, 2001, the United Nations authorized an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), with a mandate to help the Afghans maintain security in Kabul and surrounding areas. It was initially established from the headquarters of the British 3rd Mechanised Division under Major General John McColl, and for its first years numbered no more that 5,000. The force had the invitation of the new interim Afghan government; Its mandate did not extend beyond the Kabul area for the first few years. Eighteen countries were contributing to the force in February 2002.\n\n2002: Operation Anaconda\n\nIn January 2002, another series of caves was discovered in Zawar Kili, just south of Tora Bora, airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area. A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3, including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles, accompanied by a German KSK element, a Norwegian SOF team and JTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SEE, clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area, recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions, but they didn't encounter any al-Qaeda fighters.\n\nFollowing the Loya jirga, tribal leaders and former exiles established an interim government in Kabul under Hamid Karzai. US forces established their main base at Bagram airbase just north of Kabul. Kandahar airport also became an important US base. Outposts were established in eastern provinces to hunt for Taliban and al-Qaeda fugitives.\n\nAl-Qaeda forces regrouped in the Shah-i-Kot Valley area, Paktia province, in January and February 2002. A Taliban fugitive in Paktia province, Mullah Saifur Rehman began reconstituting some of his militia forces. They totaled over 1,000 by the beginning of March 2002. The insurgents wanted to launch guerrilla attacks and possibly a major offensive, copying 1980s anti-Soviet fighters.\n\nThe US detected the buildup, and on March 2, 2002, US, Canadian, and Afghan forces began \"Operation Anaconda\" against them. The trucks of Task Force Hammer become stuck in the mud while owing to a communications mistake, the massive aerial bombardment did not take place. The poorly trained Afghan government troops proved incapable of fighting al-Qaeda without air support. Mujahideen forces, using small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, and mortars, were entrenched into caves and bunkers in the hillsides largely above . They used \"hit and run\" tactics, opening fire and then retreating to their caves and bunkers to weather the return fire and bombing. US commanders initially estimated their opponents as an isolated pocket numbering fewer than 200. Instead the guerrillas numbered between 1,000\u20135,000, according to some estimates. By March 6, eight American, seven Afghan allied, and up to 400 Al Qaida opposing fighters had been killed. At one point, while coming under heavy al-Qaeda force, the Afghan government forces fled in panic and refused to fight, leading to the men of Task Force Hammer to take on al-Qaeda alone. \"Friendly fire\" incidents where American troops were bombed by their air force several times added to further difficulties. Sub-engagements included the Battle of Takur Ghar on 'Roberts Ridge,' and follow-up Operations Glock and Polar Harpoon.\n\nSeveral hundred guerrillas escaped to the tribal areas in Waziristan. During Operation Anaconda and other missions during 2002 and 2003, the New Zealand Special Air Service and other special forces from Australia, Germany, and Norway were also involved in operations.\n\nIn February 2002, the National Security Council met to decide whether to expand ISAF beyond Kabul. In a dispute between Powell and Rumsfeld (a pattern repeated often through the Bush Administration) Rumsfeld's view that the force should not be expanded prevailed. Historians later wrote that the failure of ISAF to be deployed beyond Kabul drove Karzai to offer positions within the state to potential spoilers whose activities did great harm to the state's reputation. Because the rise of the insurgency was linked to grievances over governance, this became a serious problem.\n\nUS Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld's aimed to carry out operations in Afghanistan as quickly as possible, and leave as fast as possible. He thus wished to focus on kinetic counter-terrorism operations and building up a new Afghan Army.\n\nOperation Harpoon started in the early hours of March 13, aiming to eliminate pockets of Taliban and Al-Qaeda resistance in the Arma Mountains in eastern Afghanistan. The land component was under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Pat Stogran, the commanding officer of 3rd Battalion, the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (3 PPCLI). It consisted of a battalion-sized Canadian and an American force from the 187th Infantry Regiment, of the 101st Airborne Division.\n\nPost-Anaconda operations\n\nFollowing the battle at Shahi-Kot, al-Qaeda fighters established sanctuaries on the Pakistani border, where they launched cross-border raids beginning in the summer of 2002. Guerrilla units, numbering between 5 and 25 men, regularly crossed the border to fire rockets at coalition bases, ambush convoys and patrols and assault non-governmental organizations. The area around the Shkin base in Paktika province saw some of the heaviest activity.\n\nTaliban fighters remained in hiding in the rural regions of four southern provinces: Kandahar, Zabul, Helmand and Uruzgan. After Anaconda the Department of Defense requested British Royal Marines, highly trained in mountain warfare, to be deployed. In response, 45 Commando deployed under the operational code-name Operation Jacana in April 2002. They conducted missions (including Operation Snipe, Operation Condor, and Operation Buzzard) over several weeks with varying results. The Taliban avoided combat.\n\nIn May 2002 Combined Joint Task Force 180 became the senior US military headquarters in the country, under Lieutenant General Dan K. McNeill.\n\nLater in 2002, CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF-180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF-A, it was built around an Army Special Forces Group (often manned by National Guard units) and SEAL teams. A small JSOC element (formerly Task Force Sword/11) not under direct CTJF command - embedded within CJSOFT, it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command, it was not under direct ISAF command, although it operated in support of NATO operations.\n\nAftermath\nSeveral events, taken together, in early 2002 can be seen as the ending of the first phase of the US led war in the country. The first was the dispersal of the major groups of the Taliban and Al Qaeda after the end of Anaconda. In the United States, in February 2002 the decision was taken not to expand international security forces beyond Kabul. Finally President Bush made his speech at the Virginia Military Institute on April 17, 2002, invoking the memory of General George Marshall whilst talking of Afghan reconstruction, which resulted in discussion of a \u2018Marshall Plan\u2019 for Afghanistan. The decision against a significant expansion of international presence and development assistance was later seen by historians as a major error. Avoiding large forces which might rouse the Afghans against the United States was later seen as a fallacy. However, the growing commitment to Iraq was absorbing more and more resources, which in hindsight would have made committing such resources to Afghanistan impossible.\n\nThe US invasion of Afghanistan became the first phase of the War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present).\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nSeth Jones, 'In the Graveyard of Empires,' Norton & Company, 2009\nDonald P. Wright & al., A Different Kind of War : The United States Army in Operation ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF) October 2001-September 2005'', Fort Leavenworth, Kan. : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2009\n\nFurther reading\nJack Fairweather, The Good War: Why We Couldn\u2019t Win the War or the Peace in Afghanistan, Random House, 2014, , 9781448139729\nLeigh Neville, Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan, Osprey Publishing, Elite 163, Osprey, 2008. . Interesting account of early war operations, mostly before Operation Anaconda.\n\n*\nCategory:2001 in Afghanistan\nCategory:Conflicts in 2001\nAfghanistan\nUnited States"}
-{"text": "Some Bride\n\nSome Bride is a 1919 American silent comedy film directed by Henry Otto and produced and distributed by Metro Pictures. It stars Viola Dana.\n\nPlot\nAs described in a film magazine, Patricia Morley (Dana) is a pretty, young bride whose flirtatious ways during their honeymoon at a summer resort keep her husband Henry (Cummings) in a state of constant anxiety. Henry's jealousy is attributed to a strain of Spanish blood, although any husband would be puzzled by Patricia's activities. When Patricia, at an old fashioned barn dance, acts out the role of a chicken hatching out of an egg and dances with other men due to Henry's sprained ankle, Henry's wrath blazes up, and he accuses her of being in love with another man and threatens to leave her. He packs his things, goes to New York City, and files for divorce. Patricia, brokenhearted, sends her friend Victoria (Sinclair) to tell Henry that his wife is dying. Patricia goes to the hospital where her hysterical conduct alarms the doctor and nurse. Later the nurse discovers that the bride is bluffing but is serious in her efforts to win back her husband. Henry arrives at the hospital just in time to see his wife acting out the role of a nurse to his divorce attorney Geoffrey Patten (Mason), who had broken his leg two days earlier. Henry again explodes in wrath, but finally makes up with Patricia, and they return to New York City, taking along the lawyer. Additional complications follow, but all ends happily.\n\nCast\nViola Dana - Patricia Morley\nIrving Cummings - Henry Morley\nRuth Sinclair - Victoria French\nBilly Mason - Geoffrey Patten\nFlorence Carpenter - Jane Grayson\nJack Mower - Undetermined role\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1919 films\nCategory:American silent feature films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Lost American films\nCategory:Metro Pictures films\nCategory:Films directed by Henry Otto\nCategory:Films based on short fiction\nCategory:1910s comedy films\nCategory:American comedy films\nCategory:American black-and-white films"}
-{"text": "Steppic Biogeographic Region\n\nThe Steppic Biogeographic Region is a biogeographic region of Europe, as defined by the European Environment Agency .\n\nExtent\n\nThe Steppic region covers part of Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and western Kazakhstan, and extends further west into Asia.\nIt has low-lying plains and rolling hills or plateaus with an average elevation of\n\nEnvironment\n\nThe natural vegetation is mostly grasses such as Elymus repens (couch grass), Stipa (feather grass) and Festuca (fescue), among which are scattered herbaceous plants such as Potentilla (cinquefoil), Verbascum (mullein and Artemisia (wormwood).\nThe humus-rich soils are very fertile, and much of the region has been converted to cultivated land, with few remaining pockets of the original vegetation.\n\nConservation\n\nRomania has the only part of the Steppic Region in the European Union.\nThis is a small intensively farmed area.\nThe list of Natura 2000 sites in region was adopted in December 2008, with 34 Sites of Community Importance under the Habitats Directive and 40 Special Protection Areas under the Birds Directive. Some sites are in both categories.\nTogether they cover about 20% of the land in the Romanian part of the region.\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n\nCategory:Environment of Europe\nCategory:Biogeography"}
-{"text": "Deh-e Hajji Abdol Rahim Rakhshani\n\nDeh-e Hajji Abdol Rahim Rakhshani (, also Romanized as Deh-e \u1e28\u0101jj\u012b \u02bfAbdol Ra\u1e29\u012bm Rakhsh\u0101n\u012b) is a village in Dust Mohammad Rural District, in the Central District of Hirmand County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. In the 2006 Iranian census the village was home to 26 families, totaling 128 people.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Hirmand County"}
-{"text": "Goodwood Racecourse Heliport\n\nGoodwood Racecourse Heliport  is located  north northeast of Chichester, West Sussex, England.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGoodwood\n\nCategory:Airports in England\nCategory:Goodwood\nCategory:Heliports in England\nCategory:Airports in West Sussex"}
-{"text": "Ni\u017en\u00e1 Rybnica\n\nNi\u017en\u00e1 Rybnica is a small village and municipality in the Sobrance District in the Ko\u0161ice Region of east Slovakia.\n\nHistory\nIn historical records the village was first mentioned in 1333.\n\nGeography\nThe village lies at an altitude of 111 metres and covers an area of 8.999\u00a0km\u00b2.\n\nCulture\nThe village has a public library.\n\nExternal links\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070513023228/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html\nhttp://en.e-obce.sk/obec/niznarybnica/nizna-rybnica.html\nhttp://www.niznarybnica.sk\n\nCategory:Villages and municipalities in Sobrance District"}
-{"text": "Cyclops (1982 film)\n\nCyclops () is a 1982 Croatian film directed by Antun Vrdoljak, based on the 1965 novel of the same title by Ranko Marinkovi\u0107.\n\nCast\nFrano Lasi\u0107 as Melkior Tresi\u0107\nLjuba Tadi\u0107 as Maestro\nRade \u0160erbed\u017eija as Ugo\nMira Furlan as Enka\nMar\u00eda Baxa as Vivijana\nMustafa Nadarevi\u0107 as Don Fernando\nRelja Ba\u0161i\u0107 as ATMA\nBoris Dvornik - Starojugoslavenski oficir\nIvo Gregurevi\u0107 - Krele\nDragan Milivojevi\u0107 - Fredi\nKarlo Buli\u0107\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCyclops at hrfilm.hr \n\nCategory:1982 films\nCategory:Croatian films\nCategory:Croatian-language films\nCategory:Yugoslav films\nCategory:Films based on Croatian novels\nCategory:Films directed by Antun Vrdoljak"}
-{"text": "Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability\n\nThe Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability was a joint operation of the United States and Russian federation designed to provide mutual assurance that neither nation was launching a nuclear first strike against the other during the transition from the year 1999 to the year 2000. The program arose out of concerns the Year 2000 problem might generate false positives in each nation's nuclear attack Early warning systems.\n\nThe center came online December 30, 1999 and was closed January 15, 2000. It operated from Peterson Air Force Base.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Foreign relations of Russia\nCategory:Nuclear warfare\nCategory:Foreign relations of the United States"}
-{"text": "Grandes \u00c9xitos Juan Luis Guerra y 440\n\nGrandes Exitos de Juan Luis Guerra y 440 is a compilation album of Dominican singer-songwriter Juan Luis Guerra, and his band 440. Issued in 1995, it consists of tracks from the first seven studio albums.\n\nAmong the tracks are two songs from the controversial album \u00c1reito that was said to have anti-capitalist tendencies. And although Guerra quit recording protest songs, he included these two tracks, of which El costo de la vida was his first number-one hit in the Hot Latin Tracks.\n\nTrack listing \n\n El costo de la vida*\n Rosalia\n Woman de Callao\n Visa para el sue\u00f1o\n Burbujas de amor\n Ojal\u00e1 que llueva caf\u00e9\n Me enamoro de ella\n Fr\u00edo Fr\u00edo*\n Como abeja al panal\n A pedir su mano\n la Bilirubina\n Carta de amor\n Bachata rosa \n Guavaberry\n La cosquillita\n Si tu te vas (bonus track)\n Se\u00f1orita (bonus track)\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1995 greatest hits albums\nCategory:Juan Luis Guerra compilation albums\nCategory:Spanish-language compilation albums"}
-{"text": "List of United States senators in the 83rd Congress by seniority\n\nThis is a complete list of members of the United States Senate during the 83rd United States Congress listed by seniority, from January 3, 1953, to January 3, 1955.\n\nOrder of service is based on the commencement of the senator's first term. Behind this is former service as a senator (only giving the senator seniority within his or her new incoming class), service as vice president, a House member, a cabinet secretary, or a governor of a state. The final factor is the population of the senator's state.\n\nSenators who were sworn in during the middle of the two-year congressional term (up until the last senator who was not sworn in early after winning the November 1954 election) are listed at the end of the list with no number.\n\nTerms of service\n\nU.S. Senate seniority list\n\nSee also\n83rd United States Congress\nList of members of the United States House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress by seniority\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nSenate Seniority List\n\n083"}
-{"text": "Santragachi\u2013Anand Vihar Superfast Express\n\nThe Santragachi - Anand Vihar Superfast Express is a express train belonging to South Eastern Railway zone that runs between Santragachi Junction and Anand Vihar Terminal in India. It is currently being operated with 22857/22858 train numbers on weekly basis.\n\nService\n\nThe 22857/Santragachi - Anand Vihar Weekly SF Express has averages speed of 58\u00a0km/hr and covers 1575\u00a0km in 27h 15m. The 22858/Anand Vihar - Santragachi Weekly SF Express has averages speed of 58\u00a0km/hr and covers 1575\u00a0km in 27h 15m.\n\nRoute and halts \n\nThe important halts of the train are:\n\nCoach composite\n\nThe train has standard LHB rakes with max speed of 130 kmph. The train consist of 18 coaches :\n\n 1 AC II Tier\n 2 AC III Tier\n 8 Sleeper Coaches\n 5 General Unreserved\n 2 End-on Generator\n\nTraction\n\nBoth trains are hauled by a Santragachi Loco Shed based WAP-4 electric locomotive from Howrah to Delhi and vice versa.\n\nRake Sharing \n\nThe train shares its rake with 22893/22894 Sainagar Shirdi-Howrah Express.\n\nSee also \n\n Anand Vihar Terminal railway station\n Santragachi Junction railway station\n Sainagar Shirdi-Howrah Express\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n 22857/Santragachi - Anand Vihar Weekly SF Express\n 22858/Anand Vihar - Santragachi Weekly SF Express\n\nCategory:Transport in Howrah\nCategory:Transport in Delhi\nCategory:Express trains in India\nCategory:Rail transport in Delhi\nCategory:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh\nCategory:Rail transport in Bihar\nCategory:Rail transport in Jharkhand\nCategory:Rail transport in West Bengal\nCategory:Railway services introduced in 2015"}
-{"text": "Budureasa\n\nBudureasa () is a commune in Bihor County, northwestern Romania with a population of 2,581 people. It is composed of five villages: Budureasa, Burda (Borda), Saca (Sz\u00e1ka), S\u0103li\u0219te de Beiu\u0219 (Bel\u00e9nyesszeleste) and Teleac (Telek).\n\nThe St\u00e2na de Vale resort is located in the commune.\n\nReferences\n\nBudureasa"}
-{"text": "List of Amstrad CPC games\n\nThis list contains  game titles released for the Amstrad CPC home computer series. This number is always up to date by this script.\n\n0\u20139\n\nA\n\nB\n\nC\n\nD\n\nE\n\nF\n\nG\n\nH\n\nI\n\nJ\n\nK\n\nL\n\nM\n\nN\n\nO\n\nP\n\nQ\n\nR\n\nS\n\nT\n\nU\n\nV\n\nW\n\nX\n\nY\n\nZ\n\nSee also\nLists of video games\nList of Amstrad PCW games\n\nReferences\n\nCPC Game Reviews by Nicholas Campbell\nAmstrad CPC at Adventureland\nCPC-power Database of CPC software (in French)\nThe 464 Project - 464 Games on the Amstrad CPC\nThe 464 Project Part 2 - 128 MORE Games on the Amstrad CPC\n\n \nAmstrad CPC"}
-{"text": "Department of Justice and Public Administration\n\nThe Department of Justice and Public Administration (; ) is the department of the Basque Government responsible for the community's public administration and justice system. It was created in 1936 and restored in 1980 under democracy.\n\nMinisters \n 1936-1960: Jesus Maria Leizaola\n 1978-1980: Jose Antonio Agiriano\n 1980-1982: Carmelo Renobale\n 1984-1985: Juan Porres\n 1985-1991: Juan Ramon Gebera\n 1991:Javier Ca\u00f1o\n 1991-1995: Jose Ramon Rekalde\n 1995-1997: Ramon Jauregi\n 1997-1998: Francisco Egea\n 1998-2001: Sabin Intxaurraga\n 2001-2009: Joseba Azkarraga\n 2009-2012: Idoia Mendia\n 2012-present: Josu Erkoreka\n\nExternal links \n  \n  \n\nCategory:Basque Government"}
-{"text": "List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, August 2019\n\nAugust 2019\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nkillings by law enforcement officers\n 06"}
-{"text": "MYL\n\nMYL could refer to:\n\n Maryland railway station, England; National Rail station code MYL.\n McCall Municipal Airport, Valley County, Idaho, United States; IATA airport code MYL.\n Mind Your Language, a 1970s and 1980s British television series\n Music of Your Life\n Muslim Youth League, a branch of Minhaj-ul-Quran\n Mylan Laboratories Inc.; New York Stock Exchange symbol MYL.\n+ text shorthand for \"i'm Your Love\""}
-{"text": "Blandine N'Goran\n\nBlandine N'Goran (born May 4, 1987) is a Ivorian female professional basketball player.\n\nExternal links\nProfile at fiba.com\nProfile at University of Arkansas\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Abidjan\nCategory:Ivorian women's basketball players"}
-{"text": "Reavis High School\n\nReavis High School is a public high school located in Burbank, Illinois. It is named for Dr. William Claude Reavis (1881\u20131955), a professor at the University of Chicago who played a major role in guaranteeing its completion.\n\nReavis is the only school in Cook County High School District 220, making the school and the district one and the same.\n\nAcademics\nIn 2010, Reavis had an average composite ACT score of 19.5 and graduated 96.3% of its senior class.  The average class size is 20.4.  Reavis has not made Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) on the Prairie State Achievement Examination, which the state of Illinois uses to assess schools as is mandated in the federal No Child Left Behind Act.\n\nAthletics and activities\nReavis competes in the South Suburban Conference, which was formed in 2006.  Prior to this, the school was a part of the South Inter-Conference Association (SICA).  Reavis is a member of the Illinois High School Association (IHSA), which governs most sports and competitive activities in the state.\n\nThe following Reavis teams won their respective state championship tournaments sponsored by the IHSA:\n Football: 1982-83\n Wrestling: 1960-61, 1961\u201362, 1964\u201365\n Drama (Contest Play): 2006\u201307, 2010\u201311\n Drama (Group Interpretation) 2012-13, 2016\n\nReavis High School was the site for all of the wrestling matches at the 1959 Pan American Games.\n\nNotable alumni \n Lance Dreher (Class of 1973), two-time Mr. Universe and former Mr. America.\n Drew Fortier (Class of 2005), musician, songwriter, filmmaker, actor, and author.\n Ray Hanania (Class of 1971), journalist and comedian.\n James Chico Hernandez (Class of 1972), World Cup Silver, 3-time British silver medalist in Sombo wrestling and Wheaties fame.\n Tom Lemming, college football recruiting analyst.\n Bobby Madritsch (Class of 1995), former Major League Baseball pitcher (2004\u201305), playing for the Seattle Mariners.\n Willy Roy (Class of 1961), former soccer coach and member of the National Soccer Hall of Fame.\n\nReferences\n\nhttp://www.reavisd220.org/aboutus/boardofeducation\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n IHSA: Annual athletic records\n\nCategory:Public high schools in Cook County, Illinois\nCategory:Burbank, Illinois\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1950\nCategory:1950 establishments in Illinois"}
-{"text": "City Tower (Trnava)\n\nThe City Tower (in Slovak Mestsk\u00e1 ve\u017ea) is one of the most important historic monuments of Trnava, Slovakia.\n\nThe tower's construction began on 28 July 1574. In 1666 and 1683 the tower was affected by fire and since then it has remained without a roof.\n\nThe tower has a square ground plan in the shape of a solid prism with eight floors and is 57 metres high. The tower has a scenic gallery 29 metres above ground level. The corners and the highest floor are decorated with diamond sgraffito. On the south-west side is a sundial. In the alcove above the entrance is circular relief a symbol of Christ.\n\nOn the top of the tower was originally a moon with a star emblem. This symbol was replaced by a statue of the Virgin Mary sometimes between 1739\u20131742, but since that time it was toppled by windstorm and replaced by a life-size gilt copper statue.\n\nIn 1729 a clockwork mechanism from Franz Langer\u2019s workshop was added to the fifth floor. The bobs weigh 300 kilograms and hang on a 30 metre  rope.\n\nIn 1818 a new entrance into the tower  was built above which was sgraffiti of Christ and the Latin lettering: Nisi dominus custodierit civitatem, frustra vigilat, gui custodit eam (\"except the Lord keep the city, the watchman waketh but in vain\", Psalm 127).\n\nThe tower was reconstructed in 1938\u20131941 by the Pittel and Brausvetter company. The sgraffiti were covered by plaster and the statue was re-gilded in the workshop of Peter Michaletz.\n\nAnother reconstruction took place in 1997 - 1998.\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Trnava\nCategory:Towers in Slovakia\nCategory:16th-century architecture in Slovakia"}
-{"text": "2009 Mediterranean wildfires\n\nThe 2009 Mediterranean wildfires were a series of wildfires that broke out across France, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Turkey in July 2009. Strong winds spread the fire during a hot, dry period of weather killing at least eight people, six of whom were in Spain. Some of the wildfires were caused by lightning, along with arson and military training.\n\nEffects \nFour Spanish firefighters died in Catalonia on 21 July, and a fifth member died later from injuries on 23 July, as well as a fire engine driver in Teruel. A further two people died from bush fires in Sardinia. More than 120 people were rescued at Capo Pecora on Sardinia by helicopter and civil protection boats. The Arenas prison complex was evacuated and the inmates were temporarily transferred to the beach.\n\nNorthern and central Spain saw temperatures of around  on 21 July. Around 2,000 people were evacuated from hills around the town of Collado Mediano, near Madrid. Aircraft with water and firefighters controlled the fire.\n\nEstimates suggest that 5,000 hectares of forest and bush were affected in the Sierra Cabrera mountain range between Turre and Moj\u00e1car in Spain on 14\u201315 July. 500 people were evacuated, as dozens of firefighters and soldiers controlled the fires, including the use of five helicopters and three aircraft. On 23 July, the fires on the Sierra Cabrera on which Moj\u00e1car sits flared again, causing damage to the village and other houses in the area and the evacuation of around 1,500 residents.\n\nOutside the French city of Marseille, 1,300 hectares (3211 acres) were destroyed. In Corsica, wildfires led to the destruction of approximately 4,000 hectares (10,000 acres) of bush and forest resulting in the injuries of five firemen.\n\nMore than 320 wildfires affected patches of forest across Greece, although they did affect buildings. Most of them were located on the island of Euboea and the southern Peloponnese.\n\nOn 23 July, over 15 hectares of land were destroyed in a landfill site in Bodrum, southwestern Turkey. Over 200 volunteers and 100 firefighters tried to contain the fires across Turkey, which saw temperatures of  on 25\u201326 July.\n\nCauses \n\nIn the Mediterranean region, the current fire frequency due to human activity is considered much larger than the natural rate. 95% of forest fires in Spain are human-induced. The 2009 Mediterranean wildfires occurred during a particularly hot and dry summer period, increasing the risk of wildfires burning out of control once ignited. Temperatures peaked at  in mainland Spain and reached  in Gran Canaria. These conditions, combined with insufficient fire-fighting resources and an inadequate official response in some of the affected countries, exacerbated the extent of the damage.\n\nUncontrolled legal and illegal scrub burning by farmers is a major cause of forest fires in the Mediterranean region. Arson, while still a significant factor, has diminished in Spain and Greece in recent years. Decreasing property values generally and the introduction of legislation in Spain to tackle the issue has diminished the financial incentive to illegally clear forested land for development by burning. Isolated cases of areas in Spain affected by fires caused by lightning strikes include Aragon (Spain), as reported by El Pais and Moj\u00e1car, as suggested by the Spanish Forest Fire Organisation (INFOCA). The wildfires outside of Marseille, France were reported as being caused by military training using tracer bullets. The local government of Corsica believed the fires were caused by arson.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also \n2009 Greek forest fires\n\nCategory:Wildfires caused by arson\nCategory:Arson in Europe\nCategory:Mass murder in 2009\nMediterranean Wildfires, 2009\nCategory:July 2009 events in Europe\nCategory:2009 in France\nCategory:2009 in Greece\nCategory:2009 in Italy\nCategory:2009 in Spain\nCategory:2009 in Turkey"}
-{"text": "Depth of Field (disambiguation)\n\nDepth of field can refer to:\n\n Depth of field, in optics, the distance about the plane of focus (POF) where objects appear acceptably sharp in an image\n Depth of Field (album), album by Sarah Blasko (2018)\n Depth of Field, record label founded in 1997 by Bobby Previte\n Depth of Field, film production company founded by Paul Weitz"}
-{"text": "Suba\n\nSuba may refer to:\n\nGroups of people\nSuba people (Kenya), a people of Kenya\nSuba language\nSuba people (Tanzania), a people of Tanzania\nSubha (writers), alternatively spelt Suba, Indian writer duo\n\nIndividual people\nSuba (musician), Serbian-Brazilian musician\nMihai Suba (born 1947), Romanian chess grandmaster\n\nPlaces \n Suba District, a former district of Nyanza Province, Kenya\n Suba, Bogot\u00e1, a locality of Bogot\u00e1\n Avenida Suba (Bogot\u00e1), main avenue in the city, named after the locality\n Suba, Jerusalem, an Arab village near Jerusalem depopulated in 1948\n\nOther\n Suba (film), a 2010 Sri Lankan Sinhala drama film\n Okinawa soba\n\nSee also\n\nSubah (disambiguation)\n Subba (disambiguation)\n\nCategory:Language and nationality disambiguation pages"}
-{"text": "Ctenobium\n\nCtenobium is a genus of death-watch beetles in the family Ptinidae. There is at least one described species in Ctenobium, C.\u00a0antennatum.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Anobiinae"}
-{"text": "Confidential (disambiguation)\n\nConfidential may refer to:\n\n Confidential, a level of classified information\n Confidential (film), released in 1935\n \"Confidential\", a 1959 song by The Fleetwoods\n Confidential (magazine), a gossip magazine\n Confidential (Eyeliners album), 1997\n Confidential (M-1 album), 2006\n Confidential (High Contrast album), 2009\n Confidential (TV series), an Australian weekly entertainment news show\n\nSee also\n Confidentiality"}
-{"text": "I (Kim Jae-joong EP)\n\nI is the first solo mini-album of South Korean singer Kim Jaejoong, a member of pop group JYJ. The EP was released on 17 January 2013 and is composed of rock songs, two of which were composed by Kim Ba-da from the rock band Sinawe. One of the songs, \"\ub098\ub9cc\uc758 \uc704\ub85c\" (Healing for Myself), was a soundtrack from the film Code Name: Jackal, which starred Jaejoong and Song Ji-hyo. The album was an immediate commercial success, with all 120,000 initial copies of the album selling out within two weeks. An additional 20,000 copies manufactured to cope with the high demand were similarly sold out. A repackaged edition titled Y, which includes two new tracks and two instrumental tracks, was released on 26 February 2013 and experienced similar success, with all 50,000 initial pressings of the album selling out within 24 hours of sale.\n\nReception\n\nThe mini-album debuted at the top of both the Hanteo and Gaon weekly charts in Korea and broke previous pre-order records in Japan. It also topped the iTunes overall chart in Japan, as well as the iTunes rock charts in nine countries. The first single, \"One Kiss\", which was released digitally on 8 January, topped the iTunes overall charts in Japan, Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan and Thailand. The album debuted at number two on the Billboard World Chart.\n\nTrack listing\n\nSales\n\nChart positions\n\nWeekly album charts\n\nMonthly album charts\n\nSingles charts\n\nOther charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official music video of \"Mine\"\n\nCategory:2013 EPs\nCategory:A&G Modes EPs\nCategory:Kim Jae-joong albums\nCategory:JYJ albums"}
-{"text": "Dressing down\n\n\"Dressing down\" or \"dressing-down\" is an English-language idiom that may refer to:\n An especially severe, highly formalized, and often public form of military discipline incident to reduction in rank or, in extreme cases, complete dismissal via the ceremony of degradation (also termed \"cashiering,\" especially when performed upon an officer):  To amplify the already-severe punishment inherent in a reduction in rank, the authorities imposing it may confirm it in a ceremony whose form is analogous to that of a promotion ceremony in that its participants remove the uniform's existing rank insignia and replace that insignia with the insignia of the soldier's new, lesser/lower rank; the degradation/cashiering ceremony has traditionally involved stripping both rank insignia and all other military insignia from the uniform.\n By metonymy from the associated ceremony, the reduction in rank itself.\n Any act of severely reprimanding or scolding someone.\n The wearing of clothes socially regarded as being appropriate for only events less formal than the occasion at which one is wearing them (contrast antonym \"dress[ing] up\" from which this usage of the idiom is derived by alteration)\n \"Dress-down day\" (more commonly \"casual day\"), a workday during which the managers of a business formally relax its dress code for the day, usually to a specified degree and pursuant to an announcement made far enough in advance that employees can plan accordingly\nWhen managers schedule such relaxations at regular intervals as part of the dress code itself, rather than an authorized departure from it, workdays featuring them are widely known as \"dress-down [X]\" or \"casual [X],\" where X is the recurring occasion (e.g., a given weekday, as in \"casual Friday\") with which the relaxation is associated.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n\nMilitary\n Reduction in rank\n Military degradation\n\nSocial/corporate\n Casual day\nCasual Friday(s)\n\nIn literature and popular culture\n Rudyard Kipling's poem Danny Deever, whose title figure is subjected to the British version of the military degradation ceremony before being executed for the homicide of a fellow soldier\n\nCategory:English-language idioms"}
-{"text": "Blair Bridge (New Hampshire)\n\nThe Blair Bridge is a wooden covered bridge originally built in 1829, that crosses the Pemigewasset River near Campton, New Hampshire, United States. It connects New Hampshire Route 175 to the east and U.S. Route 3 and Interstate 93 to the west.\n\nThe bridge was damaged during Tropical Storm Irene on August 28, 2011. After this period, the bridge underwent many structural repairs by master bridgewright Arnold M. Graton and reopened in early 2015, with a weight limit of six tons per vehicle - twice as much as the old limit of three tons. As with many covered bridges, it is only wide enough for one lane of traffic; opposing traffic must wait until the bridge has cleared.\n\nSee also\nList of New Hampshire covered bridges\nNew Hampshire Historical Marker No. 196: Blair Bridge\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\"NH Covered Bridges - Blair Bridge #41\", NewHampshire.com\n\"Blair Bridge\", New Hampshire Covered Bridges from the New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources\n\nCategory:Covered bridges in New Hampshire\nCategory:Bridges in Grafton County, New Hampshire\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Grafton County, New Hampshire\nCategory:Road bridges in New Hampshire\nCategory:New Hampshire State Register of Historic Places\nCategory:Wooden bridges in New Hampshire\nCategory:Long truss bridges in the United States\nCategory:1829 establishments in New Hampshire\nCategory:Bridges completed in 1829"}
-{"text": "Dave Barker\n\nDave Barker (born David John Crooks, 10 October 1947, Franklyn Town, Kingston, Jamaica) is a reggae and rocksteady singer who has made a string of solo albums along with recordings as a member of The Techniques and as half of the duo Dave and Ansell Collins.\n\nBiography\nCrooks was born in 1947 and raised by his grandmother and three uncles from the age of 4 after his mother emigrated to England in 1952 (his father emigrated to the United States before he was born). He developed a stammer after beatings from his uncles and teachers, but began singing as a teenager, inspired by James Brown and Otis Redding, whom he heard on American radio stations.\n\nHis first group was the Two Tones, formed with friends Brenton Matthews and Fathead, who recorded unsuccessfully for Duke Reid. Barker had a brief stint in Winston Riley's Techniques, singing alongside Riley and Bruce Ruffin, and formed a duo with Glen Brown in the duo Glen and Dave, recording for both Harry J and Coxsone Dodd, while also working in the pressing plant at Studio One. Brown introduced Crooks to Lee \"Scratch\" Perry, suggesting that Perry get Crooks to voice a track at a recording session. The resulting track was \"Prisoner of Love\", and led to Crooks becoming a regular vocalist for Perry, who decided Crooks should record as Dave Barker, and encouraged American-style deejay vocals in addition to Barker's usual high tenor singing. Barker had hit singles with \"Shocks of a Mighty\" and \"Spinning Wheel\" (with Melanie Jonas), followed in 1970 by his debut album Prisoner of Love. Working with Perry at the same time as The Wailers, Barker toasted over the latter's \"Small Axe\" for 1971's \"Shocks 71\".  March 1971 brought international fame as part of a duo with Ansell Collins. \"Double Barrel\" was a number 1 hit in the United Kingdom, and was also the first recording on which drummer Sly Dunbar played. \"Double Barrel\" was followed in June of the same year with a number 7 UK hit in the form of \"Monkey Spanner\". The duo failed to sustain success in the UK, and Collins returned to Jamaica, with Barker settling in England and embarking once again on a solo career, releasing 1976's In The Ghetto, which while credited to Dave and Ansell Collins, was a solo effort. He then joined vocal group Chain Reaction along with Bruce Ruffin and Bobby Davis, targeting the soul market, but without great success. Barker has continued to record, including a live album featuring Barker playing with The Selecter.\n\nIn 2005 Dave Barker performed a couple of tracks with UK ska/ reggae band The Riffs  at Club Ska in London. A version of Double Barrel (recorded with The Riffs) was released on The Riffs - Live at Club Ska album the following year on Moon Ska Records.\n\nHe appeared as a guest on The Radcliffe & Maconie BBC Radio 6 Music show on 20 August 2012 talking extensively about the music he was influenced by and the music had created alongside Ansell and about Jamaica's independence.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\nPrisoner Of Love (1970) Trojan (Dave Barker meets The Upsetters)\nDouble Barrel (1971) Big Tree/Techniques (Dave & Ansell Collins) also issued on RAS with different track listing\nIn The Ghetto (1976) Trojan\nRoadblock (1979) Bushranger\nNever Lose Never Win (1976) Gull (Chain Reaction)\nChange of Action (1983) Vista\nChase a Miracle (1983) Vista\nClassics (1991) Techniques (The Techniques)\nMonkey Spanner (1997) Trojan\nDave And Ansel Collins (2001) Armoury (Dave & Ansell Collins)\nKingston Affair (200?) Moon Ska (Dave Barker & The Selecter)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDave Barker at Roots Archives\n\nCategory:Jamaican reggae musicians\nCategory:Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1947 births"}
-{"text": "Nevadopalpa albula\n\nNevadopalpa albula is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povoln\u00fd in 1998. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Nevadopalpa\nCategory:Moths described in 1998"}
-{"text": "Triplicate\n\nTriplicate typically refers to a document created three times simultaneously, as with carbonless copy paper.\n\n'''Triplicate may also refer to:\n\nDel Norte Triplicate, a newspaper in Crescent City, California\nTriplicate (horse), a race horse owned by dancer, singer, actor Fred Astaire\nTriplicate (Dave Holland album), by jazz musician Dave Holland\nTriplicate (Bob Dylan album), a triple album\nLuornu Durgo aka \"Triplicate Girl\", a DC Comics super hero\nTriple deity aka \"Triplicate deity\", three deities worshipped as one"}
-{"text": "John Lavelle\n\nJohn Lavelle may refer to:\n\n John W. Lavelle (1949\u20132007), member of the New York State Assembly\n John Lavelle (actor) (born 1981), American actor\n John D. Lavelle (1916\u20131979), U.S. Air Force general"}
-{"text": "S\u00e9bastien Pan\n\nS\u00e9bastien Pan (born 9 July 1984) is a French composer and musician, best known for his work on motion picture and animated TV series.\n\nBiography \nBorn in Montb\u00e9liard, France, S\u00e9bastien Pan gained experience writing music for motion pictures, animated TV series and TV commercials at Imaginex Studios, an international award winning audio post-production house.\n\nBesides writing for live action movies and TV series, Sebastien began his collaboration with the director Wang YunFei in scoring the animation movie \"Yugo & Lala\" (aka Ava & Lala) in 2012, followed by \"Yugo & Lala 2\" in 2014 and \"Kwai Boo, Crazy space adventure\" in 2015. \"Kwai Boo\" marks the first time a Chinese animation project has received investment from a Hollywood giant, in this case 20th Century Fox.\n\nFilmography\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nTV Commercials\nPan also scored more than 30 international TV commercials and worked with renowned advertising agencies such as Saatchi and Saatchi, Leo Burnett Worldwide, DDB, the Agency\u2026\n\nBook Soundtrack\nIn 2013, he wrote a 52-minute symphonic piece based on the fantasy novel \"Autre Monde \u2013 L'Alliance des Trois\" written by the best selling French author Maxime Chattam.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Official website\n\nCategory:1984 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Montb\u00e9liard\nCategory:French composers"}
-{"text": "Wanstead and Woodford (UK Parliament constituency)\n\nWanstead and Woodford was a constituency in north-east London, represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It existed between 1964 and 1997.\n\nHistory\nWanstead and Woodford was a safe Conservative seat for the entire period of its existence.\n\nBoundaries\n1964\u20131974: The Borough of Wanstead and Woodford.\n\n1974\u20131983: The London Borough of Redbridge wards of Bridge, Clayhall, Snaresbrook, Wanstead, and Woodford.\n\n1983\u20131997: The London Borough of Redbridge wards of Bridge, Church End, Clayhall, Monkhams, Roding, Snaresbrook, and Wanstead.\n\nThe constituency was created by the Parliamentary Constituencies (Ilford and Woodford) Order 1960 to come into existence on the calling of the next general election, which occurred in 1964. The Order adjusted the boundaries of the existing constituencies of Ilford North, Ilford South and Woodford (renamed Wanstead and Woodford), reflecting local government boundary changes made in 1956. The constituency was initially identical in area to the Municipal Borough of Wanstead and Woodford, and almost identical to the previous seat of Woodford, with only very minor boundary changes.\n\nIn 1965 the constituency became part of the London Borough of Redbridge in Greater London. This did not affect the parliamentary boundaries until the February 1974 general election.\n\nThe constituency was abolished in 1997, with its area being distributed between the new seats of Chingford and Woodford Green (Church End and Monkhams) and Leyton and Wanstead (Snaresbrook and Wanstead), or added to enlarge the existing seat of Ilford North (Bridge, Clayhall and Roding).\n\nProposals to resurrect the constituency were revealed in the Boundary Commission review published on 13 September 2011. The proposed new seat would broadly mirror the original Wanstead and Woodford seat, including the wards of Monkhams, Bridge, Church End, Roding, Snaresbrook and Wanstead with the return of Clayhall and the addition of the new wards of Cranbrook and Valentines in Redbridge to the east of the A406.\n\nMembers of Parliament\n\nElections\n\nElections in the 1960s\n\nElections in the 1970s\n\nElections in the 1980s\n\nElections in the 1990s\n\nSee also \nList of Parliamentary constituencies in Greater London\n\nNotes and references \n\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in London (historic)\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1964\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1997"}
-{"text": "Mulobezi District\n\nMulobezi District is a district of Zambia, located in Western Province.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Districts of Zambia\nCategory:Districts of Western Province, Zambia"}
-{"text": "Turkish Riviera\n\nThe Turkish Riviera (), also known popularly as the Turquoise Coast, is an area of southwest Turkey encompassing the provinces of Antalya and Mu\u011fla, and to a lesser extent Ayd\u0131n, southern \u0130zmir and western Mersin. The combination of a favorable climate, warm sea, mountainous scenery, fine beaches along more than a thousand kilometers of shoreline along the Aegean and Mediterranean waters, and abundant natural and archaeological points of interest makes this stretch of Turkey's coastline a popular national and international tourist destination.\n\nAmong the archaeological points of interest are two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: The ruins of the Mausoleum of Maussollos in Halicarnassus; and the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.\n\nThe Turkish Riviera is also the home of the internationally known Blue Voyage (a.k.a. Carian Cruise), which allows participants to take a week-long trip aboard the local gulet schooners to ancient cities, harbors, tombs, mausolea, and beaches in the small coves, forests, and streams that are on the Turquoise Coast.\n\nThe coastline is further regarded as a cultural trove that provides background on a fascinating mixture of factual and mythological individuals, conflicts and events, and has frequently been referred to in the folklore of various cultures throughout history. As such, it is regarded as the home of scholars, saints, warriors, kings, and heroes, as well as the site of numerous well-known myths. Mark Antony of the Roman Empire is said to have picked the Turkish Riviera as the most beautiful wedding gift for his beloved Cleopatra of Egypt. St. Nicholas, who later became the basis of the Santa Claus legend, was born in Patara, a small town close to present-day Demre. Herodotus, regarded as the \"father of History\", was born in Bodrum (ancient Halicarnassus) in c. 484 BC. The volcanic mountains to the west of Antalya, near Dalyan, are believed to have been the inspiration for the mythical Chimera \u2014 the fire-breathing monster that Bellerophon slew.\n\nCommunities and settlements\nMany cities, towns and villages in the area are internationally known, such as Alanya, Antalya, Bodrum, \u00c7e\u015fme, Fethiye, Kalkan, Ka\u015f, Kemer, Ku\u015fadas\u0131, Marmaris, and Side.\n\nNotable places on the Turkish Riviera include:\n\n Akb\u00fck\n Akyaka\n Ala\u00e7at\u0131\n Alanya\n Antalya\n Armutalan\n Beldibi\n Belek\n Beycik\n Bitez\n Bodrum\n Bozburun\n\n \u00c7amyuva\n \u00c7e\u015fme\n \u00c7\u0131ral\u0131\n Dalaman\n Dalyan\n Dat\u00e7a\n Demre\n Didim\n Fethiye\n Finike\n Gazipa\u015fa\n G\u00f6cek\n\n G\u00f6kova\n G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck\n G\u00fczel\u00e7aml\u0131\n Hisar\u00f6n\u00fc\n Il\u0131ca\n \u0130\u00e7meler\n Kalkan\n Ka\u015f\n Kekova\n Kemer\n K\u0131zkumu\n Kumluca\n\n Ku\u015fadas\u0131\n Konyaalt\u0131\n K\u00f6yce\u011fiz\n Lara\n Manavgat\n Marmaris\n Milas\n Mu\u011fla\n Olympos\n Ortaca\n Ovac\u0131k\n \u00d6l\u00fcdeniz\n\n \u00d6ren\n \u00d6zdere\n Patara\n Selimiye\n Side\n Simena\n Torba\n Turgutreis\n Turun\u00e7\n T\u00fcrkb\u00fck\u00fc\n Ulup\u0131nar\n Yal\u0131kavak\n\nImage gallery\n\nSee also\n The Blue Voyage\n Marinas in Turkey\n Tourism in Turkey\n Foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey\n Riviera (disambiguation)\n\nNotes\n\n \nCategory:Coasts of Turkey\nCategory:Seaside resorts in Turkey\nCategory:Landforms of Ankara Province\nCategory:Landforms of Mu\u011fla Province\nCategory:Landforms of Ayd\u0131n Province\nCategory:Landforms of \u0130zmir Province"}
-{"text": "Naparay\n\nNaparay, in African anthropological study, is non-linear conception of human life held by some West African peoples such as the Yoruba. Similar to reincarnation, naparay holds that lives are cyclic and that attributes of previous lives may carry over to a new life. \n\nIts followers may invoke ritual practices to determine if a young child is in fact an \"elder\" - including rituals undertaken while the future mother is pregnant. In naparay, all people are considered to have had previous lives.  However, the extent to which they carry their past lives with them into the present is determined by these ritual practices. A newborn with the capability, or \"life force\", of an elder may be deferred to as an elder, for example being called \"Baba\" (father, elder) and be trained to lead ceremonies at a young age. Naparay is seen as the method by which ancient knowledge is passed on to present society. Rituals and prayer are performed during early pregnancy to guide the vital force of the recently deceased toward the new child.\n\nWestern anthropologists believe than naparay limits the accumulation of power among a small group within a community. Attributing wisdom and experience to the young allows new and competing leaders to emerge. Anthropologists also note that nothing in the mythology of naparay prevents females from being considered to possess a strong \"life force\" in equality with males, yet the culture almost always attributes strong naparay to males only.\n\nReferences \n\n Hans Abrahamsson. The origin of death: studies in African mythology. New York: Arno Press, 1977.\n V Y Mudimbe. The invention of Africa: gnosis, philosophy, and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. .\n\nCategory:African culture"}
-{"text": "Interactive specialization\n\nInteractive Specialization is a theory of brain development proposed by the British developmental cognitive neuroscientist Mark Johnson, formerly head of the  Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development at Birkbeck, University of London, London and who is now Head of Psychology at the University of Cambridge.\n\nIn his book Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience \n, Johnson contrasts two views of development. According to the first, the maturational hypothesis, the relationship between structure and function (i.e. which parts of the brain perform a particular task) is static, and specific cognitive skills come \u201con-line\u201d as the cortical circuitry intrinsic to a particular task matures. Johnson likens this to a \"mosaic\" view of development.\n\nAccording to the second, the Interactive Specialization (IS) \n hypothesis, development is \nnot a unidirectional maturational process, but rather a set of complex, dynamic and back-propagated interactions between genetics, brain, body and environment. Development is not a simple question of a brain being built according to a pre-specified genetic blueprint - rather, the components of the brain are interacting with each other constantly - even prenatally, when patterns of spontaneous firing of cells in the eyes (before they have opened) transmit signals that appear to help develop the layered structure of the lateral geniculate nucleus \n.\n\nThe hypothesis has attracted increasing attention in recent years as a number of neuroimaging studies on younger children have provided data that appears to fit specific predictions made by Johnson's model \n\n.\n\nInfluences\nIn 1996, Johnson co-authored (with Jeffrey Elman, Annette Karmiloff-Smith, Elizabeth Bates, Domenico Parisi, and Kim Plunkett), the book Rethinking Innateness\n \n, which argues against a strong nativist (innate) view on development. Other key influences include Gilbert Gottlieb's theory of Probabilistic Epigenesis \n, a framework that emphasizes the reciprocity and ubiquity of gene-environment interaction in the realization of all phenotypes, and work on developmental disorders by Annette Karmiloff-Smith.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Neuroscience\nCategory:Brain"}
-{"text": "Islam in Panama\n\nAccording to a 2009 Pew Research Center report, there are 24,000 Muslims in Panama who constitute 0.7 percent of the population.\n\nEarly history\n\nThe first Muslims in Panama were Mandinka slaves, brought by the Spaniards to work the gold mines in 1552. The Mandinka were mainly animist and Muslims at that time, and their importation was prohibited by Spanish Laws but was violated nonetheless. A group of about 500 that arrived on the Atlantic coast of Panama in 1552, escaped from a sinking ship. They elected a man called Bayano (Vaino) as their leader in the fight against the colonizers. They formed councils, and mosques in the areas now known as Dari\u00e9n Province, Bay of San Miguel, San Blas Islands and the area along the Bayano River, named after Bayano. Bayano gained truces with Panama's colonial governor, but the well known Commander Pedro de Urs\u00faa successfully captured the guerrilla leader, who was sent to Peru and then Spain where he died. After Bayano's death, efforts were made to destroy any trace of Islam during that period in Panama. There is no history as what happened to the Muslims who remained in Panama.\n\nModern Period\nThe second wave of Muslims were single-male immigrants from the Indian subcontinent and Lebanon who arrived from 1904 to 1913 and later married local women. The first mosque was built by the Ahmadiyya Muslim movement, in 1930. In 1929 another group came from Bombay, India who went on to form the Sunni Indo-Pakistani Muslim Society. From 1929-1948 this organization (renamed Panama Muslim Mission) initiated construction on a mosque in Panama City. The location was half completed and was used for Eid prayers and classes for new Muslims, who numbered about twenty-five blacks of West Indian descent. There was also another group practicing Islam in Col\u00f3n led by a Jamaican named Basil Austkan, who rented a place for salat on 6th Street and Broadway. In 1932 there was a group of Muslim in San Miguel, Calidonia in Panama City who resided in Short Street where they held meetings and prayers. The Muslims in Panama City of Indo-Pakistan origins had no family structure until 1951 when the first families arrived. In 1963, they purchased a plot in the local cemetery called Jardin de Paz; in 1991, property was purchased in an area called Arraijan, which is now used solely as a Muslim cemetery.\n\nCommunity Development: 1970s to Present\nIn the mid-1970s some native Panamanians influenced by the Nation of Islam and led by Abdul Wahab Johnson and Suleyman Johnson, began propagating Islam in Panama City and Col\u00f3n. After meeting with Dr. Abdulkhabeer Muhammad they began to study orthodox Sunni Islam. In 1977 they received financing from Arab merchants in Colon to rent a place on 7th Street and Central Avenue, Col\u00f3n. This group, due to lack of knowledge and assistance, eventually disintegrated. The Indo-Pakistani Muslims began teaching their children at home in 1965 until 1973, when a small teaching program began in a room above Bazar Hindustan on Central Avenue, Panama City. In 1978, they began to use a place in the area of Perejil, Panama City, where prayers and meetings took place until the completion of the El Centro Cultural Isl\u00e1mico de Col\u00f3n on January 15, 1982. This masjid was built jointly by the Islamic Call Society (based in Libya) and Salomon Bhikhu a local merchant from India. Since its inauguration, classes have been held in the evenings and Sundays for new Muslims and people interested in Islam, given by Dr. Abdulkhaber Muhammad and in his absence Hamza Beard. In 1991 the Muslim community purchased in Arraij\u00e1n, which is now used solely as a Muslim cemetery. As of March 1997, there were four mosques  Panama.\n\nSee also\nReligion in Panama\nKUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, \"ISLAM EN AMERICA LATINA Tomo I: La expansi\u00f3n del Islam y su llegada a Am\u00e9rica Latina (Spanish Edition)\"\nKUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, \"ISLAM EN AM\u00c9RICA LATINA Tomo II: Migraci\u00f3n \u00c1rabe a Am\u00e9rica Latina y el caso de M\u00e9xico (Spanish Edition)\" \nKUSUMO, Fitra Ismu, \"ISLAM EN AM\u00c9RICA LATINA Tomo III: El Islam hoy desde Am\u00e9rica Latina (Spanish Edition)\"\n\nSources\nDr. Fernando Romero el Rey Bayano y Los Negros Paname\u00f1os en los mediados del siglo xvi\nThe Message: Canada Islamic Magazine August 1997\n\nReferences\n\n \nPan\nPanama"}
-{"text": "Desizing\n\nDesizing is the process of removing the size material from warp yarns after a textile fabric is woven.\n\nSizing agents\nSizing agents are selected on the basis of type of fabric, environmental friendliness, ease of removal, cost considerations, effluent treatment, etc.\n\nNatural sizing agents\nNatural sizing agents are based on natural substances and their derivatives:\n\n Starch and starch derivatives: native starch, degradation starch, chemically modified starch products\n Cellulosic derivatives: carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose, oxyethylcellulose\n Protein-based starches: glue, gelatin, albumen\n\nSynthetic sizing agents\n Polyacrylates\n Modified polyesters\n Polyvinyl alcohols (PVA)\n Styrene/maleic acid copolymers\n\nDesizing processes\nDesizing, irrespective of what the desizing agent is, involves impregnation of the fabric with the desizing agent, allowing the desizing agent to degrade or solubilise the size material, and finally to wash out the degradation products. The major desizing processes are:\n\n Enzymatic desizing of starches on cotton fabrics\n Oxidative desizing\n Acid desizing\n Removal of water-soluble sizes\n Fermentative desizing\n\nEnzymatic desizing\nEnzymatic desizing is the classical desizing process of degrading starch size on cotton fabrics using enzymes. Enzymes are complex organic, soluble bio-catalysts, formed by living organisms, that catalyze chemical reaction in biological processes. Enzymes are quite specific in their action on a particular substance. A small quantity of enzyme is able to decompose a large quantity of the substance it acts upon. Enzymes are usually named by the kind of substance degraded in the reaction it catalyzes.\n\nAmylases are the enzymes that hydrolyses and reduce the molecular weight of amylose and amylopectin molecules in starch, rendering it water-soluble enough to be washed off the fabric.\n\nEffective enzymatic desizing require strict control of pH, temperature, water hardness, electrolyte addition and choice of surfactant.\n\nOxidative desizing\nIn oxidative desizing, the risk of damage to the cellulose fiber is very high, and its use for desizing is increasingly rare. Oxidative desizing uses potassium or sodium persulfate or sodium bromite as an oxidizing agent.\n\nAcid desizing\nCold solutions of dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acids are used to hydrolyze the starch, however, this has the disadvantage of also affecting the cellulose fiber in cotton fabrics.\n\nRemoval of water-soluble sizes\nFabrics containing water-soluble sizes can be desized by washing using hot water, perhaps containing wetting agents (surfactants) and a mild alkali. The water replaces the size on the outer surface of the fiber, and absorbs within the fiber to remove any fabric residue.\n\nFermentative desizing\nFermentative desizing is defined as a fermentation process and involves the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) microorganisms that have a high potential to produce enzymes; it is carried out via impregnation/padding methods, which provide online monitoring and accurate control. The method allows an economical process with low resource consumption and emission compared to the enzymatic method, it is considerably cheaper.\n\nDesizing 2000\nDesizing 2000 is a reliable and simple combined process of desizing and demineralization for cotton. Desizing 2000 is a novel desizing technique.\n\nSee also\n Sizing\n Textile manufacturing\n Textile processing\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Fibers\nCategory:Textiles\nCategory:Weaving\nCategory:Textile techniques"}
-{"text": "Indian Economic and Social History Review\n\nThe Indian Economic and Social History Review is an academic journal of Indian economic history. It is published by Sage Publications. The founding editor-in-chief was Tapan Raychaudhuri,  who was succeeded by Dharma Kumar. The current editors-in-chief are Sunil Kumar and Sanjay Subrahmanyam. The journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).\n\nAbstracting and indexing \nIndian Economic and Social History Review is abstracted and indexed in:\n EBSCO: EconLit\n ProQuest: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)\n Social Sciences Citation Index (Web of Science)\n SCOPUS\n Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)\n DeepDyve\n Portico\n Dutch-KB\n Pro-Quest-RSP\n EBSCO\n Ohio\n Sociological Abstracts - ProQuest\n Social Services Abstracts - ProQuest\n Worldwide Political Science Abstracts - ProQuest\n Bibliography of Asian Studies (BAS)\n J-Gate\n\nReferences \n\n COPE\n\nExternal links \n \n Homepage\n\nCategory:Asian history journals\nCategory:Economic history journals\nCategory:SAGE Publishing academic journals\nCategory:Publications established in 1964\nCategory:Quarterly journals\nCategory:English-language journals"}
-{"text": "Uppsala Monitoring Centre\n\nUppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC), located in Uppsala, Sweden, is the field name for the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for International Drug Monitoring. UMC works by collecting, assessing and communicating information from member countries' national pharmacovigilance centres in regard to the benefits, harm, effectiveness and risks of drugs.\n\nBackground \nSince 1978, responsibility for managing the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring has been carried by UMC. In the early years the staff consisted of just three pharmacists based at the Swedish Medical Products Agency (L\u00e4kemedelsverket); currently over 100 staff work in central Uppsala. The founding chairman and acting Director was Professor \u00c5ke Liljestrand. From 1990 to 2009 the Director was Professor Ralph Edwards. Since September 2009 Dr. Marie Lindquist is the Director.  The Chief Medical Officer is Dr. Pia Caduff and the Head of Research is Dr. Niklas Nor\u00e9n.\n \nThe work of the UMC is:\nTo co-ordinate the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring and its more than 100 member countries.\nTo collect, assess and communicate information from member countries about the benefits, harms and risks of drugs and other substances used in medicine to improve patient therapy and public health worldwide\nTo collaborate with member countries in the development and practice of the science of pharmacovigilance.\n\nThe main focus and source of data in pharmacovigilance are reports of ICSRs (individual case safety reports) from healthcare providers and patients in member countries of the WHO Programme. A WHO global individual case safety report database (VigiBase) is maintained and developed on behalf of the WHO by UMC. UMC develops and provides several tools and classifications for use by organisations involved in drug safety, including the WHO Drug Dictionary, WHOART (adverse reaction terminology) \u2013 with a bridge to the MedDRA terminology, tools for searching in the database, and a program for case report management, VigiFlow.\n\nUMC's research covers mainly three areas: data-driven discovery (especially statistical techniques), dis-proportionality analyses, interaction detection, patterns and duplicate case detection), safety surveillance and signaling (among which drug dependence and pediatric use) and benefit\u2014risk analysis.\n\nThe centre has been active in presenting research in the medical literature which has included some seminal works in the field. The Uppsala centre has also published books in the field of drugs safety including a regular newsletter. In 2010 the 2nd edition of a crisis management guide was published, entitled 'Expecting the Worst'.\n\nUMC's role in drug safety has not been without controversy for both medicines agencies and pharmaceutical companies, despite an open approach willing to engage with many parties in the pharmaceutical world. They are closely involved in outreach to developing countries and other areas where pharmacovigilance is not yet handled.\n\nWHO Programme key dates \n1968 WHO Programme established.  International ADR terminology and drug dictionary\n1969 Definition of ADR\n1978 Operations transferred to the UMC; setting-up of relational ADR database.  Regular WHO Programme member meetings\n1981 Computerised version of WHO Drug Dictionary available to all\n1982 ATC classification coding of all medicinal products\n1985 International expert review panel created\n1991 On-line WHO database search programme available to national centres\n1991 Definitions of adverse event, side effect and causality assessment terms\n1993 Windows-based client server program for online database searches\n1993 Regular training and educational activities\n1994 Methodology for use of denominator data for calculation of ADR reporting rates\n1997 Knowledge-detection tool for automated signal detection (BCPNN)\n1997 Promotion of communication as a necessary discipline in pharmacovigilance : the 'Erice Declaration'\n1998 Internet discussion group for national centres\n2001 Start of VigiBase Online project (now VigiFlow)\n2002 New database system (VigiBase)\n2004 Pattern recognition using the BCPNN on health databases to find safety information.\n2005 Launch of expanded WHO Drug Dictionary with additional data fields; agreement with IMS Health to increase information in the dictionary\n2010 100th country joins the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring\n2012 Over 7 million adverse reaction reports in VigiBase, the WHO ICSR database\n2015 Over 12 million adverse drug reaction reports in VigiBase, the WHO ICSR database\n\nSee also\n International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)\n Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)\n International Society of Pharmacovigilance\n Society of Pharmacovigilance, India\n EudraVigilance (EEA)\n Yellow Card Scheme (UK)\n Clinical trial\n Drug development\n MedDRA\n WHOART\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n, Uppsala Monitoring Centre home\n, Uppsala Reports is UMC's quarterly magazine for everyone concerned with the issues of pharmacovigilance.\n\nCategory:World Health Organization\nCategory:Pharmacological societies\nCategory:Pharmaceuticals policy\nCategory:International medical and health organizations\nCategory:Organizations established in 1978\nCategory:WHO Collaborating Centres\nCategory:1978 establishments in Sweden"}
-{"text": "Periodontium\n\nThe periodontium is the specialized tissues that both surround and support the teeth, maintaining them in the maxillary and mandibular bones.  The word comes from the Greek terms \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03af peri-, meaning \"around\" and -odont, meaning \"tooth\". Literally taken, it means that which is \"around the tooth\". Periodontics is the dental specialty that relates specifically to the care and maintenance of these tissues. It provides the support necessary to maintain teeth in function. It consists of four principal components, namely:\n Gingiva\n Periodontal ligament (PDL) \n Cementum\n Alveolar bone proper\n\nEach of these components is distinct in location, architecture, and biochemical properties, which adapt during the life of the structure. For example, as teeth respond to forces or migrate medially, bone resorbs on the pressure side and is added on the tension side. Cementum similarly adapts to wear on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth by apical deposition. The periodontal ligament in itself is an area of high turnover that allows the tooth not only to be suspended in the alveolar bone but also to respond to the forces. Thus, although seemingly static and having functions of their own, all of these components function as a single unit.\nThe Wnt signaling antagonist Sfrp3/Frzb has been recently discovered as an early developmental marker of the periodontium.\n\nExternal forces and the periodontium\n\nThe periodontium exists for the purpose of supporting teeth during their function and it depends on the stimulation it receives from the function for preservation of its structure. Therefore, a constant state of balance always exists between the periodontal structures and the external forces.\n\nAlveolar bone undergoes constant physiologic remodeling in response to external forces, particularly occlusal forces. Bone is removed from areas where it is no longer needed and added to areas where it is needed. The socket wall reflects the responsiveness to the external forces. Osteoblasts and newly formed osteoid line the areas of tension, whereas lines of compression are lined by osteoclasts. The forces also influence the number, density, and alignment of trabeculae inside the bone. The bony trabeculae are aligned in the path of tensile and compressive stresses to provide maximum resistance to occlusal forces with a minimum of bone substance. When forces are increased, the bony trabeculae also increase in number and thickness and bone is added to the external surfaces.\n\nThe periodontal ligament depends on stimulation provided by function to preserve its structure. Within physiologic limits the PDL can accommodate increased function by increasing its width. Forces that exceed the adaptive capacity of the periodontium produce injury called trauma from occlusion. When occlusal forces are reduced the PDL atrophies, appearing thinned. This phenomenon is called disuse atrophy.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Periodontology\nCategory:Human mouth anatomy\nCategory:Dental anatomy"}
-{"text": "Heidi Schwegler\n\nHeidi Schwegler (born 1967 in San Antonio, Texas) is an artist in Yucca Valley, CA. She is the founder of the Yucca Valley Material Lab, a space for thinking and making. From 2015-2018 she was the Chair of the Masters in Fine Arts Program in Applied Craft and Design, a program jointly offered by Pacific Northwest College of Art and Oregon College of Art and Craft. Schwegler has been included in the 2018 Bellevue Art Museum Biennial, Portland2016 Biennial, the Portland2010 Biennial, and the Oregon Biennial in 1999.\n\nIn interviews, Schwegler has expressed \"an affinity for the ruin, non-sites and discarded objects\". Schwegler calls herself \"an urban archaeologist\" who prefers \"to mine the peripheral ruin, the discarded stuff that is ignored and considered worthless. By reassigning the value and purpose of something recognizable, I emphasize the perforation between what it was and what it has now become.\" Pulling from the traditions of craft and conceptual art, Schwegler uses a variety of mediums, including glass, metal, sculpture, photography, and installation.\n\nSchwegler is represented by UPFOR Gallery in Portland, Oregon and Asphodel in New York, NY.\n\nEducation \nSchwegler received her BFAs in Art History and Metals from the University of Kansas and her MFA from the University of Oregon.\n\nSelected solo exhibitions\n On Gurgling, William Benington Gallery, London, 2018\n My Enemy, Asphodel, New York, NY, 2017\n Extinction Anxiety, Upfor Gallery, Portland, Oregon, 2017\n Botched Execution, The Art Gym, Marylhurst University, 2015\n Uncommon Likeness: Identity in Flux, Sheldon Museum of Art, NE, 2016\n Wrest_01, Gray Box, University of Oregon, Portland, Oregon, 2015\n Lunch, Soil Gallery, Seattle, Washington, 2015\n\nSelected group exhibitions\n The future has no presence, Asphodel, New York, NY 2018\n Teeth and Consequence, Private Places, Portland, Oregon 2018\n Portland2016 Biennial, Disjecta, Portland, Oregon, 2016\n November's Bone, Halsey McKay Gallery, New York, NY, 2016\n Portland2010 Biennial, Disjecta, Portland, Oregon, 2010\n Oregon Biennial, Portland Art Museum, 1999\n April Meetings New Media Festival, Belgrade, Serbia, 2014\n Group Show, Mas Attack Series, Torrance Art Museum, California, 2014\n Hallie Ford Fellows Group Show, Museum of Contemporary Craft, Portland, Oregon, 2013\n Imposter\u2019, RAID Projects, Los Angeles, California, 2011\n\nAwards\n Yaddo Residency, 2016\n MacDowell Colony Fellowship, 2010, 2018\n Artist Fellowship, Oregon Arts Commission (2010, 2018)\n Project Grant, Regional Arts and Culture Council (2007, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2018)\n Career Opportunity Grant, Oregon Arts Commission (2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2018)\n Klaus Moje Award 2017\n Emergency Grant, Foundation for Contemporary Arts, NY 2016\n Hallie Ford Fellowship, 2010\n Finalist, Contemporary NW Art Awards, Portland Museum, 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPeripheral Ruin, An Interview with Heidi Schwegler, Drain, Vol 11:2, 2014\n\nCategory:1967 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Artists from Portland, Oregon\nCategory:Pacific Northwest College of Art faculty\nCategory:University of Kansas alumni\nCategory:University of Oregon alumni\nCategory:People from San Antonio\nCategory:Artists from Texas\nCategory:20th-century American artists\nCategory:20th-century American women artists\nCategory:21st-century American artists\nCategory:21st-century American women artists"}
-{"text": "Sanbon\n\nSanbon New Town refers to a planned city surrounding Sanbon-dong and Geumjeong-dong of Gunpo.\n\nCategory:New towns in South Korea\nCategory:Gunpo\nCategory:New towns started in the 1980s"}
-{"text": "Eoophyla leucostola\n\nEoophyla leucostola is a moth in the family Crambidae first described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Malawi and Tanzania.\n\nThe wingspan is 18\u201322\u00a0mm. The forewings are white, the costa suffused with dark fuscous. There is a fuscous median fascia and a brownish mark in the disc. The hindwings are white with a yellow subbasal fascia, as well as a fuscous antemedian spot near the dorsum. Adults have been recorded on wing in May, August and October.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Eoophyla\nCategory:Moths of Africa"}
-{"text": "Mayor of Sukkur\n\nNazim-e-Sukkur (Urdu: ) is the Mayor who heads the Sukkur Municipal Corporation (SMC) which controls the Local Government system of Sukkur.\n\nSukkur Municipal Corporation \nThere are 26 Union Councils in Sukkur Municipal Corporation(SMC), the body which controls local government of Sukkur. The Union Councils elect their Chairmen and Vice Chairmen who then elect their Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.\n\nList of Mayors \nFollowing is the list of Mayors of Sukkur in recent times\n\nMayor elections History\n\nMayor elections 2015\n\nAs a result, PPP mayor and deputy mayors were elected as Mayors of Sukkur. They took oath on August 30, 2016.\n\nSee also \n\n Mayor of Karachi\n Mayor of Hyderabad\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Lists of mayors of places in Pakistan"}
-{"text": "Sally Noble\n\nSally Noble was the last speaker of the Chimariko language. She worked with linguist and ethnologist J.P. Harrington to record what she remembered of the language.\n\nReferences\n\nNoble\nCategory:Native Americans in California"}
-{"text": "2017 China Open \u2013 Men's Doubles\n\nPablo Carre\u00f1o Busta and Rafael Nadal were the defending champions, but chose not to participate this year.\n\nHenri Kontinen and John Peers won the title, defeating John Isner and Jack Sock in the final, 6\u20133, 3\u20136, [10\u20137].\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nDraw\n\nQualifying\n\nSeeds\n\nQualifiers\n  Wesley Koolhof /  Artem Sitak\n\nQualifying draw\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n Qualifying Draw\n\nChina Open - Men's Doubles\nMen's Doubles"}
-{"text": "Nativity of the Virgin\n\nNativity of the Virgin may refer to:\n\nNativity of Mary, birthday of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nNativity of the Virgin (Altdorfer), a 1520 painting\nNativity of the Virgin (Master of the Osservanza Triptych), a painting\nNativity of the Virgin (Pietro Lorenzetti), a painting"}
-{"text": "Hauser, Oregon\n\nHauser is an unincorporated community in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It is along U.S. Route 101,  south of Lakeside and  north of North Bend. Hauser is on the edge of the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area near North Slough, a tributary of Coos Bay once known as the North Inlet of Coos Bay. It is a station on the Central Oregon and Pacific Railroad (formerly the Southern Pacific).\n\nHauser was originally named \"North Slough\" but it was decided the name was unsuitable. It was renamed after Eric V. Hauser of Portland, who, with his sons, had a construction contract on the railroad in about 1914. Hauser is also the namesake of the library at Reed College in Portland and he once owned the Multnomah Hotel. Hauser post office ran from 1915 to 1957.\n\nCharles D. McFarlin of Massachusetts built the first known cranberry bog on the West Coast in what is now Hauser in 1885.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Coos County, Oregon\nCategory:1915 establishments in Oregon\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Oregon"}
-{"text": "Jeannie Blaylock\n\nJeannie Blaylock  is a weekday anchor, alongside Shannon Ogden,  on First Coast News at WTLV/WJXX in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. She is also the \"Healthwatch\" reporter. Blaylock co-anchors the weeknight 5 and 6 p.m. newscasts of First Coast News.\n\nBlaylock graduated valedictorian from Cape Central High School in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. She holds a BA and triple major in English, communication, and art from William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri. She graduated summa cum laude in 1982 and completed part of her undergraduate work at Oxford University in Oxford, England. She also studied at the BBC in London.\n\nShe started her career in 1982 at KTAB-TV, the CBS affiliate in Abilene, Texas. In 1985, Blaylock began working at WTLV.\n\nShe was a minor character in the 1997 film Gold Coast (based on the 1980 novel by Elmore Leonard).\n\nAwards and recognition\n\nBlaylock has received many awards including twelve Emmys, two Edward R. Murrow Awards, and a Peabody. She earned her first Emmy for helping thousands of parents try to keep their children off drugs by showing the tricks her kids use to hide drug usage. She won the Peabody Award in 1994 for her contribution in the creation, in collaboration with Baptist Health, of \"Buddy Check 12\". She was the first person in Jacksonville to earn a Peabody.\n\nSee also\nList of Peabody Award winners\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFirst Coast News biography\nBlaylock's 1985 audition tape\n\nCategory:American television journalists\nCategory:Television anchors from Jacksonville, Florida\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Gabrielle Ngaska\n\nGabrielle Leonie Ngaska (born 14 April 1988) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish Primera Nacional club FF La Solana. She played for the Cameroon women's national team at the 2012 African Women's Championship.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nGabrielle Ngaska on AupaAthletic.com \n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Women's association football forwards\nCategory:Cameroonian women's footballers\nCategory:People from Centre Region (Cameroon)\nCategory:Cameroon women's international footballers\nCategory:2. Frauen-Bundesliga players\nCategory:SC 07 Bad Neuenahr players\nCategory:\u017dFK Spartak Subotica players\nCategory:Primera Divisi\u00f3n (women) players\nCategory:Cameroonian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nCategory:Expatriate women's footballers in Germany\nCategory:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia\nCategory:Expatriate women's footballers in Serbia\nCategory:Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nCategory:Expatriate women's footballers in Spain"}
-{"text": "Christopher Gores\n\nChristopher Gores is a Puerto Rican soccer player who plays for Gigantes de Carolina FC in the Puerto Rico Soccer League.  He has also appeared for the Puerto Rico national football team.\n\nCareer\nGores attended St. Paul Academy and Summit School and lead the school to a Minnesota state championship in his junior year.  He later attended Stanford University to play his college career. Gores also played for the Charleston Battery of the USL First Division and Sevilla FC Puerto Rico of the Puerto Rico Soccer League, helping the team win the first ever league title.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Puerto Rican footballers\nCategory:Sevilla FC Puerto Rico players\nCategory:Puerto Rico international footballers\nCategory:Charleston Battery players\nCategory:USL First Division players\nCategory:Association football defenders"}
-{"text": "PKP class EP02\n\nEP02 is a name for a Polish electric locomotive. It was made for passenger transport purposes.\n\nTechnical features\nFew improvements were brought in with this locomotive type. The front and back of the box had dragging and bumping devices installed. The whole body was given a more aerodynamic shape compared to previous models.\nThis machine is of Bo\u2032Bo\u2032 type, meaning that each axle is powered separately. The axles are installed in pairs on two bogies. The bogies had lighter, welded construction which gave the whole vehicle better contact with the rails.\n\nThe engines used in EP02 were not modern ones, and had a large weight compared with power and small rotation. The engine contained two engineer's compartments on each end, with all the devices necessary for running the locomotive inside. The engine and high voltage compartments were situated in the middle part of the body.\n\nHistory\nAfter World War II almost no electric locomotives survived in Poland, and local industry was not yet able to start the production of such vehicles. The solution for this problem was sought mainly abroad and resulted in a decision to buy some components from England. The design for EP02 by Central Rail Industry Construction Office in Pozna\u0144 was ready in 1951.\n\nIntroduction\nIn 1951 the design was sent to Pafawag, but the construction met with a few obstacles, mainly lack of material and parts.\nThe first locos were directed into Warsaw-Ochota railway district in 1953. Soon many construction faults appeared, like wheel spinning  after reaching  speed, inconstant drive and vertical shakes. The faults were systematically corrected, and the experience was used during designing the ET21 and EU06.\n\nProduction\n\nOperation\nAll the EP02s initially operated in Warsaw, but soon were moved to \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. Once there were enough EU07s, all EP02s were moved to D\u0119bica. In 1971 the last three machines were retired and reassigned to work as heating power supplies (used solely to supply electric power from overhead to heat cars during longer stops at stations, it involved parking them at selected stations and removal of most of the electric, brake and control equipment, retaining only the pantographs and switches associated with the HEP supply). This prolonged EP02s\u2019 life by 24 years\u2014EP02-07 was working as a heating power supply in Zakopane until 1992 and EP02-08 in Przemy\u015bl until 1996.\n\nDuring the operation, the locomotives were modified by the addition of automatic brakes and heating systems.\n\nLocomotive assignment\n\nSee also\nPolish locomotives designation\n\nExternal links\nModern Locos Gallery\nRail Service\nMikoleje\nChab\u00f3wka Rail Museum\n\nCategory:Railway locomotives introduced in 1953\nCategory:Bo\u2032Bo\u2032 locomotives\nCategory:3000 V DC locomotives\nEP02\nCategory:Pafawag locomotives\nCategory:Standard gauge locomotives of Poland"}
-{"text": "Grace Leven Prize for Poetry\n\nThe Grace Leven Prize for Poetry is an annual poetry award in Australia, given in the name of Grace Leven who died in 1922. It was established by William Baylebridge who \"made a provision for an annual poetry prize in memory of 'my benefactress Grace Leven' and for the publication of his own work\". Grace was his mother's half-sister.\n\nThe award is made to \"the best volume of poetry published in the preceding twelve months by a writer either Australian-born, or naturalised in Australia and resident in Australia for not less than ten years\". It offers only a small monetary prize, but is highly regarded by poets. It was first awarded in 1947, with the recipient being Nan McDonald's Pacific Sea.\n\nAward winners\n\n2010s\n 2012: Joint winners\n Rawshock by Toby Fitch\n Autoethnographic by Michael Brennan\n The Collected Blue Hills by Laurie Duggan\n Jaguar's Dream by John Kinsella\n Another Fine Morning in Paradise by Michael Sharkey\n 2010: Joint winners\n Phantom Limb by David Musgrave\n Patience, Mutiny by LK Holt\n The Simplified World by Petra White\n\n2000s\n 2008: The Australian Popular Songbook by Alan Wearne\n 2007: The Goldfinches of Baghdad by Robert Adamson\n 2006: The Past Completes Me: Selected Poems 1973\u20132003 by Alan Gould\n 2005: Next to Nothing by Noel Rowe\n 2004: Totem by Luke Davies\n 2003: Lost in the Foreground by Stephen Edgar\n 2002: Versary by Kate Lilley\n 2001: Darker and Lighter by Geoff Page\n\n1990s\n 1997: The Undertow: New and Selected Poems by John Kinsella\n 1995: Joint winners\nNew and Selected Poems by Kevin Hart\nFlying the Coop : New and Selected Poems 1972\u20131994 by Rhyll McMaster\nPath of Ghosts: poems 1986\u201393 by Jemal Sharah\n 1993: The End of the Season by Philip Hodgins\n 1992: Joint winners\n Empire of Grass by Gary Catalano\n Peniel by Kevin Hart\n 1991: Dog Fox Field by Les Murray\n\n1980s\n 1989: A Tremendous World in Her Head by Dorothy Hewett\n 1988: Under Berlin by John Tranter\n 1987: Occasions of Birds and Other Poems by Elizabeth Riddell\n 1986: Washing the Money : Poems with Photographs by Rhyll McMaster\n 1985: Joint winners\n Selected Poems 1963\u20131983 by Robert Gray  \n The Amorous Cannibal by Chris Wallace-Crabbe\n 1984: The Three Fates and Other Poems by Rosemary Dobson\n 1983: Collected Poems by Peter Porter\n 1982: Tide Country by Vivian Smith\n 1981: Nero's Poems: Translations of the Public and Private Poems of the Emperor Nero by Geoffrey Lehmann\n 1980: The Boys Who Stole the Funeral by Les Murray\n\n1970s\n 1979: The Man in the Honeysuckle by David Campbell\n 1978: Sometimes Gladness : Collected Poems 1954\u20131978 by Bruce Dawe\n 1977: Selected Poems by Robert Adamson\n 1976: Selected Poems 1939\u20131975 by John Blight\n 1975: Selected Poems (1975) by Gwen Harwood\n 1974: Neighbours in a Thicket: Poems by David Malouf\n 1973:  A Soapbox Omnibus by Rodney Hall\n 1972: Head-Waters by Peter Skrzynecki\n 1971: Joint winners\n Collected Poems, 1942\u20131970 by Judith Wright\n Collected Poems 1936\u20131970 by James McAuley\n 1970: Letters to Live Poets by Bruce Beaver\n\n1960s\n 1969: A Counterfeit Silence: Selected Poems by Randolph Stow\n 1968: Selected Poems 1942\u20131968 by David Campbell\n 1967: Collected Poems 1936\u20131967 by Douglas Stewart\n 1966: The Talking Clothes: Poems by William Hart-Smith\n 1965: The Ilex Tree by Les Murray and Geoffrey Lehmann\n 1964: All the Room by David Rowbotham\n 1963: The North-Bound Rider by Ian Mudie\n 1962: Southmost Twelve by R. D. Fitzgerald\n 1961: Time on Fire by Thomas Shapcott\n 1960: Man in a Landscape by Colin Thiele\n\n1950s\n 1959: The Wind at Your Door by R. D. Fitzgerald\n 1958: Antipodes in Shoes by Geoffrey Dutton\n 1957: Elegiac and Other Poems by Leonard Mann\n 1955: The Wandering Islands by A. D. Hope\n 1954: Thirty Poems by John Thompson\n 1953: Tumult of the Swans by Roland Robinson\n 1952: Between Two Tides by R. D. Fitzgerald\n 1951: The Great South Land : An Epic Poem by Rex Ingamells\n\n1940s\n 1949: Woman to Man by Judith Wright\n 1948: A Drum for Ben Boyd by Francis Webb\n 1947: Pacific Sea by Nan McDonald\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nAusLit News April\u2013May 2007. Retrieved 17 July 2007\nBonnin, Nancy (1979) \"Baylebridge, William (1883\u20131942)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography\n \nMunro, Craig & Sheahan-Bright, Robyn (2006). Paper Empires: A History of the Book in Australia 1946\u20132005. St Lucia, University of Queensland Press\n \n Wilde, W., Hooton, J. & Andrews, B (1994) The Oxford Companion of Australian Literature 2nd ed. South Melbourne, Oxford University Press\n \n\nCategory:Australian poetry awards\nCategory:Awards established in 1947\nCategory:1947 establishments in Australia"}
-{"text": "Passo de Camaragibe\n\nPasso de Camaragibe is a municipality located in the northern coast of the Brazilian state of Alagoas. Its population is 13,544 (2005) and its area is 187\u00a0km\u00b2.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated coastal places in Alagoas\nCategory:Municipalities in Alagoas"}
-{"text": "1981 European Rugby League Championship\n\n\n\nResults\n\nFinal standings\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:International rugby league competitions hosted by the United Kingdom\nCategory:International rugby league competitions hosted by France\nCategory:European Nations Cup\nEuropean rugby league championship"}
-{"text": "Jersey Flegg Cup\n\nThe Jersey Flegg Cup is a junior rugby league competition played in New South Wales, contested among teams made up of players aged 20 or under. The competition is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL), and is named for Eastern Suburbs foundation player and prominent administrator of the game, Harry \"Jersey\" Flegg.\n\nHistory \nThe Jersey Flegg Cup began in 1961 as an under-19 age group competition and was originally played over 9\u201312 weeks early in the season, alongside the SG Ball Cup and Harold Matthews Cup during the NSWRL's junior representative season. In 1998, with the advent of the National Rugby League (NRL), the competition switched to the current under-20 age limit and was played over a full season, running alongside the senior NRL competition and culminating with the Grand Final held on the same day as the NRL Grand Final.\n\nThe competition ceased at the end of the 2007 season to make way for the NRL-administered under-20 competition, the National Youth Competition, which commenced in 2008.\n\nIn 2016, the NRL announced that the National Youth Competition would be discontinued after the 2017 season, in favour of state-based under-20 competitions, administered by the Queensland Rugby League (QRL) and New South Wales Rugby League (NSWRL).\n\nOn 1 February 2018, the NSWRL officially announced the reintroduction of the Jersey Flegg Cup for the 2018 season after a 10-year absence.\n\nTeams\nThe Jersey Flegg Cup consists of fourteen teams, twelve based in New South Wales, one in Auckland, New Zealand and one in Victoria. In 2019, the Canberra Raiders and South Sydney Rabbitohs will return to the competition after using their New South Wales Cup affiliates in 2018, while the Victoria Thunderbolts join after spending the last four seasons in QRL-based competitions.\n\nSeason structure\n\nRegular season\nThe Jersey Flegg Cup follows the same regular season format as the Intrust Super Premiership, with games usually played as curtain-raisers to the senior fixtures. Beginning in early March, a round of regular season games is then played almost every weekend for twenty-one weeks, ending in late August. Unlike the Intrust Super Premiership, the Jersey Flegg Cup features three full rounds where every team receives a bye. These rounds are scheduled in to accommodate university exam periods.\n\nTeams receive two competition points for a win, and one point for a draw. The bye also receives two points; a loss, no points. Teams on the ladder are ranked by competition points, then match points differential (for and against) and points percentage are used to separate teams with equal competition points. At the end of the regular season, the club which is ranked highest on the ladder is declared minor premiers.\n\nFinals series\nThe eight highest placed teams at the end of the regular season compete in the finals series. The Jersey Flegg follows the same finals format as the NRL and the Intrust Super Premiership. The system consists of a number of games between the top eight teams over four weeks in September, until only two teams remain.\n\nThese two teams then contest the Grand Final, which is played in late September at a suburban Sydney stadium (for example, Leichhardt Oval), as a curtain-raiser to the Intrust Super Premiership Grand Final.\n\nPremiership winners\n\nPremiership tally\n\nSee also\n\nRugby League Competitions in Australia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Rugby league competitions in New South Wales\nCategory:Recurring sporting events established in 1961\nCategory:1961 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Sports leagues established in 1961\nCategory:Junior rugby league\nCategory:NRL Under-20s"}
-{"text": "Davy De Beule\n\nDavy De Beule (born 7 November 1981 in Hamme) is a former Belgian footballer who last played in the Belgian Fourth Division for Beerschot Wilrijk. He signed at Hamme at the age of 6 and moved to Lokeren in 1992. Six years later he entered the first team squad of the club where he played until 2004 and his transfer to Gent.\n\nExternal links\nVoetbal International profile \n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Belgian footballers\nCategory:Belgian expatriate footballers\nCategory:K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen players\nCategory:K.A.A. Gent players\nCategory:K.V. Kortrijk players\nCategory:Roda JC Kerkrade players\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Eredivisie players\nCategory:Belgian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands\nCategory:People from Hamme\nCategory:K Beerschot VA players\nCategory:Association football midfielders"}
-{"text": "Ollerton, Cheshire\n\nOllerton is a village in the Borough of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It is approximately  south east of the town of Knutsford, and had a population of 323 in 2001, rising marginally to 329 at the 2011 Census.\n\nLocal services are limited, and include a church in the adjacent village of Marthall, a pub and several postboxes. Other services such as the primary school, post office and shop have closed down, residents instead using services in Knutsford. Ollerton has a joint parish council with Marthall, elected every 3 years. The villages share the new village hall in Marthall, which was constructed in November 2009.\n\nOllerton is thought to have come from the name Owlerton and is named in the Domesday Book.\n\nSee also\n\nListed buildings in Ollerton, Cheshire\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOllerton official website\n\nCategory:Villages in Cheshire\nCategory:Civil parishes in Cheshire"}
-{"text": "Vra\u017eale (Zenica)\n\nVra\u017eale (Cyrillic: \u0412\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0435) is a village in the City of Zenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Zenica"}
-{"text": "Anslem Richardson\n\nAnslem Richardson is an American film, television and theater actor, screenwriter, filmmaker, and visual artist of Trinidadian descent. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he is best known for his role as Mike in The Locksmith and Governor Khaled on NCIS: Los Angeles.\n\nCareer \n\nAfter working several years on Off-Off Broadway plays, booking a role in Third Watch and the voice of Steven in Rockstar San Diego's Midnight Club II a racing video game, Anslem Richardson starred lead in the short film WHOA directed by Maurice Dwyer, which was an Official Selection of the 2002 Sundance Film Festival. He followed that up with a co-lead role in the acclaimed 2003 short film Five Deep Breaths directed by Seith Mann. Five Deep Breaths was an Official Selection of the Cannes, Sundance, Tribeca, and IFP Film Festivals; it went on to accumulate 16 awards.\n\nAt Cannes, he met the casting directors for the multi-award-winning, critically acclaimed Off-Broadway play The Exonerated written by husband and wife team Erik Jensen and Jessica Blank. Based on interviews they conducted with more than 40 exonerated death row inmates, the play starred Richard Dreyfuss, Susan Sarandon, Aidan Quinn, and Delroy Lindo and was directed by Bob Balaban. The Exonerated won the 2003 Drama Desk, Lucille Lortel, Outer Critics Circle, Fringe First, and Herald Angel Awards. Richardson joined the production for its final run and appeared in the 2005 Court TV film adaptation starring Brian Dennehy, Danny Glover, Delroy Lindo, Aidan Quinn, and Susan Sarandon; directed by Balaban.\n\nIn 2004, Richardson wrote his first screenplay The Subway Story., which won the Independent Filmmaker Project'''s Gordon Parks Award for Outstanding African-American Screenwriting. In 2005, he returned to Sundance for a third time as the lead in the short film Choked by the filmmaking brothers Brad and Todd Barnes. In this time, he booked roles on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Trial By Jury, Freedomland directed by Joe Roth, and The Life Before Her Eyes by Vadim Perelman.\n\nIn 2008, he completed his second screenplay Bardos, which earned him the Tribeca All Access Creative Promise Award in Screenwriting. Anslem formed the production company ThisThing Films with partner Marin Gazzaniga. Their first short film production LIKE SO MANY THINGS...UNSAID became a finalist for the IFC/Redbull Media Labs Competition. It spawned the 2009 American web series Like So Many Things which aired on IFC and at IFC.com. That year, Richardson re-teamed with the Barnes Brothers to star as the lead in their feature directorial debut Homewrecker. Homewrecker became an Official Selection of the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and was winner of the inaugural Sundance Best of NEXT Award. Richardson was later awarded the Maverick Actor Award at the Method Fest Film Festival for his role as Mike. The film's title was later changed to The Locksmith for distribution by First Look Studios.\n\nIn 2011 and 2012, Richardson appeared in the ABC police drama Detroit 1-8-7 and had a recurring guest star role on NCIS: Los Angeles as Gov. Khaled. He joined Katie Aselton's second feature Black Rock, based on a screenplay by her husband Mark Duplass; which starred Aselton, Lake Bell, and Kate Bosworth. The film premiered at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and was released theatrically on May 17, 2013.\n\nIn 2014, he appears in The Amazing Spider-Man 2'' directed by Marc Webb as Times Square Cop.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Brooklyn\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:American male film actors"}
-{"text": "Fabric 16\n\nFabric 16 is a DJ mix compilation album by Eddie Richards mixed using Final Scratch, as part of the Fabric Mix Series.\n\nTrack listing\n  Old Skool Split (Ricardo Dias/Pedro Vilas Boas) - Joined - Upfront\n  Eddie Richards - Be Still - Absurd\n  Freddy Montanez Ft Jessica Lyn - Vegas Nights (Audio Soul Project Rerub) - Movim\n  Corrie - Scorpio - Corrie\n  MastikSoul - I Believe (MastikSoul Remix) - 4kenzo\n  Gideon A.D.D & Marky Star - High As Can Be (Dreddteks Get Up Remix) - Household\n  Dexter - Shwing - Mat Royall\n  Little Mike - 11th & Broadway - Casa Del Soul\n  Primoz - Push Me - Lunar Tunes\n  DJ2 - Plural - Pancake\n  Robin Porter and Mike Carr - Fathernature - Immigrant\n  Living City - Steppin' Out (Tunnel Mix) - Living City\n  Pure Science - Do U Know House? - P.S. Communications\n  Loft 55 - Butterfly Lips - MES\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFabric: Fabric 16\n\nCategory:Fabric (club) albums\nCategory:2004 compilation albums"}
-{"text": "Rajnagar, Madhubani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\n\nRajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is an assembly constituency in Madhubani district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is reserved for scheduled castes.\n\nOverview\nAs per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 37  Rajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is composed of the following: Rajnagar and Andhratharhi community development blocks.\n\nRajnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of No. 7 Jhanjharpur (Lok Sabha constituency).\n\nElection results\nIn the Bihar Legislative Assembly election 2015 Ramprit Paswan of BJP  won Rajnagar seat by defeating his nearest rival Ramavtar Paswan of RJD .\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Assembly constituencies of Bihar\nCategory:Politics of Madhubani district"}
-{"text": "Blandings Castle and Elsewhere\n\nBlandings Castle and Elsewhere is a collection of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse. It was first published in the United Kingdom on 12 April 1935 by Herbert Jenkins, London, and, as Blandings Castle, in the United States on 20 September 1935 by Doubleday Doran, New York. All the stories had previously appeared in Strand Magazine (UK) and all except the last in various US magazines.\n\nOverview\n\nThe first six stories all take place at the book's namesake Blandings Castle; they are set some time between the events of Leave it to Psmith (1923) and those of Summer Lightning (1929). Lord Emsworth of Blandings Castle is depicted as a gentleman farmer, growing prize pumpkins and especially concerned with his prize pig, Empress of Blandings; he is also concerned with his nieces and nephews as well as the love life of his younger son Freddie Threepwood. The seventh story concerns Bobbie Wickham, an acquaintance and sometime fianc\u00e9e of Bertie Wooster, who also appears in three of the stories in Mr Mulliner Speaking. The last five are narrated by Mr Mulliner and are set in Hollywood among the movie studios that Wodehouse knew from his time as a screenwriter in 1930\u201331.\n\nContents\n\n\"The Custody of the Pumpkin\"\n US: Saturday Evening Post, 29 November 1924\n UK: Strand, December 1924\n\nSee \"The Custody of the Pumpkin\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best\"\n UK: Strand, June 1926\n US: Liberty, 5 June 1926\n\nSee \"Lord Emsworth Acts for the Best\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey\"\n US: Liberty, 9 July 1927\n UK: Strand, August 1927\n\nSee \"Pig-hoo-o-o-o-ey\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"Company for Gertrude\"\n UK: Strand, September 1928\n US: Cosmopolitan, October 1928\n\nSee \"Company for Gertrude\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"The Go-Getter\"\n US: Cosmopolitan, March 1931 (as \"\"Sales Resistance\")\n UK: Strand, August 1931\n\nSee \"The Go-Getter\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend\"\n US: Liberty, 6 October 1928\n UK: Strand , November 1928\n\nSee \"Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend\". (Blandings Castle story.)\n\n\"Mr Potter Takes a Rest Cure\"\n US: Liberty, 23 January 1926 (as \"The Rest Cure\")\n UK: Strand, February 1926\n\nSee \"Mr Potter Takes a Rest Cure\".\n\n\"Monkey Business\"\n UK: Strand, December 1932 (featuring Mervyn Mulliner in magazine versions, Montrose in book)\n US: American Magazine, December 1932 (as \"A Cagey Gorilla\")\n\nSee \"Monkey Business\". (Mr Mulliner story.)\n\n\"The Nodder\"\n UK: Strand, January 1933\n US: American Magazine, January 1933 (as \"Love Birds\")\n\nThe story was illustrated by Gilbert Wilkinson in the Strand, and by Roy F. Spreter in American Magazine. Along with the four other Mulliner stories in the collection, \"The Nodder\" was included in the Mulliner Omnibus (1935), The World of Mr. Mulliner (1972), and the Wodehouse collection The Hollywood Omnibus (1985). It was featured in the 1985 Wodehouse collection Short Stories.\n\nPlot\nWhile discussing child characters in films portrayed by midgets, Mr Mulliner remarks that one such actor, Johnny Bingley, played a role in the affairs of his distant relative Wilmot. He tells the following story about Wilmot.\n\nWilmot Mulliner is a Nodder. A Nodder is similar to a Yes-Man except lower in the social scale. He is expected to nod in agreement to what the chief executive says after all the Yes-Men have said yes. Wilmot works for Mr Schnellenhamer, the head of the Perfecto-Zizzbaum Corporation, a film studio. Mabel Potter, Schnellenhamer's secretary, was formerly a bird-imitator in vaudeville. Wilmot overhears her arguing with a director about how cuckoos sound. Having grown up on a farm, Wilmot is familiar with birds and agrees with her. They grow closer together in the weeks that follow. He proposes to her, but she says she will not marry a mere nodder. Disappointed, Wilmot goes to drink at a speakeasy. Another person sits at his table, apparently a child in a Lord Fauntleroy costume. Wilmot recognizes him as the child actor Little Johnny Bingley and is surprised to see him there. Bingley asks Wilmot not to tell Schnellenhamer he was in a speakeasy, since there is a morality clause in his contract. Wilmot agrees. They become friends and visit other speakeasies together.\n\nThe next day, Mr Schnellenhamer tells his fellow executive, Mr Levitsky, that he is concerned. Bingley told him that he may have revealed to Wilmot that he is actually a midget. If this becomes known, Bingley will be worthless to them, and he has a contract for two more films. Levitsky suggests they watch Wilmot closely. If he acts unlike his usual deferential self, they will know he knows and have to pay him off. In reality, Wilmot barely remembers his night out and does not know the truth about Bingley. At a story-conference, Wilmot seems listless, which Schnellenhamer and Levitsky think means he knows, though Wilmot actually just has a hangover. Wilmot winces when he nods, which looks like a scowl to the anxious executives. Schnellenhamer talks about adding birds that go \"cuckoo\" to the story, but Mabel says he is wrong, to the astonishment of the many obsequious men in the room. She insists that cuckoos go \"wuckoo\". She says that Wilmot agreed with her, and for her sake, Wilmot risks his job by firmly agreeing with her in front of the executives. Mabel is delighted and embraces him. Schnellenhamer and Levitsky tell the others to leave. They remark that Wilmot is loyal to the firm and would never betray its secrets. They ask if he will consent to become an executive. Wilmot does not entirely understand what is going on, but he is glad he will get to marry Mabel and nods.\n\n\"The Juice of an Orange\"\n UK: Strand, February 1933\n US: American Magazine, February 1933 (as \"Love on a Diet\")\n\nThe story was illustrated by Gilbert Wilkinson in the Strand, and by Roy F. Spreter in American Magazine.\n\nPlot\nThe topic of dieting comes up at the Angler's Rest, leading Mr Mulliner to tell the following story about Wilmot (from \"The Nodder\"). \n\nWilmot is now an executive at the Perfecto-Zizzbaum Corporation, a film studio. He is engaged to Mabel, the secretary of the head of the company, Mr Schnellehamer. Schnellehamer convinces Wilmot to take a large salary cut by claiming it will help the company. This upsets Mabel, who believes that Wilmot is still a Nodder at heart. She refuses to marry him unless he proves he can assert himself. Wilmot thinks there is nothing he can do, and his disappointment makes him eat more than usual. Before long, Wilmot gets indigestion. He consults a physician, who advises him to take orange juice, which the physician insists on calling \"the juice of an orange\", in place of meals. Wilmot goes from being very genial to very irritable as a result of being on this diet for four days. There is a plate of sandwiches at the next story-conference. The sight of Schnellenhamer enthusiastically eating a sandwich pushes Wilmot too far. He shouts at Mr Schnellenhamer to stop eating. Schnellenhamer is about to fire Wilmot when a siren goes off.\n\nThis siren warns all workers on the lot to take cover because Hortensia Burwash, the temperamental female star actress, has lost her temper. She is armed with a sword she borrowed off an actor playing a Roman soldier. Everyone flees except Wilmot, who is too busy brooding on his diet to notice, Mabel, who crouches on top of the filing cabinet, and Schnellenhamer, who hides in a cupboard. Hortensia appears and breaks an ink-pot with her sword, and some of the ink gets on Wilmot's trousers. Wilmot grabs the sword and demands that she stop. Surprised by his reaction, she apologizes and explains that she is in a bad mood because she has been on an orange juice diet for fifteen days. She is on the diet because of a strict weight clause in her contract. Wilmot sympathizes with her and borrows her sword. He makes Schnellenhamer write Hortensia a new contract without a weight clause, and tells him to restore his former salary. However, Hortensia wants Wilmot to be her new business manager, at double his old salary. Mabel is pleased and writes out the contract for Wilmot's new job.\n\n\"The Rise of Minna Nordstrom\"\n UK: Strand, April 1933\n US: American Magazine, March 1933 (as \"A Star is Born\", omitting Anglers' Rest introduction)\n\nSee \"The Rise of Minna Nordstrom\". (Mr Mulliner story.)\n\n\"The Castaways\"\n UK: Strand, June 1933\n\nSee \"The Castaways\". (Mr Mulliner story.)\n\nTelevision\n\nSeveral of the Blandings shorts from this collection were adapted for the first series of The World of Wodehouse, broadcast in February and March 1967 in six half-hour episodes. They starred Ralph Richardson as Lord Emsworth, Derek Nimmo as Freddie Threepwood, Meriel Forbes as Lady Constance, and Stanley Holloway as Beach. Unfortunately the master tapes of all but the first part (\"Lord Emsworth and the Girl Friend\"), were wiped, and no known copies exist.\n\nThree of the stories featured in the collection, \"Mr Potter takes a Rest Cure\", \"The Rise of Minna Nordstrom\" and \"The Nodder\", were produced as part of the BBC's Wodehouse Playhouse series, starring John Alderton and Pauline Collins, airing in 1975 and 1976 respectively.\n\nIn 2013 and 2014, BBC television aired a series titled Blandings starring Timothy Spall as Clarence, Jennifer Saunders as Connie, and Jack Farthing as Freddie. Beach was played by Mark Williams (2013) and Tim Vine (2014).\n\nSee also\n\n List of short stories by P. G. Wodehouse\n\nReferences and sources\nReferences\n\nSources\n \n  \u2013 Alphabetical list of Wodehouse's short stories, with publication and collections.\n  \u2013 Lists of characters and publication dates for each story.\n\nExternal links\n Fantastic Fiction's page, with details of published editions, photos of book covers and links to used copies\n \n\nCategory:Short story collections by P. G. Wodehouse\nCategory:1935 short story collections\nCategory:Herbert Jenkins books\nCategory:Pigs in literature"}
-{"text": "Heinz Rehfuss\n\nHeinz Julius Rehfuss (25 May 1917 \u2013 27 June 1988) was a Swiss operatic bass-baritone, who later became an American citizen. He was particularly associated with the title roles in Don Giovanni and Boris Godunov, and Golaud in Pell\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande.\n\nLife\nBorn in Frankfurt, Germany, he was the son of Carl Rehfuss (1885-1946), a baritone, concertist and teacher, and his wife,  alto Florentine Rehfuss-Peichert. He spent his youth in Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland, where his father was teaching at the Conservatory, and was entirely trained by him. He made his debut in 1938 at the St\u00e4dtebundtheater in Biel-Solothurn, as a choral singer and stage designer, and sang as a soloist in Lucerne during the 1938-39 season.\n\nHe appeared at the Zurich Opera from 1940 until 1952, where he undertook some 80 roles. From 1952, he made frequent guest appearances in opera houses all over Europe, including La Scala in Milan, Italy, the Op\u00e9ra National de Paris, the Vienna State Opera, the Liceo in Barcelona, the Munich State Opera, the Monte Carlo Opera, the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, La Fenice in Venice, the Edinburgh Festival, etc. He went on concert tours in America, Asia, and Africa. With his smooth and mellifluous voice, he was both a skilled lieder and oratorio singer. Not only has Rehfuss both performed and adapted contemporary works by composers such as Stravinsky, Milhaud, Britten, but he is known to have been uniquely adept at adapting the works of Johann Sebastian Bach.\n\nRehfuss took part in the  premiere of Nono's opera Intolleranza 1960, in 1961.\n\nIn later years, Rehfuss taught at the State University of New York in Buffalo, New York, and was a visiting teacher at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, and at the Conservatoire de musique du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al. He died in Buffalo, New York.\n\nSelected recordings\n\n Debussy, Pell\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande. Suzanne Danco, Pierre Mollet, Heinz Rehfuss, Ch\u0153ur et Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, Ernest Ansermet - (Decca, 1952)\n Gounod, Faust. L\u00e9opold Simoneau, Pierrette Alarie, Heinz Rehfuss, Vienna Opera Chorus and Vienna Festival Orchestra, Gianfranco Rivoli - (VAI, 1963)\n Gounod, Rom\u00e9o et Juliette. Raoul Jobin, Janine Micheau, Heinz Rehfuss, Ch\u0153ur et Orchestre de l'Op\u00e9ra de Paris, Alberto Erede - (Decca, 1953)\n Mahler, Des Knaben Wunderhorn. Maureen Forrester, Heinz Rehfuss, Vienna Festival Orchestra, Felix Prohaska - (Vanguard, 1963)\n\nVideography\n\n Mozart, Le nozze di Figaro. Heinz Rehfuss, Marcella Pobb\u00e9, Rosanna Carteri, Nicola Rossi-Lemeni, Dora Gatta, Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro della RAI di Milano, Nino Sanzogno - (Hardy Classics, 1956)\n\nSources\n\n Grove Music Online, J\u00fcrg Stenzl, August 2008.\n\nExternal links\nInterview with Heinz Rehfuss, April 26, 1987\n\nCategory:1917 births\nCategory:1988 deaths\nCategory:Conservatoire de musique du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al faculty\nCategory:Operatic baritones\nCategory:Swiss opera singers\nCategory:20th-century opera singers\nCategory:20th-century male singers"}
-{"text": "Nedbank Cup\n\nThe Nedbank Cup is the current name of South Africa's premier club football (soccer) knockout tournament. While many formats have been used over the years, the tournament has always been based on the idea of giving lower league and amateur teams a chance to compete with clubs from the top league for the cup. The tournament is based on the English FA Cup, which has become known for \"giant killings\" (lower league clubs defeating a top flight club).\n\nHistory\n\nThe tournament was started in 1971 as the Life Challenge Cup, this name stayed in place until 1975. In 1976 and 1977, the tournament was known as the Benson and Hedges Trophy. From 1978 until 1987 the tournament was known as the Mainstay Cup. In 1988 the sponsorship was taken over by First National Bank, and was renamed the Bob Save Super Bowl. This name remained until 2001, however the tournament was not played in 1997. The tournament was again not played in 2002. The competition was then sponsored by ABSA between 2003 and 2007, and known as the ABSA Cup. Nedbank took over the sponsorship in 2008, and renamed the tournament the Nedbank Cup.\n\nFormat\n\nThe current format sees the 16 Premier Soccer League clubs, eight National First Division teams, as well as eight teams from the amateur ranks enter the main draw of 32 teams. The PSL teams enter the main draw automatically, while the NFD clubs need to play a single qualifier against other NFD clubs. The amateur teams go through a series of qualifiers to enter the main draw.\n\nFrom the round of 32 onwards, teams are not seeded, and the first sides drawn receive home-ground advantage. There are no longer any replays in the tournament, and any games which end in a draw after 90 minutes are subject to 30 minutes extra time followed by penalties if necessary.\n\nThe winners receive prize money of R7 million. The winner also qualifies for the next season's CAF Confederation Cup.\n\nPrize money\n\nPast finals\n\nResults by team\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nNedbank Cup Official Website\nRSSSF competition history\n\n \nSouth Africa\nCategory:Soccer cup competitions in South Africa"}
-{"text": "Macrostomus mura\n\nMacrostomus mura is a species of dance flies, in the fly family Empididae.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Empididae\nCategory:Insects described in 1962\nCategory:Diptera of South America"}
-{"text": "Results of the 2014 Indonesian legislative election\n\nA general election was held on 9 April 2014 in Indonesia to renew the mandate of the national and regional legislatures which will expire this year. Official results were announced on 9 May 2014, with the DPR seat allocation being announced separately on 14 May. This is the fourth free and democratic legislative election since the Fall of Suharto in 1998.\n\nList of political parties \nBold indicates parties that passed the electoral threshold\n\nParliamentary results\n\nResults by province\n\nAceh (13)\n\nNorth Sumatra (30)\n\nWest Sumatra (14)\n\nRiau (11)\n\nJambi (7)\n\nSouth Sumatra (17)\n\nBengkulu (4)\n\nLampung (18)\n\nBangka Belitung (3)\n\nRiau Islands (3)\n\nJakarta (21)\n\nWest Java (91)\n\nCentral Java (77)\n\nYogyakarta (8)\n\nEast Java (87)\n\nBanten (22)\n\nBali (9)\n\nWest Nusa Tenggara (10)\n\nEast Nusa Tenggara (13)\n\nWest Kalimantan (10)\n\nCentral Kalimantan (6)\n\nSouth Kalimantan (11)\n\nEast Kalimantan (8)\n\nNorth Sulawesi (6)\n\nCentral Sulawesi (6)\n\nSouth Sulawesi (24)\n\nSoutheast Sulawesi (5)\n\nGorontalo (3)\n\nWest Sulawesi (3)\n\nMaluku (4)\n\nNorth Maluku (3)\n\nPapua (10)\n\nWest Papua (3)\n\nReferences \n\n2014\nCategory:2014 in Indonesia\nCategory:Election results in Indonesia"}
-{"text": "1-2-3 Corona\n\n1-2-3 Corona is an East German film directed by Hans M\u00fcller. It was released in 1948.\n\nPlot\nIn ruined Berlin, several bands of abandoned children roam the streets, engaging in petty crimes. When a circus arrives nearby, the boys are charmed by one Trapeze performer called Corona. They are upset when the circus' manager insults her, and plan a revenge by setting a trap on the ring. But their scheme fails and it is Corona that is injured. Being unable to work, she is dismissed.  \nThe boys tend to her, and as time passes, she teaches them her art, and they form a little circus of their own. A manager of another circus offers Corona a job. She is reluctant to leave the children. Eventually, the manager takes them all in into his circus.\n\nCast\n Eva Ingeborg Scholz as Corona\n Lutz Moik as Gerhard Wittmann\n Piet Clausen as Dietrich\n Ralph Siewert as Fritzchen\n Walter Werner as Doctor Waldner\n Annemarie Hase as Frau Schmittchen\n Herbert H\u00fcbner as Professor Hanke\n Hans-Edgar Stecher as Heinz\n Horst Gentzen as Emil\n Werner M\u00fcller as Carl\n Hans Neie as Rudi\n Eduard Wandrey as Hugo Grandini\n Hans Leibelt as Circus Manager Barlay\n\nProduction\nThe script writers were inspired by a real children's circus, Rose, that was a popular attraction in the city of P\u00f6\u00dfneck during the first post-war years.  1-2-3 Corona was the first DEFA picture to be filmed in UFA's old studio in Potsdam-Babelsberg, which was turned into the DEFA Feature Films Studio. Outdoor photography took place in Charlottenburg and Prenzlauer Berg.\n\nReception\n1-2-3 Corona had its premiere in East Berlin's Babylon Cinema. It was viewed by some eight million people. The Catholic Film Service defined it as a \"realistic picture, managing to create an entertaining film with modest resources.\"\n\nAuthor Peter Pleyer regarded it as a classical \"Rubble film\", that \"tried to provide some optimism\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1-2-3 Corona original poster on ostfilm.de.\n1-2-3 Corona on DEFA Sternstunden.\n\nCategory:1948 films\nCategory:Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft films\nCategory:German-language films\nCategory:German black-and-white films\nCategory:Circus films\nCategory:Films set in Berlin"}
-{"text": "West Saharan montane xeric woodlands\n\nThe West Saharan montane xeric woodlands is an ecoregion that extends across several highland regions in the Sahara. Surrounded at lower elevations by the largely barren Sahara, the West Saharan montane xeric woodlands are isolated refuges of plants and animals that can survive in the higher humidity and lower temperatures of the highlands.\n\nSetting\nThe Sahara is a vast desert, stretching across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. Some mountains ranges (such as the Ahaggar, Tassili n'Ajjer, Tibesti and A\u00efr) rise up from the desert and receive more rainfall and mostly present slightly cooler summer temperatures. These highlands support dry woodlands and shrublands distinct from the hot dry desert lowlands..\n\nThis ecoregion has an area of . The boundaries for the largest part of this ecoregion, which includes the Tassili n'Ajjer Ahaggar and A\u00efr (or Azbine) massifs, follow the 'regs,' 'hamadas' and 'wadis' above the 1,000 m contour. This covers a good part of southeast Algeria. These areas reach almost 3,000 meters in altitude. Additional areas further south were included within this ecoregion, including the A\u00efr ou Azbine in northern Niger, Dhar Adrar in Mauritania, and Adrar des Iforas in Mali and Algeria, using the 500 m-elevation contour.\n\nThe mountains of the West Saharan Montane Xeric Woodland ecoregion are found within the Sahara Desert and are predominantly of volcanic origin. They rise from the surrounding flat desert landscape or sand dunes and create islands of moister habitat (guelta) which support flora and fauna. The most important area is the Tassili n'Ajjer Plateau, an outlier of the Ahaggar Mountains in Algeria which supports some near-endemic species and some globally threatened antelopes. The highest point of these mountains is 3,003 meters (Mount Tahat).\n\nWinters are quite rigorous, with an amplitude in temperature of over 20\u00b0C. Day temperatures may be over 20\u00b0C while nights are freezing. In summer, days are very hot, though less so than in the central Sahara. Rainfall is rare and sporadic.\n\nFlora and fauna\nVegetation varies greatly depending on altitude and landscape, in particular wind protection. It is often composed of relict mediterranean vegetation.\n\nIn the gueltas, vegetation is very diverse and hosts many animals. Trees may be found at lower elevations, while higher areas mostly host bushes. It is possible to find wild olive trees, or Olea lapperrini. Endemic and rare species include the Saharan Cypress (\u201ctarout\u201d) (Cupressus dupreziana) and Saharan Myrtle (Myrtus nivellei), both of which are relict Saharan-Mediterranean species. Olive and myrtle trees grow at the bottom of wadis, intermittent stream valleys, or beside gueltas and permanent or temporary waterholes.\n\nOther species with a preference for moist habitats are Trianthema pentandra, Lupinus pilosus, and Convolvulus fatmensis. Silene kiliani, Acacia laeta, A. scorpiodes, and Cordia rochii grow in wadis. Other representatives of the 28 national Algerian plant rarities found on Tassili n'Ajjer include Ficus ingens and Anticharis glandulosa.\n\nPopulation and conservation\nThe human population of the ecoregion is very small, with less than 5 persons per square kilometre. Many people are nomadic though some small cities also exist (such as Idl\u00e8s). The vegetation remains fairly intact.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Deserts and xeric shrublands\nCategory:Ecoregions of Algeria\nCategory:Ecoregions of Mali\nCategory:Ecoregions of Mauritania\nCategory:Ecoregions of Niger\nCategory:Environment of Niger\nCategory:Flora of Algeria\nCategory:Flora of Mali\nCategory:Flora of Mauritania\nCategory:Flora of Niger\n \nCategory:Geography of Algeria\nCategory:Geography of Mali\nCategory:Geography of Mauritania\nCategory:Geography of Niger\nCategory:Palearctic ecoregions\nCategory:Tuareg"}
-{"text": "Periamet\n\nPeriamet (), is a developed residential, commercial area in Central Chennai, a metropolitan city in Tamil Nadu, India\n\nLocation\n\nPeriamet is located near Chennai Central\n\nSurroundings\n\nPerimet is known for commercial leather hub. It has many leather trading offices and leather shoe shops. Proximity to Central make this place famous and hence many hotels and lodges are operating successfully. The commercial activity and footfall is also increased due to Nehru Stadium which often host sports and games at national & international level. \n\nPeriamet Mosque is very famous in Chennai\n\nTransportation\n\nMany number of buses ply through Periamet, And Central And Egmore is very near to Periamet\n\nCategory:Neighbourhoods in Chennai"}
-{"text": "2009 Asian Tour\n\nThe 2009 Asian Tour was the 15th season of the modern Asian Tour, the main men's professional golf tour in Asia excluding Japan, since it was established in 1995. Prize money for the season exceeded US$39 million and Thongchai Jaidee topped the Order of Merit for the third time with US$981,932.\n\nTournament results\nThe table below shows the 2009 schedule.\n\nThe number in brackets after each winner's name is the number of Asian Tour events he had won up to and including that tournament. This information is only shown for Asian Tour members.\n\nOnly 50% of the prize money from major championships and World Golf Championships are counted towards the Order of Merit, but are not shown below.\n\nLeading money winners\n\nThere is a complete list on the official site here.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Asian Tour's official English language site\n\nAsian Tour\nCategory:Asian Tour"}
-{"text": "1874 Philadelphia White Stockings season\n\nThe Philadelphia White Stockings played in 1874 as a  member of the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. They finished fourth in the league with a record of 29-29.\n\nRegular season\n\nSeason standings\n\nRecord vs. opponents\n\nRoster\n\nPlayer stats\n\nBatting\nNote: G = Games played; AB = At Bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting Average; HR = Home Runs; RBI = Runs Batted In\n\nStarting pitchers\n\nRelief pitchers\n\nReferences\n1874 Philadelphia Whites season at Baseball Reference\n\nCategory:Philadelphia White Stockings seasons\nPhiladelphia White Stockings Season, 1874\nPhiladelphia White Stockings"}
-{"text": "Chinese used vehicle exporting\n\nChinese used vehicle exporting is a grey market international trade involving the export of used cars and other vehicles from China to other markets around the world. With 300 million cars in China, Chinese vehicles are now entering the used vehicle market overseas to boost demand for the domestic market.\n\nAccording to the African Courier, it's suggested that the export of used cars is a way to deepen implementations to the Belt and Road Initiative.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Automotive industry in China had contracted when vehicle sales declined with 28 million vehicles in 2018, which represented an annual drop of 2.76%. This was the first decline in the industry seen since 1990 due to falling sales and the effects of the China\u2013United States trade war with US$200 billion raised on Chinese-made products.\n\nThe concept of exporting used Chinese-made vehicles were made public in April 2019 when the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Public Security, and the General Administration of Customs jointly issued a public notice on Supporting the Export of Used Cars in Conditionally Mature Areas. These are responsible for certifying the export of used cars from China.\n\nIn May 6, 2019, it was reported that the Chinese Ministry of Commerce officially announced the approval of legally exporting used Chinese vehicles in an effort to increase domestic sales and promote trade in the automotive market. MOFCOM has mentioned that they'll work in identifying companies that can handles vehicle exports and for testing standards to ensure that the used cars are sold safely. In a MOFCOM press conference on May 9, 2019, it was mentioned that it is working with officials from the General Administration of Customs and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology to administer export licensing for vehicles shipped out of China.\n\nOn July 2019, it was announced that the first exports consisted of 300 used cars for Cambodia, Myanmar, Nigeria and Russia from Guangdong. The first exports were made through the Nansha Port while others were done via the China-Europe Railway Express.\n\nOn September 3, 2019, Tianjin had exported 60 used vehicles with a value of US$700,000 from the Dongjiang Free Trade Port Zone to the Port of Apapa in Nigeria.\n\nOn November 2019, an export of 500 used cars were reported to be sold to Benin for US$3 million from Guangdong. A statement released by Guangdong Good Car Holdings Co. Ltd. on November 21, 2019 says that it was the most valuable order received for the export of used cars. On November 11, 2019, it was reported that some used vehicles were sold to Kyrgyzstan.\n\nDesignated Locations\nTen cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, were announced to be designated areas where used vehicles can be legally exported from. Xi'an and Tianjin were also designated as export cities.\n\nEffects\nAccording to Alan Kang, an analyst at LMC Automotive, he said that exports of Chinese vehicles overseas will have a medium to long term effect in helping Chinese automobile manufacturers \"smoothen sales of new cars\".\n\nSales of used Chinese vehicles to emerging markets would drive down prices, it would make an impact on new cars being sold and manufactured. They would be preferable to persons who want to buy cheaper vehicles. This gives Chinese vehicle manufacturers a chance to sell any vehicles that may run into trouble with the State VI vehicle emission standards that were implemented on July 1, 2019. The market allows the vehicles to be exported to countries that do not have strict standards for vehicles used in their own markets.\n\nChallenges\nChallenges that face used vehicle export are for countries that have strict import standards. For instance, the United States does not allow the import of a vehicle unless it's 25 years old and most newer Chinese vehicles made domestically were only made from 1994.\n\nIn Myanmar, the Myanma Ministry of Commerce announced strict guidelines on used car exports from China in order to crack down on vehicles that are being sold from China, but are not made in China. Proof that Chinese vehicles sold through imports, new or used, are required to have certified papers that shows that they were manufactured in China.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Automotive industry in China\nCategory:Foreign trade of China\nCategory:Used car market\nCategory:Export"}
-{"text": "Kalamaki\n\nKalamaki is the Greek word for a small reed, and thus for a skewer or drinking straw, and may refer to:\n\nan alternative name for souvlaki\nplaces in Greece:\n Kalamaki, Attica, a neighborhood of Alimos in South Athens\n Kalamaki, a village in the community of Limnochori, Achaea\n Kalamaki, Zakynthos, a resort town on the island of Zakynthos\n Kalamaki, Patras, a neighbourhood of Patras, Achaea\n Kalkan, a town in Turkey formerly called Kalamaki"}
-{"text": "I'm Throwed\n\n\"I'm Throwed\" is the second single from Paul Wall's album, Get Money, Stay True. The song was released in late March 2007, nearly a week before the release of the album. The song is produced by and features Jermaine Dupri. Dupri uses the sounds from a Theremin as a part of the loop in the song. A music video was shot and released, featuring appearances by TV Johnny and Paul Wall's Son, William \"Fat Pat\" Slayton. In the issue dated April 28, 2007, the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 94, eventually peaking at number 87.\n\nRemix\nThere is also a remix version of the song that features Bow Wow, Chamillionaire and Lil' Keke, in addition to Dupri.\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2006 songs\nCategory:2007 singles\nCategory:Paul Wall songs\nCategory:Jermaine Dupri songs\nCategory:Asylum Records singles\nCategory:Atlantic Records singles\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Jermaine Dupri\nCategory:Songs written by Jermaine Dupri\nCategory:Songs written by LRoc\nCategory:Songs written by Paul Wall"}
-{"text": "Antonio Najarro\n\nAntonio Najarro (born 22 November 1975 in Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish flamenco dancer and figure skating choreographer.                             Film: \" Antonio Najarro, la danse espagnole en partage \"  (2014/2015 )    53 min director: Jean-Marie David\n\nCareer\n\nFlamenco dancer \nNajarro is one of the most recognized flamenco dancers in Spain. At age 15 he began his career getting a Distinction in Spanish Dance in the Real Conservatorio Profesional de Danza in Madrid working in the company \u201cBallet Teatro Espa\u00f1ol de Rafael Aguilar\u201d, where he gained soloist roles portraying characters such as Lucas El Torero in their production of Carmen, which travelled throughout Europe. He then worked in companies including \u201cBallet Antolog\u00eda\u201d, \u201cJos\u00e9 Antonio y los Ballets Espa\u00f1oles\u201d, \u201cCompa\u00f1\u00eda Antonio M\u00e1rquez\u201d, and \u201cCompa\u00f1\u00eda A\u00edda G\u00f3mez\u201d.\n\nHe later started working as a principal dancer with Rafael Aguilar, Antonio Gades, and other artists. He also took part in the National Ballet of Spain, sharing the stage with Carla Fracci and others.\n\nAs a creator, his choreographies are part of the repertoire of dance institutions of Spain including the Real Conservatorio de Danza de Madrid, the Ballet Nacional de Espa\u00f1a, and the company \u201cJos\u00e9 Antonio y los Ballets Espa\u00f1oles\u201d.\n\nIn 2002, he created the company Antonio Najarro, with which he has been presenting shows worldwide such as \"Tango Flamenco\", \"Flamencoriental\", and \"Jazzing Flamenco\".\n\nFigure skating choreographer \nAs a figure skating choreographer, his clients include: \nJeremy Abbott\nMarina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat\nPernelle Carron & Lloyd Jones\nBrian Joubert\nSt\u00e9phane Lambiel\nNathalie P\u00e9chalat & Fabian Bourzat\nKaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje\nJavier Fernandez\nSara Hurtado & Kirill Khaliavin\nSara Hurtado & Adri\u00e1n D\u00edaz\n\nHe has also been a choreographer of various ice shows such as  \"Art on Ice\", \"Dreams on Ice\", \"Fantasy on Ice\"  and \"Champions on Ice\" in Japan, Russia, France, Switzerland and the United States.\n\nAwards \nAmong others he has received this individual recognitions:\n\n First prize for choreography at the Eighth Choreographic Contest of Spanish Dance and Flamenco de Madrid.\n First Prize for Choreography at the First International Dance Competition, Teatro Central in Seville.\n Prize for best young choreographer Harlequin 2009.\n MAX Award for Outstanding Performance Arts Dance Men.\n\nWith his choreography, skaters have won:\n 2002 Olympic gold medal in ice dancing, won by Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat. Najarro choreographed their \"Flamenco\" original dance.\n 2007 World bronze medal, Grand Prix Final gold medal and 2008 European silver medal, won by Swiss St\u00e9phane Lambiel. Najarro choreographed \"Poet\" and \"Oto\u00f1o Porte\u00f1o\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial website \n\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Madrid\nCategory:Spanish male dancers\nCategory:Flamenco dancers\nCategory:Spanish male ballet dancers"}
-{"text": "Vankor 350\n\nThe Vankor 350 is a NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series race that takes place at Texas Motor Speedway. The 1999 race was 300 kilometers and the 2000 race was 400 kilometers. Starting in 2001, the race is now 350 kilometers. The race moved to the spring for the 2019 season.\n\nPast winners\n\n2000: Greg Biffle clinched the 2000 series title in this race; additionally, driver Tony Roper was severely injured in a crash on lap 33, and died the following day, becoming the third NASCAR fatality that year.\n2001: Race postponed from September 15 because of the September 11 attacks.\n2006, 2007, 2011 & 2014: Race extended because of a green\u2013white\u2013checker finish.\n\nMultiple winners (drivers)\n\nMultiple winners (teams)\n\nManufacturer wins\n\nSee also\n 2011 WinStar World Casino 350K\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:NASCAR Truck Series races\n \nCategory:Annual sporting events in the United States\nCategory:1999 establishments in Texas\nCategory:Recurring sporting events established in 1999"}
-{"text": "Viz\u0259z\u0259min\n\nViz\u0259z\u0259min is a village and municipality in the Lerik Rayon of Azerbaijan.  It has a population of 426.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Lerik District"}
-{"text": "XHLU-FM\n\nXHLU-FM is a radio station on 93.5 FM in Ciudad Serd\u00e1n, Puebla. It carries the Ke Buena grupera format from Televisa Radio.\n\nHistory\nXELU-AM 1340 received its concession on October 29, 1959. The 250-watt station was owned by Antonio Bautista Garc\u00eda. The AM station would end its life transmitting with 10,000 watts day and 5,000 at night.\n\nXELU was cleared to move to FM in 2011. In 2014, ownership passed from Victoria Hern\u00e1ndez Cruz, who had bought it in 1989, to Bautista Paulino.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Radio stations in Puebla"}
-{"text": "1997 Copenhagen Open\n\nThe 1997 Copenhagen Open was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts at the K.B. Hallen in Copenhagen, Denmark and was part of the World Series of the 1997 ATP Tour. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and ran from 10 March until 16 March 1997. Thomas Johansson won the singles title.\n\nFinals\n\nSingles\n\n Thomas Johansson defeated  Martin Damm, 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20132.\n It was Johansson's 1st title of the year and the 1st of his career.\n\nDoubles\n\n Andrei Olhovskiy /  Brett Steven defeated  Kenneth Carlsen /  Frederik Fetterlein, 6\u20134, 6\u20132.\n It was Olhovskiy's 1st title of the year and the 18th of his career. It was Steven's 1st title of the year and the 6th of his career.\n\nReferences\n\nCopenhagen Open\nCategory:Copenhagen Open"}
-{"text": "Master of Borsigliana\n\nThe Master of Borsigliana, also known as Pietro da Talada (active 1463-1499) was an Italian painter active in the Garfagnana, the mountainous corner of modern Tuscany, located north-east of Lucca.\n\nBiography\nAlmost no details are known about his life. He is a provincial painter who mixes influences from both the Tuscan Quattrocento and late Gothic period. He is known from pieces derived from a few religious paintings and predellas, including a triptych at the church of Santa Maria Assunta, Borsigliana and a painting at Santa Maria Assunta at Stazzema. There is a painting of an enthroned Madonna at the Museo Nazionale of Villa Guinigi in Lucca.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:15th-century Italian painters\nCategory:Tuscan painters\nCategory:Gothic painters"}
-{"text": "Zvjezdan Cvetkovi\u0107\n\nZvjezdan Cvetkovi\u0107 (Serbian Cyrillic: \u0417\u0432\u0458\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0426\u0432e\u0442\u043ao\u0432\u0438\u045b; 18 April 1960 \u2013 27 February 2017) was a Croatian Serb football manager and player. He was capped  nine times for Yugoslavia. His younger brother Borislav Cvetkovi\u0107 was also Yugoslavian national team player.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPlayer profile on Yugoslavia / Serbian National Team page\n \n\nCategory:Croatian footballers\nCategory:Croatian football managers\nCategory:GNK Dinamo Zagreb players\nCategory:GNK Dinamo Zagreb managers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Karlovac\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:2017 deaths\nCategory:Yugoslav footballers\nCategory:Yugoslavia international footballers\nCategory:Serbian footballers\nCategory:SV Waldhof Mannheim players\nCategory:Yugoslav First League players\nCategory:Bundesliga players\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Serbian football managers\nCategory:FK Borac Banja Luka managers\nCategory:Serbs of Croatia"}
-{"text": "Elizabeth Pinchard\n\nElizabeth Pinchard n\u00e9e Sibthorpe (fl. 1791 - 1820), was an English writer of children's fiction whose stories incorporated moral lessons aimed at older girls. She was recognised above all for The Blind Child, her first and most successful novel.\n\nWriting\n\nPinchard\u2019s children\u2019s books were \"didactic\". She admired the writers Barbauld and Genlis, who put education ahead of fantasy, and she aspired to emulate their work. In her preface to The Blind Child, or Anecdotes of the Wyndham Family (1791) she outlined her hopes to \"awaken in the rising generation\" a \"lively wish for goodness\". In this particular novel she emphasised that \"excessive softness of heart\" is not \"true sensibility\". After the novel\u2019s blind heroine has her sight restored by surgery, the doctor praises her sister for not showing \"exaggerated feeling\", and her mother adds that true sensibility is better than \"false tenderness\".\n\nThe Blind Child was republished often over the next twenty years, both in England and in North America. Its anonymous title page said it was \"by a lady\", while subsequent books usually announced they were \"by the author of The Blind Child\". It has continued to be her best-known work. In between narrative sections, conversations were written out as simple dialogues between named speakers. Pinchard\u2019s next publication was Dramatic Dialogues (1792), where the seven tales look like plays. Encouraging girls to perform theatrical works was frowned on by many, and Pinchard justified her use of dialogue, with occasional \"stage\" directions, by saying she thought it was easier to captivate young people with stories told without the repeated use of phrases like 'she said', 'she replied' etc.\n\nHer continuing interest in moral education for the young was clear on the title page of The Two Cousins (1794) which was presented as \"a moral story for the use of young persons in which is exemplified the necessity of moderation and justice to the attainment of happiness.\"\n\nPinchard's other fiction included the Ward of Delamere, Family Affection: a tale for youth, Mystery  and Confidence, and The Young Countess, which appeared in 1820. A review at that time complimented \"all the productions\" of the author, saying they had been praised by children's writer, critic and educational reformer Sarah Trimmer. Their value lay in the \"especial solicitude of the author to inculcate the necessity of an undeviating regard to habits of piety, as the safest guarantee of a virtuous reputation\"\n\nPersonal life\n\nThe writer was married to John Pinchard, a lawyer in Taunton, Somerset.\n\nBooks available  online\n The Blind Child\n Dramatic Dialogues\n The Two Cousins\n Family Affection\n Mystery and Confidence\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:English children's writers\nCategory:English women writers"}
-{"text": "Springfield, Clear Lake and Rochester Railway\n\nThe Springfield, Clear Lake and Rochester Railway (SCL&R), also known as the Springfield Suburban, was an Illinois electric interurban railway.  In operation by 1909 and abandoned by 1912, it offered service between the Illinois state capital of Illinois and the Sangamon County rural towns of Clear Lake and Rochester.  Its active network was 11 miles (18 km) in length, with a 7-mile-long main line from Springfield to Rochester and a 4-mile-long branch line to what was then the excursion destination of Clear Lake.\n\nHistory\nThe interurban line was incorporated in 1906.  One year after going into operation, it was legally reorganized in 1910 as the Mississippi Valley Interurban Railway.  Two years later it was no longer operating safely, and the Illinois Railroad and Warehouse Commission ordered in July 1912 that operations be suspended pending urgently required repairs to one or more railroad bridges.  The original firm appears to have lacked means to repair the unsafe spans.   \n\nShortly after the suspension, separate promoter groups filed legal papers to recharter the \"Springfield, Clear Lake and Southern Railway Company\" (August 1912) and the \"Mississippi Valley Traction Railway Company\" (September 1912).  The Springfield, Clear Lake & Southern promoters told the trade press they planned to work with creditors to acquire operating control of the struggling line by foreclosure, make necessary repairs, and build new trackage to the town of Riverton.  However, nothing appears to have come of either charter, and the suspension evolved into abandonment.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct Illinois railroads\nCategory:Interurban railways in Illinois\nCategory:Railway companies established in 1906\nCategory:Railway companies disestablished in 1912"}
-{"text": "Sunny & the Sunglows\n\nSunny & the Sunglows (formed by songwriter Jimmie Lewing and Sunny Ozuna in Palacios, Texas) an American musical group in 1959 and later known as Sunny & the Sunliners after moving to San Antonio, Texas.  \n\nThe group's members were all Chicano with the exception of Amos Johnson Jr., and their style was a blend of rhythm and blues, tejano, blues, and mariachi.  They first recorded in 1962 for their own label, Sunglow.  Okeh Records picked up their single \"Golly Gee\" for national distribution that year, and in 1963, Huey P Meaux, a producer from Louisiana and owner of Tear Drop Records, had them record a remake of Little Willie John's 1958 hit, \"Talk to Me, Talk to Me\".  The single \"Talk to Me\" (b/w \"Every Week, Every Month, Every Year\"), released on Tear Drop Records, went to No. 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart, No. 12 on the US R&B Singles chart, and No. 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 in October 1963.  \n\nThe group followed this release with several more remakes\u2014\"Rags to Riches\" (Tony Bennett) b/w \"Not Even Judgment Day\", \"Out of Sight-Out of Mind\" (The Five Keys) b/w \"No One Else Will Do\", and \"La Cacahuata\" (The Peanuts) b/w \"Happy Hippo\".\n\nMembers\n Sunny Ozuna \u2013 lead vocals\n Vincent Chente Montez \u2013 vocals (Bass)\n Manuel Guerra \u2013 leader\n Rudy Guerra \u2013 tenor sax\n Gregg Ramirez \u2013 bass\n Henry Nanez \u2013 guitar\n Manuel Martinez \u2013 guitar\n Tommy Luna \u2013 tenor sax\n Andy Ortiz \u2013 piano (Sunglows era)\n Arthur Gonzalez \u2013 electric piano\n Martin Li\u00f1an \u2013 alto sax\n Gilbert Fernandez \u2013 tenor sax\n Amos Johnson Jr. \u2013 trumpet\n Bobby Solis \u2013 drums\n Joel Dilley \u2013 bass\n Joe Cortez III \u2013 keyboards, vocals (1977\u201378)\n Johnny Guerra \u2013 guitar, vocals\n Carlos Hernandez \u2013 alto sax, vocals\n Jimmy Solis \u2013 tenor sax, vocals\n Bobby Gutierrez \u2013 tenor and bari sax\n David Silva \u2013 trumpet\n Roger Rivera \u2013 trombone\nDavid DeLaGarza \u2013 keyboards\n Frank Ardila \u2013 guitar\n Charlie Sandoval - percussion\n\nDiscography\nTalk to Me (Tear Drop Records, LP2000 1964)All Night Worker (Tear Drop, LP2019 1964)Las Vegas Welcomes (Tear Drop, 1964)Adelante (Key-Loc, 1964)The Original Peanuts (Sunglow Records, LP103 1965)Smile Now Cry Later (Key-Loc 3001 1966)Live in Hollywood (Key-Loc 3003 1966)Little Brown Eyed Soul (Key-Loc, 1968)The Versatile (Key-Loc, 1969)Young, Gifted and Brown (Key-Loc, 1971)El Orgullo de Texas (Key-Loc, 1974)El Preferido (Key-Loc, 1974)Yesterday...& Sunny (Teardrop Records, 1976)Siempre (Key-Loc, 1976)Palabritas (Key-Loc, 1976)Andale Mi Amor (Key-Loc, 1977)This Is My Band (Key-Loc 3006 1977)Live in Las Vegas (Key-Loc, 1978)Yesterday and Sunny Vol. II (Key-Loc, 1978)Grande Grande Grande (Key-Loc, 1978)Vengo a Verte (Key-Loc, 1979)Cry (Key-Loc, 1980)El Amante'' Sunny & The Sunliners (Freddie Records \u2013 LP-026 1981)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial site\n\nCategory:Musical groups from Texas\nCategory:Tear Drop Records artists\nCategory:Okeh Records artists\nCategory:Chicano rock musicians\nCategory:American musicians of Mexican descent"}
-{"text": "Ruja (Tazl\u0103ul S\u0103rat)\n\nThe Ruja is a left tributary of the river Tazl\u0103ul S\u0103rat in Romania. It discharges into the Tazl\u0103ul S\u0103rat in \u0218esuri. Its length is  and its basin size is .\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rivers of Romania\nCategory:Rivers of Bac\u0103u County"}
-{"text": "Dhaka-6\n\nDhaka-6 is a constituency represented in the Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament) of Bangladesh since 2014 by Kazi Firoz Rashid of the Jatiya Party (Ershad).\n\nBoundaries \nThe constituency encompasses Dhaka South City Corporation wards 34 and 37 through 46.\n\nHistory \nThe constituency was created for the first general elections in newly independent Bangladesh, held in 1973.\n\nAhead of the 2008 general election, the Election Commission redrew constituency boundaries to reflect population changes revealed by the 2001 Bangladesh census. The 2008 redistricting added 7 new seats to the Dhaka metropolitan area, increasing the number of constituencies in the capital from 8 to 15, and reducing the extent of the constituency.\n\nThe seat became vacant upon the death of the sitting MP Mizanur Rahman Khan Dipu on 21 December 2013. It was filled in the 2014 general election two weeks later.\n\nIn the 2018 general election, the constituency was one of six chosen by lottery to use electronic voting machines.\n\nMembers of Parliament\n\nElections\n\nElections in the 2010s\n\nElections in the 2000s\n\nElections in the 1990s\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh\nCategory:Dhaka District"}
-{"text": "2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix\n\nThe 2017 Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix was the fourth round of the 2017 MotoGP season. It was held at the Circuito de Jerez in Jerez de la Frontera on May 7, 2017. The MotoGP race also marked the 3,000th Grand Prix World Championship race.\n\nClassification\n\nMotoGP\n\nMoto2\n\nMoto3\n\n Philipp \u00d6ttl suffered a broken collarbone in a crash during qualifying and withdrew from the event.\n\nChampionship standings after the race\n\nMotoGP\nBelow are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round four has concluded.\n\nRiders' Championship standings\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.\n\nMoto2\n\nMoto3\n{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size: 95%;\"\n|-\n! \n! Rider\n! Points\n|-\n|align=center| 1\n|  Joan Mir\n|align=right| 74\n|-\n|align=center| 2\n|  Romano Fenati\n|align=right| 65\n|-\n|align=center| 3\n|  Jorge Mart\u00edn\n|align=right| 59\n|-\n|align=center| 4\n|  John McPhee\n|align=right| 49\n|-\n|align=center| 5\n|  Ar\u00f3n Canet\n|align=right| 43\n|-\n|align=center| 6\n|  Fabio Di Giannantonio\n|align=right| 35\n|-\n|align=center| 7\n|  Andrea Migno\n|align=right| 35\n|-\n|align=center| 8\n|  Marcos Ram\u00edrez\n|align=right| 23\n|-\n|align=center| 9\n|  Juan Francisco Guevara\n|align=right| 23\n|-\n|align=center| 10\n|  Nicol\u00f2 Bulega\n|align=right| 22\n\nReferences\n\nSpain\nMotorcycle Grand Prix\nCategory:Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix\nSpanish"}
-{"text": "2009 Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez prison riot\n\nA prison riot occurred at the CERESO state prison in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Chihuahua, Mexico, on March 4, 2009. During the riots, at least 20 people were killed and 15 were injured. Although a police spokesman stated that no police or jail guards were killed during the riots, the Red Cross said that two policemen had been killed. The riot was a fight among several rival gangs, the \"Barrio Azteca,\" \"Los Mexicles\" and \"Artistas Asesinos\" (AA).\n\nThe riots began at roughly 7 AM local time (2 PM UTC), and lasted for about two hours. 14 members of the Aztecas \"subjugated\" a prison guard with knives and stole the guard's keys. The gang then opened several cells, releasing 170 prisoners. The prisoners forced their way into an area where members of the Mexicles and AA were meeting with family and friends during conjugal visits, and attacked them. During the riots, prisoners set blocks of prison cells on fire, stabbed each other with knives, or were beaten. Other prisoners used rifles and iron pins as weapons. In addition, some prisoners were thrown from the second story of buildings. Two of the 20 prisoners died at a local hospital, while the remainder died in the prison.\n\nAt least 50 members of the Mexican Army and 200 police were deployed to end the riots. An airplane and two helicopters were also used to quell the violence. Earlier in the day, 1,500 troops began entering the city in an effort to reduce drug-and-gang-related violence, which, over the last year, took the lives of 2,000 people in Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2009 in Mexico\nCategory:Riots and civil disorder in Mexico\nCategory:2009 riots\nCategory:Prison uprisings\nCategory:History of Chihuahua (state)"}
-{"text": "1972 CFL Draft\n\nThe 1972 CFL Draft composed of nine rounds where 70 Canadian football players that were chosen exclusively from eligible Canadian universities. The Montreal Alouettes, who had the worst record in the Eastern Conference in the previous season, had the first overall selection.\n\n1st round\n\n1. Montreal Alouettes  Larry Smith  RB  Bishop's\n\n2. Edmonton Eskimos              Mike Lambrose  LB  Queen's\n\n3. British Columbia Lions        Steve Szapka  G  Simon Fraser\n\n4. Hamilton Tiger-Cats  Tom Walker  FB  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n5. Montreal Alouettes                Peter Paliotti  WR  Loyola\n\n6. Hamilton Tiger-Cats  John Harris  T  York\n\n7. Hamilton Tiger-Cats  Mike O'Shaughnessy  DE  McMaster\n\n8. Toronto Argonauts             Rick Chevers  LB  Waterloo\n\n9. Calgary Stampeders            Don Moulton  DB  Calgary\n\n2nd round\n\n10. Montreal Alouettes               Alexander Baptist  LB  Bishop's\n\n11. Winnipeg Blue Bombers        Bruce Miatello  T  McMaster\n\n12. Toronto Argonauts  Stewart Francis  LB  Simon Fraser\n\n13. Calgary Stampeders               John Konihowski  WR  Saskatchewan\n\n14. Calgary Stampeders               Bill Hogan  WR  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n15. Winnipeg Blue Bombers            Jon Dellandrea  T  Toronto\n\n16. Saskatchewan Roughriders     Bob Toogood  DE  Manitoba\n\n17. Toronto Argonauts  Bill Turnbull  DB  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n18. Calgary Stampeders               Bob Bayter  DB  McMaster\n\n3rd round\n\n19. Montreal Alouettes               Rick Kaupp  DB  New Brunswick\n\n20. Edmonton Eskimos                 Glen Colwill  TB  Simon Fraser\n\n21. British Columbia Lions  Bob Friend  DB  Simon Fraser\n\n22. Ottawa Rough Riders          Doug Cihoki  E  Western Ontario\n\n23. Winnipeg Blue Bombers            Rein Enno  C  Toronto\n\n24. Hamilton Tiger-Cats              Jim Chalkley  FB  McMaster\n\n25. Saskatchewan Roughriders  Joe Watt  T  McMaster\n\n26. Toronto Argonauts                John Buda  T  Waterloo\n\n27. Calgary Stampeders               Jeff Owen  T  Windsor\n\n4th round\n\n28. Montreal Alouettes               Jim Leone  G  St. Francis Xavier\n\n29. Edmonton Eskimos                 Roy Beechey  WR  Alberta\n\n30. British Columbia Lions           Art Lestins  T  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n31. Ottawa Rough Riders              Stew MacSween  DB  Toronto\n\n32. Winnipeg Blue Bombers            John Morash  DT  Windsor\n\n33. Hamilton Tiger-Cats  Jerry Mays  WR  McMaster\n\n34. Saskatchewan Roughriders  Jim Cooper  DB  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n35. Toronto Argonauts                Mike Urban  QB  Windsor\n\n36. Calgary Stampeders               Don Westlake  TB  Guelph\n\n5th round\n\n37. Montreal Alouettes                Mike Tanner  DB  Dalhousie\n\n38. Edmonton Eskimos                  Barry St. George  WR  Ottawa\n\n39. British Columbia Lions  Bill MacDonald  QB  Bishop's\n\n40. Ottawa Rough Riders               Ron Perowne  TB  Bishop's\n\n41. Winnipeg Blue Bombers             Jamie Horne  LB  Manitoba\n\n42. Hamilton Tiger-Cats  Dan Smith  QB  Ottawa\n\n43. Toronto Argonauts                 Gary Jeffries  DB  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n44. Calgary Stampeders                Paul Knill  DB  Western Ontario\n\n6th round\n\n45. Montreal Alouettes                Dave Scharman  G  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n46. Edmonton Eskimos                  Dave Syme  QB  Simon Fraser\n\n47. British Columbia Lions            Jean Gouin  T  Ottawa\n\n48. Ottawa Rough Riders               Gordon Ladbrook  LB  Dalhousie\n\n49. Winnipeg Blue Bombers             Mario Nardone  DT  Carleton\n\n50. Hamilton Tiger-Cats               Mark Drexler  DE  Western Ontario\n\n51. Hamilton Tiger-Cats               Mark Baldosoro  HB  McMaster\n\n52. Toronto Argonauts  Rick Henderson  G  Waterloo Lutheran\n\n53. Calgary Stampeders                William Lockington  QB  McMaster\n\n7th round\n\n54. Montreal Alouettes  John Danaher  DE  New Brunswick\n\n55. Edmonton Eskimos                  Bud Coupland  WR  Calgary\n\n56. British Columbia Lions            Wayne Terry  DB  Ottawa\n\n57. Ottawa Rough Riders                Fred Tokaryk  DT  Dalhousie\n\n58. Winnipeg Blue Bombers             Mark Millen  DE  Manitoba\n\n59. Hamilton Tiger-Cats               Rick Wiedenhoeft  DB  Waterloo\n\n60. Toronto Argonauts  Doug Ball  HB  Toronto\n\n61. Calgary Stampeders                Frank Belvedere  HB  Loyola\n\n8th round\n\n62. Montreal Alouettes                Ian Purcell  DB  Simon Fraser\n\n63. Edmonton Eskimos  Jerry Simpson  DB  Dalhousie\n\n64. British Columbia Lions  Ron Warner  G  British Columbia\n\n65. Winnipeg Blue Bombers  Bill Thompson  DE  Queen's\n\n66. Calgary Stampeders  Scott Henderson  C  Calgary\n\n9th round\n\n67. Montreal Alouettes                Larry Rodenbush  C  Brandon\n\n68. Montreal Alouettes                William Beaton  G  Carleton\n\n69. Winnipeg Blue Bombers             Doug Cozac  HB  Queen's\n\n70. Calgary Stampeders                Rick Coleman  DT  Calgary\n\nReferences\nCanadian Draft\n\nCategory:Canadian College Draft\nCfl Draft, 1972"}
-{"text": "Hemotherapy\n\nHemotherapy ( ) or hemotherapeutics ( ) is the treatment of disease by the use of blood or blood products from blood donation (by others or for oneself).\n\nIt includes various types, such as:\nBlood transfusion \nPacked red blood cells transfusion \nFresh frozen plasma transfusion \nPlasmapheresis of various kinds, including plasma exchange\nAutohemotherapy, with autologous blood that is usually modified in some way\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Transfusion medicine"}
-{"text": "Ring-necked francolin\n\nThe ring-necked francolin (Scleroptila streptophora) is a bird species in the family Phasianidae.  It is found in Burundi, Cameroon, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda. Rarer than previously believed, it is uplisted from a species of Least Concern to Near Threatened status in the 2007 IUCN Red List.\n\nReferences\n\n BirdLife International (2007): Ring-necked Francolin - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.\n\nring-necked francolin\nCategory:Birds of Central Africa\nCategory:Birds of East Africa\nring-necked francolin\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Ruperto Chap\u00ed\n\nRuperto Chap\u00ed y Lorente (27 March 1851 \u2013 25 March 1909) was a Spanish composer, and co-founder of the Spanish Society of Authors and Publishers.\n\nChap\u00ed was born at Villena, the son of a Valencian barber. He trained in his home town and in Madrid. He wrote a large number of symphonic, band, choral and chamber works, as well as zarzuelas and operas, becoming, alongside Tom\u00e1s Bret\u00f3n, a fellow pupil of Emilio Arrieta at the Madrid Conservatory. He was one of the most popular and important composers of his time.  He wrote zarzuelas in all shapes and sizes, including the three-act zarzuela grande and the one-act g\u00e9nero chico forms. His most celebrated work is La revoltosa, written in the latter style.  Many of the preludes to his zarzuelas (including those to El tambor de granaderos and La patria chica) have remained staple items in Spanish orchestral concerts.\n\nHe died in Madrid in 1909.\n\nConcert works\n Sinfon\u00eda en Re (Symphony in D) (by 1879)\n Fantas\u00eda Morisca (1873/1879)\n Combate de Don Quijote contra las Ovejas - Scherzo (1869)\n 4 string quartets () (in G major, F minor, D major and B minor)\n\nPrincipal zarzuelas and operas\n Roger de Flor, opera in 3 acts (1878)\n M\u00fasica cl\u00e1sica, zarzuela in 1 act (1880)\n La serenata, opera in 1 act (1881)\n La tempestad, zarzuela in 3 acts (1882)\n La bruja, zarzuela in 3 acts (1887)\n El milagro de la Virgen, zarzuela in 3 acts (1884)\n El rey que rabi\u00f3, zarzuela in 3 acts (1891)\n Curro Vargas, zarzuela in 3 acts (1898)\n El tambor de granaderos, zarzuela in 1 act (1894)\n Las brav\u00edas, zarzuela in 1 act (1896)\n La revoltosa, zarzuela in 1 act (1897)\n La chavala, zarzuela in 1 act (1898)\n El barquillero, zarzuela in 1 act (1900)\n El pu\u00f1ao de rosas, zarzuela in 1 act (1902)\n La venta de Don Quijote, zarzuela in 1 act (1902)\n Circe, opera in 3 acts (1902)\n La patria chica, zarzuela in 1 act (1907)\n Margarita la tornera, opera in 3 acts (1909)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1851 births\nCategory:1909 deaths\nCategory:People from Alto Vinalop\u00f3\nCategory:Spanish classical composers\nCategory:Spanish male classical composers\nCategory:Madrid Royal Conservatory alumni\nCategory:Spanish opera composers\nCategory:Male opera composers\nCategory:Villena"}
-{"text": "Neanderthal genetics\n\nGenetic studies on Neanderthal ancient DNA became possible in the late 1990s.\nThe Neanderthal genome project, established in 2006, presented the first fully sequenced Neanderthal genome in 2013.\n\nSince 2005, evidence for substantial admixture of Neanderthals DNA in modern populations has accumulated.\n\nThe divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern human lineages is estimated at between 750,000 and 400,000 years ago.\nThe more recent time depth has been suggested by Endicott et al. (2010)\nand Rieux et al. (2014)\nA significantly deeper time of separation, combined with repeated early admixture events, was calculated by Rogers et al. (2017).\n\nGenome sequencing\n\nIn July 2006, the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and 454 Life Sciences announced that they would sequence the Neanderthal genome over the next two years. It was hoped the comparison would expand understanding of Neanderthals, as well as the evolution of humans and human brains.\n\nIn 2008 Richard E. Green et al. from Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, published the full sequence of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and suggested \"Neanderthals had a long-term effective population size smaller than that of modern humans.\"\nIn the same publication, it was disclosed by Svante P\u00e4\u00e4bo that in the previous work at the Max Planck Institute, \"Contamination was indeed an issue,\" and they eventually realised that 11% of their sample was modern human DNA. Since then, more of the preparation work has been done in clean areas and 4-base pair 'tags' have been added to the DNA as soon as it is extracted so the Neanderthal DNA can be identified.\n\nThe project first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal in 2013 by extracting it from the phalanx bone of a 50,000-year-old Siberian Neanderthal.\n\nAmong the genes shown to differ between present-day humans and Neanderthals were RPTN, SPAG17, CAN15, TTF1, and PCD16.\n\nA visualisation map of the reference modern-human containing the genome regions with high degree of similarity or with novelty according to a Neanderthal of 50 ka has been built by Pratas et al.\n\nInterbreeding with modern humans\n\nThe question of possible interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMH) had been looked into since the early archaeogenetic studies of the 1990s. \nNo evidence for interbreeding had been found as of 2006. \nAs of 2009, analysis of about one third of the full genome of the Altai individual was still reported as showing \"no sign of admixture\". The variant of microcephalin common outside Africa, which was suggested to be of Neanderthal origin and responsible for rapid brain growth in humans, was not found in Neanderthals. Nor was the MAPT variant, a very old variant found primarily in Europeans.\n\nPositive evidence for admixture was first published in May 2010. \"The proportion of Neanderthal-inherited genetic material is about 1 to 4 percent [later refined to 1.5 to 2.1 percent] and is found in all non-African populations. \n\nIt is suggested that 20 percent of Neanderthal DNA survived in modern humans, notably expressed in the skin, hair and diseases of modern people.\nModern human genes involved in making keratin\u2014the protein found in skin, hair, and nails\u2014have especially high levels of introgression.\nFor example, around 66% of East Asians contain a POUF23L variant introgressed from Neanderthals, while 70% of Europeans possess an introgressed allele on BNC2. \nNeanderthal variants affect the risk of several diseases, including lupus, biliary cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, and type 2 diabetes. \nThe genetic variant of the MC1R gene which was originally linked to red hair in Neanderthals is not found in Europeans but in Taiwanese Aborigines at 70% frequency and at somewhat high frequencies in East Asians; hence, there is actually no evidence that Neanderthals had red hair. \nWhile interbreeding was viewed as the most parsimonious interpretation of the genetic discoveries, the 2010 study still could not conclusively rule out an alternative scenario, in which the source population of non-African modern humans was already more closely related to Neanderthals than other Africans were, because of ancient genetic divisions within Africa. \n\nResearch since 2010 has refined the picture of interbreeding between Neanderthals, Denisovans and anatomically modern humans.\nInterbreeding appears to have occurred asymmetrically among the ancestors of modern-day humans, and that this is a possible rationale for differing frequencies of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of modern humans. In Vernot and Akey (2015) concluded that the relatively greater quantity of Neanderthal-specific DNA in the genomes of individuals of East Asian descent (than those of European descent) cannot be explained by differences in selection. \nThey further suggest that \"two additional demographic models, involving either a second pulse of Neandertal gene flow into the ancestors of East Asians or a dilution of Neandertal lineages in Europeans by admixture with an unknown ancestral population\" are parsimonious with their data. \nSimilar conclusions were reached by Kim and Lohmueller (2015): \"Using simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography, we have shown that this hypothesis that the greater proportion of Neandertal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans is due to the fact that purifying selection is less effective at removing weakly deleterious Neandertal alleles from East Asian populations cannot account for the higher proportion of Neandertal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Instead, more complex demographic scenarios, most likely involving multiple pulses of Neandertal admixture, are required to explain the data.\"\n\nKhrameeva et al. (2014), a German-Russian-Chinese collaboration, \ncompiled a consensus Neanderthal genome based on the genome of the Altai individual and of three Vindjia individuals. \nThis was compared to a consensus chimpanzee genome as the outgroup\nand to the genome of eleven modern populations (three African, three East Asian, three European). \nBeyond confirming the significantly higher similarity to the Neanderthal genome in non-Africans than in Africans, the study also found\na difference in the distribution of Neanderthal-derived sites between Europeans and East Asians, suggesting recent evolutionary pressures. Asian populations showed clustering in \nfunctional groups related to immune and haematopoietic pathways,\nwhile Europeans showed clustering in functional groups related to the lipid catabolic process.\n\nEvidence for AMH admixture to Neanderthals at roughly 100,000 years ago\nwas presented by Kuhlwilm et al. (2016).\n\nThere have been at least three episodes of interbreeding. The first would have occurred soon after some modern humans left Africa. The second would have occurred after the ancestral Melanesians had branched off\u2014these people seem to have thereafter bred with Denisovans. The third would have involved Neanderthals and the ancestors of East Asians only.\n\nA 2016 study presented evidence that Neanderthal males might not have had viable male offspring with AMH females.\nThis could explain why no modern man to date has been found with a Neanderthal Y chromosome.\n\nA 2018 study concluded that interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans led initially to the exposure of each species to unfamiliar viruses. Later on, the exchange of genes granted resistance to those viruses, too.\n\nEpigenetics\nA 2014 study on epigenetics of the Neanderthal published the full DNA methylation of the Neanderthal and the Denisovan. \nThe reconstructed DNA methylation map allowed researchers to assess gene activity levels throughout the Neanderthal genome and compare them to modern humans. One of the major findings focused on the limb morphology of Neanderthals. Gokhman et al. found that changes in the activity levels of the HOX cluster of genes were behind many of the morphological differences between Neanderthals and modern humans, including shorter limbs, curved bones and more.\n\nSee also\nHuman evolutionary genetics\nRecent human evolution\nAccretion model of Neanderthal origins\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ancient human genetic history\nCategory:Ancient DNA (human)\nGenetics"}
-{"text": "Hans-Peter Martin\n\nHans-Peter Martin (born 11 August 1957) is an Austrian author and journalist and former politician who has been a Member of the European Parliament between 1999 and 2014.\n\nJournalist and author \n\nBorn in Bregenz, Vorarlberg, Martin worked for the German weekly news magazine Der Spiegel. As a freelance writer, he has written and co-authored several popular books, among them the best-selling The Global Trap: Globalization and the Assault on Prosperity and Democracy (Die Globalisierungsfalle, 1996), Bitter Pills (Bittere Pillen) about the pros and cons of pharmaceuticals and The European Trap (Die Europafalle, only available in German but a partial translation is available on Martin's website), an inside analysis of European integration, faults of the European bureaucracy and lobbyism in the EU.\n\nThe publishing house Penguin Random House released a new book by Hans-Peter Martin carrying the title \"Game Over: Wellbeing for the few, Democracy for no one, Nationalism for all - and then?\" in September 2018.\"Game over\" was shortlisted, together with nine other books, for the best German Economic Book of the year 2018.\n\n\"Game Over\" has been subject to numerous reviews:\n\nThe German weekly Die Zeit  called the book \"Diskussion inspiring\" and wrote \"The book by Hans-Peter Martin is neither scaremongering nor defeatist. It convinces by chaining together a variety of societal phenomena which are rarely combined in popular discourse: the unbroken neoliberal agenda and capital accumulation leading to the breakdown of individual liberties, democracy, and - eventually - war. This is the challenging thesis of the book.\"\n\nThe German newsmagazine Der Spiegel wrote: \"The bad news is that the author is likely to be correct in all of his analyses. The good news is that for each game that ends, a new one begins.\"\n\nEuropean Parliament 1999\u20132004 \nIn the 1999 European Parliament elections Martin was elected as the independent frontrunner of the Social Democratic Party of Austria. Martin left the European Parliamentary Group of Social Democrats in 2004.\n\nSince then Martin was reelected through his independent candidate list, Hans-Peter Martin's List, in 2004 and 2009.\n\nEarly in 2004, he accused MEPs of all parties of falsely claiming reimbursement of travel and subsistence expenses. He produced evidence of MEP's signing the register in the morning to receive their daily allowance, and then immediately leaving the building. Broadcast on German TV, the accusations caused an uproar. The then European Parliament spokesman Hans Gert P\u00f6ttering dismissed Martin's accusations as unnecessarily aggressive and the President of the Parliament Pat Cox said that he would have preferred to deal with the case internally.\n\nIn response, Martin was accused of claiming too much in meal expenses. He was later cleared of this charge.\n\nEventually the disclosures and the public outrage Martin's revelations induced resulted in a change of the expense system.\n\nEuropean Parliament 2004\u201309 \n\nIn the 2004 European Parliament elections Hans-Peter Martin decided to compete on his own party list \"Hans-Peter Martin's List \u2013 For genuine control and transparency in Brussels\" (Liste Dr. Hans-Peter Martin \u2013 F\u00fcr echte Kontrolle in Br\u00fcssel). For an independent he received a surprising 14% of the vote \u2013 more than the Greens or the right-wing Austrian Freedom Party \u2013 and gained two of Austria's seats in the European Parliament. He has been widely credited with having reduced the vote share of the far-right parties.\n\nThe second mandate went to Austrian Karin Resetarits, a former journalist with the Austrian public broadcaster ORF and a private radio station. However, Martin and Resetarits soon found themselves in heavy disagreement and ceased to work together. She later joined the Liberal group in the European Parliament on June 7, 2005 and was not reelected.\n\nMartin's list also competed in the Austrian legislative elections of 2006, but received only 2.8% of the vote and thus was blocked from entry into the Austrian parliament by the requirement to at least have 4% of the vote. Martin explained the unexpectedly low result with accusations of \"expedient but contrary to the rule\" use of the secretarial allowance, which were widely publicised in the Austrian media. The later court ruling stated that Martin used the funds correctly and did not benefit from the money, but as he did not follow some formal requirements he was ordered to repay the funds. Martin argued that this was a political decision.\n\nEuropean Parliament 2009\u201314 \n\nIn 2009, Martin flirted with the idea of heading a planned Austrian list of the pan-European eurosceptical alliance Libertas.eu, but later rebuffed Libertas' advances.\n\nWhile Libertas finally didn't manage to set up a list at all, Martin successfully competed again with his independent Hans-Peter Martin's List. He even surprised many by increasing his vote share to 18%, giving his list three seats in the European Parliament.\n\nIn 2014, Martin decided against standing for election, instead returning to journalism. Reflecting on his political work, Martin consistently defines himself as a \"buffer against the far-right\".\n\nAnti-Lobbyism campaign \n\nDuring his mandate Martin vocally campaigned for transparency and against lobbying. Starting in 2011 he collected and published all lobby invitations his office received and in 2013 published an analysis. In total Martin collected more than 1400 \"lobby attempts\" during the two-year timespan and published a summary table ordered by category. Among examples of extraordinary lobbying Martin listed were all-inclusive travels to Azerbaijan, China and Switzerland as well as free conference invitations to Cyprus and London. He estimated the value of the two years of lobbying to up to 65,000 Euro\n\nSee also\n Accountability in the European Union\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website of Hans Peter Martin in German -\n Hans-Peter Martin's Lobby-Ticker, a list of all the lobby invitations Martin received in the European Parliament\n Hans-Peter Martin's profile on the website of the European Parliament\n\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Bregenz\nCategory:Austrian whistleblowers\nCategory:Political corruption\nCategory:Austrian journalists\nCategory:Social Democratic Party of Austria MEPs\nCategory:MEPs for Austria 1996\u20131999\nCategory:MEPs for Austria 1999\u20132004\nCategory:MEPs for Austria 2004\u20132009\nCategory:MEPs for Austria 2009\u20132014\nCategory:Hans-Peter Martin's List MEPs\nCategory:Der Spiegel people"}
-{"text": "Edo machi-bugy\u014d\n\nwere magistrates or municipal administrators with responsibility for governing and maintaining order in the shogunal city of Edo. Machi-bugy\u014d were samurai officials of the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo period Japan.  Appointments to this prominent office were usually hatamoto, this was amongst the senior administrative posts open to those who were not daimy\u014ds. Conventional interpretations have construed these Japanese titles as \"commissioner\", \"overseer\" or \"governor.\"\n\nDuring the Edo period, there were generally two hatamoto serving simultaneously as Edo machi-bugy\u014d.  There were two Edo machi-bugy\u014d-sho within the jurisdictional limits of metropolitan Edo; and during the years from 1702 though 1719, there was also a third appointed machi-bugy\u014d.\n\nThe Edo machi-bugy\u014d were the central public authorities in this significant urban center.  These men were bakufu-appointed officials fulfilling a unique role.  They were an amalgam of chief of police, judge, and mayor.  The machi-bugy\u014d were expected to manage a full range of administrative and judicial responsibilities.\n\nEach machi-bugy\u014d was involved in tax collection, policing, and firefighting; and at the same time, each played a number of judicial roles\u2014hearing and deciding both ordinary civil cases and criminal cases.\n\nIn this period, the machi-bugy\u014d were considered equal in status to the minor daimy\u014ds.  At any one time, there were as many as 16 machi-bugy\u014d located throughout Japan, and there were always two in Edo.\n\nShogunal city\nDuring this period, Edo ranked with the largest urban centers, some of which were designated as a  \"shogunal city\".  The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration.\n\nIn Edo, a special system was devised to mitigate the possibility of municipal corruption.  Initially, there were three machi-bugy\u014d and then the number was reduced to one.  The number of machi-bugy\u014d was increased to two under Sh\u014dgun Iemitsu.  Except for one brief period in the early 18th century, this bifurcated administration remained the consistent pattern until the shogunate was abolished in 1868.  There were two chief officials with equal powers and responsibilities; and each would alternately take control for one month before relinquishing the office to their counterpart.  These two officials were each based in a separate location at some distance from each other.  A reorganization of city government which focused greater attention on the two separate locations for these officials dates from 1719.    Kodenmach\u014d (\u5c0f\u4f1d\u99ac\u753a)\n\nKita-machi-bugy\u014d\nEdo's north magistrate was called the , so-called because his official residence was physically to the north of the official location of his counterpart, the minami-machi-bugy\u014d.\n\nMinami-machi-bugy\u014d\nEdo's south magistrate was called the , so called because his official residence was physically to the south of the official location of his counterpart, the kita-machi-bugy\u014d. In 1707, the Tokugawa shogunate established the Minami-machi Bugy\u014d-sho, the office of one of the magistrates of Edo, in this area of modern Y\u016brakuch\u014d.\n \u014coka Tadasuke, \u014coka Echizen-no-kami Tadasuke\n\nHonjo-machi-bugy\u014d\nEdo's third magistrate was called the , who was responsible for the neighborhoods of Honjo and Fukagawa on the east bank of the Sumida River.  A third machi-bugy\u014d was deemed necessary in the years between 1702 through 1719.\n\nList of Edo machi-bugy\u014d\n\n Amano Saburobei Yasukage.\n Itakura Katsushige.\n T\u014dyama Kagemoto.\n Yoda Masatsugu (1753).\n Nanbu Toshimi (1753).\n\nSee also\n Bugy\u014d\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Beasley, William G. (1955). Select Documents on Japanese Foreign Policy, 1853\u20131868. London: Oxford University Press; reprinted by RoutledgeCurzon, London, 2001.   (cloth)]\n Cullen, Louis M. (2003). A History of Japan, 1582-1941: Internal and External Worlds.] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  (cloth) --  (paper)\n Cunningham, Don. (2004).  Taiho-Jutsu: Law and Order in the Age of the Samurai. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing.   (cloth)\n Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719\u20131788: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.  OCLC 445621\n Jansen, Marius. (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press.  ;;  OCLC 31515317\n Naito, Akira, Kazuo Hozumi, and H. Mack Horto. (2003).  Edo: the City that Became Tokyo. Tokyo: Kodansha. \n Nussbaum, Louis-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric and K\u00e4the Roth. (2005).  Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 58053128\n Screech, Timon. (2006).   Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779\u20131822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. \t;   OCLC 65177072\n\nCategory:Government of feudal Japan\nCategory:Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate"}
-{"text": "Heart Prairie Lutheran Church\n\nHeart Prairie Lutheran Church of Whitewater, Wisconsin was a historic church organized in 1844 by pioneer Lutheran minister, Claus Lauritz Clausen.\n\nBefore the church was built, services were held under oak trees, in the Lyman School, and in log cabins.  One of those early log cabins, owned by Gundar Halvorsen, now sits on the campus of the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. The Norwegian pioneers began hauling brick by oxcart to build the present church, which was completed between 1855 and 1857. About this time the congregation joined with congregations at Whitewater, Palmyra and Sugar Creek to call the same Lutheran pastor.\n\nDuring the later 19th century the congregation grew to over 100 members. After 1880 an organist played a reed pump organ that led the congregational hymns. The Norwegian language was used in the church until 1902. It was only then that the English language was introduced into the services, but not used exclusively until 1920. During the early 1900s membership began declining as a result of families moving out of the Heart Prairie area. Finally in 1948, because of dwindling membership, the congregation merged with First English Lutheran Church of Whitewater.\n\nThe church, which became known for its historical, architectural and religious features, is included on the National Register of Historic Places. Historically this church may be the oldest Norwegian Lutheran Church in America still being used in its original state. Architecturally the church is a lasting example of pioneer building. Brick was used not only to build walls, but also to supply ornamental and decorative details.\n\nReferences\n\nOther sources\nFroemming, Larry F. The Norwegians and Their Church: A history of the Heart Prairie Lutheran Church, Whitewater, Wisconsin ( Beloit, Wisconsin. 1975)\n\nExternal links\n\n Heart Prairie Lutheran Church\n National Register of Historic Places\n\nCategory:Lutheran churches in Wisconsin\nCategory:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin\nCategory:Churches in Walworth County, Wisconsin\nCategory:Norwegian-American culture in Iowa\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Walworth County, Wisconsin\nCategory:Whitewater, Wisconsin"}
-{"text": "P\u0159edmost\u00ed u P\u0159erova (archaeological site)\n\nP\u0159edmost\u00ed (Skalka) (often without diacritics as Predmosti or Predmost), situated in the north western part of P\u0159erov, Moravia near the city of P\u0159erov, is an important Late Pleistocene hill site of Central Europe.\n\nA fossil site at P\u0159edmost\u00ed is located near P\u0159erov in the country Moravia of what is today the Czech Republic. The site was discovered in the late 19th century. Excavations were conducted between 1884 and 1930. As the original material was lost. The skeletal remains of the few dozen people from P\u0159edmost\u00ed are among the most important finds ever made of anatomically modern humans, and are accompanied by items from the Gravettian culture. A major restriction on the opportunities available for extracting information from this Upper Paleolitic population assembly, however, came with the irreparable damage done to the skeletal material during fire at Mikulov castle near the end of the World War II, which almost completely destroyed the entire collection. For many years, the only sources of scientific information relating to the assemblage available were the two-volume work by Jind\u0159ich Matiegka (1934 and 1938) and casts made of the skulls of individuals P\u0159edmost\u00ed 3 and P\u0159edmost\u00ed 4, and the endocrania of individuals P\u0159edmost\u00ed 3, 4, 9 and 101, in the collection of Moravian Museum in Brno.\n\nA fragment of Predmost\u00ed 21's mandible was rediscovered in the Museum of Olomouc.\n\nNew excavations were conducted.\n\nThe P\u0159edmost\u00ed site appears to have been a living area with associated burial ground with some 20 burials, including 15 complete human interments, and portions of five others, representing either disturbed or secondary burials. Cannibalism has been suggested to explain the apparent subsequent disturbance, though it is not widely accepted. The non-human fossils are mostly mammoth. Many of the bones are heavily charred, indicating they were cooked. Other remains include fox, reindeer, ice-age horse, wolf, bear, wolverine, and hare. Remains of three dogs were also found, one of which had a mammoth bone in its mouth.\n\nThe P\u0159edmost\u00ed site is dated to between 24,000 and 37,000 years old. The people had robust features indicative of a big-game hunter lifestyle. They also share square eye socket openings found in the French material. Skulls of P\u0159edmost\u00ed individuals are significantly longer and more robust than of modern Europeans, with thick brow ridges, and prognathism, and show marked sexual dimorphism. They also display a degree of variability.\n\nHistory of research \n\nIt was here that Jind\u0159ich Wankel, and shortly afterwards  K.J. Ma\u0161ka himself, conducted their excavations. Two years after the words above were written, the endeavours of K.J. Ma\u0161ka \u2013 an amateur archeologist with a professional approach-were crowned by the discovery of human bones on an unprecedented scale, together with the first find of a human lower jaw made by Wankel in 1884 and the later finds of M. K\u0159\u00ed\u017e (1886) and K. Absolon (1929), there were the fossil human remains discovered at P\u0159edmost\u00ed.\n\nReferences\nDolni Vestonice I - the Kiln and Encampment. Don's Maps- Paleolithic European, Russian and Australian Archaeology. Ed. Don Hitchcock.\nJel\u00ednek, J., Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Evolution of Man, Prague: Hamlyn (1975).\nNational Geographic Magazine, The National Geographic Society, October 1988.\nPrice, T. D., and G. M. Feinman. Images of the past. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010. Print.\nPringle, Heather. \"Ice Age Communities May Be Earliest Known Net Hunters.\" Science Magazine 277.5300 (1997): 1203-204. Science. Web. Trinkaus, Erik, *Shreeve, James, The Neandertal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins, New York: William Morrow and Company (1995).\nTedlock, Barbara, \"The Woman in the Shaman's Body; Reclaiming the feminine in religion and medicine\", New York: Bantam Dell, 2005.\n\nFurther reading \nVELEMINSK\u00c1, Jana, BR\u016e\u017dEK, Jaroslav (eds.) (2008), Early modern humans from P\u0159edmost\u00ed. Praha, Academia. \nABSOLON, Karel,(1929), New finds of fossils human skeleton in Moravia. Archeologie 7, 1-2 p.\u00a079-89\nJEL\u00cdNEK, Jan, ORV\u00c1NOV\u00c1, E.(1999), P\u0159edmost\u00ed hominid remains. An up-dates. Czech and Slovak republics. In: Orban, R, Semal, F (eds.) Antropologie et Prehistorie, Suppl. 9, p.\u00a070-77\n\nCategory:Aurignacian\nCategory:Paleoanthropology\nCategory:Hominini\nCategory:Archaeological sites in the Czech Republic\nCategory:Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe\nCategory:Prehistory of the Czech lands\nCategory:South Moravian Region\nCategory:Former populated places in the Czech Republic\nCategory:European archaeology"}
-{"text": "Garth Woodside Mansion\n\nThe Garth Woodside Mansion (also known as the John Garth House, The Woodside, Woodside Place) is an 1871 \"Second Empire\" Italianate mansion built by Col. John H. Garth. The Garth Mansion is located in Ralls County in Hannibal, Missouri. The Mansion is a wonderful example of this style. John H. Garth played a significant role in the areas lumber, banking and many others in the Hannibal area.  Many consider the Garth Mansion one of the finest examples of this style of architecture. The Garth Woodside Mansion is currently a Bed and Breakfast and restaurant. Approx 85-90% of the furnishings on the second floor are the original pieces used to furnish the home when the mansion's construction was completed in 1871.\n\nExterior\nThe exterior of the Garth Mansion is made of wood most likely from John Garth's own lumber mills. Only small sections and pieces have been replaced over the years near the base of the building, the second story porch, and near the Western side of the mansion where most of the additions have been placed. The Garth Mansion is a \"Painted Lady\" home (cite the source of America's Painted Lady's Book)\n\nBasement\nThe Garth Mansion and the Woodside Restaurant feature a sub level basement. The basement is the same size as the first floor. The floor is compacted dirt, with plots of concrete to support the furnaces that were installed. A drop ceiling was once present, but has now been removed. Current use of the basement under the mansion is storage. Current use under the Woodside Restaurant is additional dry storage and wine cellar. The basement under the Woodside Restaurant is concrete. Several cisterns (five) were discovered and filled during the construction of the basement of the Woodside Restaurant.\n\nFirst floor\nThe main floor of the Garth Mansion holds approximately 90% of the original furnishings. It is very fortunate to still contain so many of the original museum quality pieces to grace the mansion. The first floor of the mansion is slightly elevated as the mansion was built halfway on a slight hill. The main entrance of the Garth Mansion, found on the astern side of the building, is located on a large wraparound veranda up a grand staircase.\n\nOutbuildings\nOf the six original buildings, only four are still standing. The main house, a houseman's house, one stable barn are still intact. The ice house has been reduced to about 40 percent of its original structure and two additional barns have been demolished for safety concerns. The current barn that is still standing is used for llamas that live in a pasture just beyond the Western side of the Mansion. Other buildings have been built with the purpose of renting them out to travelers. The \"Dowager House\" was completed in 2002. The Dowager is a  building southwest of the mansion overlooking the largest pond on the current property. Two other cottages have been built with the intention of renting out as well. They are nearly identical and are located west of the main house.\n\nNew construction\nApproximately 20 years after the Garth Mansion was completed, Mrs. Helen K. Garth expanded the square porch to become a true wraparound veranda large enough for many family and friends to enjoy the picturesque view both south and east. When the Garth Mansion was transformed into an operating Bed and Breakfast in 1987 many changes had been made to accommodate overnight guests. Each of the rooms featured a large closet. These closets are now used as restrooms and retrofitted with running water and sewer. The original method of heating the mansion was carbide gas. The original gas pipes now serve as tubing to hold electrical wire.  This wire powers the lights that replace the wicks in lamps and light fixtures of which many are original to the house.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Bed and breakfasts in Missouri\nCategory:Houses in Ralls County, Missouri\nCategory:Hotels in Missouri"}
-{"text": "John Cohen (musician)\n\nJohn Cohen (August 2, 1932 \u2013 September 16, 2019) was an American folk musician and musicologist, founding member of the New Lost City Ramblers as well as a musicologist, photographer and filmmaker. Some of his best known images document the Abstract Expressionist scene centered on New York's Cedar Bar; gallery happenings by early performance artists; young Bob Dylan's arrival in New York; Beat Generation writers during the filming of Robert Frank and Alfred Leslie's film Pull My Daisy; and the \"old time\" musicians of Appalachia. (The title of Cohen's 1962 film, High Lonesome Sound, has become synonymous with that music.) He was one of the most important \"discoverers\" of traditional musicians and singers, finding and recording Dillard Chandler, Roscoe Holcomb, and many banjo players, most notably on the album High Atmosphere.\n\nBeyond the United States, Cohen traveled extensively to Peru, driven by a fascination for the weaving and lifestyle of the native Andean population. His field recording of a Peruvian wedding song is included on the Voyager Golden Record, attached to the Voyager spacecraft.\n\nCohen married Penny Seeger (1943\u20131993), the youngest member of the musical Seeger family, which includes half-brother Pete Seeger. They had two children, Sonya and Rufus, and grandchildren Dio and Gabel.\n\nFrom 1972 to 1997, Cohen was a Professor of Visual Arts at SUNY Purchase College where he taught photography and drawing.\n\nThe Grateful Dead song \"Uncle John's Band,\" on Workingman's Dead, according to what Cohen calls \"a true rumor,\" is supposed to have been written about Cohen and his band.\n\nThe Library of Congress acquired John Cohen's archive, which includes his films, photographs, music recordings and other historic ephemera in 2011. The artist's work can also be found in the permanent collections of the following museums: Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, NY Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, MI; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY; Morgan Library and Museum, New York, NY; Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, TX; Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY; Nasher Museum of Art, Duke University, Durham, NC; National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC; National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC; Neuberger Museum, Westchester, NY;New York Public Library, New York, NY; Victoria & Albert Museum, London, UK; Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT.\n \nCohen resided in the lower Hudson Valley of New York. He frequently performed with the Down Hill Strugglers.\n\nMonographs \nThere Is No Eye: John Cohen Photographs, introduction by Greil Marcus. New York: powerHouse Books, 2001. , \nYoung Bob: John Cohen\u2019s Early Photographs of Bob Dylan, Brooklyn: powerHouse Books, 2003. \nPast, Present, Peru, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2010. \nThe High & Lonesome Sound: The Legacy of Roscoe Holcomb, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2012. \nHere and Gone: Bob Dylan & Woody Guthrie & the 1960s, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2014. \nWalking In the Light, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2015. \nCheap Rents\u2026and de Kooning G\u00f6ttingen, Germany: Steidl, 2016.\n\nRecent publications \nBeat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris, Paris, France: Centre Pompidou, 2016. \nPull My Daisy, Paris, France: Editions Macula and Centre Pompidou, 2016. Text by Rollet, Patrice; Sargeant, Jack. \n Petrus, Stephen and Cohen, Ronald. Folk City: New York and the American Folk Music Revival, New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Foreword by Peter Yarrow. \nGlimcher, Mildred L.Happenings: New York, 1958-1963, New York: The Monacelli Press LLC. 2012\n\nSelected filmography \nThe High Lonesome Sound (1962)\nFifty Miles from Times Square (1970)\nThe End of an Old Song (1972). A DVD version is in print as part of Dark Holler: Old Love Songs and Ballads (2005-09-27). Washington: Smithsonian Folkways.\nQ'eros: The Shape of Survival (1979)\nPeruvian Weaving: a continuous warp (1980)\nSara and Maybelle (1981)\nGypsies Sing Long Ballads (1982)\nMountain Music of Peru (1984)\nDancing with the Incas (1990)\nCarnival in Q'eros (1992)\nPlay on John: A Life in Music (2009) on Smithsonian Networks\nVisions of Mary Frank (2014)\n\nSelected discography (as producer) \nHigh Atmosphere: Ballads and Banjo Tunes from Virginia and North Carolina (1975)\nThere Is No Eye: Music for Photographs, Smithsonian Folkways SFW CD 40091 (2001), companion to the book\nBack Roads to Cold Mountain (2004)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nWebsite of L. Parker Stephenson Photographs, New York, which represents Cohen's photographic work\n \n \nWebcast of a Library of Congress presentation, \"'The High Lonesome Sound Revisited': Documenting Traditional Culture in America\" (2009)\nAmerican Standard Time presents John Cohen, a 2011 interview\n\"The Revivalist: How John Cohen Found Folk Music and (Accidentally) Inspired a Klezmer Renaissance\"\n\"The Picture That Captures Why Jack Kerouac Will Last Forever\" Geoff Dyer for UK's Spectator\n\nThe Down Hill Strugglers\n Oldtone Roots Music Festival Tribute Video by Fred Robbins\n New Lost City Ramblers at Davidson College Photos, May 1968 by Fred Robbins\n\nCategory:1932 births\nCategory:American folk singers\nCategory:American photographers\nCategory:Appalachian folk songs\nCategory:Jewish American artists\nCategory:Jewish American musicians\nCategory:Musicians from Queens, New York\nCategory:2019 deaths"}
-{"text": "Ak\u014d R\u014dshi (TV series)\n\nis a 1964 Japanese television series. It is the 2nd NHK taiga drama.\n\nStory\nAk\u014d R\u014dshi  deals with the Edo period. Based on Jir\u014d Osaragi's novels \"Hana no Sh\u014dgai\".\n\nIt depicts the stories of the Forty-seven r\u014dnin.\n\nCast\nKazuo Hasegawa as \u014cishi Kuranosuke\nShinsuke Ashida as Kobayashi Heihichi\nChikage Awashima\nTakahiro Tamura as Takada Gunbei\nMasakazu Tamura\nJukichi Uno\nKatsuo Nakamura\nTakashi Shimura as Onodera Junai\nYoichi Hayashi as Hotta Yayato\nKei Taguchi\nRokk\u014d Toura as Takebayashi Takashige\nKyoko Kishida as Aguri\nJun Tazaki\nKanj\u016br\u014d Arashi\nOsamu Takizawa as Kira K\u014dzuke no suke\nIsuzu Yamada as \u014cishi Riku\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1964 Japanese television series debuts\nCategory:1964 Japanese television series endings\nCategory:Taiga drama\nCategory:1960s drama television series\nCategory:Jidaigeki television series"}
-{"text": "Mount Kelsey\n\nMount Kelsey is a mountain located in the western portion of Millsfield, New Hampshire. The western slopes of the mountain are contained within the township of Erving's Location, New Hampshire. The summit is occupied by part of the Granite Reliable Wind Farm, with road access from the Phillips Brook watershed to the south.\n\nThe north side of Mount Kelsey drains into the West Branch of Clear Stream, a tributary of the Androscoggin River, which flows south and east into Maine, joining the Kennebec River near the Atlantic Ocean. The southeast side of Kelsey drains into North Inlet Stream, thence into Millsfield Pond Brook, and into Clear Stream. The west side of Kelsey drains into Phillips Brook, thence into the Upper Ammonoosuc River, the upper Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.\n\nSee also \n List of mountains in New Hampshire\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \"AMC Position on Proposed Granite Reliable Windpark, Coos County, NH\". Appalachian Mountain Club.\n\nCategory:Mountains of New Hampshire\nCategory:Mountains of Coos County, New Hampshire"}
-{"text": "Witton, Birmingham\n\nWitton is an inner city area in Birmingham, England, in the metropolitan county of the West Midlands. It was within the ancient parish of Aston in the Hemlingford hundred of the historic county of Warwickshire. It is probably best known as the home of Aston Villa Football Club at Villa Park.\n\nHistory\nAccording to William Dugdale, Witton was the property of a man named Staunchel (also spelled Stannachetel) before being seized by William Fitz-Ansculf following the Norman conquest of England. Staunchel became the tenant of Fitz-Ansculf, valued at twenty shillings per annum in the Domesday Book. William Futz-Ansculf nicknamed 'The Duke of Dumps' loved ponies. It was named in the Domesday Book as Witone. It was afterwards vested in the Crown. In 1240, King Henry III granted it to Andrew de Wicton, indicating that the name of the area had changed to Wicton. Andrew grew cautious of William de Pyrie, his neighbour who owned Perry and brought action against him for infringing his property. The dispute was settled by the Sheriffs of Staffordshire and Warwickshire by the King's request.\n\nIn 1290, Witton became the property of William Dixley and then the property of Richard de Pyrie in 1340. In 1426, Thomas East of Hay Hall in Yardley sold it to John Bond of Ward End of whose descendants William Booth purchased it in 1620. An heiress of Booth brought it by marriage to Allestree of Yardley. It was sold to John Wyrley in the 18th century and then by George Birch of Hamstead in the 19th century. In 1730, Witton contained 22 farms and three cottages, apart from Witton Hall at the north-west end of Brookvale Park. In 1559, the Earl of Warwick purchased to  of moor called Wichalmore in Witton.\n\nAt around 1460, a route through Witton towards Oscott was mentioned at crossing the River Tame at 'le Foulford', where Witton Bridge was later built. \n\nWitton Hall was the manor of Witton and it stands at the junction of Brookvale Road and George Road.  By 1850, it was being used as a private school, and c. 1907 was acquired by the Aston Board of Guardians as an elderly home. It continued to be such under the Birmingham Corporation in 1959. The buildings have been extended, both before and after the Second World War, but the original house is represented by a tall, square, three-storey tall block dating from around 1730. Internally, a panelled room and the original staircase have survived.\n\nOn 13 June 1902, Birmingham Industrial School opened on Witton Lane. It moved from Penn Street in Deritend, where it was called Penn Street Industrial School. The school had room for 60 boys and opened on 30 January 1869. The new school in Witton had room for 80 boys. It closed on 14 June 1905.\n\nIn 1907, All Souls' Church on Wenlock Road was consecrated. It was built using red brick with stone dressings in the Gothic style to a design by Philip Chatwin. When opened, it had a chancel, nave, east and west aisles, and a low central tower with a pyramidal roof. In 1926, a parish was assigned out of Holy Trinity, Birchfield, and St. Peter and St. Paul, Aston. The living was declared a vicarage, in the gift of the Vicar of Holy Trinity, Birchfield, for the first turn only and then of the bishop.\n\nOn 28 June 1934 Hugo Hirst was made 1st Baron Hirst, of Witton. He was the only person to have this title, which was made extinct on 22 January 1943 upon Hugo's death.\n\nIndustry\nLike the rest of Birmingham, Witton was heavily industrialised. The area was the base of industrial company IMI plc. The company was responsible for construction a conveyor next to Witton Brook and dredging the brook in from 1922 to 1929. The conveyor was dismantled in 1943. On 13 November 1929, a waste lime main pipe installed by IMI became dislodged at Lovett's point and slid six to twelve feet downstream. In 2003, IMI moved from the Witton site to new headquarters close to Birmingham Airport.\n\nThe General Electric Co. Ltd. (GEC) established a very large engineering works in Witton in 1901. The General Electric Company acquired land at Witton in 1899, and in 1901 began building its large factory together with houses for its workers. At one time, the company was employing 18,000 people on the site. By 1927, London Aluminium was employing 400 people at its works in Witton.\n\nPlaces of interest\nOther notable features of Witton are Witton Cemetery, Witton Lakes, the River Tame, the remains of Witton Hall and Witton railway station. The Birmingham Bulldogs rugby team's training ground is also based on Moor Lane in Witton. Witton Centre is the shopping area for Witton, featuring independent traders. Refurbishment of the shops was carried out in the 1980s under the City Council's Inner City Partnership Programme, although by the late 1990s, shops were beginning to show signs of need of further investment. The quality of the environment in Witton is poor with heavy traffic flows, poor parking and servicing arrangements. There are a number of buildings here which reflect the Victorian and Edwardian legacy of Aston, with the Aston Hotel possibly the most well-known local landmark. In some cases, however, the character and architectural quality of these buildings has been disrupted by modern signage and shop front design.\n\nFlooding\nOn 15 June 2007, parts of Witton were flooded as a result of heavy rainfall causing the River Tame to burst its banks. Residents of 300 homes in the Brookvale Road area were sent advice by the city council on dealing with the clean-up and cost of the floods. Parts of the area were evacuated as a precautionary measure. Residents were encouraged to evacuate to Great Barr Leisure Centre, in Great Barr where Birmingham City Council was staffing a rest centre. The majority of people chose to remain at home. Roads affected were Brookvale Road, Tame Road, Deykin Avenue and Brantley Road. The river threatened to flood for a second time when the water level rose to within eight inches (203 mm) of the top of the river bank.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands"}
-{"text": "Proud Miss Stakes\n\nThe Proud Miss Stakes  is a South Australian Jockey Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race for fillies and mares aged three years old and upwards, at set weights with penalties conditions over a distance of 1200 metres at the Morphettville Racecourse Adelaide, Australia in the Autumn Carnival. Prize money is A$150,000.\n\nHistory\nThe race is held on The Goodwood race card on the last day of the SAJC Autumn Carnival.\n\nThe race is named after the brilliant two year old South Australian filly, Proud Miss who won nine consecutive races before finishing second in the 1962 Golden Slipper Stakes.\n\nName\n2004\u20132005 - Pink Diamond\n2006 - Chrysler Jeep Stakes\n2007 - AV Jennings Home Improvements Stakes \n2008 - Chrysler Jeep Dodge Stakes \n2009 - Proud Miss Stakes\n\nGrade\n2006\u20132013 - Listed Race\n2014 onwards - Group 3\n\nWinners\n\n 2019 - Lady Cosmology\n 2018 - She's So High\n 2017 - Fuhryk\n 2016 - Runway Star\n 2015 - Hazard\n 2014 - Miss Steele\n 2013 - Assertive Eagle\n 2012 - Bonnie Mac\n 2011 - Dubleanny\n 2010 - Hanabananah\n 2009 - Burgeis\n 2008 - Soaressa\n 2007 - Zipanese\n 2006 - Clear View\n 2005 - Twinciti\n 2004 - Ice Dancer\n\nSee also\n List of Australian Group races\n Group races\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Horse races in Australia\nCategory:Sprint category horse races for fillies and mares\nCategory:Sport in Adelaide\nCategory:Recurring sporting events established in 2004\nCategory:2004 establishments in Australia"}
-{"text": "Uttar Pradesh Institute of Design, Lucknow\n\nUttar Pradesh Institute of Design, Lucknow (UPID Lucknow) is as an autonomous institute registered under the Indian Societies Act 1860 offering certificate/diploma courses in craft design education in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was established by Uttar Pradesh Government in 2003. The institute is proposed to offer full time degree courses by the year of 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Design schools in India\nCategory:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh\nCategory:Universities and colleges in Lucknow"}
-{"text": "The Tower (Alberta)\n\nThe Tower is the unofficial name for a large prominent peak that sits above Rummel Lake. It is located in the Kananaskis Range in Alberta.\n\nSee also\n Mountains of Alberta\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Mountains of Alberta"}
-{"text": "Mentzel Baltic Fox\n\nThe Mentzel Baltic Fox is a German ultralight and light-sport flying boat that was designed by Anno Claus Mentzel and produced by Ing B\u00fcro Mentzel of Prinzh\u00f6fte, certified in 2009. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft, disassembled for transport.\n\nDesign and development\nThe Baltic Fox was designed as a specialist aircraft for use by expeditions and, as such, it was intended to be disassembled for shipping in boxes to its destination and then rapidly reassembled and flown. It was intended to comply with the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale microlight rules and US light-sport aircraft rules. It features a strut-braced high-wing, a two-seats-in-side-by-side configuration open cockpit, retractible tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.\n\nThe aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing has an area of . The standard engine available is the  Hirth 3702 three cylinder two-stroke powerplant.\n\nVariants\nBaltic Fox\nInitial model, flying boat only, without wheeled landing gear. Certified in Germany as an ultralight in 2009.\nBaltic Fox Sea\nSecond model, amphibious flying boat with wheeled landing gear, undergoing ultralight certification in 2011.\n\nSpecifications (Baltic Fox)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2000s German ultralight aircraft\nCategory:Light-sport aircraft\nCategory:Single-engined pusher aircraft"}
-{"text": "Harrington Legionnaire\n\nThe Harrington Legionnaire is an  passenger coach body built by Thomas Harrington Ltd in Hove, Sussex between 1963 and 1965. It was built on three-axle Bedford VAL, two-axle Ford Thames 676E and two specials on Guy Victory trambus chassis.\n\nThe design was never a success, and very few were built.\n\nDesign\nThe Harrington Legionnaire was a square-rigged body with straight waistrail and five deep windows per side. It also differed from the Harrington Cavalier and Harrington Grenadier by having plated window surrounds, there was a large brightwork grille and twin headlights, a Harrington Grenadier-style front windscreen was used with a similar sized one at the rear. Above the windscreen was a destination box or illuminated nameboard and above that a prominent peak.\n\nAt the rear the illuminated nameboard was inside the rear glass and this was fitted the other way about to the front, meaning the first and last pillars had a pronounced forward rake to them whilst all the others were vertical. The Cantrail was flat above it was a roof section of very shallow curvature.\n\nThe Mark 2 which followed in 1964 for the final two seasons omitted this flat cantrail and had a roof of compound curvature, which reduced the tall square effect of the original but reduced space in the overhead luggage racks.\n\nThe Italian Job\nThe Harrington was featured in the 1969 film, The Italian Job, Legionnaire bodied Bedford VAL14 'ALR 453B', new in April 1964 to Batten of London.\n\nFor use in the film, it was modified to reinforce the bulkhead behind the driver's seat, to allow for the Mini Cooper S getaway cars to be driven into the bus safely. Even though, there was still enough force to in the event push the driver into the steering wheel.\n\nTrue to the film story, the destination displays on the coach showed London-Turin, and then the opposite during the film, and also displays 'Charlie Croker's Coach Tours' logos on the rear and both flanks, a reference to Michael Caine's character.\n\nAfter the film, this coach went back to coaching, mostly in Scotland, before being scrapped in the 1990s. Corgi Toys released a sought after gift set which included the three Mini Cooper cars (albeit incorrectly modelled on much newer Minis) in 1:36 scale and a 1:50 scale Plaxton Panorama 1-bodied Bedford VAL coach, in place of the Harrington Legionnaire which accuracy demanded.\n\nSee also \n\n List of buses\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHarrington Legionnaire\nListing of all Harringtons ever built\n\nCategory:Buses of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Coaches (bus)\nCategory:Single-deck buses\nCategory:Step-entrance buses"}
-{"text": "2018\u201319 Genoa C.F.C. season\n\nThe 2018\u201319 season was Genoa Cricket and Football Club's twelfth consecutive season in Serie A. The club competed in Serie A and in the Coppa Italia.\n\nThe season was coach Davide Ballardini's first full campaign in charge, after taking over from the sacked Ivan Juri\u0107 during the 2017\u201318 season.\n\nPlayers\n\nSquad information\nAppearances include league matches only\n\nTransfers\n\nIn\n\nLoans in\n\nOut\n\nLoans out\n\nCompetitions\n\nSerie A\n\nLeague table\n\nResults summary\n\nResults by round\n\nMatches\n\nCoppa Italia\n\nStatistics\n\nAppearances and goals\n\n|-\n! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Goalkeepers\n\n|-\n! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Defenders\n\n|-\n! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Midfielders\n\n|-\n! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Forwards\n\n|-\n! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center| Players transferred out during the season\n\nGoalscorers\n\nLast updated: 26 May 2019\n\nClean sheets\n\nLast updated: 26 May 2019\n\nDisciplinary record\n\nLast updated: 26 May 2019\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Genoa C.F.C. seasons\nGenoa"}
-{"text": "Don Murdoch\n\nDonald Walter Murdoch (born October 25, 1956 in Cranbrook, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired former professional ice hockey player. After a standout junior career with the Medicine Hat Tigers, Murdoch made the New York Rangers as a 20-year-old and had an impressive rookie season, scoring 56 points in 59 games his rookie season, including a Rangers rookie record of 32 goals. On October 12, 1976, Murdoch tied Howie Meeker's record for most goals in one game by a rookie with 5, against the Minnesota North Stars. A torn Achilles tendon ended his season in February.\n\nIn the offseason in 1977 after his first season, Murdoch was caught by customs agents in Toronto with 4.5 grams of cocaine stashed in his socks. He was suspended by the league for the entire 197879 season (later reduced to 40 games) and later admitted to having a drinking and drug problem.\n\nHe played 320 career games in the National Hockey League (NHL) but never regained the form of his first season, and retired after stops with the Edmonton Oilers and Detroit Red Wings.\n\nAfter his playing career, Murdoch worked as a scout for the Tampa Bay Lightning, under general manager Phil Esposito.\n\nDon is the brother of Bob Murdoch.\n\nLegacy\n\nIn the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Murdoch at No. 99 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nSee also\n List of players with 5 or more goals in an NHL game\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Adirondack Red Wings players\nCategory:British Columbia Hockey League players\nCategory:Canadian sportspeople in doping cases\nCategory:Cincinnati Stingers draft picks\nCategory:Detroit Red Wings players\nCategory:Doping cases in ice hockey\nCategory:Edmonton Oilers players\nCategory:Ice hockey people from British Columbia\nCategory:Indianapolis Checkers players\nCategory:Medicine Hat Tigers players\nCategory:Montana Magic players\nCategory:Muskegon Lumberjacks players\nCategory:National Hockey League first round draft picks\nCategory:New York Rangers draft picks\nCategory:New York Rangers players\nCategory:New York Rangers scouts\nCategory:Sportspeople from Cranbrook, British Columbia\nCategory:Tampa Bay Lightning executives\nCategory:Tampa Bay Lightning scouts\nCategory:Toledo Goaldiggers players\nCategory:Canadian ice hockey right wingers"}
-{"text": "V/Line\n\nV/Line is a government-owned corporation that operates regional passenger train and coach services in Victoria, Australia. It provides passenger train services on five commuter lines and eight long-distance routes from its major hub at Southern Cross railway station in Melbourne, as well as bus services across Victoria and into New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and South Australia. In addition, V/Line is responsible for the maintenance of much of the Victorian freight and passenger rail network outside of the areas managed by Metro Trains Melbourne and Australian Rail Track Corporation.\n\nThe V/Line brand was introduced after the split-up of VicRail in 1983, and has been used by all successive government and private operators of the state's regional public transport. Until 1999, when its freight operations were privatised, V/Line Freight was also a monopoly government provider of the state's rail freight services. Since 2004, V/Line Pty Ltd, the main operating rail company, has been owned by the V/Line Corporation, a Victorian state government statutory authority. In 2016, V/Line Corporation became a subsidiary agency of Transport for Victoria.\n\nIn the 2018\u201319 financial year, V/Line carried 22.4 million passengers, mostly on its commuter rail lines, which have experienced considerable patronage growth since 2005 due to improved services and population increases. V/Line's operations, particularly those on long-distance routes, remain heavily subsidised by the Victorian Government.\n\nHistory\n\nAs a government authority\nOn 1 July 1983, the State Transport Authority and a range of other transport bodies were created, when the Transport Act 1983 came into effect. The new authority replaced VicRail, and established the V/Line operating brand for both country passenger and freight. The VicRail orange and silver \"teacup' livery used on passenger rolling stock was replaced in August 1983 by an orange and grey livery. The white and green V/Line logo was launched on 14 August 1983 by the transport minister, Steve Crabb, at Spencer Street station, with special trains running to Essendon to mark the occasion. This was altered when on 1 July 1989 the Transport (Amendment) Act took effect, merging the State Transport Authority with the Metropolitan Transit Authority to form the Public Transport Corporation (PTC). The relationship between the country V/Line and suburban \"The Met\" brands was blurred, with the Sprinter trains delivered in the 1993-1995 period appearing in PTC colours but with both PTC and V/Line logos.\n\nOn 1 July 1994, the operation of some of V/Line's regional passenger services was contracted out to the private sector. Hoys Roadlines took over the Melbourne to Cobram service with trains operated under contract by V/Line to Shepparton with Hoys operating a road coach service beyond. The service from Melbourne to Warrnambool was operated by West Coast Railway who operated their own trains throughout. Both of these returned to being operated by V/Line in 2004.\n\nRail services to Leongatha ceased on 24 July 1993, Bairnsdale, Cobram and Dimboola on 21 August 1993, Ararat on 27 May 1994 and Mildura on 13 September 1994.\n\nIn 1995, the freight and passenger rail divisions of V/Line were divided, with a new red, blue and white V/Line Passenger livery unveiled. This split was finalised on 1 July 1997 when separate management was brought in. On 1 July 1998, operation of the Stony Point line passed to Bayside Trains. V/Line continues to hire rolling stock to Metro Trains Melbourne to operate the service.\n\nPrivatisation\n\nFreight Victoria\nV/Line Freight was sold to a consortium of RailAmerica, Fluor Daniel, Macquarie Bank and A Goninan & Co and rebranded as Freight Victoria effective from 1 May 1999. The sale included a 45-year lease of most regional track (passenger and freight), with responsibilities for track, signalling and level crossings, with access to passenger sections of track granted to V/Line Passenger. The state government had not wanted to sell rights to the track infrastructure, but was persuaded by bids by three primarily American consortia which argued greater efficiencies could be accomplished by vertical integration.\n\nAfter being renamed Freight Australia in March 2000, it was sold to Pacific National in August 2004. In May 2007 Pacific National sold the rail lease of the network back to VicTrack.\n\nNational Express\nOn 29 August 1999, National Express took control of V/Line Passenger, having won a 10-year concession in competition with FirstGroup, Freight Victoria, GB Railways, Prism Rail and Stagecoach. National Express also operated the M>Tram and M>Train franchises in Melbourne. It included all country rail operations in Victoria, with the exception of the Shepparton and Warrnambool services previously franchised in 1993.\n\nNational Express inherited a fleet of A, N, P and Y class locomotives, H, N, S and Z type carriages and Sprinter diesel multiple units. As a franchise commitment, 29 two-car VLocitys were ordered from Bombardier Transportation.\n\nIn December 2002, National Express handed in its Victorian rail and tram franchises having been unable to renegotiate financial terms with the State Government. KPMG were appointed to operate the business on behalf of the State Government.\n\nAs a statutory corporation\n\nFull control of V/Line was taken on 1 October 2003 by changing the shareholding of V/Line, making the government the sole shareholder via a recently created statutory corporation, V/Line Passenger Corporation. V/Line operates under a franchise agreement entered into with the Director of Public Transport. The Director also sub leases tracks and other infrastructure which the Director holds under lease from VicTrack, the agency which owns Victoria's rail-related land and infrastructure.\n\nIn 2000, the Regional Fast Rail project was launched to upgrade the tracks linking Ballarat, Bendigo, Geelong and the Latrobe Valley to Melbourne. The project, which also included an extra 10 Vlocitys and an expanded timetable of rail services, commenced full operations from December 2005.\n\nThe services to Bairnsdale and Ararat were restored in May and July 2004 respectively. In December 2008, as part of the Victorian Transport Plan, the state government announced that V/Line rail passenger services would be extended from Ballarat to Maryborough at a cost of $50 million, commencing in July 2010. The first passenger train in 15 years arrived at Maryborough on 24 July 2010. V/Line also resumed operating the Shepparton and Warrnambool services in 2004 when contacts with Hoys Roadliners and West Coast Railway expired.\n\nIn November 2006 Pacific National, which had purchased Freight Australia, entered into an agreement to sell the remainder of its Victorian rail lease of the network back to VicTrack. The sale was completed on 7 May 2007, with V/Line becoming the track manager of the Victorian intrastate network.\n\nIn May 2008 it was announced that part of the V/Line fleet would be converted to standard gauge to operate an upgraded Albury line service. In December 2008 V/Line ended the sale of alcoholic beverages aboard long-distance trains, after almost a century of the practice.\n\nIn 2015/16, the subsidy per passenger trip was $22.12.\n\nThe Transport Integration Act 2010 renamed the V/Line Passenger Corporation as V/Line Corporation. The Act also gave V/Line a new statutory charter. As part of these changes, the corporation's responsibilities were explicitly expanded to cover both rail passenger and rail freight services. The Act received the Royal assent on 2 March 2010 and came into effect on 1 July 2010.\n\nIn January 2016, V/Line's VLocity rolling stock was identified as suffering from abnormal wheel wear. The fleet was also banned from the metropolitan track lease by the suburban rail operator, Metro Trains Melbourne, after a V/Line train failed to activate a level crossing in Dandenong. The two problems caused as many as 70 services a day to be cancelled. They also led to the resignation of then CEO Theo Taifalos, 16 days free travel being provided to passengers, and an independent inquiry being ordered by the public transport minister, Jacinta Allan, into the operational capacity of V/Line.\n\nServices\n\nV/Line operates rail services to the regional cities of Ballarat, Bendigo, Geelong, Seymour and Traralgon as well as Ararat, Maryborough, Echuca, Swan Hill, Albury, Bairnsdale, Warrnambool and Shepparton. In addition, V/Line road coaches connect with many rail services at major stations to serve towns away from the main rail network operating as far as Adelaide and Canberra.\n\nRail services are grouped into two types. As part of the introduction of the Myki smartcard in 2013, and to provide consistent communication to both staff and customers, what were formerly called \"interurban\" services became \"commuter\" services, and what were formerly called \"intercity\" services became \"long distance\" services. Commuter services operate over shorter distances and more frequently than long Distance services, and the latter usually provide some first-class accommodation, as well as snack bar facilities.\n\nAll rail services depart from Southern Cross station in Melbourne on the following lines with the exception of one Traralgon service which departs/ terminates at Flinders Street.\nSouth West Region or Geelong Line which continues as the Warrnambool Line\nWestern Region or Ballarat Line which continues as the Ararat Line and the Maryborough Line\nNorthern Region or Bendigo Line which extends as the Swan Hill Line and the Echuca Line\nNorth East Region or Seymour Line which extends as the Shepparton Line and the Albury Line\nEastern Region or Traralgon Line which continues as the Bairnsdale Line\n\nV/Line also runs numerous intrastate and interstate road coach services that may run wholly as a coach service or operate as a coach connecting with a rail service.\n\nInterstate road coach service operated by V/Line are:\nCanberra Link - Melbourne (Southern Cross) - Canberra via Wodonga, runs as a train to Albury and then a coach to Canberra\nCapital Link - Melbourne (Southern Cross) - Canberra via Bairnsdale, runs as a train to Bairnsdale and then a coach to Canberra\nDaylink - Melbourne (Southern Cross) - Adelaide via Bendigo, runs as a train to Bendigo and then a coach to Adelaide\nSapphire Coast Link - Melbourne (Southern Cross) - Batemans Bay via Bairnsdale, runs as a train to Bairnsdale and then a coach to Batemans Bay\nSpeedlink - Sydney - Adelaide via Albury.  This operates as the NSW TrainLink XPT train from Sydney to Albury with a V/Line coach operating from Albury to Adelaide.\nMurraylink - Mildura - Albury, does not travel to Melbourne and operates entirely as a coach.\n\nTicketing\n\nV/Line currently uses the myki ticketing system on short-distance train services, in addition to machine printed paper tickets, issued from staffed V/Line stations, selected Metro suburban premium stations, V/Line ticket agents, online or by phone. Passengers boarding services at unmanned stations or roadside coach stops can purchase tickets from the train conductor or coach driver.\n\nTickets have the origin and destination printed upon them, making them point to point, but the fare itself is based on charging zones. Changes were made to the fare system, to integrate it with the suburban Metcard system in preparation for the introduction of the Myki smartcard system to cover the entire state.\n\nTicket types available include single, return and a range of periodical tickets. Services are classified as peak and off-peak, with discounts available for tickets valid in off-peak times only. V/Line operates a limited number of trains with first class seating which requires the payment of an upgrade fee on top of the standard economy fare. From June 2013 the Myki smartcard system began to be rolled out on the V/Line network.\n\nMost V/Line services operate on a non-allocated seating basis, but all intercity (long-distance) rail services, and some coach services, require seat reservations.\n\nFleet\n\nTrains\n\nFormer fleet\nC Class\n\nNetwork access\nV/Line also manages and maintains all non-interstate rural rail track in Victoria, including lines that do not see passenger services. The lease was previously held by Pacific National, which agreed to sell it back to the Victorian Government in November 2006. The sale was completed in May 2007, and V/Line was appointed to manage it.\n\nBranding\n\nThe initial V/Line visual identity was unveiled in August 1983, with an orange and grey livery for locomotives and passenger rolling stock, along with a white and green V/Line logo with a \"stylised capital lettered logo with the V and the L split by a deep slashing stroke\". Work on the initial V/Line identity started in May 1983, with freight wagons being released without logos pending the launch. Before that time, a stylised VR logo was carried by rolling stock that had been received the orange and silver VicRail \"teacup\" livery since 1981. Carriages in the 'teacup' livery later had the logos removed and replaced by V/Line ones.\n\nThis remained until 1993 when the Sprinter trains were delivered in the teal and yellow suburban 'The Met' brand colours, but with both The Met and V/Line logos. In 1995, the freight and passenger rail divisions of V/Line were divided, with locomotives in the freight fleet retaining the orange and grey livery with 'V/Line Freight' logos, while passenger carriages and locomotive received the red blue and white 'V/Line Passenger' livery which remains on some of the fleet today. It was also at that time that the V/Line logo was altered, with serifs added to the lettering, and the \"deep slashing stroke\" was altered to a curved blue line. After National Express took over V/Line, the logo was again altered in 2000, with mixed-case lettering and a curving blue line underneath. In 2006, it was again altered, with the removal of the blue line underneath and addition of a purple line.\n\nThe VLocity railcars were delivered from 2005 in a new livery of stainless steel with purple and green highlights. In 2007, a new livery was unveiled, consisting of a grey carbody with red, white and purple stripes. Rolling stock in different variants of the livery was released throughout that year, with a consistent version not appearing until 2008, along with a number of repainted locomotives.\n\nIn 2013, a Public Transport Victoria (PTV) livery of purple and white diamonds was adopted, and was progressively applied to V/Locitys and road coaches. This livery matches the geometric designs seen on other PTV services, and uses purple in keeping with the designation of regional services with purple branding. In early 2017, locomotive N457 was re-painted with a version of the PTV livery, and Set SN 8 was re-painted to match the new livery of the V/Locity fleet.\n\nSponsorships\nSince 2004, V/Line has been the naming rights sponsor of the Australian Football League's Victorian country competition for junior players. The V/Line Cup is played over several days in September and includes two boys' divisions and one girls' division.\n\nSee also\nCommuter rail in Australia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nV/Line\nV/LineCars.com - Comprehensive V/Line Carriages Information & Enthusiast website\nVicsig.net - Victorian passenger rolling stock\n \u2013 Agency record at Public Records Office Victoria\n\nCategory:National Express companies\nCategory:Passenger railway companies of Australia\nCategory:Rail transport in Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Railway companies established in 1983\nCategory:1983 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Government-owned companies of Victoria (Australia)"}
-{"text": "2015 Portland State Vikings football team\n\nThe 2015 Portland State Vikings football team represented Portland State University during the 2015 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by head coach Bruce Barnum and played their home games at Providence Park, with one home game at Hillsboro Stadium. They were a member of the Big Sky Conference. They finished the season 9\u20133, 6\u20132 in Big Sky play to finish in a tie for second place. They received an at-large bid to the FCS Playoffs where they lost in the second round to Northern Iowa.\n\nOn October 10, 2015, the Vikings beat North Texas, 66\u20137. The 59 point margin was the largest margin of victory by an FCS team over an FBS team since the split of NCAA Division I football in 1978 into the groupings now known as FBS and FCS. Portland State also became the first FCS team to defeat two FBS teams in the same season since North Dakota State in 2007.\n\nSchedule\n\nGame summaries\n\nat Washington State\n\nat Idaho State\n\nWestern Oregon\n\nNorth Dakota\n\nat North Texas\n\nMontana State\n\nat Cal Poly\n\nMontana\n\nat Northern Colorado\n\nSouthern Utah\n\nat Eastern Washington\n\nFCS Playoffs\n\nSecond Round\u2013Northern Iowa\n\nRanking movements\n\nReferences\n\nPortland State\nCategory:Portland State Vikings football seasons\nPortland State\nPortland State Vikings football\nPort"}
-{"text": "Conceited\n\nConceited is having an excessively favorable opinion of one's abilities, appearance, etc.; vain and egotistical.\n\nConceited may also refer to:\n\n Conceited (rapper)\n \"Conceited (There's Something About Remy)\"\n Conceited (album), a 1987 album by Kyper\n Soubrette, a conceited female stock character in opera and theatre\n\nSee also \n\n \n Conceit (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Odostomia lorellae\n\nOdostomia lorellae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.\n\nDescription\nThe shell grows to a length of 2\u00a0mm.\n\nDistribution\nThis species occurs in the following locations:\n European waters (ERMS scope): Mediterranean Sea\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n To CLEMAM\n To Encyclopedia of Life\n To World Register of Marine Species\n\nCategory:Pyramidellidae\nCategory:Gastropods described in 1987"}
-{"text": "Olavi Munkki\n\nOlavi Munkki (July 8, 1909 Viipuri \u2013 March 4, 1978 Helsinki) was Finnish diplomat\n\nMunkki completed his undergraduate degree in 1929 and completed a degree in law in 1936.\n\nMunkki moved to the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 1937 and served as Assistant at the Finnish Embassy in London from 1937 to 1942, as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs from 1942 to 1945, as Secretary of State at the Embassy of Finland in Washington in 1945\u20131950, as Foreign Minister in 1950\u20131952 and Consul in Cologne in 1952\u20131956. He served as the Head of the Department of Commerce of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1956 to 1962 and then Ambassador and Envoy to several countries, in Switzerland 1962\u20131965, in the United States1965\u20131972 and Oslo 1973\u20131976. He conducted negotiations on Finland's observe membership in the European Free Trade Association 1960\u20131961.\n\nHe was granted a diplomatic title of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in 1959.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ambassadors of Finland to Norway\nCategory:Ambassadors of Finland to Iceland\nCategory:Ambassadors of Finland to the United States\nCategory:1909 births\nCategory:1978 deaths\nCategory:People from Vyborg\nCategory:Finnish lawyers\nCategory:Ambassadors of Finland to Switzerland\nCategory:Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany"}
-{"text": "Battle of the Diablo Mountains\n\nThe Battle of the Diablo Mountains was an October 1854 engagement between the U.S. Army and the Lipan Apache. A small force of Mounted Rifles attacked a much larger force of Lipan Apaches at the base of the Diablo Mountains in Texas.\n\nBattle\nSetting out from Fort Inge in South Texas on October 1, 1854, Captain John G. Walker, in command of around forty men of the Mounted Rifles, headed for the Diablo Mountains region along the Rio Grande border with Mexico. Among the forty enlisted men was the future American general Eugene Asa Carr.\n\nTheir mission was to investigate the reports from local settlers of stolen livestock, taken by Apache warriors. On the third day out, in the morning of October 3, 1854, Captain Walker and his men encountered well over 200 Lipan warriors near a herd of captured farm animals. Immediately Walker ordered an attack which surprised the Apaches significantly.\n\nA brief skirmish ensued and the Apaches quickly fled, leaving most of the stolen livestock. Casualties are unknown, except for Second Lieutenant Eugene Asa Carr who was wounded by an arrow and subsequently commended by General Persifor F. Smith for his \"gallantry and coolness\" and promoted to first lieutenant. This was the future general's first combat action.\n\nSee also\nAmerican Indian Wars\nThe Diablo Mountains are located at:\n\nReferences\n Lowe, Richard G.,Walker's Texas Division, C.S.A: Greyhounds of the Trans-Mississippi, Louisiana State University Press, 2004, .\n Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, .\n Warner, Ezra J., Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders, Louisiana State University Press, 1964, .\nTexas History site for Carr\n\n Kaywaykla, James (edited Eve Ball) \"In the Days of Victorio: Recollections of a Warm Springs Apache\" Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1970\nLavender, David. The Rockies. Revised Edition. N.Y.: Harper & Row, 1975.\nLimerick, Patricia Nelson. The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West. N.Y.: W.W. Norton, 1987.\nSmith, Duane A. Rocky Mountain West: Colorado, Wyoming, & Montana, 1859-1915. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992.\n\nWilliams, Albert N. Rocky Mountain Country. N.Y.: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1950.\n\nExternal links\nThe Davis Mountains of Texas: Sierra Diablo Mountains.\n\nCategory:Battles involving the Apache\nCategory:Battles involving the United States\nCategory:History of United States expansionism\nCategory:19th-century military history of the United States\nCategory:History of Texas\nCategory:Conflicts in 1854\nCategory:1854 in Texas\nCategory:Apache Wars\nCategory:October 1854 events"}
-{"text": "Aaron Fish\n\nAaron Fish may refer to:\n Aaron Fish (producer) (born 1962), entertainment producer, promoter and brand creator\n Aaron Fish (businessman) (born 1930s), Canadian key and lock distributor"}
-{"text": "XHAK-FM\n\nXEAK-AM/XHAK-FM is a combo radio station in Mexico, broadcasting at 890 AM and 89.7 FM in Ac\u00e1mbaro, Guanajuato. It is known as La Mejor and is owned by Organizaci\u00f3n Radiof\u00f3nica de Ac\u00e1mbaro along with XHVW-FM 90.5.\n\nHistory\n\nCallsign\nXEAK were also the original call letters of a border-blaster radio station licensed to the Tijuana / Rosarito area of the Mexican state of Baja California. Branded as The Mighty 690, the original XEAK was one of the first rock music stations to broadcast to Southern California. The Tijuana station dropped the XEAK call sign in 1961, but continues to broadcast today with the call sign XEWW-AM.\n\nIn Ac\u00e1mbaro\n\nThe XEAK calls returned when a new XEAK-AM was authorized in 1980, this time in Ac\u00e1mbaro, Guanajuato, to Sergio Fajardo Ortiz. The station initially received authorization to operate on 1600 kHz, soon sliding down to 890.\n\nThe FM migration was authorized in 2013. In 2017, XHAK and XHVW picked up MVS Radio formats.\n\nSee also\nBorder blaster\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBorder Radio by Fowler, Gene and Crawford, Bill.  Texas Monthly Press, Austin. 1987 \nMass Media Moments in the United Kingdom, the USSR and the USA, by Gilder, Eric. - \"Lucian Blaga\" University of Sibiu Press, Romania. 2003 \nRadio Consentida\nDedication of the Wolfman Jack Memorial in Del Rio, Texas\nRadio Consentida Online\n\nCategory:Radio stations in Guanajuato\nCategory:Radio stations established in 1980"}
-{"text": "Pedlar Palmer\n\nPedlar Palmer, born Thomas Palmer, (1876 \u2013 13 February 1949) was an English boxer who held the world bantamweight championship from 1895\u20131899.\n\nLife\nPalmer was born in Canning Town, London on 19 November 1876.  His father was a bare-knuckle champion of Essex, and rumour had it that his mother could take on and beat any woman in London\u2019s East End.  As a boxer, Palmer soon gained the nickname \"Box o' Tricks\", reflecting his showmanship - he and his brother had taken part in a stage act as children and Palmer utilised some of the things he had leaned on stage in the boxing ring.\n\nIn 1893, Palmer won bouts advertised as the \"World 100lb\" title against Walter Croot and Mike Small, and became World Bantamweight Champion in 1895 when he beat Billy Plimmer of Birmingham on a 14th round foul. He boxed a draw with the World Featherweight Champion George Dixon in New York in 1896.  He kept his bantamweight title through five defenses against Johnny Murphy, Ernie Stanton. Dave Sullivan, Billy Plimmer, and Billy Rochford.\n\nPalmer met Irish born American boxer Dave Sullivan in London on 18 October 1897 in what was billed as a World 116 pound Title Match.  It would be Sullivan's first loss according to most sources.  Sullivan failed to receive the twenty round points decision, but established himself as the primary contender for the World Featherweight Title.\n\nLoss of World Bantamweight Title to Terry McGovern\nPalmer lost his title in Tuckahoe, New York in September 1899.  He was knocked out in the first round by Terrible Terry McGovern - Palmer claimed that he had been blinded by the lights.  Having held the Championship for four years, Palmer was still only 22 years old.\n\nLoss of the British Bantamweight Title\nIn November 1900 Palmer lost the British bantamweight title to Harry Ware, and although he won two out of three fights with George Dixon and beat Digger Stanley, another world champion, he was twice beaten in British featherweight title fights by Ben Jordan and Joe Bowker.\n\nJordan successfully defended the English Featherweight Title on 12 December 1904 against Palmer in an important bout at the National Sporting Club in London in a fifteen round points decision.\n\nPalmer was a heavy drinker. In April 1907 he killed Robert Croat on a train to Epsom races, for which crime he was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to five years in prison. On his release he boxed again, but never enjoyed his earlier levels of success. For the last 20 years of his life he was a bookmaker in Brighton, where he died on 13 February 1949, aged 72. He is buried on the western edge of Brighton; the gravestone no longer stands.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nJason McKay, 2009, Box O\u2019 Tricks \u2013 The Pedlar Palmer Story\n\nExternal links\n \nTranscript of an 1899 newspaper article about the Palmer vs McGovern fight\n\nCategory:1876 births\nCategory:1949 deaths\nCategory:Bantamweight boxers\nCategory:Featherweight boxers\nCategory:English people convicted of manslaughter\nCategory:Boxers from Greater London\nCategory:People from Canning Town\nCategory:People from Brighton\nCategory:Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales\nCategory:English male boxers"}
-{"text": "Vortigern\n\nVortigern (; , ; ; ; Old Breton: Gurdiern, Gurthiern; ; , , , etc.), also spelled Vortiger, Vortigan, Voertigern and Vortigen, was a 5th-century warlord in Britain, known perhaps as a king of the Britons, or at least connoted as such in the writings of Bede. His existence is nonetheless contested by scholars, and information about him is obscure.\n\nHe may have been the \"superbus tyrannus\" said to have invited Hengist and Horsa to aid him in fighting the Picts and the Scots. However, they revolted, killing his son in the process and forming the Kingdom of Kent. It is said that he took refuge in North Wales, and that his grave was in Dyfed or the Ll\u0177n Peninsula. Gildas later denigrated Vortigern for his misjudgement and also blamed him for the loss of Britain. He is cited at the beginning of the genealogy of the early Kings of Powys.\n\nMedieval accounts\n\nGildas\nThe 6th-century cleric and historian Gildas wrote De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae () in the first decades of the 6th century. In Chapter 23, he tells how \"all the councillors, together with that proud usurper\" [omnes consiliarii una cum superbo tyranno] made the mistake of inviting \"the fierce and impious Saxons\" to settle in Britain. According to Gildas, apparently, a small group came at first and was settled \"on the eastern side of the island, by the invitation of the unlucky [infaustus] usurper\". This small group invited more of their countrymen to join them, and the colony grew. Eventually the Saxons demanded that \"their monthly allotments\" be increased and, when their demands were eventually refused, broke their treaty and plundered the lands of the Romano-British.\n\nIt is not clear whether Gildas used the name Vortigern. Most editions published presently omit the name. Two manuscripts name him: MS. A (Avranches MS 162, 12th century), refers to Uortigerno; and Mommsen's MS. X (Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th century) calls him Gurthigerno. Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed a usurper (tyrannus), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is portrayed as being aided by or aiding a \"Council\", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the \"cities\" (civitates) or a part thereof. Gildas also does not consider Vortigern as bad; he simply qualifies him as \"unlucky\" (infaustus) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.\n\nGildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the Anglo-Saxons. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, stating that they came in three cyulis (or \"keels\"), \"as they call ships of war\". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is his repetition that the visiting Saxons were \"foretold by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same.\" Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or Brittonic source.\n\nModern scholars have debated the various details of Gildas' story. One topic of discussion has been about the words Gildas uses to describe the Saxons' subsidies (annonas, epimenia) and whether they are legal terms used in a treaty of foederati, a late Roman political practice of settling allied barbarian peoples within the boundaries of the empire to furnish troops to aid the defence of the empire. It is not known whether private individuals imitated this practice. It is also not known whether Gildas' reference to \"the eastern side of the island\" refers to Kent, East Anglia, the Kingdom of Northumbria or the entire east coast of Britain. Gildas describes how their raids took them \"sea to sea, heaped up by the eastern band of impious men; and as it devastated all the neighbouring cities and lands, did not cease after it had been kindled, until it burnt nearly the whole surface of the island, and licked the western ocean with its red and savage tongue\" (chapter 24).\n\nBede\nThe first extant text considering Gildas' account is Bede, writing in the early- to mid-8th century. He mostly paraphrases Gildas in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People and The Reckoning of Time, adding several details, perhaps most importantly the name of this \"proud tyrant\", whom he first calls Vertigernus (in his Chronica Maiora) and later Vurtigernus (in his Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum). The Vertigernus form may reflect an earlier Celtic source or a lost version of Gildas. Bede also gives names in the Historia to the leaders of the Saxons, Hengist and Horsa, specifically identifying their tribes as the Saxons, Angles and Jutes (H.E., 1.14,15). Another significant detail that Bede adds to Gildas' account is calling Vortigern the king of the British people.\n\nBede also supplies the date, 449, which was traditionally accepted but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century: \"Marcian being made emperor with Valentinian, and the forty-sixth from Augustus, ruled the empire seven years.\" Michael Jones notes that there are several adventus dates in Bede. In H.E.\u00a01.15 the adventus occurs within the period 449\u2013455; in 1.23 and 5.23 another date, c. 446, is given; in 2.14 the same event is dated 446 or 447. These dates are apparently calculated approximations.\n\nHistoria Brittonum\n\nThe Historia Brittonum (History of the Britons) was attributed until recently to Nennius, a monk from Bangor, Gwynedd, and was probably compiled during the early 9th century. The writer mentions a great number of sources. Nennius wrote more negatively of Vortigern, accusing him of incest (perhaps intentionally mistaking Vortigern for Vortiporius, accused by Gildas of the same crime), oath-breaking, treason, love for a pagan woman, and lesser vices such as pride.\n\nThe Historia Brittonum recounts many details about Vortigern and his sons. Chapters 31\u201349 tell how Vortigern (Guorthigirn) deals with the Saxons and Saint Germanus of Auxerre. Chapters 50\u201355 deal with Saint Patrick. Chapter 56 tells about King Arthur and his battles. Chapters 57\u201365 mention English genealogies, mingled with English and Welsh history. Chapter 66 gives important chronological calculations, mostly on Vortigern and the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain.\n\nExcluding what is taken from Gildas, there are six groupings of traditions:\n\n Material quoted from a Life of Saint Germanus. These excerpts describe Germanus of Auxerre's incident with one Benlli, an inhospitable host seemingly unrelated to Vortigern who comes to an untimely end, but his servant provides hospitality and is made the progenitor of the kings of Powys. They also describe Vortigern's son by his own daughter, whom Germanus raises, and Vortigern's own end caused by fire from heaven brought about by Germanus' prayers. Comparing this material with Constantius of Lyon's Life of St. Germanus of Auxerre suggests that the two are not the same person. It has been suggested that the saint mentioned here may be no more than a local saint or a tale that had to explain all the holy places dedicated to a St. Germanus or a \"Garmon\", who may have been a Powys saint or even a bishop from the Isle of Man about the time of writing the Historia Brittonum. The story seems only to be explained as a slur against the rival dynasty of Powys, suggesting that they did not descend from Vortigern but from a mere slave.\n Stories that explain why Vortigern granted land in Britain to the Saxons, first to Thanet in exchange for service as foederati troops, then to the rest of Kent in exchange for marriage to Hengest's daughter, then to Essex and Sussex after a banquet where the Saxons treacherously slew all of the leaders of the British but saved Vortigern to extract this ransom. This is probably no more than an explanatory legend.\n The magical tale of Ambrosius Aurelianus and the two dragons found beneath Dinas Emrys. This origin of the later legend of Merlin is clearly a local tale that had attracted the names of Vortigern and Ambrosius to usurp the roles of earlier characters. Neither of them has any association with that remote part of Wales, but the character Vortigern is best known to us because of this tale.\n A number of calculations attempting to fix the year when Vortigern invited the Saxons into Britain. These are made by the writer, naming interesting persons and calculating their dates, making several mistakes in the process.\n Genealogical material about Vortigern's ancestry, including the names of his four sons (Vortimer, Pascent, Catigern, and Faustus), his father Vitalis, his grandfather Vitalinus, and his great-grandfather Gloui, who is probably just an eponym which associates Vortigern with Glevum, the civitas of Gloucester.\n\nThe Historia Brittonum relates four battles occurring in Kent, apparently related to material in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (see below). It claims that Vortigern's son Vortimer commanded the Britons against Hengest's Saxons. Moreover, it claims that the Saxons were driven out of Britain, only to return at Vortigern's invitation a few years later, after the death of Vortimer.\n\nThe stories preserved in the Historia Brittonum reveal an attempt by one or more anonymous British scholars to provide more detail to this story, while struggling to accommodate the facts of the British tradition. This is important, as it indicates that near that time there were one or more Welsh kings who traced their genealogy back to Vortigern.\n\nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\nThe Anglo-Saxon Chronicle provides dates and locations of four battles which Hengest and his brother Horsa fought against the British in the county of Kent. Vortigern is said to have been the commander of the British for only the first battle; the opponents in the next three battles are variously termed \"British\" and \"Welsh\", which is not unusual for this part of the Chronicle. No Saxon defeat is acknowledged, but the geographical sequence of the battles suggests a Saxon retreat. The Chronicle locates the Battle of Wippedesfleot as the place where the Saxons first landed, dated 465 in Wippedsfleot and thought to be Ebbsfleet near Ramsgate. The year 455 is the last date when Vortigern is mentioned. \n\nHowever, the Chronicle is not a single document but the end result of combining several sources over a period of time. The annals for the 5th century in the Chronicle were put into their current form during the 9th century, probably during the reign of Alfred the Great. The sources are obscure for the fifth century annals; however, an analysis of the text demonstrates some poetic conventions, so it is probable that they were derived from an oral tradition such as sagas in the form of epic poems.\n\nThere is dispute as to when the material was written which comprises the Historia Brittonum, and it could be later than the Chronicle. Some historians argue that the Historia Brittonum took its material from a source close to the Chronicle.\n\nWilliam of Malmesbury\nWriting soon before Geoffrey of Monmouth, William of Malmesbury added much to the unfavorable assessment of Vortigern: \n\nNo other sources confirm this unflattering description, and it seems safe to assume that this is an exaggeration of accusations made by earlier writers.\n\nWilliam does, however, add some detail, no doubt because of a good local knowledge, in De Gestis Regum Anglorum book I, chapter 23.\n\nGeoffrey of Monmouth\n\nThe story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form in Geoffrey's Historia Regum Britanniae. Geoffrey states that he was the successor of Constans II, the son of usurping emperor Constantinus III. Further, Vortigern used Constans as a puppet monarch and ruled the nation through him until he finally managed to kill him through the use of insurgent Picts. \n\nGeoffrey mentions a similar tale just before that episode, however, which may be an unintentional duplication. Just after the Romans leave, the archbishop of London is put forward by the representatives of Britain to organise the island's defences. To do so, he arranges for continental soldiers to come to Britain. The name of the bishop is Guitelin, a name similar to the Vitalinus mentioned in the ancestry of Vortigern and to the Vitalinus said to have fought with Ambrosius at the Battle of Guoloph. This Guithelin/Vitalinus disappears from the story as soon as Vortigern arrives. All these coincidences imply that Geoffrey duplicated the story of the invitation of the Saxons, and that the tale of Guithelinus the archbishop might possibly give some insight into the background of Vortigern before his acquisition of power.\n\nGeoffrey is also the first to mention Hengest's daughter Rowena, who seduces Vortigern to marry her, after which his sons rebel. Geoffrey adds that Vortigern was succeeded briefly by his son Vortimer, as does the Historia Brittonum, only to assume the throne again when Vortimer is killed.\n\nWhile Vortigern is mentioned only rarely by the later stories of King Arthur, when he does he is usually the character described by either Geoffrey of Monmouth or Wace.\n\nPillar of Eliseg\nThe inscription on the Pillar of Eliseg, a mid-9th century stone cross in North Wales, gives the Old Welsh spelling of Vortigern: Guarthi[gern] (the inscription is now damaged and the final letters of the name are missing), believed to be the same person as Gildas's \"superbus tyrannus\", Vortigern. The pillar also states that he was married to Sevira, the daughter of Magnus Maximus, and gave a line of descent leading to the royal family of Powys, who erected the cross.\n\nVortigern as title rather than personal name\nIt is occasionally suggested by scholars that Vortigern could be a title rather than a personal name. The name in Brittonic literally means \"Great King\" or \"Overlord\", composed of the elements *wor- \"over-, super\" and *tigerno- \"king, lord, chief, ruler\" (compare Old Breton machtiern, Cornish myghtygern a type of local ruler - literally \"pledge chief\") in medieval Brittany and Cornwall.\n\nHowever, the element *tigerno- was a regular one in Brittonic personal names (compare Kentigern, Catigern, Ritigern, Tigernmaglus, et al.) and, as *wortigernos (or derivatives of it) is not attested as a common noun, there is no reason to suppose that it was used as anything other than a personal name (in fact, an Old Irish cognate of it, Foirtchern was a fairly common personal name in medieval Ireland, further lending credence to the notion that Vortigern was a personal name and not a title).\n\nLocal legends\nA valley on the north coast of the Ll\u0177n Peninsula, known as Nant Gwrtheyrn or \"Vortigern's Gorge\", is named after Vortigern, and until modern times had a small barrow known locally as \"Vortigern's Grave\", along with a ruin known as \"Vortigern's Fort\". However, this conflicts with doubtful reports that he died in his castle on the River Teifi in Dyfed (\"Nennius\") or his tower at The Doward in Herefordshire (Geoffrey of Monmouth).\n\nOther fortifications associated with Vortigern are at Arfon in Gwynedd, Bradford on Avon in Wiltshire, Carn Fadryn in Gwynedd, Clwyd in Powys, Llandysul in Dyfed, Old Carlisle in Cumberland, Old Sarum in Wiltshire, Rhayader in Powys, Snowdon and Stonehenge in Wiltshire.\n\nLater portrayals\nVortigern's story remained well known after the Middle Ages, especially in Great Britain. He is a major character in two Jacobean plays, the anonymous The Birth of Merlin and Thomas Middleton's Hengist, King of Kent, first published in 1661. His meeting with Rowena became a popular subject in 17th-century engraving and painting--e.g., William Hamilton's 1793 work Vortigern and Rowena. He was also featured in literature, such as John Lesslie Hall's poems about the beginnings of England.\n\nOne of Vortigern's most notorious literary appearances is in the play Vortigern and Rowena, which was promoted as a lost work of William Shakespeare when it first emerged in 1796. However, it was soon revealed as a literary forgery written by the play's purported discoverer, William Henry Ireland, who had previously forged a number of other Shakespearean manuscripts. The play was at first accepted as Shakespeare's by some in the literary community, and received a performance at London's Drury Lane Theatre on 2 April 1796. The play's crude writing, however, exposed it as a forgery, and it was laughed off stage and not performed again. Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax and tried to publish the play by his own name, but had little success.\n\nVortigern often appears in modern Arthurian fiction. In the miniseries Merlin (1998) which uses the legend of Merlin and the dragons, Vortigern is played by Rutger Hauer. The movie The Last Legion (2007), based partly on the novel of the same name (2002) by Valerio Massimo Manfredi, features a very fictionalized portrayal of Vortigern under the pseudo-authentic name Vortgyn. Vortigan appears in season five of the TV series Once Upon a Time (2011), portrayed by Darren Moore. Jude Law portrays Vortigen in the film King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017), where he is Uther's younger brother, murdering him in order to usurp the throne and sacrificing his own wife and daughter to transform into a demon; he is eventually killed by his nephew Arthur.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nVortigern Studies website\n\"Vortigern\" on National Library of Wales Dictionary of Welsh Biography\n\nCategory:5th-century English monarchs\nCategory:5th-century Welsh monarchs\nCategory:Arthurian characters\nCategory:Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth\nCategory:House of Gwertherion\nCategory:Legendary British kings\nCategory:Medieval legends\nCategory:Merlin\nCategory:People whose existence is disputed\nCategory:Sub-Roman monarchs\nCategory:Welsh mythology"}
-{"text": "Bukowiec Opoczy\u0144ski\n\nBukowiec Opoczy\u0144ski () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opoczno, within Opoczno County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  north of Opoczno and  south-east of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Opoczno County"}
-{"text": "P\u00e2\n\nP\u00e2 is a town in the P\u00e2 Department of Bal\u00e9 Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The town has a population of 8649 and it is the capital of P\u00e2 Department.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSatellite map at Maplandia.com\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Boucle du Mouhoun Region\nCategory:Bal\u00e9 Province"}
-{"text": "Gogrial Airport\n\nGogrial Airport is an airport in South Sudan.\n\nLocation\nGogrial Airport  is located in Gogrial West County, Gogrial State, in the town of Gogrial, near the borders with the Republic of Sudan and the Abyei Region. The airport is located within the central business district of the town.\n\nThis location lies approximately , by air, northwest of Juba International Airport, the largest airport in South Sudan. The geographic coordinates of this airport are: 8\u00b0 32' 24.00\"N, 28\u00b0 06' 0.00\"E (Latitude: 8.8670; Longitude: 28.1170). Gogrial Airport is situated  above sea level. The airport has a single unpaved runway, the dimensions of which are not publicly known at this time.\n\nOverview\nGogrial Airport is a small civilian airport that serves the town of Gogrial and surrounding communities. There are no scheduled airline flights to Gogrial Airport at this time.\n\nSee also\n List of airports in South Sudan\n Warrap (state)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLocation of Gogrial Airport At Google Maps\n\nCategory:Airports in South Sudan\nCategory:Warrap (state)\nCategory:Bahr el Ghazal"}
-{"text": "Cheltenham Synagogue\n\nThe Cheltenham Synagogue is a synagogue in Cheltenham noted for its Regency architecture. It is an independent congregation located in the town centre on Synagogue Lane, off St James's Square.\n\nNikolaus Pevsner judges that the Cheltenham Synagogue is one of the architecturally \"best\" non-Anglican ecclesiastical buildings in Britain. It is a Grade II* listed building; the listing calls it \"An outstanding example of a small provincial English synagogue\".\n\nHistory\nThe congregation first met in about 1820 in a hired space at the St George's Place entrance to Manchester Walk. The cornerstone for the synagogue was laid on 25 July 1837. Founded when Cheltenham was a popular spa town, the synagogue declined with the town itself and closed in 1903. It reopened in 1939 to serve evacuees being rehoused from London, refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe and soldiers stationed in nearby bases, including a number of Americans.\n\nArchitecture\nThe elegant Regency building was designed by architect William Hill Knight (1837\u20139) who also designed the Cheltenham Public Library, now the Cheltenham Art Gallery and Museum and Montpellier Walk.\n\nThe synagogue's chaste, Regency facade features Doric pilasters and a pediment. The interior features a coffered saucer dome \u2013 a typically Regency feature. At the centre of the dome a lantern made by Nicholas Adam provides natural light. The Georgian Torah ark and bimah are reused elements of the London New Synagogue in Leadenhall Street, of 1761: that congregation was in the process of building a new building, dedicated in 1838. The cost of wagon freight from London was \u00a386.\n\nA number of unusual elements of the original furnishings survive. Among these are the original rattan upholstery of the pews and bimah seats, and the prayer boards. One has the Yom Kippur prayers and the other has the prayer for the welfare of Queen Victoria. Victoria's name is superimposed over the names of previous British monarchs, the earliest of which is George II.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Cheltenham Hebrew Congregation on Jewish Communities and Records \u2013 UK (hosted by jewishgen.org).\n\nCategory:Orthodox synagogues in England\nCategory:Regency and Biedermeier synagogues\nCategory:Synagogues completed in 1839\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Cheltenham\nCategory:Regency architecture in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Religious buildings and structures in Gloucestershire\nCategory:Grade II* listed religious buildings and structures\nCategory:Grade II* listed buildings in Gloucestershire"}
-{"text": "Pallas Projects/Studios\n\nThe Pallas Projects/Studios (PP/S, Pallas Studios, Pallas Contemporary Projects) is an artist-run and non-commercial gallery and studio space in Dublin, Ireland.\n\nHistory \n\nPallas Projects was founded in 1996 and has had several locations in Dublin. It is currently housed at the end of an alley in an old school building in the Coombe. The founders of Pallas say its survival is owed to \u201ca stubborn willingness to adapt and transform\u201d.\n\nOffside was a 2005 project in The Hugh Lane and included works by Albano Afonso, Antistrot, Anna Boyle, Rhona Byrne, Mark Cullen, Brian Duggan, John Dummet, Brendan Earley, Andreas Gefeller, Niamh McCann, Alex McCullagh, Nina McGowan, Nathaniel Mellors, Clive Murphy, Adriette Myburgh, Cris Neumann, Paul O\u2019Neill, Garrett Phelan, Abigail Reynolds, Mark Titchner, Rich Streitmatter-Tran. It also had two off-site locations, including a partially inhabited public housing apartment building \u2013 the exhibitions in this location were titled: Pallas Heights.\n\nIn 2009 Pallas hosted a solo exhibition by Stephanie Syjuco called Unsolicited Fabrications: Shareware Sculptures, in which the artist made sculptures from Google SketchUp models out of cheap materials.\n\nSince 2010, Mark Cullen and Gavin Murphy, the directors of Pallas Projects, annually invite two curators to assist in a thematic survey show, titled: Periodical Review. It is ostensibly an exhibition of contemporary artistic activity in Ireland in the preceding year.\n\nThe Future is Self-Organised \u2013 Artist-Run Spaces was an exhibition curated by Pallas Projects at the Limerick City Gallery of Art. A number of artist-run spaces and projects from Ireland and abroad were represented, as well as artists whom have worked with Pallas over its 20 year history, in this 2015\u201316 exhibition.\n\nBibliography \n\n Murphy, Gavin. Artist-Run Europe: Practice/Projects/Spaces. Eindhoven: Onomatopee (2016).\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Art museums and galleries in the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Arts in Dublin (city)\nCategory:Contemporary art galleries in Ireland"}
-{"text": "SN 1572\n\nSN 1572 (Tycho's Supernova, Tycho's Nova), or B Cassiopeiae (B Cas), was a supernova of Type Ia in the constellation Cassiopeia, one of eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records. It appeared in early November 1572 and was independently discovered by many individuals.\n\nThe remnant of the supernova has been observed optically but was first detected at radio wavelengths; it is often known as 3C 10, a radio-source designation, although increasingly as Tycho's supernova remnant.\n\nHistoric description\n\nThe appearance of the Milky Way supernova of 1572 belongs among the more important observation events in the history of astronomy. The appearance of the \"new star\" helped to revise ancient models of the heavens and to speed on a revolution in astronomy that began with the realisation of the need to produce better astrometric star catalogues (and thus the need for more precise astronomical observing instruments). It also challenged the Aristotelian dogma of the unchangeability of the realm of stars.\n\nThe supernova of 1572 is often called \"Tycho's supernova\", because of Tycho Brahe's extensive work De nova et nullius aevi memoria prius visa stella (\"Concerning the Star, new and never before seen in the life or memory of anyone\", published in 1573 with reprints overseen by Johannes Kepler in 1602, and 1610), a work containing both Tycho Brahe's own observations and the analysis of sightings from many other observers. Tycho was not the first to observe the 1572 supernova, although he was probably the most accurate observer of the object.  Almost as accurate were his European colleagues, such as Wolfgang Schuler, Thomas Digges, John Dee, Francesco Maurolico, Jer\u00f3nimo Mu\u00f1oz, Tade\u00e1\u0161 H\u00e1jek, or Bartholom\u00e4us Reisacher.\n\nIn England, Queen Elizabeth had the mathematician and astrologer Thomas Allen, come and visit \"to have his advice about the new Star that appeared in the Cassiopeia  to which he gave his Judgement very learnedly\", as the antiquary John Aubrey recorded in his memoranda a century later.\n\nIn Ming dynasty China, the star became an issue between Zhang Juzheng and the young Wanli Emperor: in accordance with the cosmological tradition, the emperor was warned to consider his misbehavior, since the new star was interpreted as an evil omen.\n\nThe more reliable contemporary reports state that the new star itself burst forth soon after November 2, and by November 11 it was already brighter than Jupiter.  Around November 16, 1572, it reached its peak brightness at about magnitude \u22124.0, with some descriptions giving it as equal to Venus when that planet was at its brightest.  The supernova remained visible to the naked eye into early 1574, gradually fading until it disappeared from view.\n\nThe supernova\n\nThe supernova was classified as type I on the basis of its historical light curve soon after type I and type II supernovae were first defined on the basis of their spectra.  The X-ray spectrum of the remnant showed that it was almost certainly of type Ia, but its exact classification continued to be debated until the detection of a light echo in 2008 gave final confirmation that it is a normal type Ia.\n\nThe classification as a type Ia supernova of normal luminosity allows an accurate measure of the distance to SN 1572.  The peak absolute magnitude can be calculated from the B-band decline rate to be .  Given estimates of the peak apparent magnitude and the known extinction of  magnitudes, the distance is  kpc.\n\nSupernova remnant \nThe distance to the supernova remnant has been estimated to between 2 and 5 kpc (approx. 6,500 and 16,300 light-years), with recent studies suggesting a narrower range of 2.5 and 3 kpc (approx. 8,000 and 9,800 light-years).\n\nInitial radio detection\nThe search for a supernova remnant was negative until 1952, when Hanbury Brown and Cyril Hazard reported a radio detection at 158.5\u00a0MHz, obtained at the Jodrell Bank Observatory.  This was confirmed, and its position more accurately measured in 1957 by Baldwin and Edge using the Cambridge Radio Telescope working at a wavelength of .  The remnant was also identified tentatively in the second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources as object \"2C 34,\" and more firmly as \"3C 10\" in the third Cambridge list (Edge et al. 1959). There is no dispute that 3C 10 is the remnant of the supernova observed in 1572\u20131573. Following a 1964 review article by Minkowski, the designation 3C 10 appears to be that most commonly used in the literature when referring to the radio remnant of B Cas, although some authors use the tabulated Galactic designation G120.7+2.1 and many authors commonly refer to it as Tycho's supernova remnant. Because the radio remnant was reported before the optical supernova-remnant wisps were discovered, the designation 3C 10 is used by some to signify the remnant at all wavelengths.\n\nThe X-ray observation\nAn X-ray source designated Cepheus X-1 (or Cep X-1) was detected by the Uhuru X-ray observatory at 4U 0022+63. Earlier catalog designations are X120+2 and XRS 00224+638. Cepheus X-1 is actually in the constellation Cassiopeia, and it is SN 1572, the Tycho SNR.\n\nOptical detection\n\nThe supernova remnant of B Cas was discovered in the 1960s by scientists with a Palomar Mountain telescope as a very faint nebula.  It was later photographed by a telescope on the international ROSAT spacecraft. The supernova has been confirmed as Type Ia, in which a white dwarf star has accreted matter from a companion until it approaches the Chandrasekhar limit and explodes. This type of supernova does not typically create the spectacular nebula more typical of Type II supernovas, such as SN 1054 which created the Crab Nebula. A shell of gas is still expanding from its center at about 9,000\u00a0km/s. A recent study indicates a rate of expansion below 5,000\u00a0km/s.\n\nThe companion star\nIn October 2004, a letter in Nature reported the discovery of a G2 star, similar in type to our own Sun and named Tycho G. It is thought to be the companion star that contributed mass to the white dwarf that ultimately resulted in the supernova. A subsequent study, published in March 2005, revealed further details about this star:  Tycho G was probably a main-sequence star or subgiant before the explosion, but some of its mass was stripped away and its outer layers were shock-heated by the supernova. Tycho G's current velocity is perhaps the strongest evidence that it was the companion star to the white dwarf, as it is traveling at a rate of 136\u00a0km/s, which is more than four times faster than the mean velocity of other stars in its stellar neighbourhood.\nThis find has been challenged in recent years. The star is relatively far away from the center and does not show rotation which might be expected of a companion star.\n\nIn Gaia DR2, the star was calculated to be  light-years away, on the lower end of SN 1572's possible range of distances, which in turn lowered the calculated velocity from 136\u00a0km/s to only 56\u00a0km/s.\n\nIn literature\nIn the ninth episode of James Joyce's Ulysses, Stephen Dedalus associates the appearance of the supernova with the youthful William Shakespeare, and in the November 1998 issue of Sky & Telescope, three researchers from Southwest Texas State University, Don Olson and Russell Doescher of the Physics Department and Marilynn Olson of the English Department, argued that this supernova is described in Shakespeare's Hamlet, specifically by Bernardo in Act I, Scene i.\n\nThe supernova inspired the poem \"Al Aaraaf\" by Edgar Allan Poe.\n\nThe protagonist in Arthur C. Clarke's 1955 short story \"The Star\" casually mentions the supernova.  It is a major element in Frederik Pohl's spoof science article, \"The Martian Star-Gazers\", first published in Galaxy Science Fiction Magazine in 1962.\n\nSee also\n\n List of supernova remnants\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Light curve and spectrum of Tycho's Supernova\n \n solstation.com: Tycho's Star\n The Search for the Companion Star of Tycho Brahe's 1572 Supernova\n cnn.com: Important days in history of universe\n\nCategory:Supernovae\nCategory:Supernova remnants\nCategory:1572\nCategory:1572 in science\nCategory:Tycho Brahe\nCategory:Cassiopeia (constellation)\nCategory:Articles containing video clips\n15721104\nCassiopeiae, B\n0092\nCategory:Durchmusterung objects"}
-{"text": "Darmian\n\nDarmian may refer to:\n\nMatteo Darmian, Italian footballer\nDarmian, Lorestan, a village in Lorestan Province, Iran\nDarmian, South Khorasan, a village in South Khorasan Province, Iran\nDarmian County, in South Khorasan Province, Iran\nDarmian Rural District, in South Khorasan Province, Iran"}
-{"text": "Vintage Flying Museum\n\nThe Vintage Flying Museum is a non-profit aviation museum located at Meacham International Airport, Fort Worth, Texas. The primary mission of the museum is to preserve America's flying heritage in word, deed and action.\n\nHistory\nIn October 2010, the museum sold its B-17, \"Chuckie\", to the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.\n\nPrograms\nThe museum provides educational programs that include aviation summer camps for middle and high school students, and Take Flight Days, which are programs for elementary school students.\n\nAircraft on display\nThe museum's collection includes:\n\n Aeronca 11 Chief\n Aeronca L-3B\n American Flea\n Beechcraft E18S\n Beechcraft TC-45G Expeditor\n Boeing-Stearman PT-27\n Cessna 140\n Cessna U-3\n Culver Cadet LFA-90\n Douglas B-26K Counter Invader\n Douglas C-49J\n Douglas EA-3B Skywarrior \u2013 on loan\n Knight Falcon\n Lockheed T-33\n LTV L450F\n Morrissey 2000\n North American F-86F Sabre\n North American Harvard III\n Piasecki CH-21B Workhorse \u2013 on loan\n Piaggio P.136 Royal Gull\n Ryan PT-22 Recruit\n Stinson L-5E Sentinel \u2013 on loan\n Stinson Reliant\n\nThe museum also hosts aircraft from the B-29/B-24 and Invader Squadrons of the Commemorative Air Force when they are not out touring the country:\n Boeing B-29 Superfortress \"Fifi\"\n Douglas A-26 Invader\n\nSee also\n Commemorative Air Force\n Fort Worth Aviation Museum\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Aerospace museums in Texas\nCategory:Museums established in 1993\nCategory:Museums in Fort Worth, Texas"}
-{"text": "Krasnoyarsk Reservoir\n\nKrasnoyarsk Reservoir, known also as the Krasnoyarsk Sea, is an artificial lake which was created by the construction of the Krasnoyarsk Dam. It is one of the largest artificial reservoirs in the world. In Russia, it now ranks second (after the Bratsk Reservoir).\n\nThe top point of the reservoir is located near the town of Abakan, at the confluence of the Yenisei river Abakan. Lower spot - Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station dam. The distance from the top point to the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station on the line - about 250 kilometers, but the total length of the reservoir is much more - 388 kilometers. Width at widest points is 15 kilometers. Height of the water's edge - 243 meters above sea level.\n\nIn the reservoir flow some pretty major rivers, including the right bank - Tuba, Sisim, Syda, on the left - Biryusa. At the confluence of the rivers flow directly into the previously Yenisei, creating reservoirs formed bays. The most significant of them - Tubin, Syda, Karasug, Sisim, Durbin, Biryusinsk.\n\nThe largest settlements located on the shore of the reservoir are regional centers Abakan, Krasnoturansk (located on the Bay Syda) and Novoselovo. Bridges over the reservoir absent nearest bridge across the Yenisei located a few kilometers above and below the reservoir. However, through the reservoir ferry connections, particularly from the villages and Novoselovo Bellyk. Until the early 1990s, there was a passenger-carrying hydrofoil in the reservoir.\n\nWhen creating the reservoir, the location of one of the first Russian settlements in Siberia was flooded. It had been populated by Khakassky tribes - Abakan fort (near modern Krasnoturansk).\n\nSee also \n Ship lift of Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station\n\nCategory:Reservoirs built in the Soviet Union\nCategory:Reservoirs in Russia\nCategory:Reservoirs in Krasnoyarsk Krai"}
-{"text": "Prakasha\n\nPrakasha, popularly known as Dakshin Kashiis a village situated on the bank of Tapi River in taluka Shahada in Nandurbar district, Maharashtra, India.\n\nDemographics\nPrakasha has a population of around 20,000, of which 90% is in agriculture and 10% in small business.\nPrakasha is a spiritually bounded village and a holy place to visit. It has 108 shiv temples and more another temples around the village. Among which the most visited temple is Kedareshwar and sangameshwar temple (triveni sangam) .\n\nPrakasha is also known for its Dhawaj Parvani, which comes after every 12 years and held on the banks of the Gomai river. This event is visited by lakhs of devotees.\n\nEconomy\nMost of the population in the village is dependent upon agriculture and allied fields. The crops cultivated here include Wheat, Cotton, Sugarcane, Sunflower, Jowar, Bajra, Toor dal, Chickpea, Amaranth, Banana, Water melon, Musk melon, Sesame, Castor Oil Plant etc.\n\nPlaces of interest\n\nPrakasha is a famous religious place and is popularly known as Dakshin Kashi. Prakasha is one of the fastest developing place in nandurbar district because of its location on state highway and has all facilities around the village including petrol station, civil hospital, junior college and school, and also some small scale industries.\nThe village is frequently flooded during the rainy season but the temple suffers from no damage despite its proximity to the river. The village turns into an island during floods as it is located at the junction of 2 rivers which cutoff the roads leading to village from both the sides.\n\nPrakasha Barrage Dam\nOn 10 Jan 2008 Soma Enterprise completed Prakasha Barrage Project at Prakasha Tal. Shahada, Dist.  Nandurbar, Maharashtra, awarded to it by the TIDC (Tapi Irrigation Development Corporation). The scope of work for the Rs. 1.65\u00a0billion project included construction of barrage of total length of 1443 m, providing & erecting 27 Vertical Lift Type Mild Steel Gates of size 15m x 9m, having steel component of 5700 MT. The Reservoir Capacity is 2.24TMC and would provide irrigation to 8856 Ha of land.\n\nHistory\nIn 1955, an excavation was carried out at this site by an Archaeological Survey of India team under the direction of B.K. Thapar. The excavation revealed a more than 17 m deep occupational deposit, belonging to four periods with a break between the earlier two and a continuous sequence thereafter. The periods of occupation are:\n\nOn the confluence of the rivers Tapti and Gomai in Shahada Taluka, the site located to the s.-e. of the present village, with its longer axis running along the Gomai. An excavation was undertaken at this site by B.K. Thapar on behalf of the ASI in 1955. (AI, 20 and 21, 1964 and 1965,pp.\u00a05\u2013167).\n\nPeriod I (c. 1700-1300 B.C.) is Chalcolithic in its cultural content and is further divided into Sub-Periods IA and IB, the former being characterized by the occurrence of blades and microliths, hammer-stones, a restricted use of copper or low-grade bronze, and four ceramic industries.\n\nSub-Period I B is distinguished by the intrusion of two more ceramic industries, viz. the black-painted red pottery of the Jorwe fabric and the Lustrous Red Ware. The other industries and crafts of the previous Sub-Period continue throughout the occupation. Period II (c. 700-100 B.C. with a margin on the earlier side), following after a time-gap, heralds the Iron Age, Stone implements like blades and microliths are replaced by tools of iron. The use of copper also becomes more common, though remaining subordinate to that of iron.\n\nPeriod III (Middle of the 2nd century B.C. to the end of the 6th century A.D.), which in its earlier levels overlaps with Period II and in the later levels with Period IV, does not introduce any revolutionary change. The characteristic ceramic industries of the preceding Period go into disuse and are replaced by a nondescript poorly made red ware.\n\nFrom a comparative study of the past flora and the present vegetation it may be concluded that the cover was forest, if the region on the whole has remained more or less of the same type. Taking these factors into consideration, it would be reasonable to infer that the climate and rainfall in the Khandesh region have not changed to any appreciable extent during the past 3500 years or so.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Nandurbar district\nCategory:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Nandurbar district"}
-{"text": "Miss Indiana's Outstanding Teen\n\nThe Miss Indiana's Outstanding Teen competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the U.S. state of Indiana in the Miss America's Outstanding Teen pageant.\n\nHadley Abram of Bloomington was crowned Miss Indiana's Outstanding Teen on June 15, 2019 at the Zionsville Performing Arts Center in Zionsville, Indiana. She competed in the Miss America's Outstanding Teen 2020 pageant at the Linda Chapin Theater in the Orange County Convention Center on July 27, 2019 in Orlando, Florida where she was named a Top 15 Finalist.\n\nResults summary\nThe following is a visual summary of the past results of Miss Indiana's Outstanding Teen titleholders presented in the table below. The year in parentheses indicates year of the Miss America's Outstanding Teen competition in which the placement and/or award was garnered.\n\nPlacements \n 2nd runners-up: Audrey Ferguson (2016)\n Top 10: Sarah Gorecki (2006), Morgan Jackson (2008), Lydia Daley (2010), Katelyn Marak (2011)\n Top 12: Ellie Barmes (2018)\n Top 15: Hadley Abram (2020)\n\nAwards\n\nPreliminary awards \n Preliminary Talent: Lydia Daley (2010)\n\nWinners\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nIndiana\nCategory:Indiana culture\nCategory:Women in Indiana\nCategory:Annual events in Indiana"}
-{"text": "Hyophorbe lagenicaulis\n\nHyophorbe lagenicaulis, the bottle palm or palmiste gargoulette, is a species of flowering plant in the family Arecaceae.\nIt is native to Round Island, Mauritius.\n\nDescription\n\nBottle palm has a large swollen (sometimes bizarrely so) trunk.  It is a myth that the trunk is a means by which the palm stores water.  Bottle palms have only four to six leaves open at any time. The leaves of young palms have a red or orange tint, but a deep green is assumed at maturity. The flowers of the palm arise from under the crownshaft.\n\nThis species is often confused with its relative, the Spindle Palm, which also has a swollen trunk. However the Spindle palm's trunk swells in the middle (resembling the shape of a spindle), whereas the trunk of the Bottle palm swells from near the base and tapers further up. \nIts inflorescence branches in 4 orders, and its 2.5\u00a0cm fruits can be orange or black. The trunk of both species becomes more and more slender as the palm ages.\n\nWithin Mauritius, the only other extant Hyophorbe species is the common Hyophorbe vaughanii. The Bottle palm can be distinguished from this species however, by its swollen trunk when young; by its much smaller (2.5\u00a0cm) orange or black fruits; and by its inflorescence, which branches in four orders rather than three.\n\nDistribution and habitat\nThe bottle palm is naturally endemic to Round Island, off the coast of Mauritius. \nWhile habitat destruction may destroy the last remaining palms in the wild, the survival of the species is assured due to its ubiquitous planting throughout the tropics and subtropics as a specimen plant. It is one of three Hyophorbe species which naturally occur in Mauritius, and one of only two that are still extant.\n\nCultivation\nBottle palms are very cold sensitive and are killed at 0\u00a0\u00b0C (32\u00a0\u00b0F) or colder for any appreciable length of time.  They may survive a brief, light frost, but will have foliage damage.  Only southern Florida and Hawaii provide safe locations in the USA to grow Bottle Palm, although mature flowering specimens may be occasionally be seen in favored microclimates around Cape Canaveral and Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater in coastal central Florida.  It makes a fine container-grown palm in other locations as long as it is protected from the cold and not overwatered.\n\nSee also\nThe Beaucarnea (ponytail palms et al.) are sometimes called bottle palms.\n\nReferences\n\nlagenicaulis\nCategory:Endemic flora of Mauritius\nCategory:Critically endangered plants\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "1985 1000 km of Fuji\n\nThe 1985 Fuji 1000\u00a0Kilometres was the ninth round of the 1985 World Endurance Championship as well as the fifth round of the 1985 All Japan Endurance Championship.  It took place at the Fuji Speedway, Japan on October 6, 1985.\n\nRain\nPrior to the start of the race, heavy rain fell on the Fuji circuit.  Several racing teams were concerned with the safety of the circuit under such conditions, even leading to the Italiya Lancia withdrawing just prior to the warm-up laps.  Although the race started, the first ten laps were held under caution in order for the drivers to adapt to the wet circuit.  Three teams chose to immediately withdraw before the first lap was even completed, including the two Rothmans Porsches.  Within the next several laps, both Tom Walkinshaw Jaguars also returned to the pits to withdraw.  The first Japanese squad to withdraw after the race began was the Alpha Cubic Porsche, stopping after only six laps, and followed two laps later by both Mazdas.  By time caution was withdrawn at the beginning of the eleventh lap, fifteen cars had already returned to the pits to withdraw.  They were joined a lap later by the Bartlett Chevron, the last remaining European entry.\n\nEighteen cars remained in the event, all Japanese squads.  The torrential rain continued however, and after two hours of racing, the organisers chose to end the event after completing only a fourth of the scheduled distance.  As the race was shortened, half points were awarded in the Teams Championship, as well as the Drivers Championship, but only to those drivers who had actually had a chance to drive during the race.\n\nOfficial results\nClass winners in bold.  Cars failing to complete 75% of the winner's distance marked as Not Classified (NC).\n\nStatistics\n Pole Position - #2 Rothmans Porsche - 1:15.92\n Average Speed - 135.379\u00a0km/h\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nFuji\nFuji\nCategory:6 Hours of Fuji"}
-{"text": "Long shot\n\nIn photography, filmmaking and video production, a long shot (sometimes referred to as a full shot or wide shot) typically shows the entire object or human figure and is usually intended to place it in some relation to its surroundings. These are typically shot now using wide-angle lenses (an approximately 25\u00a0mm lens in 35\u00a0mm photography and 10\u00a0mm lens in 16\u00a0mm photography). However, due to sheer distance, establishing shots and extremely wide shots can use almost any camera type.\n\nHistory \n\nThis type of filmmaking was a result of filmmakers trying to retain the sense of the viewer watching a play in front of them, as opposed to just a series of pictures.\n\nThe wide shot has been used since films have been made as it is a very basic type of cinematography. In 1878, one of the first true motion pictures, Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, was released. Even though this wouldn't be considered a film in the current motion picture industry, it was a huge step towards complete motion pictures. It is arguable that it is very basic but it still remains that it was displayed as a wide angle as both the rider and horse are fully visible in the frame.\n\n1880s \nAfter this innovation, in the 1880s celluloid photographic film and motion picture cameras became available so more motion pictures could be created in the form of Kinetoscope or through projectors. These early films also maintained a wide angle layout as it was the best way to keep everything visible for the viewer.\n\n1890s \nOnce motion pictures became more available in the 1890s there were public screenings of many different films only being around a minute long, or even less. These films again adhered to the wide shot style. One of the first competitive filming techniques came in the form of the close-up as George Albert Smith incorporated them into his film Hove. Though unconfirmed as the first usage of this method it is one of the earliest recorded examples. Once the introduction of new framing techniques were introduced then more and more were made and used for their benefits that they could provide that wide shots couldn't.\n\nEarly 1900s \nThis was the point at which motion pictures evolved from short, minute long, screening to becoming full-length motion pictures. More and more cinematic techniques appeared, resulting in the wide shot being less commonly used. However, it still remained as it is almost irreplaceable in what it can achieve.\n\n1960s \nWhen television entered the home, it was seen as a massive hit to the cinema industry and many saw it as the decline in cinema popularity. This in turn resulted in films having to stay ahead of television by incorporating superior quality than that of a television. This was done by adding color but importantly it implemented the use of widescreen. This would allow a massive increase amount of space usable by the director, thus allowing an even wider shot for the viewer to witness more of whatever the director intends to evoke with any given shot.\n\nModern era of film \nMost modern films will frequently use the different types of wide shots as they are a staple in filmmaking and are almost impossible to avoid unless deliberately chosen to. In the current climate of films, the technical quality of any given shot will appear with much better clarity which has given life to some incredible shots from modern cinema. Also, given the quality of modern home entertainment mediums such as Blu Ray, 3D and Ultra HD Blu Rays this has allowed the scope and size of any given frame to encompass more of the scene and environment in greater detail.\n\nTypes \nThere are a variety of ways of framing that are considered as being wide shots; these include:\n Wide shot (WS) \u2013 The subject comfortably takes up the whole frame. In the case of a person, head to toe. This usually achieves a clear physical representation of a character and can describe the surroundings as it is usually visible within the frame. This results in the audience having a desired (by the director) view/opinion of the character or location. \n Very wide shot (VWS) \u2013 The subject is only just visible in the location. This can find a balance between a \"wide shot\" and an \"extreme wide shot\" by keeping an emphasis on both the characters and the environment, almost finding a harmony between the two of them. This enables the ability to use the benefits of both types, by allowing the scale of the environment but also maintaining an element of focus on the character(s) or object(s) in frame.\n Extreme wide shot (EWS) \u2013 The shot is so far away from the subject that they are no longer visible. This is used to create a sense of a character being lost or almost engulfed by the sheer size of their surroundings. This can result in a character being made small or insignificant due to their situation and/or surroundings.\nEstablishing shot (ES) \u2013 A shot typically used to display a location and is usually the first shot in a new scene. These establish the setting of a film, whether that is the physical location or the time period. Mainly it gives a sense of place to the film and brings the viewer to wherever the story requires them to be.\nMaster shot (MS) \u2013 This shot can be commonly mistaken for an establishing shot as it displays key characters and locations. However, it is actually a shot in which all relevant characters are in frame (usually for the whole duration of the scene), with inter-cut shots of other characters to shift focus. This is a very useful method for retaining audience focus as most shots in this style refrain from using cuts and therefore will keep the performances and the dialogue in the forefront of what is going on for the duration of the scene.\n\nNotable examples\nMany directors are known for their use of the variety of wide shots. A key example of them is the frequent use of establishing shots and very wide shots in Peter Jackson\u2019s The Lord of the Rings trilogy showing the vast New Zealand landscape to instil awe in the audience.\n\nIn the 1993 film Schindler's List, there is a running image of a small girl trapped within a concentration camp wearing a red coat (the only colour in the film). She is frequently pictured in a wide shot format as a way to display both her and the horrific surroundings to build a disturbing contrast.\n\nIn the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, a very wide shot is used that keeps all the protagonists on screen with the Wizard's palace in clear view. The Wizard of Oz was also one of the first mainstream motion pictures to include colour.\n\nThe 1962 Lawrence of Arabia contains an enormous number of extreme wide shots which successfully induced the feeling of scale of the lead in his surrounding and aesthetically dwarfed him due to his surroundings making him seem more vulnerable and weak.\n\nIn the 1981 the first film in the Indiana Jones film series, Raiders of the Lost Ark, contains the use of a long shot to show the dangerous scale of a boulder that is chasing the protagonist.\n\nThe 2008 film The Dark Knight featured a practical stunt in which a large truck and trailer are flipped nose first. This is shot very far back to give the shot more clarity and to see the flip through its entirety as opposed to cutting midway through.\n\nIn the 2015 Ridley Scott film The Martian the protagonist Mark Watney is stranded on Mars and the film contains many wide shots. These are used to show the Martian landscape and give the character the sense of isolation that the film would want.\n\nSee also \nCamera operator\nCinematographer\nFilm director\nLong take\nVideo production\nVideography\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nExternal links \n Further shots and their descriptions\n Images from various films \u2013 many of which are wide shots\n\nCategory:Cinematic techniques\nCategory:Television terminology"}
-{"text": "Annamitta Kai\n\nAnnamitta Kai () is a 1972 Tamil-language film written by G. Subramanium and directed by M. Krishnan Nair, starring M. G. Ramachandran. It was produced by Ramachandra Productions, owned by M. S. Sivaswamy. Annamitta Kai was Ramachandran's last black and white movie.\n\nPlot\nTo repair the past errors of their father, the half brothers Doreraj (MGR) and Selvaraj (M. N. Nambiar) exchange identities, making Selvaraj the heir. Doreraj is going to take care of Selvaraj's blind mother, and try to get his brother back to a virtuous life.\n\nCast\nM. G. Ramachandran  as Durai raj (Raju)\nJayalalitha  as Seetha\n Bharathi as doctor Kalpana\n Pandari Bai as Sivagami, Selvaraj's mother\n M. N. Nambiar as Selvaraj\n R. S. Manohar  as The manager Kannaga Rathnam, Kalpana's father\n V. K. Ramaswamy  as postman Yezhaimalai\n Nagesh as The assistant-postman Thangaman\n Muthaiya as Sadhasivam Bhoopathi, Durai raj & Selvaraj's father\n Geethanjali  as Ladha, girl from Burma\n Manorama  as nurse Thangame \n S. N. Lakshmi  as Lakshimi, Doreraj's mother\nT. K. S. Natarajan as Estate labor\nMaster Sekhar  as Durai raj (Child)\n Master Prabhakar  as Selvaraj (Child)\n\nThe casting is established according to the original order of the credits of opening of the movie, except those not mentioned.\n\nProduction\nThe movie originally started filming in 1966 with the 1st scene, but couldn't continue due to MGR's shooting incident. The rest of the movie was taken in 1972. Because the initial scene was in Black & White, the producers continued the rest in Black & White.\n\nThis was the second and last time Nagesh and Manorama acted side by side after they split up in 1970 during the Navagraham casting dispute. the first one was in Raman Thediya Seethai the same year (1972).\n\nSoundtrack\nThe music was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.\n\nRelease and Reception\nThis movie ran for 75 days and was one of the hit movies of (MGR).\n\nThis was the last movie of (MGR) while he was in (DMK). After 1 month of release of this movie, he has come out from that party and started his own (AIADMK) party on 17 October 1972.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Annamitta kai - Thamizhisai\n\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:1972 films\nCategory:1970s Tamil-language films\nCategory:Tamil film scores by K. V. Mahadevan\nCategory:Films directed by M. Krishnan Nair"}
-{"text": "Greg Ballard (basketball)\n\nGregory Ballard (January 29, 1955 \u2013 November 9, 2016) was an American professional basketball player and NBA assistant coach. A collegiate All-American at Oregon, Ballard averaged 12.4 points and 6.1 rebounds over an eleven season NBA career with the Washington Bullets, Golden State Warriors and briefly, the Seattle Supersonics.\n\nEarly life\nBorn in Los Angeles to parents William Ballard and Annie Clark, Ballard had three brothers and four sisters. Ballard graduated from  Garey High School in Pomona, California in 1973, where he also played baseball. A pitcher, Ballard was selected by the Montreal Expos in the 10th round (137th overall) of the 1973 Amateur Draft.\n\nCollege career\n\nBallard chose basketball and attended the University of Oregon, where he played in the collegiate level at the forward position.\nPlaying for Coach Dick Harter at Oregon, from 1973\u201377, Ballard played 115 career games on Oregon teams with the nickname \"Kamikaze Kids,\" along with teammates Ernie Kent, Stu Jackson and Ron Lee.\n\nIn his career at Oregon, Ballard had 1,114 career rebounds, still the most in program history, averaging 9.7 rebounds. He averaged 15.9 points, with his 1,829 total career points, ranking fourth in school history.\n\nBallard set Oregon's single-game scoring record of 43 points, in a National Invitation Tournament game against Oral Roberts University on March 9, 1977.\n\nNBA career\n\nWashington Bullets (1977\u20131985)\nBallard was selected by the Washington Bullets with the 4th overall pick in the 1st round of the 1977 NBA draft, behind Kent Benson (Milwaukee Bucks), Otis Birdsong (Kansas City Kings), and Marques Johnson (Milwaukee Bucks). As a rookie in 1977\u20131978, Ballard averaged 4.9 points and 3.5 rebounds in 76 games as a key reserve for Coach Dick Motta, playing beside Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame inductees Wes Unseld and Elvin Hayes, along with Mitch Kupchak, Phil Chenier Bob Dandridge and Kevin Grevey. The Bullets defeated the Atlanta Hawks (2\u20130), San Antonio Spurs (4\u20132) and Philadelphia 76ers (4\u20132) in the Eastern Conference Playoffs.\n\nIn the 1978 NBA Finals, the Bullets defeated the Seattle SuperSonics 4\u20133 to capture the NBA Championship. Averaging 10 minutes per game in the series, Ballard averaged 3.7 points, 4.2 rebounds and 1.5 assists.\n\nIn 1978\u20131979, Ballard averaged 7.8 points, 5.5 rebounds and 1.4 assists as the Bullets finished 54\u201328. They defeated the Atlanta Hawks (4\u20133) and San Antonio Spurs (4\u20133) in the Eastern Conference Playoffs. In the 1979 NBA Finals, the Bullets again met the SuperSonics, but were defeated 4\u20131 in the rematch, as Ballard averaged 7.6 points and 5.6 rebounds in the series.\n\nBallard became a starter for the Bullets in 1979\u20131980, averaging 15.6 points, 7.8 rebounds, 1.9 assists and 1.1 steals. The Bullets lost in the first round of the playoffs to Philadelphia (2\u20130).\n\nBallard averaged 15.5 points, 7.1 rebounds and 2.4 assists under new Coach Gene Shue in 1980\u20131981, as Washington finished 39\u201343 and missed the playoffs.\n\nBecoming the Bullets' leading scorer in 1981\u20131982, Ballard averaged 18.8 points along wity 8.0 rebounds, 3.2 assists and 1.7 steals. The Bullets defeated the New Jersey Nets 2\u20130 in the Eastern Conference playoffs before losing to the Boston Celtics with Larry Bird, Kevin McHale and Robert Parish 4\u20131.\n\nPlaying on the front line with Jeff Ruland  and Rick Mahorn in 1982\u20131983, Ballard averaged 18.0 points, 6.5 rebounds, 3.4 assists and 1.7 steals, as the Bullets finished 42\u201340, missing the playoffs.\n\nWashington returned to the playoffs in 1983\u20131984, with Ballard averaging 14.6 points, 6.0 rebounds, 3.5 assists and 1.1 steals. The Bullets were defeated by eventual NBA Champion Boston 3\u20131, as Ballard averaged 16.5 points and 6.0 rebounds in the series.\n\nBallard averaged 13.1 points, 6.5 rebounds and 2.5 assists in 1984\u20131985. Washington finished 40\u201342, losing in the playoffs to the Philadelphia 76ers 3\u20131.\n\nGolden State Warriors (1985\u20131987)\n\nOn June 17, 1985, Ballard was traded by the Washington Bullets to the Golden State Warriors for a 1985 2nd round draft pick (Manute Bol was later selected) and a 1987 2nd round draft pick (Duane Washington was later selected). Ballard then averaged 7.9 points, 4.8 rebounds and 1.2 assists in two seasons with Golden State and Coach George Karl as a key reserve, playing with Sleepy Floyd, Joe Barry Carroll, Chris Mullin and Terry Teagle.\n\nAlbany Patroons/Seattle SuperSonics (1988\u20131989)\n\nOn July 1, 1988, Ballard was released by the Golden State Warriors after not playing in 1987\u20131988.  In 1988\u20131989, He worked under Coach George Karl as a player/assistant coach with the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association and averaged 8.1 points, 5.3 rebounds with 1.4 assists per game in his 7-game career with the Albany. On February 13, 1989 he signed a 10-day contract with the Seattle SuperSonics and appeared in his final two NBA games.\n\nIn 807 career games, Ballard had career averages of 12.1 points, 6.2 rebounds, 2.2 assists and 1.1 steals.\n\nCoaching/scouting career\n\nBallard became a coach and scout after his playing career ended. In 1989, Ballard was as an assistant coach for Il Messaggero Roma in Italy. Until his death, he was an assistant coach and a scout in the NBA. Ballard worked a total of 21 seasons as an assistant coach and a scout for a number of franchises, including the Atlanta Hawks, Minnesota Timberwolves and Dallas Mavericks.\n\nPersonal\n\nBallard died on November 9, 2016 from prostate cancer. Ballard was survived by his wife Donna, and their children, Lawrence, Gabrielle and Gregory Jr.\n\n\u201cI would say this about Greg Ballard \u2013 and you can ask any question you want but my opening statement would be \u2013 for a guy who played in the league for 10 years and was a good player, I found him to be one of the most humble people I have ever met in my life,\u201d said Gary Schmidt, a colleague as a scout for the Boston Celtics. \u201cThere was no agenda, there was no attitude, there was no hey-I-played-in-the-league. He was so down to Earth and humble. Just a very good person. Always positive and upbeat.\u201d\n\nHonors\n\n Ballard was inducted into the University of Oregon Athletic Hall of Fame in 1993.\n In 1996, Ballard was inducted into the state of Oregon Sports Hall of Fame.\n Ballard was a Pac-12 Conference Hall of Honor inductee in 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:Albany Patroons players\nCategory:All-American college men's basketball players\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Italy\nCategory:American men's basketball players\nCategory:Atlanta Hawks assistant coaches\nCategory:Basketball coaches from California\nCategory:Basketball players from California\nCategory:Continental Basketball Association coaches\nCategory:Deaths from prostate cancer\nCategory:Dallas Mavericks assistant coaches\nCategory:Golden State Warriors players\nCategory:Place of death missing\nCategory:Minnesota Timberwolves assistant coaches\nCategory:Oregon Ducks men's basketball players\nCategory:Power forwards (basketball)\nCategory:Seattle SuperSonics players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Los Angeles\nCategory:Washington Bullets draft picks\nCategory:Washington Bullets players"}
-{"text": "Pierre Mercier (engineer)\n\nPierre Ernest Mercier (died June 11, 1944) was a French aeronautical engineer. A former student of the \u00c9cole Polytechnique, he invented and patented a type of cowling for radial engines. He joined aircraft manufacturer Lior\u00e9-et-Olivier (later SNCASE) in the 1930s, where he designed the airframe for the LeO 451.\n\nCategory:French inventors\nCategory:French aerospace engineers\nCategory:Year of birth missing\nCategory:1944 deaths\nCategory:\u00c9cole Polytechnique alumni"}
-{"text": "Journal of Computational Biology\n\nThe Journal of Computational Biology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering computational biology and bioinformatics. It was established in 1994 and is published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. The editors-in-chief are Sorin Istrail (Brown University) and Michael S. Waterman (University of Southern California). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.191.\n\nSince 1997, authors of accepted proceedings papers at the Research in Computational Molecular Biology (RECOMB) conference have been invited to submit a revised version to a special issue of the journal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Mary Ann Liebert academic journals\nCategory:Publications established in 1994\nCategory:English-language journals\nCategory:Hybrid open access journals\nCategory:Bioinformatics and computational biology journals\nCategory:Monthly journals"}
-{"text": "Vasyl Tuchapets\n\nVasyl Volodymyr Tuchapets OSBM (; born 29 September 1967 in Yavoriv, Lviv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian Greek Catholic hierarch as an Archiepiscopal Exarch of Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv and Titular Bishop of Centuriones since 2 April 2014.\n\nLife\nVasyl Volodymyr Tuchapets was born in the family of Vasyl and Kateryna (n\u00e9e Datsko) Tuchapets in Yavoriv, where he grew up. After graduation of the school education, he graduated the technical college #14 in Ivano-Frankivsk (1982\u20131986) and made a compulsory service in the Soviet Army (1986\u20131988). He also studied an architecture in the Lviv Polytechnic (1988\u20131990). After graduation of the school education he joined a clandestine theological seminary.\n\nDuring all this time he was a clandestine member of the Order of Saint Basil the Great from November 10, 1986, where he had a profession on October 6, 1991 and a solemn profession on December 29, 1996. Tuchapets was ordained as priest on July 12, 1997, after completed theological studies in Pontifical Theological Faculty in Warsaw (1991\u20131997). Then he continued his studies with a licentiate degree in patrology.\n\nAfter returning from studies in Poland, he had a various pastoral assignments and served as professor, superior and rector at the Basilian Institutes in Ukraine. And during 2005-2014 he was a superior of the Basilian monastery in Kyiv.\n\nOn April 2, 2014 Tucapets was appointed and on May 21, 2014 was consecrated to the Episcopate as the first Archiepiscopal Exarch of the new created Ukrainian Catholic Archiepiscopal Exarchate of Kharkiv and the Titular Bishop of Centuriones. The principal consecrator was Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1967 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Yavoriv\nCategory:Order of Saint Basil the Great\nCategory:Ukrainian Eastern Catholics\nCategory:21st-century Eastern Catholic bishops\nCategory:Bishops of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church"}
-{"text": "Ana Fortin\n\nAna Fortin (born 2 February 1972) is a Honduran swimmer. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics and the 1992 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1972 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Honduran female swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Honduras\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Dionysus in 69 (play)\n\nDionysus in 69 was a theatrical production by The Performance Group (TGP), a New York-based experimental theatre group. Dionysus in 69 was directed and conceived by TPG's founder and long-time artistic director Richard Schechner. The stage play was an adaptation of Euripides' The Bacchae. Dionysus in 69 is an example of Richard Schechner's practice of site-specific theatre as described in his 1973 book Environmental Theater, utilizing space and the audience in such ways as to bring them in close contact with each other. Dionysus in 69 challenged notions of the orthodox theatre by deconstructing Euripides' text, interpolating text and action devised by the performers, and involving the spectators in an active and sensory artistic experience. Brian de Palma, Bruce Joel Rubin, and Robert Fiore made a film of Dionysus in 1970. The film records and merges the final two performances of the 1968 stage play.\n\nCast\nThe cast of the play at the time of its filming was:\nRemi Barclay\nSamuel Blazer\nJason Bosseau\nRichard Dia\nWilliam Finley\nJoan MacIntosh\nVicki May\nPatrick McDermott\nMargaret Ryan\nRichard Schechner\nWilliam Shephard\nCiel Smith\n\nThe Bacchae\nThe Bacchae is a play written by the Greek playwright Euripides. The play opened at the City Dionysia Festival in Athens in 405 B.C. and won first prize. It follows the God Dionysus on his return to the city of Thebes to avenge his mother's reputation and the God's own rejection as the bastard child of Zeus. The title refers to the groups of female followers of the God, who serve as the chorus in the play, and would engage in ecstatic rituals to the point of euphoric delirium motivated by the God's association with wine, sexuality, celebration and the theater. The play deals with the themes of religion, sexuality, sacrifice and devotion. The translation which served as the basis for the TPG production was written by William Arrowsmith.\n\nProject details\nRehearsal and performance took place in a \u201cperforming garage\u201d which was rather a small metal stamping factory, but Schechner found \u201cgarage a much jazzier title\u201d. According to Schechner the group rehearsed for 5 months at least 6 days a week on average 6 hours a day including vocal training and psychophysical interactions (e.g. attack therapy, a controversial method at that time in use to treat drug addicts).\nDionysus in 69 is an example of Richard Schechner's theories of Environmental Theater in terms of the uses of the performing space, deconstruction of classic texts, and audience participation. In his book, Schechner describes participation as the opening up of a play so that the audience/spectators can enter into the action\u2014they are included in the world of the drama which is made all the more actual by their participation. As Schechner writes in Environmental Theater: \u201cThe transformation of an aesthetic event into a social eventor shifting the focus from art-and-illusion to the formation of a potential or actual solidarity among everyone in the theater, performers and spectators alike.\u201d There were no seats, though the cast would chant \"May I take you to your seat, sir?\" The audience sat either on the floor, against a wall, or wooden scaffolds. Dionysus in 69 created an atmosphere in which participation ranged from clapping and singing to spectators stripping and joining in the ritual celebrations and dances.\n\nAfter working on Dionysus in 69, Schechner composed three rules regarding participation:\n\n The audience is in a living space and a living situation. Things may happen to and with them as well as \u201cin front\u201d of them.\n When a performer invites participation, he must be prepared to accept and deal with the spectator's reactions.\n Participation should not be gratuitous.\n\nSchechner also notes that the key to participation is that it fundamentally changes the nature of the performance, its rhythms and outcomes. He states that, \u201cWithout this potential for change participation is just one more ornamental, illusionistic device.\u201d\n\nPrevious to Dionysus in 69, Schechner practiced and theorized \"Six Axioms for Environmental Theater\". These axioms were enacted in this play, as well as in other of Schechner's theatre pieces:\n The theatrical event is a set of related transactions\n All the space is used for performance; all the space is used for audience.\n The theatrical event can take place either in a totally transformed space or in found space.\n Focus is flexible and variable.\n All production elements speak in their own language.\n The text need be neither the starting point nor the goal of a production. There may be no text at all.\n\nCritical reception and influence\nDionysus in 69 was widely considered to be Schechner's seminal work. It is often looked to as the piece that broke ground on the movement of happenings in American theater and performance art. Jill Dolan, of Princeton University, says of Schechner's work on Dionysus: \"Schechner [made environmental staging] famous, in which the audience is interspersed with the actors, in a way that refuses the conventional separation between spectators and performers.\u201d The production also gained something of a cult following, with audiences who returned to see (or participate in) the show again and again. This was so much the case that when, during a performance in which the audience held a revolt of sorts and several students \"rescued\" the actor playing Pentheus, removing him from the performance over the objections of other cast members. Schechner then asked the audience for a volunteer to replace the actor playing Pentheus in order to complete the performance, and  a spectator who had been many times before and was familiar with the piece volunteered to fill in the role. Although wrought with controversy, the New York Times called Dionysus in 69 \"a production of extraordinary grace and power\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Dionysus in 69 (digitally re-rendered) \u2014 Brian De Palma's film of the production, hosted by the Hemispheric Institute Digital Video Library\n\nCategory:1968 plays\nCategory:Works based on The Bacchae"}
-{"text": "Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim\n\nEdith Jeanette Soterius von Sachsenheim (1887\u20131970) was a Transylvanian Saxon painter.\n\nShe was born on 26 December 1887, in Marienburg (present-day Feldioara), the daughter of Dr. med. Arthur Soterius von Sachsenheim (from the Transylvanian Saxon noble family Soterius von Sachsenheim) and of Wilhelmina, n\u00e9e Gust. From an early age, she displayed artistic talent in painting and her parents supported her wish to follow a career in this field. After completing a two-year course (1903\u201304) at Hermannstadt (Sibiu) Art College, her father brought her to stay with relatives in England, where she spent one year (1904\u201305) taking up English language instruction, followed by piano and art classes. She was granted permission by the National Gallery to copy museum works, and here she developed an interest in Turner's watercolours, a visible influence in her early works, as well as in a later period, from 1948. In July 1905, Edith was awarded a \"distinction\" grade on a piano exam at the London College of Music.\n   \n\nIn 1907, her father decided that she should continue her studies in Munich, where she enrolled at the Royal College of Art and Crafts and developed an interest in portrait and anatomy art. A year later, she began visiting the artistic circle of Professor Moritz Heymann, where she met artists that had a close affinity to the Jugend group. Edith's works dating back to this period, e.g. Sitzender Halbakt (\"Seated Semi-Nude\") or the portrait of her friend Eleanor Garrett-Ward, reflect her ambition to overcome the dated artistic conceptions of the academy. In these, as in all the other works of this creative period, there appear elegant, flowing lines and the decorative extensive colourings of Art Nouveau. Apart from returning home for holidays she spent three years studying in Munich. In 1911, Edith returned to Transylvania where she had her first exhibition at the Bra\u0219ov Galleries.\n\nIn 1912, she married Dr. med. Franz Herfurth and moved together with him to Austria, where she spent the First World War years, moving back to Kronstadt (Brasov) in 1918. She became the mother of three children, Editha, G\u00fcnther and Eva, but the family obligations limited her artistic pursuits for some time. The marriage did not last; they divorced in 1926 and in the next year she married her childhood friend, Professor Ludwig Herbert. However he was also not conducive to her artistic work and Edith continued being a mother and started doing some work as an English teacher. Ludwig died of a heart attack aged 51 in 1936.\n\nAfter this heartbreak, Edith moved to south Germany to be near her daughters who were living there, she also spent some time in Poland then back to south Germany for the remainder of World War Two. She painted where she could, producing mainly watercolours of the places she lived in and visited. This brought on a new phase in her artwork, she gave up any form of modernism and confined herself to a strictly objective, realistic representation of her subject. Up to 1946 she taught art in various schools and painted in her spare time. In January 1946, her son G\u00fcnther died and in August the same year she moved with her eldest daughter to Graz, Austria. Another creative phase followed in 1948, when she produced a series of watercolours in the areas of Graz and on a visit to Zurich, these works are influenced to some extent by her formerly mentioned early encounter with Turner's art. In 1952, a landscape watercolour won the silver prize at Foyles Bookshop International Artists Competition.\n\nIn 1955, she moved to London, England, to live with her daughter Eva. Here she drew portraits (including those of her daughter's family) and painted mainly roses. In 1957, Edith submitted and had exhibited the drawing A little girl from Krakow at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters. The exhibition travelled all around the country.\n\nEdith died in 1970, at the age of 83. In her lifetime, she created over 200 paintings, drawings and lithographs, now in several museums or in possession of friends and relatives across Europe. In 1998, the Transylvanian Museum from Gundelsheim, Germany staged a retrospective exhibition and bought 50 of her paintings, some of which are on permanent display in the museum. In 1999, The Gundelsheim collection was also exhibited in Munich at the Haus des Deutschen Ostens. In 2001, the Military History Museum of Vienna bought three portraits of World War One officers, to be displayed there.\n\nArt contemporaries and friends\nArthur Coulin: A friend from Sibiu, he did an oil painting of Edith in 1907 in Sibiu when she was 19 years old. The portrait is in the Transylvanian Museum.\nErnst Honigberger: A friend from Sibiu also studying in Munich, he did a pencil drawing of Edith, aged 20, in 1908. This is now in the Gundelsheim Museum.\nRobert Wellman: A friend from Sibiu, became a family friend and did a portrait of Edith's father Arthur Soterius von Sachsenheim. This is in the family home in London, England.\nTrude Schullerus: A friend from Sibiu also studied in Munich, remained a friend of the family for life.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSeveral paintings by Edith Soterius von Sachsenheim\n\nCategory:1887 births\nCategory:1970 deaths\nCategory:Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni\nCategory:Austrian watercolourists\nCategory:German watercolourists\nCategory:Romanian watercolourists\nCategory:Transylvanian-Saxon people\nCategory:Art Nouveau painters\nCategory:People from Bra\u0219ov County\nCategory:Romanian emigrants to Germany\nCategory:Romanian emigrants to the United Kingdom\nCategory:German emigrants to England"}
-{"text": "Medical practice consultants\n\nMedical Practice Consultants or Healthcare Management Consultants typically advise licensed healthcare providers and health-systems on business and administrative issues, but not clinical issues. \n\nThese topics commonly include governance, operations, human resources, finance, billing, coding, transactions and marketing, but there are dozens of subcategories and specialties within the field. \n\nMore and more hospitals engage them as physician practices are acquired and more physicians are employed.  There are several trade association in the US for healthcare business consultants, the largest by-far being the National Society of Certified Healthcare Business Consultants (NSCHBC) that also serves dental, podiatric, chiropractic, physical therapy, and other subspecialty practice management consultants. NSCHBC offers a credential in the field; Certified Healthcare Business Consultant or \"CHBC\"; a directory searchable by specialty and state; and continuing education programs. Consulting rates vary from under $100 per hour to over $400 per hour. \n\nCategory:Health care occupations"}
-{"text": "N\u00e1jera\n\nN\u00e1jera () is a small town, former bishopric and now Latin Catholic titular see, former capital of the Kingdom of Navarre, located in the \"Rioja Alta\" region of La Rioja, northern Spain, on the river Najerilla. N\u00e1jera is a stopping point on the French Way the most popular path on the Way of St James.\n\nHistory \nThe area attracted the Romans, who built the town of Tritium on land which now falls within the boundaries of N\u00e1jera and the neighbouring municipality of Tricio. Subsequently, the area was under Muslim rule and the name N\u00e1jera (Naxara meaning \"town between the rocks\") is of Arabic origin.\n\nThe town, while still an Islamic possession  is the location of the legendary 3-day struggle between Roland, one of Charlemagne's nobles and the Islamic giant Ferragut.\n\nThe town was conquered by Ordo\u00f1o II of Leon for Navarre in 923. N\u00e1jera was the capital city of the kingdom of Navarre until it was conquered by Castile in 1054 after the battle of Atapuerca. However, it continued to be multi-cultural. For example, in 1142 the French abbot Peter the Venerable used his visit to Spain to commission translations of important Islamic works, including the first translation of the Qur'an into a European language, and it has been suggested he met with his four translators at N\u00e1jera.\n \nFrom the tenth century, N\u00e1jera had a prosperous Jewish community, which was granted relatively favorable legal status after the Christian conquest.\n\nEdward, the Black Prince fought in the Battle of N\u00e1jera in 1367, intervening in a Castilian Civil War on behalf of Pedro of Castile.\n\nSee also Najara family, a Sephardic Jewish family, originally from Najera.\n\nEcclesiastical History \n Established in 923 as Diocese of N\u00e1jera, on territory split off from the suppressed Diocese of Calahorra.\n Gained territory twice : in 1077 from Diocese of Pamplona and Diocese of Osma, in 1088 from the suppressed Diocese of \u00c1lava.\n Itself Suppressed in 1170, its territory being used to establish the Diocese of Calahorra, to which its last incumbent was appointed.\n\nEpiscopal Ordinaries \n(all Roman Rite)\n\n''Suffragan Bishops of N\u00e1jera \n G\u00f3mez (1046\u20131064)\n Munio (1065\u20131080)\n Sancho (1080\u20131087)\n Sigefredo (1088\u20131089)\n Pedro (1089\u20131109)\n Sancho de Gra\u00f1\u00f3n (1109\u20131116)\n Sancho de Funes (1118\u20131146)\n Rodrigo de Cascante (1146\u20131170); later Bishop of successor see Calahorra (1170\u20131190)\n\nTitular see \nThe diocese was nominally restored in 1969 as Latin Titular bishopric of Naiera (Curiate Italian and Latin; Latin adjective Naiaren(sis) / N\u00e1jera (Spanish).\n\nIt has had the following incumbents, so far of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank :\n Patrick Vincent Ahern (1970.02.03 \u2013 death 2011.03.19) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of New York (USA) (1970.02.03 \u2013 retired 1994.04.26) and on emeritate\n Timoth\u00e9e Bodika Mansiyai, Sulpicians (P.S.S.) (2012.02.02 \u2013 2016.11.19) as Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Kinshasa (Congo-Kinshasa) (2012.02.02 \u2013 2016.11.19); later Bishop of Kikwit (Congo-Kinshasa) (2016.11.19 \u2013 ...)\n Bernard Edward \"Ned\" Shlesinger III (2017.07.19 \u2013 ) as Auxiliary Bishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta (USA)\n\nPolitics\n\nMain sites \n\nThe church of Santa Mar\u00eda la Real was founded by Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez III of Pamplona in 1052. It is the burial-place of kings of Navarre. \nThe monks had to abandon the annexed monastic complex in the 19th century, as a result of the anti-clerical reforms of Juan \u00c1lvarez Mendiz\u00e1bal.\n\nOther sights include :\n Bridge on the Najerilla river, rebuilt on Roman bridge foundations in 1090 by San Juan de Ortega and remade in 1880 \n Excavations of the Alc\u00e1zar (Moorish fort), abandoned in the 16th century\n Monastery of Valvanera,  from the town, built in the 11th century, but restored in Gothic style in the 15th century as it became a residence of queen Isabella I of Castile (Isabella of Spain).\n Convent of St. Helena (18th century)\n Najerillense Museum.\n\nNotable people\n Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez III of Pamplona\n Felix Morga\n Urraca L\u00f3pez de Haro\n Diego L\u00f3pez II de Haro\n Esteban Manuel de Villegas\n Pedro Gonz\u00e1lez de Salcedo\n \u00c1ngel Hidalgo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez\n\nSee also \n\n Municipal elections in N\u00e1jera\n Candidature of Najeran Independents\n Independent Municipal Democracy\n Najeran Alternative Forum\n Najara family, a Sephardic Jewish family, originally from Najera.\n Missal of Silos\u2014oldest known document on paper, made at the monastery of Santa Mar\u00eda la Real of N\u00e1jera.\n\nSources and external links \n\n GCatholic - ecclesiastical history\n\nCategory:Municipalities in La Rioja (Spain)"}
-{"text": "Brad Jacobs (curler)\n\nBradley \"Brad\" Jacobs (born June 11, 1985) is a Canadian curler from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. He is an Olympic champion skip, having led Canada to a gold medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics. Jacobs is also the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier championship skip and the 2013 World Championship runner-up. He is an eight-time (as of 2017) Northern Ontario provincial champion, and one time provincial junior champion.\n\nJacobs and his team are well known for their physical fitness. They have been described as \"fitness freaks\" and are \"embracing curling's athletic evolution as much or more than any other team\".\n\nCareer\n\nJunior career\nJacobs began curling at age ten with a coach named Tom Coulterman in 1995. Coulterman saw potential in them and formed a team, Jacobs played third for   Ryan Harnden and was also joined by Matt Premo and Scott Sabrook.  As Jacobs entered high school, he entered competitive curling and took it seriously. He played second for Harnden in tournaments age 16 and under and played second for E. J. Harnden on the highschool team. In the fall, they formed a team together with E.J. as skip, Harnden as second, and Jacobs threw lead stones. They came third in the tournament. By Fall 2001, they added Caleb Flaxey at third. They were starting to feel comfortable enough as a team that they entered the Regal Capital Curling Classic men's bonspiel at their home club. The bonspiel included most of the best teams from the region, including one skipped by Al Harnden and featuring Eric Harnden. 1998 men's Olympic curling champion Patrick Hurlimann also was in the bonspiel. In the first draw, they were matched against Hurlimann. They won the game 5-3. \"Once we got the lead, they were kind of shocked,\" Flaxey told the Sault Star. Hurlimann was sure that \"they will have a bright future\".\n\nHe had a successful junior career, winning the Northern Ontario Junior Men's Championship in 2005 with teammates Brady Barnett, Scott Seabrook and Steve Molodowich. This gave his team a berth at the 2005 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, representing the region. At the Canadian Juniors, he led the team to an 8\u20134 record, good enough for fourth place, but outside the playoffs.\n\nMen's career\nJacobs was then picked up to play for his uncle, Al Harnden, with Jacobs throwing last rocks on the team. The team finished 5\u20136 at the 2007 Tim Hortons Brier. Jacobs participated in the 2008 Tim Hortons Brier as an alternate for another uncle, Eric Harnden. In 2008, Jacobs formed his own team with his cousins (Eric's sons) E. J. Harnden and Ryan Harnden as well as Caleb Flaxey. The team won the Northern Ontario provincial title in 2010, qualifying for the 2010 Tim Hortons Brier where they made the playoffs, the first team from Northern Ontario to do that since the 1993 Labatt Brier. Jacobs' team represented Northern Ontario again at the 2011 Tim Hortons Brier, where they finished with a 7\u20134 record, out of the playoffs. The team went to the Brier again in 2012, where they finished 5\u20136. The following year at the 2013 Tim Hortons Brier, they became the first team from Northern Ontario to win the Brier since 1985. The win gave them the right to represent Canada at the 2013 Ford World Men's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, Jacobs skipped the Canadian team to a silver medal, losing to Sweden's Niklas Edin in the final. Brad Jacobs also led his team to a 9-3 victory in the men's final of the 2014 Winter Olympics by defeating Great Britain.\n\nFollowing their Olympic success, the Jacobs rink once again made it to the Brier in 2015. After posting a 10-1 round robin record in first place, they won the 1 vs. 2 game sending them to the finals against the defending Brier champions, Team Canada (skipped by Pat Simmons), which they lost. Later in the season the Jacobs rink won their first career Grand Slam event, winning the 2015 Players' Championship.\n\nAt the 2016 Tim Hortons Brier, the Jacobs rink once again tore through the round robin, going undefeated to finish in first place. However, they ran into trouble in the playoffs, losing to Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1 vs. 2 game and to Alberta in the semifinals. They did rebound in the bronze medal game, defeating Manitoba to finish third overall.\n\nThe 2016-17 season would be the best to date for the Jacobs rink on the World Curling Tour, winning two slams, the 2016 Boost National and the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup. At the 2017 Tim Hortons Brier, the team would once again make the playoffs, after posting an 8-3 round robin record. However, they lost both of their playoff games, settling for fourth place.\n\nJacobs played in the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials attempting to head to the Olympics again, but his team would finish with a disappointing 3-5 record, missing the playoffs. The team again represented Northern Ontario at the 2018 Tim Hortons Brier, making it to the playoffs with an 8-3 record, but lost to Alberta's Brendan Bottcher rink in the 3 vs. 4 game.\n\nThe next season, the Jacobs rink won the 2018 Tour Challenge Grand Slam event. A month later, the team won the 2018 Canada Cup, their first Canada Cup title, defeating Kevin Koe's rink in the final. The team had Marc Kennedy playing third, filling in for Ryan Fry, who is on sabbatical following unsportsmanlike behaviour and excessive drinking at the 2018 Red Deer Curling Classic.\nThe team once again represented Northern Ontario at the 2019 Tim Hortons Brier. The team went 9-2 in the round robin and championship round combined. Jacobs lost the 1vs2 game to Kevin Koe and the semifinal to Brendan Bottcher resulting in the team getting the bronze medal. \n\nThe following season, the team officially added Kennedy to the line-up at third with Fry going to play with John Epping. In their first event, the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic, the team went undefeated up until the final where they would lose to former teammate Fry and Team Epping. Team Jacobs won three straight Grand Slam events, at the Tour Challenge, National and the Canadian Open. They would win the 2020 Northern Ontario Men's Provincial Curling Championship for the sixth year in a row.\n\nEight-ender\nDuring the semifinal of The Dominion 2012 Northern Ontario Men's Curling Championship, Jacobs and team scored a rare eight-ender, in the sixth end to win the game 14\u20133.\n\nPersonal life\nJacobs was born on June 11, 1985 in Sault Ste. Marie. Jacobs holds a bachelor's degree in geography from Algoma University. He currently works as a senior marketing director for World Financial Group. He is married to Shawna Jacobs and has two children.\n\nTeams\n\nGrand Slam record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Olympic profile\n \n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Curlers from Northern Ontario\nCategory:Brier champions\nCategory:Olympic curlers of Canada\nCategory:Curlers at the 2014 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Algoma University alumni\nCategory:Olympic gold medalists for Canada\nCategory:Olympic medalists in curling\nCategory:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Canadian male curlers\nCategory:Canada Cup (curling) participants"}
-{"text": "Native Art Department International\n\nNative Art Department International is a Toronto-based collaborative project of the wife-and-husband pair of artists Maria Hupfield (b. 1975) and Jason Lujan (b. 1971). Together they curate group exhibitions in which they sometimes show and occasionally make work together as a way to counter the pigeonholing of contemporary art by Native Americans and people of First Nations descent.\n\nHistory\nHupfield is First Nations Anishinaabe Ojibwe, and Lujan is Chiricahua Apache and Mexican. Hupfield has said \"It\u2019s important for artists to generate and frame our own content so we\u2019re not always looking at institutions to co-opt and define it outside of our awareness.\" Lujan told the Tacoma Art Museum website, \"There is a lot of value to Native artists representing anything they want today, not just their own cultures. The field is wide open. I think artists have a lot of good things to say about anything and everything, and there is plenty of room for all of that.\" \n\nIn 2015 they established a blog that documents their activities as Native Art Department and publishes interviews with artists and scholars and articles on subjects of interest such as South African magazine Chimurenga and early Japanese American photographer Frank Matsura. In addition to exhibitions, they have screened their work and curated those of others at Artists Space in New York.\n\nCuratorial projects\nExhibitions by Native Art Department International include \n \"free play\" at Trestle Projects in Brooklyn \n \"Chez BRKLYN\" in Galerie Se Konst in Falun, Sweden in 2016 and \n \"In Dialogue\" at University of Toronto Art Centre in 2017, the latter two with other artists including Duane Linklater. \n\nCuratorial projects in which their own work isn't a part include \n\"First Things Don't Come First,\" at the Fabulous Festival of Fringe Film, Durham, Ontario, Canada in 2017\n\"Without Us There Is No You,\" a screening of six video works by indigenous artists at Artists Space to mark Art in America's inaugural indigenous contemporary art issue the same year\n\"Oh So You've Had an Indian Friend?,\" an evening in 2018 celebrating the life and work of Diane Burns, with artist Sky Hopinka and representatives from the organizations Amerinda, the St. Mark's Poetry Project, and the Endangered Language Institute at Downtown Arts\n\nInclusion in group shows, residencies, and talks\n\"There Is No Then and Now; Only Is and Is Not,\" video projection featuring artist Dennis Redmoon Darkeem (Yamassee Yat\u2019siminoli) in the 2018 group exhibition \"The Racial Imaginary Institute: On Whiteness\" at the Kitchen, curated by the organization's curatorial team, Claudia Rankine, and eight others.\n Fourth Arts Block residency, 2018 (with Chinatown Art Brigade), where they installed two works\n A panel discussion with Darkeem and Jeffrey Gibson at the Drawing Center, moderated by Johanna Burton, director and Curator of Education and Public Engagement at the New Museum. The talk touched on drawing, heritage, indigenous art, ceremonies, and radical mark-making.\n\nCritical reception\nIn his interview of the couple about their work in the 2016 Brooklyn show \"free play,\" Christopher Green of Hyperallergic noted the contrast between their individual styles. He described Lujan's use of the Zuni print as \"graphically intense\" and Hupfield's materiality as \"soft.\" A Swedish reporter said of their subsequent show \"Chez BRKLYN\" in Galerie Se Konst, \"The artists ... put people at the center, shrinking the world and succeeding in showing how much we are one regardless of home address. It is inspiring, rich with energy, and hopeful. We hope these Brooklyn artists return soon.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\nLujan's work at the International Print Center New York\n\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Art duos\nCategory:Canadian performance artists\nCategory:Canadian sculptors\nCategory:American sculptors\nCategory:Native American sculptors\nCategory:American printmakers\nCategory:Native American printmakers\nCategory:American male sculptors\nCategory:Apache people\nCategory:Ojibwe in Canada\nCategory:Chiricahua\nCategory:Mestizo artists\nCategory:American people of Mexican descent\nCategory:Postmodern artists\nCategory:Indigenous peoples of the Americas articles needing attention"}
-{"text": "AMX-10P\n\nThe AMX-10P is a French amphibious infantry fighting vehicle. It was developed after 1965 to replace the AMX-VCI in service with the mechanized regiments of the French Army; the first prototypes were completed in 1968. Production commenced between 1972 and 1973.\n\nThe AMX-10P is fully amphibious, being propelled through water at speeds of up to 7\u00a0km/h by twin waterjets. It is also fitted as standard with a trim vane and bilge pumps to assist with the flotation process. AMX-10Ps were popular with a number of Arab armies and have been operated by Iraq, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Special marine variants were also developed for Singapore and Indonesia, including a fire support model known as the AMX-10 PAC 90, which mated the AMX-10P chassis to the complete turret and 90\u00a0mm gun assembly of the Panhard ERC-90 Sagaie.\n\nAMX-10Ps share a number of common transmission and chassis components with their armoured car counterpart, the AMX-10RC.\n\nDevelopment history\nThe AMX-10P was developed by the Atelier de Construction d'Issy-les-Moulineaux (AMX) in response to a French army requirement for a new tracked armoured fighting vehicle to supplement or replace the ageing AMX-VCI. The first prototypes were completed around 1968 and showcased to potential domestic and international customers at Satory the following year. Production did not commence on the vehicle until the French Army placed its first order in late 1972. The first AMX-10Ps were delivered in mid to late 1973 to the 7th Mechanised Brigade stationed at Reims. French Army AMX-10Ps were fitted with a 20\u00a0mm autocannon in a Toucan II two-man turret with seating for a gunner and commander; however, a number of other one-man turrets could be fitted, as well as an observation cupola for training vehicles. Export variants of the AMX-10P also abounded, including models equipped with battlefield surveillance radars, the ATILA artillery fire control system, a bank of HOT anti-tank missiles, 60\u00a0mm or 81\u00a0mm gun-mortars, and a large 90\u00a0mm gun.\n\nGreece was the first foreign power to purchase the AMX-10P; between 1974 and 1977 the Hellenic Army ordered over a hundred individual vehicles from France, in three separate variants. Qatar followed up with an order for thirty AMX-10Ps in 1975, while Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia also accounted for large export orders during the early 1980s. GIAT Industries accepted a final order from Singapore for AMX-10P PAC-90s in 1994; following their delivery production lines for the AMX-10P were finally closed. At this point 1,750 AMX-10Ps had been manufactured.\n\nApproximately 108 AMX-10Ps remaining in service with the French Army underwent extensive overhauls to improve their armour and mobility between 2006 and 2008, including new gearboxes and suspension systems. They are gradually being retired and replaced by the wheeled V\u00e9hicule Blind\u00e9 de Combat d'Infanterie.\n\nDescription\nAMX-10P hulls are fabricated from a welded steel or aluminum alloy and notable for their parallel incorporation of the driving and engine compartments. The driver is seated at the front of the vehicle and to the left. An AMX-10P's driving compartment is provided with a single hatch cover opening to the rear and three periscopes intended for observation purposes when the hatch is closed. Night vision equipment was not fitted as standard to the base production model; however, one of the three driving periscopes could be replaced with combined day/night intensification sights as needed. The troop compartment is at the rear of the hull and provided with two roof hatches. Passengers embark and debark from a ramp, which is accessed through two doors at the rear.\n\nTransmission consists of a hydraulic torque converter coupled to a gearbox with one reverse and four forward driving gears. The AMX-10P utilises a torsion bar suspension, which supports five road wheels with the drive sprocket at the front and idler near the rear. These can be accessed from inside the hull through maintenance panels.\n\nStandard AMX-10P turrets are equipped with a GIAT M693 automatic cannon firing two different types of both high explosive ammunition and armour-piercing ammunition. More than one ammunition type may be loaded at once and fired alternatively. The high explosive rounds have a muzzle velocity of 1,050\u00a0m/s, while the latest armour-piercing round has a muzzle velocity of 1,300\u00a0m/s and is capable of penetrating 20\u00a0mm of rolled homogeneous armour at an incidence of 60\u00b0. The autocannon has a cyclic rate of fire of 740 rounds per minute, with the gunner being able to switch between semiautomatic, limited burst, or fully automatic fire as necessary.\n\nExternal\nAMX-10Ps have a very distinctive, pointed hull and a sloping glacis plate, with the driver's position plainly visible to the left. The hull roof is horizontal as well as sloped slightly inwards, accommodating a turret ring near the centre of the chassis. Both hull sides are vertical and lack firing ports. There is a circular exhaust outlet on the right side of the hull above the second and third road wheels.\n\nVariants\n\n AMX-10P: Standard production model. Armed with a two-man Toucan II turret and a M963 F2 20\u00a0mm autocannon.\n AMX-10P 25: AMX-10P with a one-man Dragar turret and a M811 25\u00a0mm autocannon. This was trialled by the French Army but not adopted into service. It was later adopted by the Singapore Armed Forces.\n AMX-10P Marine: AMX-10P with improved amphibious capabilities and a modified propulsion system that allowed for top speeds of up to 10\u00a0km/h in water. This variant was developed for the Indonesian Marine Corps.\n AMX-10P Sanitaire: A turretless AMX-10P designed as an ambulance vehicle. It carried a wide range of medical equipment.\n AMX-10ECH: AMX-10P modified as an armoured recovery vehicle, including a large hydraulic crane. Also known as the AMX-10D.\n AMX-10P/HOT: AMX-10P carrying HOT anti-tank missiles. Two external HOT launchers were located on either side of the hull, with an additional twenty missiles stored outside. This variant was developed for the Saudi Arabian Army. At least 92 were manufactured.\n AMX-10PC: AMX-10P modified as a command vehicle, including additional radios, a collapsible awning on either side of the hull, and a large generator on the hull roof.\n AMX-10 RATAC: An unarmed AMX-10P with a RATAC fire control radar mounted over its turret ring and a tracing table located inside the hull.\n AMX-10RAV: AMX-10P modified as a general cargo transporter. The French Army used this model to transport artillery ammunition.\n AMX-10RC: Wheeled variant of the AMX-10P developed for armed reconnaissance.\n AMX-10SAO: AMX-10P modified as a mobile forward artillery observation post. It possessed a long-range laser rangefinder in its turret, as well as a 7.62mm machine gun.\n AMX-10SAT: AMX-10P modified as an artillery survey vehicle. It was fitted with a custom navigation system.\n AMX-10TM: AMX-10P modified as an artillery tractor, with a new one-man turret and its rear ramp removed. It towed a F1 120\u00a0mm mortar and carried 60 mortar projectiles.\n AMX-10VAO: AMX-10P modified as a mobile forward artillery observation post. It possessed a slightly different turret from the AMX-10SAO.\n AMX-10VFA: AMX-10P carrying the ATILA artillery fire control system. This spawned two sub-variants of its own, the more simplified AMX-10VLA, and the more sophisticated AMX-10VFA.\n AMX-10P TMC-81: AMX-10P with an 81\u00a0mm breech loading, Hotchkiss-Brandt CL-81 gun-mortar. Similar in concept to the earlier CM60A1, the CL-81 fired both high explosive and armour-piercing shells.\n AMX-10P PAC-90: AMX-10P with the complete turret and 90\u00a0mm main gun assembly of the Panhard ERC-90 Sagaie armoured car. It carried 30 90\u00a0mm shells and 2,000 rounds of 7.62mm machine gun ammunition. This variant was marketed primarily to Indonesia and Singapore.\n\nOperators\nThis section is about operators of the AMX-10P tracked infantry fighting vehicle and its engineering and recovery variants. For operators of the wheeled armoured car derivative, see AMX-10RC.\n\n : 15\n : 25\n : 34\n : 100; some modernized in 2015\n : 293\n : 10\n : 40\n\nFormer operators\n : 331 in service in 2011; withdrawn from service in 2015.\n : 105\n : 44\n\nSee also\n\nAMX series\n AMX-13\n AMX-VCI\n AMX Mk F3\n AMX-10RC\n AMX-30\n AMX-40\n AMX-50\n AMX Leclerc\n\nVehicles of comparable role, performance, and era\n FV510 Warrior\n Marder\n Sch\u00fctzenpanzer Puma\n Dardo\n Bionix\n M2 Bradley\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n AMX-10P from 2sd GC in Germany in 1989\n topgun.rin.ru\n inetres.com\n\nCategory:Amphibious infantry fighting vehicles\nCategory:Tracked infantry fighting vehicles\nCategory:Infantry fighting vehicles of France\nCategory:Infantry fighting vehicles of the Cold War"}
-{"text": "Martin Grech\n\nMartin Grech (born November 14, 1982) is an English singer, songwriter and musician from Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire.\n\nCareer\n\nHe first achieved critical acclaim after his falsetto track, \"Open Heart Zoo\" (written when he was 15 years old) was featured on a Lexus advert on British television in 2002. A debut album of the same name followed. The accompanying UK tour saw Grech gain a larger following and further critical support.\n\nIn 2005, Grech released a second album, Unholy. As before, reviews were positive. The Unholy art work created by Stephen Kasner was hung as a backdrop to his concerts.\n\nGrech split with Island Records shortly after the release of Unholy, but Grech's MySpace page announced the arrival of the new album, March of the lonely. The first single from the album, \"The Heritage\", was released as a CD single on 30 March 2007 on Grech's own record label, 'Martin Grech Songs' via the online label, Burning Shed. March of the Lonely took a completely different approach from his previous CDs, and was much more acoustic, more guitar-based, with a thinner texture and softer atmosphere. March of the Lonely was released on 4 June 2007 in the UK via Genepool Records.\n\nAfter moving to California, Grech began working on new material under the name 'Meatsuit'. Demos on MySpace revealed a development of a heavier gothic sound, but in December 2008 Grech announced that his Meatsuit project had been terminated.\n\nIn April 2011, Grech released a collection of demos under the title 'Meta'. Also on his BandCamp page, Grech announced his fourth album would be titled \"The Watcher\".\n\nFebruary to May 2015 - Grech is currently working in the studio on his 4th album, with producer Peter Miles (record producer). The album working title is \"Hush Mortal Core\". Martin works with TesseracT guitarist Acle Kahney and drummer Jay Postones on the album. On November 15, 2015 new track called \"Mothflower\" was premiered on Daniel P. Carter's Radio 1 Rock Show.\n\nOther work\nIn 2003 Grech was invited to play at the Jeff Buckley tribute concert by Buckley's mother Mary Guibert, at the Garage, Highbury alongside Ed Harcourt and Jamie Cullum. In 2005, Adam White sampled \"Open Heart Zoo\" for his trance track \"Ballerina\". \n\nAs well as his solo releases, Grech has performed vocals on the album \"First Chance I Get I'm Out of Here\" (2005) by fellow Aylesbury musician, Zealey (John Zealey); tracks are \"Progress Has Stopped\" and \"First Chance I Get I'm Out Of Here\". He drummed for the four-piece rock band Ophelia Torah between early 2006 and April 2007.\n\nGrech has also been involved in a collaboration project, organised by yourcodenameis:milo, called \"Print Is Dead\". Along with Bloc Party, Graham Coxon, Tom Vek, Reuben and Biffy Clyro, he worked with yourcodenameis:milo, in their recording studio, to write a song in one day. The track was called \"We Hope You Are What You Think You Are\".\n\nOn 18 September 2015 Grech was featured on the song \"Hexes\" by the British progressive metal band TesseracT on their third album \"Polaris\".\n\nOn 24 July 2015 Grech was featured on the debut self-titled GUNSHIP album on the song \"Black Sun On The Horizon\".\n\nFrom 2015 to 2017 Martin Grech was a guitarist for the project Lionface, appeared on EP \"Battle\". EP also includes a remix made by Martin - \"Revamp (Martin Grech Remix)\".\n\nOn 5 April 2019 Grech was featured on the debut Guy Sigsworth album \"STET\" on the song \"Aeolian\".\n\nIn 2008 Grech created the film score to the Adam Mason film, \"Blood River\" (2009). He also wrote scores for \"Luster\" (2010) and \"Junkie\" (2012) movies.\nMartin Grech's song \"The Heritage\" was used in Adam Mason's movie \"The Devil's Chair\".\n\nTouring personnel\n\nMusicians known to have toured with Martin include:\n\nAlistair Hamer \u2013 Drums (Open Heart Zoo era) (Sweet Billy Pilgrim)\nAnthony Bishop \u2013 Bass (Open Heart Zoo era) (Sweet Billy Pilgrim)\nPete Miles \u2013 Guitars & Keys (Open Heart Zoo & Unholy era)\nKeith Lambert \u2013 Bass Guitar (Unholy era) (Vex Red)\nRobin Guy \u2013 Drums (Unholy era) (Rachel Stamp, Bruce Dickinson, Sack Trick, Faith No More)\nTim Elsenburg \u2013 Guitars (Open Heart Zoo & Unholy era) (Sweet Billy Pilgrim)\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n Open Heart Zoo (2002) \u2013 UK No. 54\n Unholy (2005)\n March of the lonely (2007)\n\nCompliations\n Meta (2010)\n Meta: Volume 2 (2011)\n B-Sides, Demos, Live, Rare (2011)\n\nEPs and Singles\n Dali (2002)\n1 \u2013 Dali (5:40)\n2 \u2013 Catch Up (3:47)\n Open Heart Zoo (Promo) (2002)\n1 \u2013 Open Heart Zoo (Circus) (Radio Edit) (4:41)\n2 \u2013 Open Heart Zoo (Album Version) (5:23)\n Open Heart Zoo (2002)\n1 \u2013 Open Heart Zoo (Album Version) (5:21)\n2 \u2013 Storm (5:09)\n Push (Promo) (2002)\n1 \u2013 Push (Radio Edit) (3:56)\n Push (2003)\n1 \u2013 Push (5:01)\n2 \u2013 Bliss (1:38)\n3 \u2013 Head Sty (5:25)\n I am Chromosome (Promo) (2004)\n1 \u2013 I Am Chromosome\n Rest In Peace EP (2004)\n1 \u2013 Mighty Hands (4:15)\n2 \u2013 Gratefully Punished (4:26)\n3 \u2013 Father And Mother Figure (2:48)\n4 \u2013 Freedom, Warmth And Security (2:53)\n Guiltless (Promo) (2005)\n1 \u2013 Guiltless (Album Version) (7:47)\n2 \u2013 Guiltless (Radio Edit) (4:00)\n Guiltless (2005)\n1 \u2013 Guiltless (7:41)\n2 \u2013 Seed Of A Seed (3:29)\n3 \u2013 Worthy (2:59)\n The Heritage' (2007)\n1 \u2013 The Heritage (3:32)2 \u2013 Ashes Over Embers (5:39)''\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Fan Page and 'Guiltless' Forum\n\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Aylesbury\nCategory:English singer-songwriters\nCategory:Progressive rock musicians\nCategory:Progressive metal musicians\nCategory:Ambient musicians\nCategory:21st-century English singers"}
-{"text": "Zeng Qinghong\n\nZeng Qinghong (born 30 July 1939) is a retired Chinese politician. He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's highest leadership council, and top-ranked member of the Secretariat of the Central Committee between 2002 and 2007. He also served as the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008.\n\nDuring the 1990s, Zeng was a close ally of then-Party general secretary Jiang Zemin, and was instrumental in consolidating Jiang's power. For years, Zeng was the primary force behind the party's organization and personnel.\n\nEarly life\nZeng was born to a family of Hakka background in Ji'an, Jiangxi province, in July 1939. He was the son of Zeng Shan, a communist revolutionary and later Minister of the Interior, and Deng Liujin (), a notable female participant of the Long March. Zeng was the eldest of five children. He graduated from Beijing 101 Middle School and the Automatic Control Department at the Beijing Institute of Technology.  Zeng was an engineer, a specialist in automatic control systems. He joined the Communist Party of China (CPC) in April 1960. Due to the revolutionary heritage of his father, Zeng was seen as a member of the so-called \"Crown Prince Party\", the descendants of veteran revolutionaries.\n\nZeng spent the early part of his career as a technician in the military defense industry in Beijing. He was sent down to do manual labor on People's Liberation Army bases in Hunan and Guangdong during the Cultural Revolution.  With the opening of the reform era, Zeng joined the State Development and Reform Commission in 1979 and then held a series of management positions in the state petroleum sector, including a series of foreign liaison positions with the China National Offshore Oil Corporation.\n\nClimbing the ranks\nIn 1984, Zeng began working for the Shanghai municipal government, where he became a key ally of then-Party Committee Secretary Jiang Zemin. When Jiang was elevated to General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in national leadership re-shuffle following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, he brought Zeng Qinghong along as his adviser.\n\nAs the deputy chief of the General Office of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 1993, Zeng guided Jiang, an outsider to national politics, through the inner workings of the party, military and bureaucratic structure in Beijing. He promoted Jiang's leadership and thinking, broadened Jiang's network, and became Jiang's right-hand-man. Over the 1990s, Zeng consolidated control of party organs responsible for the appointment of cadres to important political positions.  As head of the party's Organization Department from 1999 to 2002, Zeng strengthened Jiang's position by promoting members of the Jiang's \"Shanghai clique\" to leading central and regional posts. He also helped propagate Jiang's guiding political philosophy known as the \"Three Represents\" inside the party.\n\nOver the next decade, he acquired a reputation as Jiang's 'hatchet man' against rivals.  In 1992 he supposedly helped Jiang remove President Yang Shangkun and elder PLA General Yang Baibing, who threatened Jiang's support within the military. Then, he used an anti-corruption campaign to orchestrate the downfall of Beijing party chief and Jiang's foe Chen Xitong. Because he was seen to represent highly partisan interests, many of Jiang's factional opponents were said to be highly resistant to Zeng joining the Politburo as a full member for years. However, Jiang made it clear that a 'pre-condition' for his stepping down at the 16th Party Congress was for Zeng to become a member of the elite Politburo Standing Committee.\n\nPolitburo Standing Committee\nAt the 16th Party Congress held in 2002, Zeng became a member of the 16th Central Committee, a member of its Politburo and of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC), the Party's central decision making body, as well as serving as the executive secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, responsible for party administrative affairs and policy coordination.\n\nDuring his term in the PSC, although he was formally ranked fifth, Zeng was seen as a 'power broker' in the party, believed to possess power that was second only to General secretary Hu Jintao. Initially seen as a rival to general secretary Hu Jintao, Zeng was obliged to show a willingness to work towards consensus with the old guard following Jiang's semi-retirement.\n\nOn 6 June 2003, Zeng issued an order \"not to play or sing 'The Internationale' in any provincial, city or county level party or party member meetings.\" The move was characterized as distancing China from orthodox communist doctrine.\n\nAlthough Jiang stepped down from the PSC to make way for a younger \"fourth generation\" of leadership led by Hu Jintao, Jiang continued to wield significant influence on the new group of leaders, particularly through Zeng. Due in large measure to Zeng's efforts, six out of the nine new members of the Standing Committee, Wu Bangguo, Jia Qinglin, Huang Ju, Li Changchun, Luo Gan, and Zeng himself, were linked to Jiang's \"Shanghai Clique\" and considered his allies.\n\nAs Jiang Zemin reached the end of his term, observers speculated that Jiang may well have preferred Zeng Qinghong over Hu Jintao as his successor.  But Hu prevailed in succeeding Jiang, ostensibly because Hu was 'handpicked' by former leader Deng Xiaoping. Zeng became Vice-President in March 2003 at the National People's Congress held that year. During the SARS outbreak, Hu and Premier Wen Jiabao took very strong and assertive action while Zeng and other Jiang loyalists receded to the background. Zeng was also initially expected to succeed Hu as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission as a condition of Jiang's resignation from the chairmanship in favor of Hu. However, when Jiang stepped down on 19 September 2004, Xu Caihou, and not Zeng, became Vice-chairman.\n\nShifting loyalties\nAlthough initially seen as a Jiang loyalist, observers characterized Zeng as much more sophisticated and shrewd and possessing more political savvy compared to his former boss Jiang.  In addition, Zeng was said to differ with Jiang's \"Shanghai Clique\" on policy preferences. Zeng was an important figure within the highest ranks of party leadership. He was said to be a crucial player in pushing Jiang's move towards full retirement in 2004, when Jiang relinquished his final title, Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Observers saw the push for Jiang's retirement as indicating consensus between Zeng and Hu.\n\nIn the following years, Zeng emerged as a kingmaker-style figure, and a 'point-man' for Hu to manage crises situations. After the death of Zhao Ziyang, the former party General Secretary who lost power following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Zeng worked as the intermediary between the Zhao's family and the senior party leadership. Zeng also worked with Hu to manage the potential effects on China of the ouster of authoritarian regimes in Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine. The head of the Ministry of State Security, China's top intelligence organization, was said to report directly to Zeng, as his father was the former head of this agency. When Shanghai Party Committee Secretary Chen Liangyu was dismissed in September 2006, Zeng led the anti-corruption task force against his longtime political enemy since they were in Shanghai. Additionally, Zeng also played a leading role in coordinating the funeral service for Politburo Standing Committee member Huang Ju, who died of cancer in 2007.\n\nDeparture\nAt the 17th Party Congress held in 2007, Zeng departed from the Central Committee, its Politburo, and the Politburo Standing Committee. His departure, which was seen as his retirement because of age, meant that he could no longer serve on the Communist Party's secretariat nor oversee the party's organization. His Vice-presidency ended in March 2008 at the 2008 National People's Congress. Before his retirement, however, Zeng used his political strength to secure the elevation of Xi Jinping and Zhou Yongkang into the Politburo Standing Committee. Xi, who succeeded Zeng in his posts of Vice-President and executive secretary of the Secretariat, then became the heir apparent to succeed Hu Jintao as China's top leader. Zhou, who was his closest subordinate in his 'Oil Clique', became the most powerful Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission. Since then Zeng has made public appearances only on a few ceremonial occasions, such as the 30th anniversary of the Third plenum of the 11th Central Committee in 2008.\n\nSon's wealth\nIn 2008, Zeng's son, Zeng Wei (), paid over A$32\u00a0million (~$24 million USD) to buy a luxurious Australian property located in Sydney; at the time, it was said to be the third most expensive residential property transaction in Australia. He further caused controversy with his fight to demolish and rebuild it. In 2007, an expos\u00e9 published by finance magazine Caijing alleged that Zeng Wei had, through a series of complex corporate vehicles, completed the purchase of power generation giant Shandong Luneng at 70 billion yuan (~$10 billion) below market value, and that Zeng Wei was, for all intents and purposes, the real owner of company despite his name not appearing in corporate documents.\n\nSee also\nPolitics of the People's Republic of China\nHistory of the People's Republic of China (2002\u2013present)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nZeng Qinghong and his CCP organization \u2013 World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong\nZeng Qinghong biography @ China Vitae, online database of China VIPs\nZeng Qinghong \u2013 People's Daily biography\nZeng Qinghong: A Man to Watch \u2013 Jamestown Foundation\nZeng Qinghong: A Potential Challenger to China's Heir Apparent \u2013 Jamestown Foundation\n\nCategory:1939 births\nCategory:Communist Party of China politicians from Jiangxi\nCategory:Engineers from Jiangxi\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Members of the 16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China\nCategory:Members of the Secretariat of the Communist Party of China\nCategory:People's Republic of China politicians from Jiangxi\nCategory:Politicians from Ji'an\nCategory:Systems engineers\nCategory:Vice Presidents of the People's Republic of China"}
-{"text": "Edythe Boone\n\nEdythe (Edy) Boone (born 1938), is an African-American artist and activist. She has worked as a muralist, counselor, and art teacher throughout her life in an under-served area in California.\n\nShe is the aunt of Eric Garner, an African-American man who was choked to death by New York Police Department officers. His death, along with the death of Michael Brown, led to protests and in part catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement.\n\nCareer \nBoone is well known for the many murals she has painted. She started with her painted murals on each floor of a building in Harlem, New York and her work has expanded through the years to one of her most notable projects, designing and painting the Women's Building mural in San Francisco, California. She first was exposed to art when visiting her grandmother, who was a seamstress and Boone found herself surrounded by color, fabrics and textures. During the time she lived in Harlem the problem with crack cocaine was rampant and had a large influence in her artistic development. It was there that she made guerilla murals to protest the situation. It is her belief that art is for everyone, not just for professionals, aiming to empower individuals and communities through the use of art.\n\nBoone\u2019s reputation for being socially conscious could be said to stem from many occasion but in the past she has been influenced by many social movements such as the Black Panthers and other various civil rights movements. Boone is best known for her street murals in the San Francisco Bay Area which focus upon activist issues and the local community. Her topics have included the 1980s crack epidemic in America, AIDS, poverty, racial discrimination, and gender inequality.\n\nWorks \nBoone is perhaps most well-known for being one of the muralists behind the famous MaestraPeace mural on the Women's Building in San Francisco, California. The mural was created in 1994 by a cooperative of seven female artists, including Boone, Juana Alicia, Miranda Bergman, Susan Kelk Cervantes, Meera Desai, Yvonne Littleton, and Irene Perez. The mural spans two walls and is five stories high. A few of the many images on it depict the Aztec Goddess of the Moon Coyolxauhqui, Palestinian legislator and activist Hanan Ashrawi, poet and activist Audre Lorde, painter Georgia O'Keeffe, Puerto Rican revolutionary Lolita Lebr\u00f3n, and Guatemalan Nobel Peace Prize winner Rigoberta Mench\u00fa. The mural is a major tourist attraction in the city's Mission District. It was restored in 2012 and Boone participated in the restoration. The building on which it is painted is a testament to women in itself as it is the first all women owned and run community building. The mural is a testament to women through the ages depicting the struggles and conflicts they have faced.\n\nMaestraPeace is notable not only for its massive scale and the numerous famous or mythical women it depicts, but for the multicultural and anti-colonialist sentiments expressed by artists of varying backgrounds. The piece represents \"transhistorical, crosscultural and transnational connections between the African and indigenous cultures of the Americas\" and its multicultural feminism suits the Women's Building's purpose and location in an ethnically diverse area.\n\nThe group of artists themselves are a diverse depiction due to both nationality and sexual preference. In the group there are two Latinas, two African Americans, east Asian, two Caucasians and one Jewish lesbian, straight and bisexual. The mural depicts a symmetrical composition flanked by figures as those representing the African and Native American ethnicities.\n\nThose We Love, We Remember, a mural to honor lost loved ones, was painted by Boone in Balmy Alley in San Francisco, CA.\n\nIn the 1980s, Boone and a group of \"guerrilla\" muralists worked on Oakland Wall Speaks with local housing project residents. The murals depict the effects of crack cocaine on the people who use it.\n\nNear Berkeley's People's Park, Boone collaborated on the mural Let a Thousand Parks Bloom, an allusion to the peaceful demonstrations of 1969 that occurred in the park in protest of the Vietnam War.\n\nShe oversaw the creation in Berkeley, CA of a 100-foot mural (completed in 2018) on Ashby Avenue between Harper and Ellis Streets. The mural depicts images of people, places, and interactions representing the history of South Berkeley from the times of the Ohlone to the present.\n\nDocumentary \n\"A New Color\" is Marlene \u201cMo\u201d Morris' directing debut. According to Morris, the film focuses on Edythe Boone's \u201cillustrious career\", stating \u201cEdy has a way of inspiring people and embracing a number of causes\u201d. The film debuted at the Mill Valley Film Festival on October 10, 2015.\n\nMarlene Morris was a 2011 Berkeley Film Foundation grant winner for \"A New Color\", which allowed for half of the footage to be shot. In 2012, a Kickstarter campaign, created by Morris, raised $7,951 in additional funding for the film, while the East Bay Community Foundation pledged to match any funds that were raised.\n\nFilm Festivals Appearances\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American muralists\nCategory:African-American artists\nCategory:1938 births"}
-{"text": "Freedom of panorama\n\nFreedom of panorama (FOP) is  a provision in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions that permits taking photographs and video footage and creating other images (such as paintings) of buildings and sometimes sculptures and other art works which are permanently located in a public place, without infringing on any copyright that may otherwise subsist in such works, and the publishing of such images. Panorama freedom statutes or case law limit the right of the copyright owner to take action for breach of copyright against the creators and distributors of such images. It is an exception to the normal rule that the copyright owner has the exclusive right to authorize the creation and distribution of derivative works. The phrase is derived from the German term  (\"panorama freedom\").\n\nLaws around the world\nMany countries have similar provisions restricting the scope of copyright law in order to explicitly permit photographs involving scenes of public places or scenes photographed from public places. Other countries, though, differ widely in their interpretation of the principle.\n\nEuropean Union\n\nIn the European Union, Directive 2001/29/EC provides for the possibility of member states having a freedom of panorama clause in their copyright laws, but does not require such a rule.\n\n is defined in article 59 of the German , in section 62 of the United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and it exists in several other countries or even \"a large majority of Member States\".\n\nThere are also European countries such as Italy  where there is no freedom of panorama at all. In Italy, despite many official protests and a national initiative led by the lawyer Guido Scorza and the journalist Luca Spinelli (who highlighted the issue), the publishing of photographic reproductions of public places is still prohibited, in accordance with the old Italian copyright laws made more restrictive by a law called  which states, among other provisions, that to publish pictures of \"cultural goods\" (meaning in theory every cultural and artistic object and place) for commercial purposes it is mandatory to obtain an authorization from the local branch of the Ministry of Arts and Cultural Heritage, the .\n\nLitigation\nAn example of litigation due to the heterogeneous EU legislation is the  (Hundertwasser decision), a case won by Friedensreich Hundertwasser in Germany against a German company for use of a photo of an Austrian building.\n\nOn 4 April 2016 the Swedish Supreme Court ruled that Wikimedia Sweden infringed on the copyright of artists of public artwork by creating a website and database of public artworks in Sweden, containing images of public artwork uploaded by the public. Swedish copyright law contains an exception to the copyright holder's exclusive right to make their works available to the public that allows depictions of public artwork. The Swedish Supreme Court decided to take a restrictive view of this copyright exception. The Court determined that the database was not of insignificant commercial value, for both the database operator or those accessing the database, and that \"this value should be reserved for the authors of the works of art. Whether the operator of the database actually has a commercial purpose is then irrelevant.\" The case was returned to a lower court to determine damages that Wikimedia Sweden owes to the collective rights management agency Bildkonst Upphovsr\u00e4tt i Sverige (BUS), which initiated the lawsuit on behalf of artists they represent.\n\nIn Romania, the heirs of Anca Petrescu, the architect of the colossal Palace of the Parliament, sued the Romanian Parliament for selling photos and other souvenirs with the image of the iconic building. The copyright infringement trial is ongoing.\n\nFrance\nSince 7 October 2016, article L122-5 of the French Code of Intellectual Property provides for a limited freedom of panorama for works of architecture and sculpture.  The code authorizes \"reproductions and representations of works of architecture and sculpture, placed permanently in public places (voie publique), and created by natural persons, with the exception of any usage of a commercial character\".\n\nThe limits to freedom of panorama in France have a drastic effect on Wikipedia articles about French architecture. Wikimedia Commons editors routinely delete any images of recent French architecture, despite the changes in the law, because Commons does not allow images where commercial use is prohibited.\n\nAustralia\n\nIn Australia, freedom of panorama is dealt with in the federal Copyright Act 1968, sections 65 to 68. Section 65 provides: \"The copyright in a work ... that is situated, otherwise than temporarily, in a public place, or in premises open to the public, is not infringed by the making of a painting, drawing, engraving or photograph of the work or by the inclusion of the work in a cinematograph film or in a television broadcast\". This applies to any \"artistic work\" as defined in paragraph (c) of section 10: a \"work of artistic craftsmanship\" (but not a circuit layout).\n\nHowever, \"street art\" may be protected by copyright.\n\nSection 66 of the Act provides exceptions to copyright infringement for photos and depictions of buildings and models of buildings.\n\nCanada\nSection 32.2(1) of the Copyright Act (Canada) states the following:\n\nThe Copyright Act also provides specific protection for the incidental inclusion of another work seen in the background of a photo. Photos that \"incidentally and not deliberately\" include another work do not infringe copyright.\n\nUnited States\n\nUnited States copyright law contains the following provision:\n\nThe definition of \"architectural work\" is a building, which is defined as \"humanly habitable structures that are intended to be both permanent and stationary, such as houses and office buildings, and other permanent and stationary structures designed for human occupancy, including but not limited to churches, museums, gazebos, and garden pavilions\". This freedom of panorama for buildings does not apply to art, however.\n\nFormer USSR\nAlmost all countries from the former Soviet Union lack freedom of panorama. Exceptions are three countries whose copyright laws were amended recently. The first was Moldova in July 2010, when the law in question was approximated to EU standards. Armenia followed in April 2013 with an updated Armenian law on copyright. Freedom of panorama was partially adopted in Russia on October 1, 2014; from this day, one is allowed to take photos of buildings and gardens visible from public places, but that does not include sculptures and other 3-dimensional works.\n\nTwo-dimensional works\nThe precise extent of this permission to make pictures in public places without having to worry about copyrighted works being in the image differs amongst countries. In most countries, it applies only to images of three-dimensional works that are permanently installed in a public place, \"permanent\" typically meaning \"for the natural lifetime of the work\".  In Switzerland, even taking and publishing images of two-dimensional works such as murals or graffiti is permitted, but such images cannot be used for the same purpose as the originals.\n\nPublic space\nMany laws have subtle differences in regard to public space and private property. Whereas the photographer's location is irrelevant in Austria, in Germany the permission applies only if the image was taken from public ground, and without any further utilities such as ladders, lifting platforms, airplanes etc. Under certain circumstances, the scope of the permission is also extended to actually private grounds, e.g. to publicly accessible private parks and castles without entrance control, however with the restriction that the owner may then demand a fee for commercial use of the images.\n\nIn many Eastern European countries the copyright laws limit this permission to non-commercial uses of the images only.\n\nThere are also international differences in the particular definition of a \"public place\". In most countries, this includes only outdoor spaces (for instance, in Germany), while some other countries also include indoor spaces such as public museums (this is for instance the case in the UK and in Russia).\n\nThere has been a controversy among Filipino photographers and establishment managements. On June 12, 2013, Philippine Independence Day, pro-photography group, Bawal Mag-Shoot dito, launched at the Freedom to Shoot Day protest at Luneta Park. The group is protesting for their right to take photos on historical and public places, especially in Luneta and Intramuros. The park management imposes a fee for D-SLR photographers to shoot images for commercial purposes but it was also reported that security guards also charge 500 pesos to shoot photos even for non-commercial purposes, an act which the advocacy group branded as \"extortion\". The group also claimed that there is discrimination against Filipino photographers and claimed that the management is lenient on foreign photographers. There is no official policy on taking photographs of historical places and the group has called legislators to create a law on the matter.\n\nAnti-terrorism laws\nTension has arisen in countries where freedom to take pictures in public places conflicts with more recent anti-terrorism legislation. In the United Kingdom, the powers granted to police under section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 have been used on numerous occasions to stop amateur and professional photographers from taking photographs of public areas. Under such circumstances, police are required to have \"reasonable suspicion\" that a person is a terrorist. While the Act does not prohibit photography, critics have alleged that these powers have been misused to prevent lawful public photography. Notable instances have included the investigation of a schoolboy, a Member of Parliament and a BBC photographer. The scope of these powers has since been reduced, and guidance around them issued to discourage their use in relation to photography, following litigation in the European Court of Human Rights.\n\nSee also\n Copyleft\n Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market\n Free content\n Public domain\n Trademark\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Photographing public buildings, from the American Society of Media Photographers.\n Millennium Park Photography: The Official Scoop, The Chicagoist, February 17, 2005.\n MacPherson, L.: Photographer's Rights in the UK.\n \n\nCategory:Copyright law\nCategory:Photography\nCategory:Public sphere"}
-{"text": "Kasper \"Stranger\" Malone\n\nKasper Delmar \"Stranger\" Malone (born October 25, 1909 near Lovelaceville, Kentucky \u2013 died May 30, 2005 in Rome, Georgia) was an American musician. Malone's career as a recording artist spanned 77 years and, according to his biographer George King, is recognized as the longest by the Guinness World Records. His first recording, eight 78 rpm sides, was made by Columbia Records in 1926; his last one, with Elise Witt, by EMWorld Records in 2003. Malone was one of the first documented clarinet players in country music.\n\nRecording career\nMalone was born on a farm near Paducah, Kentucky and christened as Kanoy. Later, when he obtained a birth certificate, he preferred to change his first name to Kasper. He started playing the cornet the age of three. At the age of fifteen he left home, and joined a band of traveling musicians playing in silent movie theaters in Georgia. He learned the trade of playing clarinet and in 1926 joined Gid Tanner and His Skillet-Lickers. In the same year Clayton McMichen and Malone left Tanner and set up The Melody Men. On November 4, 1926 they made their recording debut, Let Me Call You Sweetheart. The band continued recording twice a year, first on a mobile rig sent from New York City, and since 1928 at Columbia's permanent studio in Atlanta, Georgia. According to Malone himself, the nickname Stranger was inspired by a yell from the crowd: \"Who in the world is that little stranger playing the hell out of that saxophone?\".\n\nIn 1929 Malone left Georgia for St. Louis, Missouri and joined Schnitz Seymour's Miniature Circus. The band was soon dissolved. Malone formed his own band in Kansas, then joined Jim Story Band in Nebraska. In 1931 he played clarinet, flute and double bass for the WNAX orchestra in Yankton, South Dakota and hosted his own radio show. For the next decade he continued travelling all over the country, including a tour with the SS Coolidge cruise liner in 1934. During World War II he performed with Phil Harris for the USS Maritime Service Band.\n\nIn 1953 Malone joined Jack Teagarden's All Stars and toured with this band for three years playing double bass and flute. After leaving Teagarden Malone briefly played in Las Vegas and then accepted an offer from the University of Arizona to join their staff and play principal bass at the Tucson Symphony Orchestra. He taught at the university for thirteen years and also played with the Denver Symphony and the San Francisco Symphony.\n\nIn 1973 he moved to Germany and settled there for twenty years, living by private music lessons. In 1993 he returned to the United States and, after a series of setbacks, found a job with the Rome Symphony Orchestra and moved to Rome, Georgia. He settled in the center of the town one block from the former movie theater where he had played in 1925. He continued playing, performing more than 100 times in 2004. Off stage, Malone was a book collector and a lifelong student of classic literature, history and philosophy.\n\nIn 2004 Malone received the Founder's Award of the Country Music Hall of Fame.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American male musicians\nCategory:1909 births\nCategory:2005 deaths\nCategory:University of Arizona faculty\nCategory:People from Rome, Georgia\nCategory:20th-century American musicians\nCategory:20th-century American male musicians"}
-{"text": "Emoia mivarti\n\nBoulenger's emo skink or Admiralty five-striped skink (Emoia mivarti) is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. It is found in the Admiralty Islands and Indonesia.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Emoia\nCategory:Reptiles described in 1887\nCategory:Reptiles of Papua New Guinea\nCategory:Reptiles of Indonesia\nCategory:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger"}
-{"text": "Liuzhou\u2013Nanning intercity railway\n\nLiuzhou\u2013Nanning intercity railway is a high-speed railway in South-Western China. It connects the provincial capital of Nanning to the north east of Guangxi province. It also connects with the Hengyang\u2013Liuzhou intercity railway, allowing for diverse connections with distant destinations, such as Wuhan, Shanghai, and Beijing.\n\nHistory\nConstruction commenced in 2009 and was completed in mid 2013. It was opened for service on 28 December 2013. It was part of a network of railways that opened on the same day, connecting Nanning to Beihai on the coast.\n\nRoute\nThe 226\u00a0km route has a designed maximum speed of 250 km/h.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:High-speed railway lines in China\nCategory:Railway lines opened in 2013"}
-{"text": "Achromatorida\n\nAchromatorida is an order of non-pigmented intraerythrocytic parasitic alveolates belonging to the subclass Haemosporidiasina. The order was created by Jacques Euz\u00e9by in 1988.\n\nThe taxonomy of these organisms has been one of some controversy. Weylon in 1926 grouped many of these genera into the genus Babesia - given what is now known about these genera this was probably an error. Agreement on the organisation of these genera probably cannot be regarded as being settled.\n\nDescription\n\nThese are minute rounded or pyriform parasites found within erythrocytes, or other circulating or endothelial cells of vertebrates. The parasites reproduce by merogony without oocysts or spores.\n\nThe apical complex has a polar ring and rhopteries. A conoid is lacking and most species lack the associated pellicular microtubules.\n\nFlagellae are lacking. The trophozoite stage is separated from erythrocyte by single membrane (in the other groups there usually 2 or more). Vectors include ticks and leeches.\n\nEvolution\n\nA Bayesian analysis based on the nuclear genes suggests a date of divergence between Babesia and Theileria of  ( 95% credible interval \u2013)\n\nTaxonomy\nThis order is divided into two suborders:\n\nSuborder Babesiina\n\nThese are agents of piroplasmosis sensu stricto. The species have been placed into two families.\n\nFamily Babesiidae Poche 1913\n\nThis family excludes species that undergo schizogony in lymphocytes before parasitizing erythrocytes. these species have been placed in the genus Theileria.\n\nSpecies in this family have rhoptries, a polar ring and subpellicular tubules in its apical complex. With the exception of the genus Tunetella which infects tortoises, species in this family infect in warm-blooded vertebrates and are transmitted by ticks.\n\nGenus Babesia Starcovici 1893\nGenus Echinozoon Garnham 1951\nGenus Entopolypoides Mayer 1933\nGenus Microbabesia Sohns 1918\nGenus Rangelia\nGenus Tunetella Brumpt & Lavier 1935\n\nFamily Haemohormidiidae Levine 1984\n\nThis family includes species that infect marine animals. A notable exception is the genus Serpentoplasma which infects reptiles. Very little is known about most of these genera.\n\nGenus Cardiosporidium Gaver & Stephan 1907\nGenus Cristalloidophora Dehorne 1934, Porchet 1978\nGenus Dobellia Brumpt 1913\nGenus Echinococcidium  Porchet 1978\nGenus Globidiellum  Neumann 1909\nGenus Haemohormidium L\u00e9ger & Duboscq 1910\nGenus Haematractidium Henry 1910\nGenus Joyeuxella Le Calvez 1939\nGenus Rhabdospora Landau, Boulard & Houin 1969\nGenus Serpentoplasma Pienaar 1962\nGenus Spermatobium Eisen 1895\nGenus Toxocystis Henry 1910\nGenus Trophosphaera du Toit 1938\n\nThe genus Nephromyces may also belong to this family.\n\nSuborder Theileriina\n\nThese are parasites of erythrocytes and diverse white blood cells with sexual reproduction by exoerythrocytic or by exo- and endoerythrocytic schizogony.\n\nFamily Leucocytozoidae\nGenus Leucocytozoon  Ziemann 1898\nSubgenus Leucocytozoon\nSubgenus Akiba\n\nFamily Garniidae\nGenus Fallisia Lainson, Landau & Shaw 1974\nSubgenus Fallisia\nSubgenus Plasmodioides\nGenus Garnia   Lainson et al 1971 \nGenus Progarnia  Lainson 1995\n\nFamily Theileriidae (synonym Gonderiidae)\nGenus Cytauxzoon  Neitz & Thomas 1948\nGenus Theileria Bettencourt, Fran\u00e7a and Borges 1907\nGenus Haematoxenus Uilenberg 1964\n\nNotes\n\nThere are also a number of genera of uncertain placement that earlier were provisionally included in this taxon:\n\nElleipsisoma Franca 1912: This genus is currently placed in the Eimeriorina. Its placement there is unusual given that species in this genus infect erythrocytes.\n\nThe families Dactylosomatidae (genera Babesiosoma Jakowski and Nigrelli 1956 and Dactylosoma Labb\u00e9 1894) were transferred to the suborder Adeleorina by Boulard et al in 1982. The position of the  Anthemosomatidae (genus Anthemosoma Landau, Boulard and Houin 1969) remains unclear.\n\nThe genus Nicollia Franca 1910 is now regarded as a synonym for Babesia.\n\nCytauxzoon replicates in macrophages rather than in lymphocytes. For this reason may be moved to a new family at some point.\n\nPirhemocyton was described as a protozoan infecting lizards but the intraerythroctic inclusions have since been shown to be due to a viral infection.\n\nAn additional genus - Chelonplasma - has been described but its taxonomic status is unclear.\n\nSynonyms\n\nThe classification of the species in this group is difficult. Over the passage of time several genera have been described only to re classified as being synonyms of previously described genera.\n\nCurrently recognised synonyms of the genus Babesia include:\n\nAchromaticus Dionisi 1899\nApiosoma\nBabesiella Mesnil 1919\nFrancaiella Yakimoff 1926\nHaematococcus Babes 1888\nLuhsia Dschunkowsky 1938\nMicrosoma Sohns 1918\nNicollia Franca 1910\nPatonella Ray & Idnani 1943\nPiroplasma Patton 1895\nPyrosoma Smith 1893\nRosiella Nuttall 1912\nSogdianella Schurenkova 1939\n\nRecognised synonyms of the genus Nicollia - which is now itself regarded as a synonym of Babesia - include:\n\nNuttallia Franca 1909\nSmithia Franca 1910\n\nRecognised synonyms of the genus Theileria include:\n\nGonderia\n\nNotes\n\nApiosoma is currently the name of a genus of ciliated protozoa also known as Glossatella. Although this genus is pathogenic to fish it has not related to the parasites in this taxon.\n\nNuttallia Dall 1898 is a genus of sunset clams (Psammobiidae)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Apicomplexa orders"}
-{"text": "Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve\n\nMia Hansen-L\u00f8ve (born 5 February 1981) is a French film director, screenwriter, and former actress. She has won several accolades for her work. Her first feature film, All Is Forgiven, won the Louis Delluc Prize for Best First Film in 2007 along with C\u00e9line Sciamma's Water Lilies. Hansen-L\u00f8ve's film Father of My Children won the Special Jury Prize in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival. In 2014, Hansen-L\u00f8ve was awarded the status of Chevalier in the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. In 2016, she won the Silver Bear for Best Director for her film Things to Come at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival, as well as becoming a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.\n\nEarly life\nHansen-L\u00f8ve was born on 5 February 1981 in Paris. Her parents, Laurence and Ole Hansen-L\u00f8ve, are both philosophy professors who separated when Hansen-L\u00f8ve was in her 20s. In university, Hansen-L\u00f8ve studied German and minored in Philosophy.\n\nAs a teenager, Hansen-L\u00f8ve enjoyed acting and appeared in Late August, Early September and Sentimental Destinies, both directed by Olivier Assayas. In 2001, Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve began studying at the Conservatory of Dramatic Arts in Paris, but left in 2003 and began writing reviews for French film magazine Cahiers du cin\u00e9ma until 2005, a job that fueled her desire to make films herself. \"What I wanted [as a Cahiers critic] was to build little-by-little a cinematic train of thought,\" says Hansen-L\u00f8ve. In regards to her time at Cahiers du cin\u00e9ma, Hansen-L\u00f8ve says she is not nostalgic about this period in her life, however useful it was. In addition, she experienced misogyny while there. Meanwhile, she directed several shorts, including Contre-coup (2005), which starred Louis Garrel and Lolita Chammah. In an interview with The Guardian in 2016, Hansen-L\u00f8ve stated, \"When I was in my 20s, I was completely lost in life. Realizing I wanted to make films gave me strength. Because film-making is a perpetual questioning of existence. What is beauty? Why am I living? And I need that, I think, perhaps because of being the daughter of two philosophy teachers.\u201d\n\nCareer\nHansen-L\u00f8ve's debut film, All Is Forgiven, was nominated for a C\u00e9sar Award for Best First Feature Film in 2008 by the French Film Academy.\n\nHer second film, Father of My Children, premiered at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section and won the Special Jury Prize. The film was inspired by the suicide of Humbert Balsan, a French actor and film producer who served as an early mentor for Hansen-L\u00f8ve.\n\nHer third feature was the semi-autobiographical film, Goodbye First Love. Hansen-L\u00f8ve cast actress Lola Cr\u00e9ton after seeing her in Bluebeard. Her partner Olivier Assayas, who was with her at the time of the viewing, subsequently cast Cr\u00e9ton in one of his films as well. The film premiered at the 2011 Locarno International Film Festival, where it received a special mention from the Jury.\n\nIn August 2012, TIFF Cinemathique presented a retrospective of Hansen-L\u00f8ve's work titled \"Fathers and Daughters: The Films of Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve.\"\n\nIn November 2013, Hansen-L\u00f8ve began filming on Eden, an autobiographical drama about a young man named Paul who discovers the burgeoning French house music scene during the early 90s. The film was inspired and co-written by her brother Sven, who had been part of the 90s club scene as a DJ. Hansen-L\u00f8ve went through multiple producers while trying to make the film, as obtaining the rights to the music she wanted to use was both time-consuming and expensive. Actors Greta Gerwig and Brady Corbet starred in the film, which premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival.  \n\nDuring promotion for Eden, Hansen-L\u00f8ve announced that her next film, Things to Come (L'Avenir), would star Isabelle Huppert as a philosophy teacher whose seemingly perfect life begins to fall apart when her husband leaves her and her children move away from home. Hansen-L\u00f8ve cited Eric Rohmer's The Green Ray as the \"one film [she] couldn't help thinking of when writing Things to Come\" because of the similarities between the film's themes and their central female characters. The film was completed in 2016 and premiered in competition at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival where Hansen-L\u00f8ve won the Silver Bear for Best Director.\n\nIn September 2018, Hansen-L\u00f8ve premiered Maya at the 2018 Toronto International Film Festival as a part of the Special Presentations section.\n\nIn May 2017, it was announced that Hansen-L\u00f8ve would be making her English-language debut with Bergman Island. Set on the Swedish island of F\u00e5r\u00f6, the film illustrates an American filmmaking couple who retreat to the island that inspired the famous director, [Ingmar] Bergman, where they reside for the summer to each write screenplays for their upcoming films. The film was set to star Greta Gerwig, Mia Wasikowska, Anders Danielsen Lie, and John Turturro, but in August 2018, it was announced that Vicky Krieps would replace Gerwig and Turturro would no longer star in the film. Production began in August 2018. \n\nIn addition to being a notable filmmaker, Hansen-L\u00f8ve is also a screenwriter, having written the screenplays for all of her films. \"I write all films by myself,\" says Hansen-L\u00f8ve. \"I really try to close a door and go inside myself to search for my own truth. It would be a limitation to stick to those cineastes that I look up to. What I admire in them is precisely their sense of independence, how they created their own language and how they plunged into themselves to make their own films.\"\n\nStyle and themes\nHansen-L\u00f8ve's films mainly revolve around familial and/or romantic relationships and their effects. Eden, Father of My Children, and Things to Come all draw from important persons or events in Hansen-L\u00f8ve's life, however she has stated that while all her films are personal, they\u2019re not autobiographical. Time Out writer Dave Calhoun describes Hansen-L\u00f8ve's films as \"intimate, realist, free of melodrama. They have a lightness of touch and yet feel wise.\" Hansen-L\u00f8ve's brother, Sven, claims that the director \"prides herself on trueness and realism and authenticity.\" Rather than relying on shocking or dramatic events, Hansen-L\u00f8ve rests her narratives on subtle emotional shifts; climatic moments occur naturally and with no prior indication. \n\nCommon themes found in Hansen-L\u00f8ve's films are personal crisis, desire, and existentialism. In addition, her films tend to touch upon the generational effects of France's political and social history. Hansen-L\u00f8ve's films have been compared to those of French auteur Eric Rohmer, whose films such as The Green Ray are said to be influential to Hansen-L\u00f8ve.\n\nHansen-L\u00f8ve has stated that she sees All Is Forgiven, Father of My Children, and Goodbye First Love as a loose trilogy about the transformations the coincide with the transition to adulthood. \u201cIt\u2019s not accidental that the daughters are all 15, 16, or 17 for the majority of each film,\u201d she indicates. \u201cIt\u2019s not only about the relationship between fathers and daughters, it\u2019s about that particular age where you separate from your family and become an adult.\u201d\n\nPersonal life\nHansen-L\u00f8ve was in a relationship with director Olivier Assayas, who directed her in the films Late August, Early September and Sentimental Destinies, from 2002 to 2017. Though it was widely assumed they were married Hansen-L\u00f8ve revealed after they split that they never had been. Together they have a daughter named Vicky, born in 2009.\n\nHansen-L\u00f8ve is the younger sister of Sven Hansen-L\u00f8ve, who was a successful DJ in the 90s and who was the inspiration and co-writer for her film Eden.\n\nHer cousin, Igor Hansen-L\u00f8ve, is a L\u2019Express journalist. He had a small role in her 2009 film Father of My Children.\n\nFilmography\n\nAs director/screenwriter\n\nAs actress\n\nFurther reading\n Ince, Kate. The Body and the Screen: Female Subjectivities in Contemporary Women\u2019s Cinema. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017. .\n Palmer, Tim. \"Contemporary Feminine French Cinema and Lucile Hadzihalilovic's 'Innocence'.\" The French Review 83, no. 2 (2009): 316-27.\n Porton, Richard. \"A Death in the Family: An Interview with Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve.\" Cineaste: America's Leading Magazine on the Art and Politics of the Cinema 35, no. 3 (2010): 10-14.\n Porton, Richard. \"Love, Work and Radical Ideals: An Interview with Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve.\" Cineaste: America's Leading Magazine on the Art and Politics of the Cinema 42, no. 2 (2017): 24-27.\n Wilson, Emma. \"Precarious Lives: On Girls in Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve and Others.\" Studies in French Cinema 12, no. 3 (2012): 273-284.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMia Hansen-L\u00f8ve\u2019s 10 Favorite Films\n\nInterviews\n Interview: Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve, director of Goodbye First Love on Film Comment\n Why \u2018Things to Come\u2019 Filmmaker Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve Refuses to Get Caught Up in Ideologies on IndieWire\nInterview: Mia Hansen-L\u00f8ve on Thing to Come on Slant Magazine\n \u2018Eden\u2019 Brilliantly Captures the Highs and Lows of the DJ Lifestyle in 90s Paris on Vice\n\nReviews\n Family Matters on The New Yorker\n Film of the month: Goodbye First Love in Sight & Sound\n Review: Eden on Film Comment\n \u2018Maya\u2019 Review: Mia Hansen\u2013L\u00f8ve Goes to India for a Beguiling Story of Romance and Rootlessness \u2014 TIFF on IndieWire\n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:20th-century French actresses\nCategory:21st-century French actresses\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres\nCategory:Silver Bear for Best Director recipients\nCategory:Film directors from Paris\nCategory:French film actresses\nCategory:French film critics\nCategory:French people of Danish descent\nCategory:French women film directors\nCategory:French women screenwriters\nCategory:French screenwriters\nCategory:Women film critics"}
-{"text": "Carlos Mar\u00eda de Castro\n\nCarlos Mar\u00eda de Castro (24 September 1810 - 2 November 1893) was a Spanish architect, engineer and urban planner. He created the plan of the urban expansion (Ensanche) of Madrid.\nThe New Plan of Madrid was commissioned in 1857 and adopted in 1860. It was inspired by some technical aspects of Ildefons Cerd\u00e0's early studies and plans for the extension of Barcelona. But unlike Cerd\u00e0 who sought to avoid social segregation, Castro proposed functional and social zoning.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:19th-century Spanish architects\nCategory:Spanish urban planners\nCategory:1810 births\nCategory:1893 deaths\nCategory:Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando alumni"}
-{"text": "Operation Keystone\n\nDuring World War II, Operation Keystone was a Special Air Service patrol consisting of a number of jeep-mounted and airborne teams that operated south of IJsselmeer in the central Netherlands in early April, 1945. \n\nBy the middle of the month, the team had joined up with the Archway team.\n\nCategory:Operation Plunder\nCategory:Special Air Service\nCategory:World War II British Commando raids"}
-{"text": "Waiting for a Star to Fall\n\n\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" is a song released by the pop duo Boy Meets Girl in 1988. It was a worldwide hit and became their signature song. Since its release, it has been remixed and covered by many artists, including Cabin Crew and Sunset Strippers.\n\nBackground\n\"Waiting for a Star to Fall\" was written by Shannon Rubicam and George Merrill, and was inspired by an actual falling star that Rubicam had seen during a Whitney Houston concert at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles. The duo did not initially consider recording the song themselves, instead submitting it to Houston's manager Clive Davis, in the hope that he would decide to use it on her next album. Even though Rubicam and Merrill had written Houston's previous hits \"How Will I Know\" and \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\", Davis rejected \"Waiting for a Star to Fall\", suggesting that it did not suit her. The song was then offered to and recorded by Belinda Carlisle for her 1987 release Heaven on Earth, at the insistence of her label, but Carlisle disliked it and refused to include it on the album. This version has, however, circulated on an unofficial compilation of that album's outtakes.\n\nThe tenor saxophone solo on the Boy Meets Girl version was provided in a session recording early in the career of Andy Snitzer, who later found success as a solo artist.\n\nRelease and reception\nMerrill and Rubicam decided to record the song themselves for their second album Reel Life. Released as a single on June 10, 1988, it became a hit in the United States, slowly climbing the charts and eventually reaching number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Chart and number five on the Billboard Hot 100. Released in the United Kingdom on November 30, 1988, the song reached number nine on the UK charts during January 1989, having entered the chart in December 1988. It also reached number 35 on Australia's ARIA Charts in April 1989.\n\nThe song was used as the closing track to the 1990 movie Three Men and a Little Lady, and the single was re-released as a movie tie-in, with a new picture sleeve featuring the actors of the film. It peaked at number 76 in the UK.\n\nThe video game Grand Theft Auto IV included the song in the playlist for the in-game radio station Vice City FM.\n\nJohnny Loftus of AllMusic remarked that the song was \"just classic\", and that \"the urgency as it drives toward its chorus is a clinic for durable songwriting.\"\n\nMusic video\nThe video for the song, directed by Australian director Claudia Castle, features scenes of Merrill and Rubicam singing it on a beach and inside a house. Also featured are scenes of a group of children playing with bubbles, including the couple's young daughter Hilary.\n\nPersonnel\nGeorge Merrill: lead vocals, piano, synthesizer, bass guitar, drum programming\nJohn Goux: guitar\nDenny Fongheiser: drums\nMichael Jochum: additional drums\nAndy Snitzer: saxophone\nShannon Rubicam, Susan Boyd: vocals\nJoe Mardin: synthesizer\n\nCharts and certifications\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nCovers and remixes\n\nThe song has been covered and remixed several times. The most commercially successful versions came in 2005, when Australian musical group Cabin Crew remixed the song as \"Star to Fall\" (or \"Star2Fall\") but were refused the sampling of the original lyrics by Sony BMG. Liking what Cabin Crew had done, however, George Merrill agreed to re-record the vocals. Cabin Crew's version peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in March 2005. Meanwhile, Sony BMG had British musical group Sunset Strippers remix the original track under the title \"Falling Stars\", which was released a week after the Cabin Crew version and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart.\n\nCharts\n\n\"Star to Fall\"\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\n\"Falling Stars\"\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nOther covers\n The track \"In My Arms\" by British electronic musician Mylo sampled the song and was featured on Mylo's album Destroy Rock & Roll. His version also sampled Kim Carnes' \"Bette Davis Eyes\" and made it to number 13 in the United Kingdom in 2005.\n In 2007, German hardstyle musician Dan Winter recorded a remix titled \"Carry Your Heart\".\n In 2012, Italian Melodic Rock band Lionville covered the song on their album Lionville II.\n In December 2013, a folk cover of the song by Icelandic singer Yohanna surfaced on the Internet.\n In March 2014, a folk cover of the song by English singer Diana Vickers surfaced on the Internet.\n In September 2017, Australian singer George Maple interpolated the song as part of her single \"Hero\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Full lyrics at Boy Meets Girl Music Boy Meets Girl Music\n\nCategory:1988 songs\nCategory:1988 singles\nCategory:2005 singles\nCategory:Boy Meets Girl (band) songs\nCategory:Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one singles\nCategory:Songs written by Shannon Rubicam\nCategory:Songs written by George Merrill (songwriter)\nCategory:RCA Records singles\nCategory:Data Records singles\nCategory:Kontor Records singles"}
-{"text": "Dark Light Daybreak\n\nDark Light Daybreak is the third studio album by Athens-based band, Now It's Overhead. It was released on September 12, 2006.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Let the Sirens Rest\" \u2013 4:09\n\"Estranged\" \u2013 4:01\n\"Walls\" \u2013 3:43\n\"Believe What They Decide\" \u2013 3:39\n\"Night Vision\" \u2013 3:51\n\"Type A\" \u2013 2:25\n\"Dark Light Daybreak\" \u2013 3:53\n\"Meaning to Say\" \u2013 4:01\n\"Let Up\" \u2013 3:26\n\"Nothing in Our Way\" \u2013 4:10\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2006 albums\nCategory:Now It's Overhead albums\nCategory:Saddle Creek Records albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Andy LeMaster"}
-{"text": "Langona fusca\n\nLangona fusca is a jumping spider species that lives in Zimbabwe. It was first described by Wanda Weso\u0142owska in 2011.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Taxa named by Wanda Weso\u0142owska\nCategory:Spiders described in 2011\nCategory:Spiders of Africa\nCategory:Fauna of Zimbabwe\nCategory:Salticidae"}
-{"text": "Peace of Olomouc\n\nThe Peace of Olomouc was signed on 2 April 1479 between Matthias Corvinus of Hungary and King Vladislaus II of Bohemia (and Hungary, later), bringing the Bohemian\u2013Hungarian War (1468\u20131478) to an end. On 21 July 1479 the agreement was ratified during the course of festivities in Olomouc. This treaty, overall, ratified all terms within the Treaty of Brno developed in March 1478 (with slight modifications made by the King of Hungary on 20 September 1478). Based on the terms of the treaty, Vladislaus would cede the territories of Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia to Corvinus. If Matthias perished, then Vladislaus was permitted to redeem these lands for 400,000 florins. Moreover, both monarchs would be permitted to utilize the title King of Bohemia. However, only Matthias was required to address the other claimant as the King of Bohemia.\n\nSee also\n List of treaties\n Treaty of Brno (1478)\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Engel, P\u00e1l (translated by Tamas Palosfalvi). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. I.B. Tauris, 2005. . \n\nCategory:Olomouc\nCategory:1470s treaties\nOlomouc\nCategory:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bohemia\nCategory:15th century in Bohemia\nCategory:15th century in Hungary\nCategory:1470s in the Holy Roman Empire\nCategory:1479 in Europe"}
-{"text": "Dimitri Coats\n\nDimitri Coats is an American musician, songwriter, producer, and actor.\n\nMusic career\nDimitri Coats is best known as the frontman for the hard rock band Burning Brides and as the guitarist in the hardcore punk band Off!. The Brides have released four critically acclaimed albums and have toured with a variety of well-known acts ranging from The White Stripes and My Morning Jacket to Audioslave and A Perfect Circle. Dimitri is the songwriter and producer of the band which he formed with bass player Melanie Coats in 1999, a few years after he dropped out of the Juilliard School's acting program.\n\nAs the singer/guitarist for Burning Brides, Coats has twice performed on Conan O'Brien and his songs have been featured in several films, TV shows, and video games such as Guitar Hero.\n\nCoats played guitar on Chris Cornell's 2007 album Carry On and performed the theme song to the 2006 James Bond film, Casino Royale on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. Coats played drums, guitar, and piano on two songs on Mark Lanegan's Bubblegum album. He contributed to I Got a Brand New Egg Layin' Machine by Goon Moon, a project by Jeordie White and Chris Goss.\n\nIn late 2009, Dimitri and Circle Jerks/Black Flag frontman Keith Morris formed the band Off! along with Steven Shane McDonald from Redd Kross and Mario Rubalcaba from Hot Snakes/Rocket From The Crypt. Coats produced the band's first three albums, which he and Morris co-wrote.\n\nCoats is also a member of Ten Commandos with Matt Cameron and Ben Shepherd from Soundgarden, and Alain Johannes.\n\nActing career\nCoats' film debut was Passenger Side (2009) in which he plays the character Goofus. Passenger Side was chosen as one of Canada's top ten feature films of 2009 by the Toronto International Film Festival and was also an official selection of both the 2009 Los Angeles Film Festival and the 2009 London Film Festival.\n\nHis next role was the lead villain in the rock and roll vampire comedy Suck (2009). Coats plays Queeny, the head vampire responsible for turning The Winners band into vampires. Suck, which also stars writer/director Rob Stefaniuk, Malcolm McDowell, Dave Foley, Alice Cooper, Iggy Pop, Henry Rollins, Jessica Par\u00e9 and Moby, premiered at the 2009 Toronto Film Festival and won the People's Choice Award at the 2009 Whistler Film Festival. Two songs from the latest Burning Brides album, Anhedonia, are featured in the film. According to Rolling Stone, \"Suck has the potential to become a cult classic like The Rocky Horror Picture Show.\"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American male songwriters\nCategory:American male actors\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Off! members"}
-{"text": "Una Excursi\u00f3n a los indios ranqueles\n\nUna Excursi\u00f3n a los indios ranqueles is a 1963 Argentine film, based on a book of the same name by Lucio V. Mansilla.\n\nCast\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1963 films\nCategory:Argentine films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:Argentine black-and-white films"}
-{"text": "Tolombeh-ye Estah Banati\n\nTolombeh-ye Estah Banati (, also Romanized as Tolombeh-ye E\u1e63\u1e6dah B\u0101n\u0101t\u012b) is a village in Golestan Rural District, in the Central District of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Sirjan County"}
-{"text": "Eran Shainzinger\n\nEran Shainzinger is an Israeli footballer currently playing at FC Karmiel Safed.\n\nHonours\nIsraeli Second Division (2):\n1998-99, 2001\u201302\nLiga Alef - South (1):\n2006-07\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Israeli footballers\nCategory:Hapoel Kfar Saba F.C. players\nCategory:Maccabi Netanya F.C. players\nCategory:Hapoel Tzafririm Holon F.C. players\nCategory:Hapoel Maxim Lod F.C. players\nCategory:Ironi Tiberias F.C. players\nCategory:Hapoel F.C. Karmiel Safed players\nCategory:Football players from Kfar Saba\nCategory:People from Kfar Saba\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers"}
-{"text": "GSM (disambiguation)\n\nGSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is a European standard for mobile devices.\n\nGSM may also refer to:\n\nEducation\n GSM London, a higher education provider\n Guildhall School of Music and Drama, formerly Guildhall School of Music\n Graduate Studies in Mathematics, textbooks by the American Mathematical Society\n IILM Graduate School of Management, Greater Noida, India\n Graduate School of Management (GSM Barcelona)\n\nMilitary\n Garrison Sergeant Major, in the British Army\n General Service Medal (disambiguation), various campaign medals\n Gas turbine system technician (mechanical), a U.S. Navy rating\n\nPlaces\n Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge, known as GSM\n Qeshm International Airport, Qeshm Island, Iran, IATA code GSM \n G\u0127ajnsielem, Gozo, Malta, postcode GSM\n\nOther uses\n Grams per square metre, a measure of paper or density or grammage\n GSM blends, Australian wine, with Grenache, Shiraz and Mourv\u00e8dre\n Glass Sport Motors, a former South African car company\n Flyglobespan, ICAO airline code GSM\n Gender and sexual/sexuality minorities, an alternative term to LGBT\n Ginebra San Miguel, a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation\n Guatemalan Sign Language, ISO 639 language code gsm)\n\nSee also"}
-{"text": "Leo Brent Bozell\n\nLeo Brent Bozell may refer to:\n\nLeo B. Bozell (1886\u20131946), American advertising executive, co-founder of Bozell\nL. Brent Bozell, Jr. (1926\u20131997), American conservative activist and Catholic writer\nL. Brent Bozell III (born 1955), conservative author and activist, founder of the Media Research Center"}
-{"text": "Lepsy River\n\nThe Lepsy River (, Lespi; ) also known as the Lepsa River or the Lepsi River, is a river in south-eastern Kazakhstan. It originates in the Dzungarian Alatau Mountains north of the border with China and flows into Lake Balkhash. The Lepsy is the easternmost of the two small rivers that flow into the eastern Balkhash on the south bank, the other being the Aksu River. The Lepsy is one of the main rivers of the historic region of Zhetysu.\n\nCourse\nThe river flows north from the border with China before turning north-westward north of Sarkand and then west before turning north northward when it reaches the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert, a large sand desert south of Lake Balkhash. The river empties into Lake Balkhash just east of the Aksu River on  its southern side. Lepsy freezes up in December and stays icebound until March. Because of the amount of water taken for irrigation, the river's flow into Lake Balkash is limited.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rivers of Kazakhstan\nCategory:Lake Balkhash"}
-{"text": "Mirz\u0259qurbanl\u0131\n\nMirz\u0259qurbanl\u0131 is a village and municipality in the Neftchala Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 535. The municipality consists of the villages of Mirz\u0259qurbanl\u0131 and Uzunbabal\u0131.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Neftchala District"}
-{"text": "Carl Ludwig (Medal of Honor)\n\nCarl Ludwig   was a Private in the Union Army, received the Medal of Honor, on July 30, 1896, for his brave and gallant action at the Second Battle of Petersburg, Virginia during the American Civil War.\n\nMedal of Honor citation\nRank and organization: Private, 34th New York Battery.\nPlace and date: Petersburg, Virginia., June 18, 1864.\nBirth: France.\nDate of issue: July 30, 1896\n\nCitation:\n\nAs gunner of his piece, inflicted singly a great loss upon the enemy and distinguished himself in the removal of the piece while under a heavy fire.\n\nSee also\nList of Medal of Honor recipients\nList of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G\u2013L\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients\nCategory:United States Army soldiers\nCategory:French emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients\nCategory:1841 births\nCategory:1913 deaths\nCategory:American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor"}
-{"text": "Middlebury Panthers men's ice hockey\n\nThe Middlebury Panthers men's ice hockey team represents Middlebury College in men\u2019s hockey and has done so since 1922 (with the exception of a few years during World War II). The Panthers currently play at the Division III and have won the most championships (8) of any D-III program. For a time the team did play along with top-level programs but when men's ice hockey divided into separate tiers in the mid-1960s Middlebury left the upper echelon.\n\nHistory\nMiddlebury played as an Independent program, as all schools did officially, prior to 1950 but the Panthers were a founding member of the NCAA's first ice hockey conference, the Tri-State League. The Panthers remined in the conference for nine years but through most of that time they were pushed around by the national powers Clarkson, Rensselaer and St. Lawrence. Towards the end of their tenure in the conference, however, Middlebury did land a recruit who would rewrite the NCAA record book.\n\nPhil Latreille joined the Panthers in 1957 and began playing immediately. Normally, freshman did not play for varsity squads as the NCAA only allowed players eligibility for three seasons but because Middlebury wasn't competing for any national tournament they could ignore that NCAA regulation. Latreille scored 36 goals in only 20 games in his first year then set a new single-season record with 57 goals as a sophomore. For his third season Latreille shattered his record with 77 goals and capped that off with a senior season of 80 goals and 108 points. No other player in NCAA history has even scored 60 goals in a season. Latreille held the points record for 24 seasons before being surpassed by Bill Watson who played in more than twice as many games in his record-breaking season. Latreille still hold the NCAA record for career goals with 250 with second a distant 94 goals behind (Chuck Delich). Latreille's scoring exploits were so spectacular that he was able to parley them into a brief appearance with the New York Rangers after graduating. While he didn't stick in the National Hockey League, Latreille remains Middlebury's only alumnus to play in the NHL.\n\nAfter Latreille left, Middlebury became one of the 28 founding members of ECAC Hockey, remaining with the conference for three seasons. By the end of the 1963\u201364 season it was obvious that ECAC Hockey had to make a change and the conference divided itself into upper- and lower-tiers. This was the first formal delineation of men's ice hockey and Middlebury was one of the 14 teams that founded ECAC 2. The Panthers played well under Wendall Forbes and typically finished in the top half of the conference. In 1971 Middlebury was again a founding member of a conference, this time for the NESCAC, though because the new conference didn't sponsor ice hockey as a varsity sport the Panthers remained with ECAC 2. \n\nBy the mid-1970s ECAC 2 had become just as ungainly as ECAC Hockey had and boasted 31 programs in 1977. Rather then split into separate conferences, ECAC 2 divided itself into East and West Divisions with both playing separate postseason tournaments. Middlebury won its first conference tournament in 1979 but because NESCAC rules prohibited them from participating in any national tournament the Panthers didn't receive an invitation to the 1979 Championship.\n\nWhen the NCAA instituted numerical classifications in 1973 Middlebury became a Division III school but the ice hockey program played at the Division II level. This continued for a decade until the NCAA instituted a Division III Championship and, while the Panthers could not participate in the tournament, most of their contemporaries were able to play in the championship. As a result almost the entire D-II level dropped down to the lower tier with Middlebury going along. During the change came a formal split for ECAC 2 with Middlebury founding yet another ice hockey conference, this one called ECAC East.\n\nIn the mid-80's Forbes stepped down and was replaced by Bill Beaney. It took Beaney a short time to rebuild the program and five years after he took over the Panthers won both the conference regular season and tournament titles. In 1994 the NESCAC changed its rules to permit its member teams to play in one postseason tournament, either conference or national, and a year later Middlebury made its first appearance in the Division III championship. Middlebury jumped in with both feet and won each of their games, including the championship over #1-ranked Fredonia State to capture the school's first national title in any sport. Beaney kept the panthers at the top of Division III and won five consecutive national championships (1995\u20131999), setting an NCAA record for any level of play.\n\nMiddlebury's championship streak ended in 2000, the same year that the NESCAC began to sponsor ice hockey as a sport and Middlebury joined 8 other schools to form the new conference. The NESCAC also allowed their member schools to play in both the conference and national tournaments beginning in 2000. This allowed the Panthers to play in their first conference tournament in 5 years and win their first of three consecutive titles. Beaney took a sabbatical in 2003 but returned the year after to lead Middlebury to three consecutive titles for a total of 8. The team was in contention for a ninth championship in 2007 but fell to Oswego State in overtime. The program slowly declined after its first championship loss and after Beaney retired in 2015 the team has yet to post a winning season.\n\nSeason-by-season results\nThis is a partial list of Middlebury's record. It covers the time from when Middlebury restarted the ice hockey program after World War II until the program officially left the top tier of men's ice hockey.\n\nNote: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties\n\n* Winning percentage is used when conference schedules are unbalanced.\u2020 Middlebury tied Clarkson for the best record in the conference. The two then played a single game to determine the sole champion for the Tri-State League.\n\nFootnotes\n\nAll-time coaching records \nAs of completion of 2018\u201319 season\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:College men's ice hockey teams in the United States\nCategory:Ice hockey teams in Vermont\nIce Hockey, Men"}
-{"text": "National Commission on Resources for Youth\n\nThe National Commission on Resources for Youth was an American program established in 1970. The Commission was charged with identifying and promoting youth participation in schools and communities across the United States, and was largely funded through the US Department of Health, Education and Welfare through their Office of Human Development and the Division of Youth Activities within the Office of Youth Development, with additional support from the Ford Foundation.\n\nActivities\nIn addition to publications and studies on a range of youth participation topics, the Commission held meetings, training events and conferences across the country, with youth engagement in schools and community development seeing a significant increase. The Commission succeeded in seeding national movements in youth voice, youth participation, and community youth development. Aside from defining and fostering these efforts across the nation, the Commission provided expert knowledge and resources to support ongoing activities long after its closure.\n\nThe National Commission on Resources for Youth was preceded in federal legislation by the National Youth Administration, a 1930s federally coordinated youth program. Its recent political successor is the Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act, passed in 2006 to direct federal interaction among youth-serving agencies and grant programs. Several national organizations today trace their roots to the Commission, including the Forum for Youth Investment and Youth On Board.\n\nPublications by the Commission\n\n Conrad, D.E. (1982, May). Learning from the Field Experience: A Guide for Student Reflection in Youth Participation Programs. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.\n Conrad, D., with D. Harrington. (1981, May). Thinking about the Work Experience: A Manual for Learning and Reflection in Youth Employment Programs. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.\n National Commission on Resources for Youth. (n.d.). \"Kids Can Do Wonderful Things.\" Resources for Youth Newsletter, VI(I). \n National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1982, Fall). \"These Young People Care!\" Resources for Youth Newsletter, XI(I). \n National Commission on Resources for Youth, United States (1974) 'New Roles for Youth in the School and the Community,' New York: Citation Press.\n National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1979). \"What If...\" Resources for Youth Newsletter, IX(II). \n National Commission on Resources for Youth. (n.d.). 'Youth into Adult: Towards a Model for Programs that Facilitate the Transition to Adulthood.' New York, NY: National Commission on Resources for Youth. \n National Commission on Resources for Youth. (1975, December). Youth Participation: A Concept Paper. A Report of the National Commission on Resources for Youth to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Youth Development. New York, NY: National Commission on Resources for Youth. \n Schine, J., with B. Shoup & D. Harrington. (1981). New Roles for Early Adolescents. New York, NY: The National Commission on Resources for Youth.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Tom Osborne Federal Youth Coordination Act\n National Youth Development Information Center Federal Youth Coordination Act Information Center\n Rep. Tom Osborne's) (NE03) Press Release on the Federal Youth Coordination Act\n\nCategory:History of youth\nCategory:United States national commissions\nCategory:Youth in the United States\nCategory:1970 establishments in the United States"}
-{"text": "2006 Italian general election in Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol\n\nThe Italian general election of 2006 took place on 10\u201311 April 2006.\n\nIn Trentino the centre-right came first narrowly ahead of the centre-left, as it happened nationally, while in South Tyrol the South Tyrolean People's Party led the centre-left to a major victory, but lost almost 10% of the vote from 2001 due to the alliance with Italian parties.\n\nResults\n\nChamber of Deputies\n\nTrentino\n\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#E9E9E9\"\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Coalition leader\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes (%)\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Party\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes (%)\n|-\n!rowspan=\"9\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Romano Prodi\n|rowspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\"|165,413\n|rowspan=\"9\" valign=\"top\"|50.1\n\n|align=\"left\"|The Olive Tree\nDemocracy is Freedom \u2013 The Daisy\nDemocrats of the Left\n|valign=\"top\"|99,131\n|valign=\"top\"|30.0\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|South Tyrolean People's Party\n|valign=\"top\"|16,738\n|valign=\"top\"|5.1\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Communist Refoundation Party\n|valign=\"top\"|14,834\n|valign=\"top\"|4.5\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Italy of Values\n|valign=\"top\"|8,923\n|valign=\"top\"|2.7\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Federation of the Greens\n|valign=\"top\"|8,368\n|valign=\"top\"|2.5\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Rose in the Fist\nItalian Democratic Socialists\nItalian Radicals\n|valign=\"top\"|7,451\n|valign=\"top\"|2.3\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Party of Italian Communists\n|valign=\"top\"|4,774\n|valign=\"top\"|1.5\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Pensioners' Party\n|valign=\"top\"|3,994\n|valign=\"top\"|1.2\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|others\n|valign=\"top\"|1,200\n|valign=\"top\"|0.4\n\n|-\n!rowspan=\"6\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Silvio Berlusconi\n|rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"|164,036\n|rowspan=\"6\" valign=\"top\"|49.7\n\n|align=\"left\"|Forza Italia\n|valign=\"top\"|76,355\n|valign=\"top\"|23.1\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|National Alliance\n|valign=\"top\"|30,773\n|valign=\"top\"|9.3\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Lega Nord\n|valign=\"top\"|25,947\n|valign=\"top\"|7.9\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Union of Christian and Centre Democrats\n|valign=\"top\"|25,819\n|valign=\"top\"|7.8\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Tricolour Flame\n|valign=\"top\"|2,264\n|valign=\"top\"|0.7\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|others\n|valign=\"top\"|2,878\n|valign=\"top\"|0.9\n\n|-\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Others\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|529\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|0.2\n\n|align=\"left\"|others\n|valign=\"top\"|529\n|valign=\"top\"|0.2\n\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#E9E9E9\"\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Total coalitions\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|329,978\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|100.0\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Total parties\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|329,978\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|100.0\n|}\nSource: Ministry of the Interior\n\nSouth Tyrol\n\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#E9E9E9\"\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Coalition leader\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes (%)\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Party\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" valign=\"top\"|votes (%)\n|-\n!rowspan=\"8\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Romano Prodi\n|rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"|231,935\n|rowspan=\"8\" valign=\"top\"|74.6\n\n|align=\"left\"|South Tyrolean People's Party\n|valign=\"top\"|165,966\n|valign=\"top\"|53.4\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|The Olive Tree\nDemocracy is Freedom \u2013 The Daisy\nDemocrats of the Left\n|valign=\"top\"|33,458\n|valign=\"top\"|10.8\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Federation of the Greens\n|valign=\"top\"|16,753\n|valign=\"top\"|5.4\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Communist Refoundation Party\n|valign=\"top\"|4,711\n|valign=\"top\"|1.5\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Rose in the Fist\nItalian Democratic Socialists\nItalian Radicals\n|valign=\"top\"|3,915\n|valign=\"top\"|1.3\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Italy of Values\n|valign=\"top\"|3,315\n|valign=\"top\"|1.1\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Party of Italian Communists\n|valign=\"top\"|2,127\n|valign=\"top\"|0.7\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|others\n|valign=\"top\"|1,609\n|valign=\"top\"|0.5\n\n|-\n!rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Silvio Berlusconi\n|rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"|62,344\n|rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"|20.1\n\n|align=\"left\"|Forza Italia\n|valign=\"top\"|30,323\n|valign=\"top\"|9.8\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|National Alliance\n|valign=\"top\"|21,366\n|valign=\"top\"|6.9\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Union of Christian and Centre Democrats\n|valign=\"top\"|5,342\n|valign=\"top\"|1.7\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|Lega Nord\n|valign=\"top\"|2,809\n|valign=\"top\"|0.9\n|-\n|align=\"left\"|others\n|valign=\"top\"|2,504\n|valign=\"top\"|0.8\n\n|-\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Pius Leitner\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|16,654\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|5.4\n\n|align=\"left\"|Die Freiheitlichen\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|16,654\n|rowspan=\"1\" valign=\"top\"|5.4\n\n|-\n|- bgcolor=\"#E9E9E9\"\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Total coalitions\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|310,933\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|100.0\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\"|Total parties\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|310,933\n!rowspan=\"1\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\"|100.0\n|}\nSource: Ministry of the Interior\n\nCategory:Elections in Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol\nCategory:2006 elections in Italy"}
-{"text": "Anil Rai Gupta\n\nAnil Rai Gupta (born 20 April 1969) is an Indian businessman. He is the chairman and managing director of Havells India.\n\nEarly life and education \nGupta was born on 20 April 1969 in Delhi. His father Qimat Rai Gupta was the founder of Havells.\n\nGupta attended St. Xavier's School in Delhi. He obtained a bachelor's degree in economics from Sriram College of Commerce, and an MBA from Wake Forest University, North Carolina.\n\nBusiness career \nGupta joined his father's company in 1992 as a non-executive director. He led Havells' acquisition of the European lighting company Sylvania and its restructuring as Havells Sylvania.\n\nAfter his father's death in November 2014, Gupta succeeded him the chairman and managing director of Havells. He has focused on expanding the company's range of electrical consumer durables and improving its brand recognition.\n\nOther activities and recognition \nGupta is one of the founders of Ashoka University, a private liberal arts college in Haryana. He wrote a biography of his father, Havells: The Untold Story of Qimat Rai Gupta (2016), which was well received.\n\nGupta was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater Wake Forest University in 2017. and the All India Management Association's Emerging Business Leader (2017). In FY 17-18 Anil Rai Gupta has also been honoured with ET Family Business of the year.\n\nPersonal life \nGupta is married to Sangeeta Gupta. They have two children.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1969 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Businesspeople from Delhi\nCategory:Indian chairmen of corporations\nCategory:Indian chief executives\nCategory:University of Delhi alumni\nCategory:Wake Forest University alumni"}
-{"text": "Our Mims\n\nOur Mims (March 8, 1974 \u2013 December 9, 2003) was a champion Thoroughbred racing mare and broodmare, yet she came very close to dying abandoned in a field of cattle.\n\nBackground\n\nOur Mims was foaled on March 8, 1974, at Calumet Farm in Lexington, Kentucky.  She was by Herbager out of Sweet Tooth (by On-and-On).  This made her a half sister to the brilliant colt Alydar, who gained fame for his rivalry with the 1978 Triple Crown winner, Affirmed.  Our Mims was named after Melinda Markey, the daughter of Rear Admiral Gene Markey, second husband of Calumet Farm owner Lucille Markey.\n\nAlydar and Our Mims were both owned by Calumet and trained by John M. Veitch.\n\nRacing career\n\nOur Mims lost each of her seven starts as a two-year-old. When she was three, Veitch entered her in an allowance at Florida's Hialeah Park, which she won.  Then she won the Fantasy Stakes at Oaklawn Park, the Coaching Club American Oaks at Belmont Park (at which Melinda Bena [nee Markey] was present to accept the winner's trophy on behalf of Calumet Farm), the prestigious Alabama Stakes at the Saratoga Race Course, and the Delaware Handicap at Delaware Park.  Our Mims' performances earned her the Eclipse Award for the champion three-year-old filly. During this season, CBS sportscaster, Jimmy the Greek commented that \"the only horse that could beat 1977 Kentucky Derby champion Seattle Slew was Calumet Farm's Our Mims.\"\n\nAt the end of her racing career of 18 starts, she had six wins, placed in six starts, and was third once.  She earned $368,034.\n\nBroodmare\nThe foals of Our Mims did not do much on the track, but they were superior producers. Our Mims' first foal, Heavenly Blue by Raise a Native, produced Play On and On, who was the dam of several stakes winners, including Continuously, sent to England and then on to California to win a major race there.  Her third foal was Mimbet, the dam of the 1997 Breeders' Cup Sprint winner, Elmhurst.\n\nOur Mims came up barren when she turned twenty-one.  Attempts to breed her for the next five years brought fruitless results.  The champion was left in a cattle field to fend for herself.  She ate whatever she could find in the field with no protection from the weather and no vet care.\n\nRescue\nOur Mims was saved by a woman named Jeanne Mirabito, who found her and brought her food.  Two years later, after continued personal care of the mare, Mirabito convinced the owners to donate the ailing old horse to a local horse rescue, and Jeanne adopted Our Mims from that rescue. Our Mims lived in comfort until her death on December 9, 2003, at the age of twenty-nine. She is buried at Calumet's equine cemetery, the first horse buried in the cemetery who was not owned by the farm.\n\nIn tribute to the horse, Jeanne Mirabito created Our Mims Retirement Haven, a rescue farm specializing in the care of retired Thoroughbred broodmares, on her farm in Paris, KY. With the creed, \"Specializing in restoring health and spirit in aged mares,\" OMRH's first mare was Our Mims' half-sister, Sugar and Spice. With the help of Cheryl Bellucci acting as the Haven's Director of Fund Raising and Promotion, the Haven achieved nonprofit status on March 8, 2007.\n\nReferences\n\n Wild Ride, Anne Hagedorn Auerbach, New York, Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 1994\n Our Mims Tribute Web Site\n The Exceller Fund\n Links from the Exceller Fund to more organizations\n ReRun, ex-racehorse adoption\n\nCategory:1974 racehorse births\nCategory:2003 racehorse deaths\nCategory:Racehorses bred in Kentucky\nCategory:Racehorses trained in the United States\nCategory:Eclipse Award winners\nCategory:Cruelty to animals\nCategory:Thoroughbred family 9-c"}
-{"text": "Karl Heun\n\nKarl Heun (; born 3 April 1859, Wiesbaden; died 10 January 1929, Karlsruhe) was a German mathematician who introduced Heun's equation, Heun functions, and Heun's method.\n\nKarl Heun studied mathematics and philosophy in G\u00f6ttingen (and briefly in Halle). In 1881 with the dissertation Die Kugelfunktionen und Lam\u00e9schen Funktionen als Determinanten he received his doctorate under Schering at the University of G\u00f6ttingen. He then worked as a teacher at an agricultural college in Wehlau, until in 1883 he emigrated to England where he taught until 1885 in Uppingham.\n\nHe completed his studies in London and received his Habilitierung qualification in June 1886 in Munich with the thesis \u00dcber lineare Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung, deren L\u00f6sungen durch den Kettenbruchalgorithmus verkn\u00fcpft sind. From 1886 to 1889 he taught at the University of Munich, but because of financial circumstances from 1890 to 1902 he had to work as a teacher in Berlin.\n\nIn 1900 Karl Heun received the title of Professor and then in 1902 he obtained the professorial chair of theoretical mechanics at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, where he worked until he retired with a pension in 1922.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:19th-century German mathematicians\nCategory:20th-century German mathematicians\nCategory:1859 births\nCategory:1929 deaths"}
-{"text": "Bill Bennett (footballer)\n\nWilliam Bennett (born 12 April 1948) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Carlton in the VFL during the 1960s.\n\nA forward from the Victorian town of Maffra, Bennett played 11 games with Carlton which included the 1968 Grand Final. Lining up at centre half-forward, Bennett's side finished victors by three points in what would be his last league game.\n\nExternal links\n\nBlueseum profile\n\nCategory:1948 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Carlton Football Club players\nCategory:Maffra Football Club players\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:People from Maffra"}
-{"text": "Miztec (schooner barge)\n\nThe Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890.  She was later converted to a schooner barge and served as a consort for lumber hookers on the Great Lakes.  She escaped destruction in a severe 1919 storm that sank her longtime companion, the SS Myron, only to sink on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th, 1921, with the loss of all hands.  She came to rest on Lake Superior's bottom off Whitefish Point near the Myron.\n\nThe Miztec\u2019s wreck was illegally salvaged in the 1980s.  Artifacts from the Miztec became the property of the State of Michigan after they were seized in a 1992 Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) raid on the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum.  The State allows the museum to hold a triple sheave block and hook and a double sheave block and hook from the Miztec as a loan.  Her wreck is now protected by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve as part of an underwater museum.\n\nCareer\nThe 194 foot wooden Miztec was built as a 3-masted schooner in 1890 in Marine City, Michigan.  She was enrolled at Port Huron, Michigan on 8 April 1890.  On 3 May 1890 she ran ashore near Minorville, Wisconsin.\n\nThe Miztec spent the final years of her career as an O.W. Blodgett Lumber Company barge consort towed by lumber hookers. She was stranded by her tow, the SS Myron, off Vermilion Point in a severe November gale in 1919.  She narrowly escaped total destruction and suffered heavy damage but survived the storm while the Myron did not. She was rebuilt in 1919.\n\nFinal voyage\nThe Blodgett fleet of the Zillah, Miztec, and Peshtigo locked through the Soo headed for a spring gale and the Miztec\u2019s doom on Friday 13 May 1921. The wooden steamer Zillah was towing the schooner barges Miztec and Peshtigo.  The Zillah and Miztec carried bulk salt bound for Duluth, Minnesota and the empty Peshtigo was scheduled for drop off at Munising, Michigan.\n\nTen miles west of Whitefish Point, the fleet met the full  brunt of the storm's heavy snow and near hurricane force winds. The 31-year-old wooden Zillah started taking on water when her seams twisted open in the raging seas. Her 785-horsepower steam engine could barely maintain her bow to the seas. The master of the Zillah decided to turn around and take shelter in Whitefish Bay. The Zillah\u2019s tow line broke during the strain of the turn, stranding the Miztec and Peshtigo in the storm, and then the tow line between the two barges broke.\n\nIn an effort to reach the lee of Whitefish Point, the Peshtigo set short sails that the wind soon shredded. The Peshtigo dragged both anchors as the wind and waves forced her toward shore, and the pounding surf of the dangerous shallows. When the crew of the Vermilion Point Life-saving Station saw the Peshtigo\u2019s struggle, they launched two surfboats that were destroyed by the crashing sea. The Peshigo\u2019s anchors finally caught hold about \u00bc mile from shore and she and her crew survived the storm.\n\nWhen the tow line between the Miztec and the Peshtigo broke, Captain Campbell of the Peshtigo saw the Miztec\u2019s lights disappear with his brother on board. His brother was the Miztec\u2019s first mate. While the Miztec survived the 1919 storm that took her partner, the SS Myron, her run of good fortune ended when she sank with the loss of all 7 crewmembers on the traditional day of bad luck, Friday the 13th. Captain Neal, who was rescued near-death clinging to the pilothouse of the Myron in 1919, was serving as the Zillah's first mate when the Miztec sank in 1921. When the freighter Renown came upon the flotsam of the Miztec\u2019s sinking site, its crew sighted a body atop the deck house, but unlike Captain Neal's rescue, the body slipped into the seas as they approached.\n\nThe Renown reported their finding to the United States Coast Guard. The Coast Guard went to the wreck scene and buoyed the Miztec\u2019s spar that was protruding from shallow water with plans to dynamite her as a navigational hazard as she lay near the shipping lane, but they were unable to relocate her when they returned. It was believed that as her salt cargo dissolved, she moved along the lake bottom to deeper water. The Miztec came to rest not far from the wreck site her longtime companion lumber hooker, the SS Myron.\n\nNo bodies were recovered from the Miztec\u2019s sinking site, but six days after she sank, Native Americans on Maple Island, Ontario discovered the body of Mrs. Florence Pederson, the cook and the wife of the captain of the Miztec.\n\nThe Miztec was an estimated $10,000 loss to O.W. Blodgett Lumber Company.\n\nWreck\nThe Miztec\u2019s wreck was discovered in 1983 by the Oddessey Foundation in  of water at . The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DNRE) raided the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum at Whitefish Point in 1992 for artifacts illegally removed from the Great Lakes bottomlands.  The DNRE seized around 150 artifacts from the museum, including a triple sheave block and hook and a double sheave block and hook from the Miztec. Following a settlement agreement between the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society and the State of Michigan, the State's artifacts from the Miztec are on loan to the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society for display in the Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum.\n\nThe Miztec\u2019s wreck is now protected by the Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve for future generations of scuba divers.  The Miztec\u2019s remains are broken and scattered on the lake bottom but her anchor and chain and other gear are still present. Although the Miztec\u2019s wreck is one of the shallower wrecks, sports divers are cautioned to be certain of their abilities and equipment for dives because the preserve  does not  include protective bay or coves from the cold and volatile weather. Divers who visit the wreck sites are expected to observe preservation laws and \"take nothing but pictures and leave nothing but bubbles.\"\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1890 ships\nCategory:Merchant ships of the United States\nCategory:Maritime incidents in 1921\nCategory:Shipwrecks of Lake Superior\nCategory:Schooners\nCategory:Barges of the United States\nCategory:Schooner barges"}
-{"text": "2017 Mutua Madrid Open \u2013 Women's Doubles\n\nCaroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic were the defending champions, but Garcia chose not to participate this year. Mladenovic played alongside Svetlana Kuznetsova, but lost in the first round to Kiki Bertens and Johanna Larsson.\n\nChan Yung-jan and Martina Hingis won their second Premier Mandatory title of the year, defeating T\u00edmea Babos and Andrea Hlav\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 in the final, 6\u20134, 6\u20133.\n\nSeeds\nThe top 4 seeds received a bye into the second round.\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop half\n\nBottom half\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n\nWomen's Doubles"}
-{"text": "Acacia suaveolens\n\nAcacia suaveolens (sweet wattle) is a  shrub species endemic to Australia.  \nIt grows to between 0.3 and 3.5 metres high and has smooth purplish-brown or light green bark and has straight or slightly curving blue-green phyllodes  The  pale yellow to near white globular flower heads generally appear between April and September in its native range. These are followed by flattened, bluish  oblong pods which are up to 2 to 5\u00a0cm long and 8 to 19\u00a0mm wide.\n\nThe species was first formally described by English botanist James Edward Smith in 1791 in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London He described it with reference to a cultivated plant at Syon House which had been raised by Thomas Hoy from seed that originated from New South Wales. The species was transferred into the genus Acacia by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1806.\n\nThe species occurs naturally on sandy soils in heathland and dry sclerophyll forest in South Australia and Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales and Queensland.\n\nCultivation\nThis species provides winter colour in a garden and may be used as a low screen plant.\n\nReferences\n\nsuaveolens\nCategory:Flora of South Australia\nCategory:Flora of Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:Fabales of Australia"}
-{"text": "Corrado Cagli\n\nCorrado Cagli ([1910\u20131976) was an Italian painter of Jewish heritage, who lived in the United States during World War II.\n\nCagli was born in Ancona but he moved with his family to Rome in 1915 at the age of five.\n\nIn 1927, he made his artistic debut, with a mural painted on a building in Via Sistina. The following year, he made another mural painting in a hall in Via Vantaggio. In 1932, he held his first personal exhibition at the Gallery of Art of Rome.\n\nTogether with other artists such as Giuseppe Capogrossi and Emanuele Cavalli, he formed the group \"New Roman School of Painting,\" better known as Scuola Romana. In 1937 and 1938, he exhibited works at the \"Comet\" gallery in New York City.\n\nIn 1938, when Benito Mussolini stepped up the persecution of Jews, Cagli fled to Paris and later went to New York where he became a U.S. citizen. He enlisted in the U.S. Army and was involved in the 1944 Normandy landings, and fought in Belgium and Germany. He was with the forces that liberated the Buchenwald concentration camp, and made a series of dramatic drawings on that subject.\n\nIn 1948, Cagli returned to Rome to take up permanent residence there. From that time forward,  he experimented in various abstract and non-figurative techniques (neo-metaphysical, neo-cubist, informal).\n\nHe was awarded the Guggenheim prize (1946) and the Marzotto prize (1954).\n\nCagli died in Rome in 1976.\n\nSee also\nScuola Romana\nExpressionism\n\nExternal links\nCagli's work for the 1972 Banner of Siena's annual Palio\n\nCategory:1910 births\nCategory:1976 deaths\nCategory:People from Ancona\nCategory:20th-century American painters\nCategory:American male painters\nCategory:20th-century Italian painters\nCategory:Italian male painters\nCategory:Jewish painters\nCategory:Italian Jews\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows\nCategory:Italian contemporary artists\nCategory:Italian expatriates in the United States"}
-{"text": "Pinus cembra\n\nPinus cembra, also known as Swiss pine, Swiss stone pine or Arolla pine or Austrian stone pine or just Stone pine, is a species of pine tree that grows in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains of central Europe, in Poland (Tatra Mountains), Switzerland, France, Italy, Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Slovakia (Tatra Mountains), Ukraine and Romania. It typically grows at  to  altitude. It often reaches the alpine tree line in this area. The mature size is typically between  and  in height, and the trunk diameter can be up to . The species is long-lasting and can reach an age between 500 and 1000 years. However, it grows very slowly and it may take 30 years for the tree to reach .\n\nIt is a member of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. The needle-like leaves are  to  long. The cones, which contain the seeds (or nuts), of the Swiss pine are  to  long. The  to  long seeds have only a vestigial wing and are dispersed by spotted nutcrackers.\n\nThe very similar Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica) is treated as a variety or subspecies of Swiss pine by some botanists. It differs in having slightly larger cones, and needles with three resin canals instead of two as in the Swiss pine.\n\nLike other European and Asian white pines, Swiss pine is very resistant to white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola). This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from Europe into North America, where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines in many areas, notably, Western white pine and the closely related whitebark pine. Swiss pine is of great value for research into hybridisation to develop rust resistance in these species.\n\nUses\nSwiss pine is a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, giving steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites where the climate is cold. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least , and also of wind exposure. The seeds are also harvested and sold as pine nuts. Pine cones cut into slices are used to flavor schnapps, which is then sold as \"Zirbenschnaps\" or \"Zirbeler\" schnapps. (see Ref. 2).\n\nThe wood is the most used for carvings in Val Gardena since the 17th century.\n\nThe cone of the Swiss pine was the field sign of the Roman legion stationed in Rhaetia in 15 BC, and hence it is used as the heraldic charge (known as Zirbelnuss in German) in the coat of arms of the city of Augsburg, the site of the Roman fort Augusta Vindelicorum.\n\nIt is also a species that is often used in bonsai.\n\nPinus cembra can be found in the uppermost forest belt where it helps to minimize the risk of avalanches and soil erosion. Due to this ability, the tree is valued as a stabilizing factor for afforestation projects at high elevations.\n\nExternal links \n\n Pinus cembra cone pic (scroll to bottom of page)\n Photos of Pinus cembra in Switzerland\n Link to Joanneum Research Study\n Folder Joanneum Research: Stone Pine - Positive health effects of Stone Pine furniture\n Pinus cembra - distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Edible nuts and seeds\nCategory:Flora of Poland\nCategory:Least concern plants\nCembra\nCategory:Plants described in 1753\nCategory:Trees of Europe\nCategory:Flora of France"}
-{"text": "Austrobrickellia\n\nAustrobrickellia is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae.\n\n Species\nAustrobrickellia is native to southern South America.\n Austrobrickellia arnottii (Baker) R.M.King & H.Rob.\t- Paraguay, northern Argentina\n Austrobrickellia bakerianum (B.L.Rob.) R.M.King & H.Rob.- Rio Grande do Sul\n Austrobrickellia patens (D.Don ex Hook. & Arn.) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Rio Grande do Sul\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Asteraceae genera\nCategory:Flora of South America\nCategory:Eupatorieae"}
-{"text": "Australian Rules of Racing\n\nThe Australian Rules of Racing are the rules approved by the Australian Racing Board to ensure that thoroughbred horse racing in all States and Territories of Australia is conducted according to the same general practices, conditions and integrity. The Principal Racing Authority in each State or Territory also have a set of Local Rules which apply to all horse racing held in their jurisdiction.\n\nRules\nThe following is a list of the topics covered by the Australian Rules of Racing.\nThe complete Australian Rules of Racing, as of 1 August 2012 is available as an 85 page PDF file \n\n Definitions AR.1\n Restricted races AR.1a\n Application of these rules AR.2 - 6\n Powers of a principal racing authority AR.7 - 7a\n Stewards AR.8 - 10a\n Registration of clubs and meetings AR.11 - 13\n Registration of horses AR.14 - 27\n Assumed names AR.28 - 31 (rescinded)\n Leases AR.32 - 34\n Race meetings AR.35 - 46b\n Nominations and entries AR.47 - 68a\n Syndicates AR.69 - 70\n Death of nominator AR.71\n Stakes and forfeits AR.72 - 74\n The forfeit list AR.75 - 77\n Sale with engagements AR.78 - 79\n Trainers AR.80 - 80e\n Jockeys and riders AR.81 - 91\n Apprentices allowances AR.92\n Stablehands and apprentices AR.93 - 96\n Retainers AR.97 - 100\n\n Amateurs AR.101 - 102\n Weights, penalties and allowances AR.103 - 113\n Scratching AR.114 - 117\n Weighing out AR.118 - 123\n Starting AR.124 - 134a\n Running AR.135 - 141b\n Weighing in AR.142 - 150\n Dead-heats AR.151 - 153\n Judge's decision AR.154 - 157\n Walk-over AR.158 - 160\n Course telecasts AR.160a - 160c\n Objections and complaints AR.161 - 174\n Offences AR.175 - 176\n Prohibited substances AR.177 - 178e\n Punishments AR.179 - 200\n Destruction of horse AR.201\n Notices AR.202 - 206\n Facsimile transmissions AR.207\n Australian racing board AR.208 - 214\n New rules AR.215\n\nExternal links\n PDF file of Victoria Local Rules\n PDF file of Queensland Local Rules\n PDF file of W.A. Local Rules\n PDF file of NSW Local Rules\n PDF file of Northern Territory Local Rules\n NSW Horse welfare guidelines\n\nCategory:Horse racing in Australia"}
-{"text": "Rafael Santo Domingo\n\nRafael Santo Domingo Molina (born November 24, 1955 in Orocovis, Puerto Rico) is a retired Major League Baseball pinch hitter. He played during one season at the major league level for the Cincinnati Reds. He was signed by the Reds as an amateur free agent in . Santo Domingo played his last professional season with their Triple-A affiliates, the Indianapolis Indians, in .\n\nFormerly the hitting coach of the Pulaski Mariners, Santo Domingo is now an area scout based in Puerto Rico for the Seattle Mariners.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Billings Mustangs players\nCategory:Cincinnati Reds players\nCategory:Indianapolis Indians players\nCategory:Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico\nCategory:Minor league baseball coaches\nCategory:Nashville Sounds players\nCategory:People from Orocovis, Puerto Rico\nCategory:Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada\nCategory:Seattle Mariners scouts\nCategory:Tampa Tarpons (1957\u20131987) players\nCategory:Trois-Rivi\u00e8res Aigles players"}
-{"text": "My Testimony of Redemption\n\nMy Testimony of Redemption is the sixth and final studio album by rapper Bushwick Bill released on November 17, 2009.\nThe album is a big change from the hardcore horrorcore and gangster themes of his previous solo albums and work with The Geto Boys.  It is his only work that did not get a Parental Advisory label.\n\nTrack listing \n Intro\n Takin' It Back\n Testimony of Redemption\n Goin' to the River (feat. Von Won)\n Calling to You (feat. Bruce Bang)\n God's Side Is the Best Side\n Praise of a Good Woman\n Praise God for You (feat. Bruce Bang)\n Guardian Angel (feat. Mississippi Boys)\n Know What You Might Think (feat. Von Won, Icece and Ras)\n God Heals the Pain (feat. Von Won)\n Thorn in My Side (feat. Bless'T and Tre9)\n Life Is a Beautiful Struggle (feat. S.O.M.)\n Spiritual Warfare\n Work It Out (feat. AFC and Gifted Da Flamethrowa)\n No More Child's Play (feat. Atonement)\n Renewed Mind\n Takin' It Back [Remix]\n\nReception\nCritic Alex Henderson of AllMusic described the album as an \"uneven\" departure from Bushwick Bill's violent and sexually explicit earlier work, but saved in part by an emphasis on introspective lyrics that examine his troubled life.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2009 albums\nCategory:Bushwick Bill albums\nCategory:Christian hip hop albums"}
-{"text": "Glen Moray distillery\n\nGlen Moray distillery  is a Speyside distillery producing single malt scotch whisky. Situated on the banks of the River Lossie in Elgin, Moray the distillery started production in September 1897.  It was sold in 2008 by the Glenmorangie Company Ltd. to La Martiniquaise.\n\nHistory\n\nGlen Moray started life as West Brewery in Elgin run by Robert Thorne & Sons, and was converted to a distillery with 2 stills in 1897. Following a fire and extensive rebuilding program at their Aberlour Distillery, the company focused on production of Aberlour whisky, allowing the Glen Moray distillery to run down. It was closed in 1910. The distillery was purchased by the owners of the Glenmorangie Distillery, the MacDonald and Muir families at some time during the 1920s. The distillery received 2 additional stills in 1958 and at present has an annual capacity of around 2,000,000 litres.\n\nThe company now belongs to La Martiniquaise which uses part of its production in their blended Whisky Label 5, along with its Starlaw distillery in West Lothian. The distillery was expanded in 2012 to produce 3,300,000 litres annually from 3 wash stills and 3 spirit stills. 2016 has seen further expansion and development of the site with a growth in production to around 5,500,000 litres annually predicted.\n\nVisitor centre \n\nThe distillery has a visitor centre which offers tours and tastings year-round. Details can be found on the company website here: Distillery Tours \n\nScotland's Malt Whisky Trail is a tourism initiative featuring seven working Speyside distilleries including Glen Moray, a historic distillery (Dallas Dhu, now a museum) and the Speyside Cooperage.\n\nAwards and accolades \nGlen Moray has won many awards over the years through competitions such as the IWSC, ISC, WWA and others.\n\nGlen Moray 1994 Sherry Cask Finish is the Best Scotch Speyside Single Cask Single Malt Category Winner of 21 & over in the World Whiskies Awards 2018.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Scottish malt whisky\nCategory:LVMH brands\nGlen Moray Glenlivet Distillery, The\nCategory:1897 establishments in Scotland"}
-{"text": "Daniela Caram\n\nDaniela Caram (born 24 November 1986) is a former Chilean field hockey player.\n\nPersonal life\nCaram's younger sister, Camila, also represents the Chile national team, and is their current captain.\n\nCareer\n\nJunior National Team\nCaram made her debut for the Chile junior national team in 2005. First at the 2005 Pan-American Junior Championship, which served as a qualifier for the Junior World Cup in Santiago.\n\nCaram again represented Chile at the Junior World Cup, where the team finished in 10th place.\n\nSenior National Team\nCaram debuted for the senior national team in 2005.\n\nHer first major tournament with the team being the 2006 South American Games. The team won a silver medal in the inaugural field hockey tournament at the South American Games.\n\nFollowing her debut, Caram represented Chile up until 2015, retiring after the 2015 Pan American Games.\n\nFollowing the Pan American Games, Caram was named in the 2015 Pan American Elite Team for the first time by the Pan American Hockey Federation.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chilean female field hockey players\nCategory:South American Games silver medalists for Chile\nCategory:South American Games medalists in field hockey\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in field hockey\nCategory:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Chile\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2011 Pan American Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2006 South American Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2014 South American Games"}
-{"text": "William Usery Jr.\n\nWilliam Julian Usery Jr. ( ; December 21, 1923 \u2013 December 10, 2016) was a labor union activist and U.S. government political appointee who served as United States Secretary of Labor in the Ford administration.\n\nAlthough Willie was his birth name, official sources often mistakenly called him \"William.\" For much of his life, Usery was known as \"W.J.,\" although most associates called him \"Bill.\"\n\nEarly life and military service\nUsery was born on December 21, 1923 in Hardwick, Georgia, the son of Willie J. Usery, Sr. and Effie Mae Williamson (later Phillips). He attended Georgia Military College from 1938 to 1941. From 1941 to 1942, he worked as an underwater welder for the J. A. Jones Construction Company in Brunswick, Georgia building Liberty ships. Usery married Gussie Mae Smith in 1942.\n\nWith the need for naval welders growing dramatically during World War II, Usery enlisted in the United States Navy.  From 1943 to 1946, Usery worked on a U.S. Navy repair ship in the Pacific.\n\nFollowing World War II, Usery worked as a steamfitter, welder, and machinist in Georgia. He attended Mercer University, but did not graduate.\n\nUnion career\nOn March 1, 1952, while working as a machinist at the Armstrong Cork Company, Usery helped co-found Local Lodge 8 (now Local Lodge 918) of the International Association of Machinists (IAM), AFL-CIO. Over the years, he was elected to a series of offices within Local Lodge 8, eventually becoming president of the local union.\n\nWhile working at Armstrong Cork, Usery served as the IAM's special representative at the U.S. Air Force Cape Canaveral Air Force Missile Test Center (AFMTC).\n\nIn 1956, Usery retired from his job at Armstrong Cork after being elected a Grand Lodge Representative for the IAM. In this capacity, in 1961 Usery became the union representative on the President's Missile Sites Labor Commission. Usery was responsible for leading labor negotiations and helping to administer and service union contracts at Cape Canaveral AFMTC, John F. Kennedy Space Center, Marshall Space Flight Center Manned Spacecraft Center. In 1967, Usery was designated by IAM to a labor-management council at Kennedy Space Center. He became the council's chair in 1968.\n\nFederal career\n\nTenure as Assistant Secretary of Labor\nIn February 1969, President Richard Nixon nominated Usery to be Assistant Secretary of Labor for Labor-Management Relations in the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). Usery oversaw the implementation and enforcement of the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act.\n\nUsery helped write and implement Executive Order 11491 (October 29, 1969, which gave union organizing rights to two million federal government workers and established collective bargaining, grievance and dispute resolution procedures. The executive order had been long-sought by the American labor movement, and brought federal collective bargaining practices in line with those already in use in private industry.\n\nDuring his tenure at DOL, Usery was instrumental in averting several large strikes. In April 1969, Usery helped avert a nationwide strike by the Brotherhood of Railroad Signalmen through round-the-clock, non-stop negotiations. He helped resolve collective bargaining disputes between the railways and the Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks and the United Transportation Union.\n\nOther strikes could not be avoided. Usery was part of a DOL team which was unable to avoid a national postal service strike. The illegal strike by more than 210,000 United States Postal Service workers began on March 18, 1970, in New York City. Nixon appeared on national television and ordered the employees back to work, but his address only stiffened the resolve of the existing strikers and angered workers in other 671 locations in other cities into walking out as well. Workers in other government agencies also announced they would strike as well if Nixon pursued legal action against the postal employees. The strike crippled the nation's mail system, disrupting delivery of pension and welfare checks, tax refunds, census forms, and draft notices. Businesses hired planes and trucks to deliver publications or letters. Nixon spoke to the nation again on March 25 and ordered a 24,000 Army, Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Air National Guard, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, and Marine Corps Reserve forces to begin distributing the mail. But the military proved ineffective at distributing the mail.\n\nNegotiations, in which Usery played a key role, resolved the postal strike in just two weeks. Postal unions, Nixon administration officials and Congressional aides not only negotiated a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted, but which also established a legislative framework which led to the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. Under the act, postal unions won the right to negotiate on wages, benefits and working conditions. On July 1, 1971, five federal postal unions merged to form the American Postal Workers Union, the largest postal workers union in the world.\n\nAlthough influential in the Nixon administration, Usery was unable to persuade the president to refrain from temporarily suspending the Davis-Bacon Act in 1971. The act set wages for construction workers on projects receiving federal funds. But the Vietnam War was putting significant inflationary pressure on construction wages. Although Nixon suspended Davis-Bacon, Usery and others soon convinced Nixon to reinstate Davis-Bacon enforcement and establish a separate body to review union contracts. Within a year, the new committee had identified a number of wage increases it had deemed extravagant, and won renegotiation of the agreements. Soon, wage increases on Davis-Bacon projects dropped from 14 percent to 6 percent.\n\nFMCS tenure\nIn March 1973, Nixon appointed Usery to be director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS), a federal agency which offered arbitration and mediation services to employers and labor unions.\n\nOn October 17, 1973, the AFL-CIO executive council unanimously asked Usery to become director of the federation's Department of Organization and Field Services. Usery accepted the offer. But when Usery told Nixon about his decision, Nixon asked Usery to reconsider. Usery subsequently declined the AFL-CIO's offer.\n\nIn part to reward Usery for his loyalty and as a sign of respect for Usery's mediation and negotiation skills, Nixon appointed Usery to be Special Assistant to the President for Labor-Management Affairs in January 1974. In this capacity, Usery advised the president on labor-management relations in the federal government and private sector, and became the presidential point-man in labor disputes which might have a significant impact on the national economy. The appointment lapsed after Nixon's resignation in August, but Gerald Ford re-appointed him to the position in January 1975.  He continued as director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service until appointed by Ford to be Secretary of Labor in February 1976.\n\nSecretary of Labor\nOn February 10, 1976, President Gerald Ford nominated Usery to be United States Secretary of Labor.\n\nUsery's tenure as Secretary of Labor, however, was limited. Ford lost the presidential election in November 1976.  Incoming president Jimmy Carter declined to keep Usery on at DOL, preferring to install F. Ray Marshall instead.  Usery's tenure as Secretary of Labor ended on January 20, 1977.\n\nLater career\nAfter leaving public service, Usery founded Bill Usery Associates, Inc., a labor relations consulting firm.\n\nIn 1983, Usery Associates was involved in automobile manufacturing industry negotiations between the United Auto Workers (UAW), General Motors (GM) and Toyota Motor. Usery assisted the UAW, GM and Toyota in crafting a contract which established a new, jointly-owned and -operated corporation, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI).  NUMMI implemented Toyota's \"lean\" production system in the U.S., but utilized a closed plant owned by GM. The UAW agreed to support the joint venture if NUMMI agreed to recognize the union at the NUMMI plant in Fremont, California. The UAW's support was crucial in winning an anti-trust exemption from the Federal Trade Commission. Usery was able to get GM, Toyota and the UAW to agree to a first-of-its-kind labor-management partnership: The UAW agreed to Toyota's production methods and Toyota agreed to make the UAW an equal partner in managing the plant's productivity and quality control procedures. The NUMMI collective bargaining agreement was signed in June 1985. The labor-management partnership has won a number of labor-management, productivity, quality and good corporate citizenship awards.\n\nAlso in 1983, Usery mediated an education workers' strike in Chicago which involved 38,000 teachers and paraprofessionals.\n\nIn 1985, Usery founded and financed the Bill Usery Labor Relations Foundation. The foundation assists and advises democratic unions and employers in Russia on how to improve and professionalize labor-management relations.\n\nIn addition to his consulting work, Usery served on several federal labor-management commissions. One of these was the \"Coal Commission.\" In the 1980s, the United Mine Workers (UMWA) and coal mining companies began to dispute who was responsible for paying medical benefits to retired miners. The issue came to a head in 1989. The Pittston Coal Company (now part of The Brink's Company) refused to make its monetary contribution to the mineworkers' retiree medical benefits fund. UMWA struck the company. Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole asked Usery to mediate the dispute. Usery won both parties' agreement to form an Advisory Commission on United Mine Workers of America Retiree Health Benefits (the \"Coal Commission\"). The investigative body, which included Usery as co-commissioner, made regulatory and legislative recommendations to resolve the retiree health benefit issue. The Coal Commission's recommendations were enacted in the Coal Act of 1992 (Public Law 102-486). The Coal Act of 1992 created a Combined Benefits Fund (CBF) to provide health benefits by merging coal company retiree health programs, levying additional premiums on coal companies and working miners, and providing that unneeded accumulated interest in the CBF be used to provide health care for retirees whose employers no longer exist.\n\nFrom 1993 to 1995, Usery also served the Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations (the \"Dunlop Commission\").\n\nIn 1994, President Bill Clinton appointed Usery to mediate a major league baseball strike.\n\nIn 1997, Georgia State University established the W.J. Usery Jr. Center for the Workplace. The center provides for the study of cooperative labor-management relations and serves as a resource for employers and workers seeking assistance in resolving disputes. In 2000, Usery began devoting most of his time to the work of the center. The W.J. Usery Jr. Center for the Workplace closed in early 2010. He died on December 10, 2016, eleven days away from his 93rd birthday.\n\nMemberships and awards\nIn May 1975, he received an honorary doctorate in social science from the University of Louisville.\n\nUsery is a member of the Labor and Employment Relations Association. In 1999, he received LERA's Lifetime Achievement Award.\n\nIn 2004, the board of regents of Georgia State University approved the establishment of the W.J. Usery Jr. Chair of the American Workplace at Georgia State University.\n\nIn 2010, a new building on the Georgia Military College campus in Milledgeville, Georgia was named \"Usery Hall\" after a generous donation made to the school to help fund the project. The $22 million school building serves as an educational hall to the middle school and high school cadets.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nW. J. Usery Jr. biography and timeline, Southern Labor Archives, Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library\n\"APWU History,\" American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO. Accessed December 5, 2006.\nBell, William Gardner, ed. \"II. Civil Disturbance and Emergency Operations.\" In Department of the Army Historical Summary: FY 1970. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1973.\n\"Chapter 7: Nixon and Ford Administrations, 1969-1977,\" Brief History of DOL, U.S. Dept. of Labor. Accessed December 5, 2006.\n\"The Coal Act.\" A Brief History of UMWA Health and Retirement Funds. United Mine Workers of America. Accessed December 5, 2006.\n\"Mediator Set to Join Chicago School Talks.\" New York Times. October 23, 1983.\n\"The Strike That Stunned the Country.\" Time. March 30, 1970.\n\"What We're About - Culture,\" New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. Accessed December 5, 2006.\n\nExternal links\nU.S. Department of Labor Biography\nNew United Motor Manufacturing, Inc.\nCommission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations, U.S. Dept. of Labor\nGeorgia biography of William Usery Jr.\nW.J. Usery, Jr. Papers from the Digital Library of Georgia\n\nCategory:1923 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:20th-century American politicians\nCategory:American naval personnel of World War II\nCategory:Directors of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (USA)\nCategory:Ford administration cabinet members\nCategory:International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers people\nCategory:Mercer University alumni\nCategory:Military personnel from Georgia (U.S. state)\nCategory:People from Baldwin County, Georgia\nCategory:United States Secretaries of Labor\nCategory:United States Navy sailors\nCategory:American military personnel who served in the Pacific theatre of World War II"}
-{"text": "Texan schooner Zavala\n\nThe Texan steamship Zavala was a Texas Navy ship in Texas' second Navy after the Texas Revolution. She was the first steamship-of-war in the Texas Navy.\n\nBackground of the Texas Navy\nThe Texas Navy was officially formed in January 1836, with the purchase of four schooners: , , , and . These ships, under the command of Commodore Charles Hawkins, helped Texas win independence by preventing a Mexican blockade of the Texas coast, seizing Mexican ships carrying reinforcements and supplies to its army, and sending their cargoes to the Texas volunteer army. Nevertheless, Mexico refused to recognize Texas as an independent country. By the middle of 1837, all of the ships had been lost at sea, run aground, captured, or sold. With no ships to impede a possible invasion by Mexico, Texas was vulnerable to attack.\n\nIn 1838, President Mirabeau B. Lamar responded to this threat by forming a second Texas Navy. Unlike Sam Houston, Lamar was an ardent supporter of the Texas Navy and saw the urgent need for its continuation. The second Texas Navy was placed under the command of Commodore Edwin Ward Moore, an Alexandria Academy graduate who was recruited from the United States Navy. One of the ships of this second navy was the Zavala.\n\nHistory of Zavala\n\nZavala was built in 1836 as a passenger steamship named the Charleston serving the Philadelphia-Charleston route. In 1838, when Lamar began rebuilding the Texan fleet, the navy purchased Charleston for $120,000 and renamed it Zavala in honor of Lorenzo de Zavala, the first vice president of the Republic of Texas.\n\nOn 10 May 1839, Zavala assisted in the refloating of the , which had run aground at Galveston. Captain A. C. Hinton was her first commander in the Texas Navy. Capt. John T. K. Lothrop took command of Zavala on 4 March 1840 and led her on her only campaign.  After the successful Texas revolt, other parts of Mexico had rebelled against the regime of Santa Anna, including the Yucatan peninsula. President Lamar was determined to assist the rebels in their struggle with Mexico City. So, on 24 June 1840, Zavala accompanied by Commodore Moore's flagship, the sloop-of-war Austin, and three armed schooners, slipped out of Galveston Bay and turned south across the Gulf to the Bay of Campeche near the Yucatan Peninsula.\n\nDuring the cruise off the Yucatan, Zavala never engaged the enemy directly, but she proved invaluable in the only action that the flotilla saw. On 20 November 1840, the steamship towed Moore's flagship, Austin and the schooner San Bernard  up the San Juan Bautista River to Villahermosa, the seat of government control in the state of Tabasco.  The squadron had made a deal with federalist rebels to drive the centralistas out for $25,000, the first $10,000 to be paid up front.  The federalists agreed.  Soon the small flotilla pointed their guns at the city and then sent troops into the seemingly deserted capital. Commodore Moore encountered a man bearing a white flag on a tree branch, and when he ascertained that this was the mayor, the Texas commodore demanded $25,000 or he would level the town.  The mayor asked if silver would be acceptable, and upon receiving an affirmative reply, delivered the ransom.  The commodore set sail with his booty and used the money to repair and outfit his ships.\n\nReturn to Galveston and the end\nReturning to her homeport in Galveston, Zavala encountered a terrible storm and ran out of coal, forcing the crew to burn anything they could put their hands on to avoid losing her in the storm.\n\nBadly damaged, Zavala was laid up in Galveston harbor awaiting repairs, which due to the state of the Republic's finances were not forthcoming.  With the election of Sam Houston in 1841, the navy was no longer a priority and Zavala was allowed to deteriorate. In May 1842, she was in such poor condition that Zavala was eventually scuttled to prevent her sinking.\n\nThe wreck\nClive Cussler, founder of the National Underwater and Marine Agency, located the hull of Zavala (archaeological site 41GV95) beneath a parking lot in the former Bean's Wharf area of the harbor in 1986. In Clive Cussler's NUMA Files series of adventure novels, one of the main characters is named Jose 'Joe' Zavala afther the ship.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n\nCategory:1836 ships\nCategory:Steamships of the United States\nCategory:Merchant ships of the United States\nCategory:Passenger ships of the United States\nCategory:Naval ships of the Republic of Texas\nCategory:Ships of the Texas Navy\nCategory:Steamships of the Republic of Texas\nCategory:Shipwrecks in the Gulf of Mexico\nCategory:Steamships\nCategory:Maritime incidents in May 1842"}
-{"text": "The News Virginian\n\nThe News Virginian is a newspaper owned by Berkshire Hathaway.  The paper serves residents in the cities of Waynesboro and Staunton, Virginia, as well as Augusta and Nelson Counties.\n\nExternal links \n The News Virginian\n\nCategory:Daily newspapers published in Virginia\nCategory:Waynesboro, Virginia\nCategory:Berkshire Hathaway publications"}
-{"text": "Ken Roberson (choreographer)\n\nKenneth L. \"Ken\" Roberson (born 1956 in Thomson, Georgia) is an American choreographer and dancer best known for his work on Avenue Q.\n\nEarly life and career\nRoberson was born in Thomson, Georgia. He was an undergraduate at the Henry Grady School of Journalism at the University of Georgia when he saw a local dance troupe performing and resolved to become a dancer. In 1979, he graduated with a degree in journalism and got a job at the Athens Banner-Herald. He later quit his job for a chance to audition at the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. He attended the school for two years before joining dance-pop group Fantasy. He studied tap dancing under Henry LeTang who told him about the upcoming Paris premiere of Black and Blue. He went on to make his Broadway debut in the musical's American version in 1989. He danced in the 1990 revival of Oh, Kay! and in Jelly's Last Jam, a musical about the life of Jelly Roll Morton. In 1998 he did the musical staging for John Leguizamo's one-man play Freak. Ken also was nominated for an Emmy Award for best choreography for Mr. Lequizamo's sketch comedy series House of Buggin' for Fox TV.  This led to a job choreographing the 2000 US tour of The Civil War. He choreographed the Off-Broadway and Broadway versions of Avenue Q. In 2009 he choreographed Colman Domingo's one-man show A Boy and His Soul. Kenneth is director of ETHEL written and performed by Terry Burrell.\n\nHe is Professor of Practice, Theatre, Drama and Contemporary Dance at Indiana University.\n\nWork\n\nDancer\n1985 Black and Blue (European premiere)\n1988 Sophisticated Ladies (European tour)\n1989 Black and Blue (Broadway premiere)\n1990 Oh, Kay! (1990 Broadway revival)\n1992 Jelly's Last Jam\n\nChoreographer\n1996 A Brief History of White Music\n1996 In Walks Ed\n1998 Freak (Musical staging)\n2000 The Civil War\n2000 Show Boat\n2000 Cinderella\n2001 Guys and Dolls\n2002 Harlem Song\n2003 Ain't Misbehavin'\n2003 Jar The Floor\n2003 Avenue Q\n2003 Great Joy!\n2004 Drowning Crow\n2005 The Color Purple (Alliance Theater world premiere)\n2005 All Shook Up\n2007 Ray Charles Live!\n2009 A Boy and His Soul\n\nFilm and television\n1995 House of Buggin' (TV)\n1998 Freak\n2005 Lackawanna Blues (TV)\n2004 Brother to Brother\n2005 Preaching to the Choir\n\nAwards\n1995 Nominated for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography - House of Buggin'\n2003 Nominated for Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Choreographer - Avenue Q\n2004 Nominated for Lucille Lortel Awards and Drama Desk Awards for Outstanding Choreographer - George C. Wolfe's Harlem Song\n2009 Nominated for Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Choreographer - A Boy and His Soul\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:African-American choreographers\nCategory:American choreographers\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:People from Thomson, Georgia\nCategory:African-American male dancers\nCategory:African-American dancers\nCategory:American male dancers\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Henry Granville Sharpe\n\nHenry Granville Sharpe (April 30, 1858 \u2013 July 13, 1947) was the 24th Quartermaster General of the United States Army from 1916 to 1918.\n\nEarly life \nSharpe was born in Kingston, New York, in 1858, and was the son of Civil War veteran Brevet Major General George H. Sharpe. He attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, graduating in 1880.\n\nCareer \nSharpe served on frontier duty with the 4th Infantry Regiment (United States) at Fort Laramie, Wyoming for the next year and a half. Following a six months' leave of absence, he submitted his resignation from the Army to take effect June 1, 1882.\n\nAbout fifteen months later on September 12, 1883, Sharpe was reappointed to the Army as a commissary of subsistence with the rank of Captain and assigned to temporary duty at New York City.  He was then stationed at West Point 1884 to 1889.\n\nFrom 1889 to 1898, he served as a commissary officer at various locations to include Washington, Oregon and the St. Louis Depot. He was promoted to the rank of Major on November 13, 1895. He transferred from St. Louis to Boston on March 15, 1897, but assumed his duties there only after he had purchased and distributed supplies for the relief of sufferers from the Mississippi flood at St. Louis, Missouri and at Cairo, Illinois.\n\nWhen war with Spain was imminent in April 1898, he was appointed chief commissary of the First Army Corps, and deployed with the Corps to Puerto Rico. There he was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and appointed an assistant commissary general of subsistence. He remained on duty in Puerto Rico until December 21, 1898.\n\nFor a short time, he was assigned to the Chicago Depot as purchasing commissary general, but in September 1899 he was ordered to Washington to act as assistant to the Commissary General of Subsistence. This assignment lasted until the spring of 1902. He was then sent to Manila as chief commissary of the Division of the Philippines. By that time he been promoted to the rank of Colonel and was the senior officer in the Subsistence Department.\n\nOn October 3, 1900, he was elected as a hereditary companion of the New York Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States by right of his father's service in the Union Army during the American Civil War.\n\nSharpe's tour of duty in the Philippines lasted until he was again recalled to Washington to act as assistant to the Commissary General of Subsistence. He served in this capacity from June 22, 1904, to October 8, 1905. He was commissioned Commissary General of Subsistence with the rank of Brigadier General on October 12, 1905, and was reappointed for a second four-year detail in 1909.\n\nIn the summer of 1907, he sailed to Europe at his own expense to investigate the supply departments of the British, French, and German armies. He visited the schools for bakers and cooks maintained by those armies. The data he obtained on the use of rolling kitchens in the French and German armies materially assisted in the development of similar equipment suitable for the U.S. Army.\n\nUpon his return to Washington in September 1907, General Sharpe submitted recommendations to the War Department urging the establishment of a supply corps. While these were not adopted, they undoubtedly proved helpful when the subject of consolidating the Quartermaster, Subsistence, and Pay Departments into one agency was being considered four years later. Sharpe was so enthusiastic about establishing a consolidated supply corps that Quartermaster General James B. Aleshire called him the father of consolidation. Many of Sharpe's friends recommended that he be selected to head the newly created Quartermaster Corps in 1912.  But when his classmate, General Aleshire, was appointed, Sharpe accepted a subordinate post in the Corps and worked devotedly to prove the value of consolidation.\n\nWhen ill health brought General Aleshire's retirement four years later, General Sharpe was appointed to succeed him as Quartermaster General on September 16, 1916. This was approximately seven months before the United States declared war against Germany.\n\nWorld War I\nThe Quartermaster Corps and the War Department generally were unprepared for World War I. The supply bureaus within the Quartermaster Corps were eager to procure and ship as quickly as possible the enormous quantities of supplies for which they were responsible. However, their uncoordinated procurement resulted in excessive and unbalanced railway shipments that overtaxed port facilities and finally developed into a serious congestion of the railroad system in the winter of 1917\u201318. By that time shortages in clothing, hospital equipment, and other supplies were causing hardships in Army camps, and it was charged by some that the lack of adequate clothing and shelter was responsible for an epidemic of pneumonia sweeping through the camps.\n\nGeneral Sharpe was held responsible by many for a large share of the supply crisis that had developed.\n\nThese developments stirred a widespread uneasiness that led to a Congressional hearing on the conduct of the war. In the end the General Staff took complete control of supplies and the Office of the Director of Purchase and Storage in the Purchase, Storage, and Traffic Division was erected on the foundation of the Quartermaster Corps.\n\nOn December 15, 1917, a War Council was formed consisting of the Secretary of War, the Assistant Secretary of War, the Quartermaster General, the Chief of Artillery, the Chief of Ordnance, the Judge Advocate General, and the Chief of Staff.   The War Council was to oversee and coordinate all matters of supply and to plan for the more effective use of the military power of the nation. While serving on the Council, General Sharpe was required to delegate all his administrative duties to an acting chief Quartermaster designated by the Secretary of War.\n\nIn June 1918, General Sharpe was relieved from duty with the War Council and assigned to the command of the Southeastern Department. The following month he was appointed a Major General in the line of the Army, with rank from July 12 and officially ceased to be Quartermaster General.\n\nGeneral Sharpe requested  retirement on May 1, 1920, he was then 62.\n\nRetirement and death \nIn his later years, he lived in Providence, Rhode Island, where he died at the age of 89, on July 13, 1947. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.\n\nLegacy\nGeneral Sharpe was inducted into the Quartermaster Hall of Fame in 1989.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1858 births\nCategory:1947 deaths\nCategory:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery\nCategory:United States Military Academy alumni\nCategory:United States Army generals\nCategory:United States Army generals of World War I\nCategory:American military personnel of the Spanish\u2013American War\nCategory:Quartermasters General of the United States Army"}
-{"text": "Cylindrocopturus binotatus\n\nCylindrocopturus binotatus is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Curculionidae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Beetles described in 1876"}
-{"text": "Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\n\nBirdman and the Galaxy Trio is an animated television series by Hanna-Barbera Productions that debuted on NBC on September 9, 1967, and ran on Saturday mornings until September 6, 1969. The program consists of two segments: Birdman, depicting the adventures of a winged superhero (created by Alex Toth, creator of Space Ghost) powered by the sun, and (The) Galaxy Trio, centered around the adventures of a patrol of interstellar superheroes. Each segment was a complete independent story, and the characters of each segment did not interact with those of the other.\n\nThe character of Birdman was revived three decades later in the parody Cartoon Network/Adult Swim TV series Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law, and several characters from Birdman and the Galaxy Trio appeared in this revival.\n\nMain characters\n\nBirdman\n Birdman (voiced by Keith Andes) \u2013 An ordinary human who has been endowed by the sun god Ra with the ability to shoot solar rays from his fists and project quasi-solid \"solar shields\" to defend himself against attacks. (Birdman's origin is only vaguely, and only briefly, hinted at during the series. His real name is there given as Raymond \"Ray\" Randall, though in the parody series, he is renamed \"Harvey\".) After he had acquired his avian\u2014and other\u2014powers, he was recruited by a top-secret government agency, Inter-Nation Security, and now works full-time fighting crime, assisted by his eagle sidekick, who responds to the name of \"Avenger\". In addition to the abilities he received from Ra, Birdman also possesses the power of flight, thanks to the giant wings which sprout from his back. It is possible Birdman is fireproof; being forced into an incinerator recharged rather than hurt him. His sole weakness is that he has to recharge his super-human powers periodically, through exposure either to the sun's rays or to a comparable source of heat and/or light such as a desk lamp (when he was once shrunken to insect proportions) or the aforementioned incinerator, a weakness that is exposed in nearly every episode. His trademark is his battle cry of \"Biiiiirdman!!!\" whenever he goes into battle.\n Falcon 7 (voiced by Don Messick) \u2013 Birdman's eye patch-wearing contact with Inter-Nation Security, and the person from whom Birdman typically receives his missions.\n Birdboy (voiced by Dick Beals) \u2013 A sidekick for Birdman. The two first met when Birdman happened upon a shipwreck, of which Birdboy was the only apparent survivor. Since the boy was near death from exposure, Birdman transferred some of his own super energy to him, reviving him and giving powers similar to Birdman's, and he went on to aid him in several episodes. Birdboy lacks the natural feathered wings sported by Birdman, however, and is only able to fly with the assistance of the mechanical wings strapped to his back. He spends much of his time searching for his father, who was lost in the wreck, but this is never resolved.\n General Stone (voiced by Don Messick) \u2013 General Stone appears several times in Birdman with other military leaders, and tends to find himself on the receiving end of the villains' schemes.\n Number One (voiced by John Stephenson and Vic Perrin) \u2013 The leader of the sinister organization F.E.A.R. and Birdman's \"number one\" enemy. F.E.A.R. is behind many plots over the course of the series, frequently employing supervillains to perform nefarious tasks. The organization was seemingly defeated for good and its leader arrested in \"The Wings of FEAR\", but it occasionally resurfaced without any explanation.\n\nMinor villains\n Dr. Millennium (voiced by Hal Smith): A super-villain who appeared in \"The Menace of Dr. Millennium\", using a time-manipulating machine to commit crimes, and \"The Revenge of Dr. Millennium\", where he tried to exact his revenge on Birdman and take over the world from the past.\n X the Eliminator (voiced by John Stephenson): A mercenary hired by F.E.A.R. to eliminate Birdman. He is charged with bringing back Birdman's crest from his helmet as proof of his accomplishment.\n The Ruthless Ringmaster (voiced by Vic Perrin): Agent of F.E.A.R.\n Morto the Marauder: A criminal genius and evidently once a significant threat to the world, Morto twice escaped from prison with his mechanical know-how and wreaked havoc in \"Morto the Marauder\" and \"Morto Rides Again\".\n Cumulus the Storm King (voiced by Henry Corden): A supervillain who can control the weather.\n Nitron the Human Bomb: A scientist who got the capabilities and powers of a chemical called NITRON. He is eager to join F.E.A.R, for which Number One tells him to finish the atomic reactor USS-CO-BOLT and Birdman but fails.\n Mummer: A supervillain who is a master of disguise. Unlike most of his enemies, Mummer was able to escape from him thanks to his disguises.\n Kiroff: A supervillain who was responsible for causing worldwide earthquakes.\n Zardo: A supervillain who one time captured Avenger.\n Constrictor: Dressed like a snake and has two boa constrictors as his pets, this supervillain captures Avenger and tries to use him in order to capture Birdman. Birdman finds Avenger and burns Constrictor's headquarters down. Constrictor realizes Birdman is too powerful to be defeated and manages to escape, Birdman never caught The Constrictor.\n Reducto (voiced by John Stephenson): A supervillain who wields a shrink ray. He uses this ray to demand money from Central City or he will shrink it. After being defeated by Birdman, he is shrunken down to microscopic size.\n Doctor Shark: A supervillain who fought Birdman underwater and had the face of a shark, but the body of a man. Birdman had to constantly regain his strength by battling Doctor Shark in small increments so that he did not lose his energy from being away from the sun. Doctor Shark was eventually defeated.\n Hannibal the Hunter: A big game hunter who is determined to hunt down Birdman.\n Mentok the Mind-Taker (voiced by Don Messick): Mentok has the ability to send cerebral messages to a person or animal to do his bidding. He uses this ability to get Birdman to steal missiles from the United States government. He plans on using these missiles to start a war between two countries.\n Dr. Freezoid: Dr. Freezoid has a weapon that can turn an entire city block into ice. He has a retreat in the North Pole. Birdman causes him to self-destruct his base of operations with his own weapons. In Birdman: The Legend of the Bird, he used to be president Calvin Coolidge but suffered a disease that caused him to be cold-blooded and him turning into an ice demon.\n Deadly Duplicator (voiced by Frank Gerstle): An old man with large glasses, Deadly Duplicator uses his glasses to create duplicates of the people that he zaps. Deadly Duplicator has full control over the twin and uses them to help him in his plans to take over the world, but of course is thwarted by Birdman.\n Professor Nightshade: An Agent of F.E.A.R., he steals a solar box that has the power to send entire cities into the fourth dimension. Professor Nightshade traps Birdman and tries to use the solar box on him, but it reacts to Birdman differently: instead of sending Birdman into the fourth dimension it gives him energy to become strong. When Prof. Nightshade tries to use it again on him it reflects off of Birdman and Nightshade accidentally sends himself into the fourth dimension. Birdman then destroys the machine.\n Chameleon: A scientist who created a transformation serum that gave him the ability to shapeshift into whatever he wants, whether it's people, animals, or even inanimate objects. In the end the serum in his body ran out and Birdman handed him over the police.\n Moray of the Deep: Captain Moray abducts his seventh scientist. He forces them to develop a nuclear reactor. Birdman disguises himself as a scientist and gets abducted by Moray, but Moray knew it was him and a great battle ensues. Birdman is then captured for real. He sends a signal to Birdboy to find him. As Birdman is about to enter a nuclear reactor (which should have killed him) his energy is instead restored, thus ending the villainy of Captain Moray.\n Aliens of the Purple Moss: These were aliens who came to earth to take it over. Fortunately Birdman was informed and stopped the aliens in a heated battle.\n The Brain Thief (voiced by Don Messick): A mad scientist named Doctor Shado captures four other scientists and tries to steal the information in their minds.\n Dr. Mentaur: A scientist who turned a woman into Birdgirl through hypnosis, a super serum, and some metal wings. Eventually he was defeated and Birdgirl became normal again.\n Birdgirl: Created by Dr. Mentaur through hypnosis, a super serum and some metal wings. She was an aerialist before she met Dr. Mentaur. While under hypnosis, she was used to defeat Birdman. While captured, Birdman tricked her into letting him go outside as a last request. Regaining his strength from the sun, this allowed Birdman to defeat Dr. Mentaur and save Birdgirl.\n The Incredible Magnatroid: This was a robot created by a scientist to destroy Birdman.\n Medusa (voiced by June Foray): Aka \"The Empress of Evil\" captures the Prince of the Maja Raja and then captures Birdman. The Prince gives Birdman a diamond from his turban that he says came from the sun god, Ra. After giving it to Birdman, Birdman is able to regain his strength and defeat Medusa.\n Spyro: Head of a master spy syndicate, he hijacked the atomic city supply train to do some evil bidding.\n Dr. Claw: A scientist that used an Ant serum to inject into his creation the Ant Ape. When he injects his robot creation the Ant Ape becomes super strong and nearly unstoppable, but Birdman defeats them. (This Dr. Claw is much different from the one in Inspector Gadget.)\n The Speed Demon: A convicted felon already put away by Birdman retaliates by creating a potion that gives him super speed. He runs around stealing money and jewels from various places. He then realizes that with his new power he cannot be defeated. Speed Demon captures Birdman and almost defeats him, but Birman comes out on top. In the end Speed Demon's speed causes his aging process to speed up rapidly and he becomes an old man, losing the battle.\n Vulturo (voiced by Don Messick): Dr. Vult is an evil scientist who made a vulture-like costume to combat Birdman. He appeared in two episodes of Birdman and the Galaxy Trio: in \"Vulturo, Prince Of Darkness\", where he was hired by F.E.A.R. to destroy Birdman, and \"Return Of Vulturo\", in which he tried to exact his revenge.\n Murro (sic) the Marauder: This evil villain can commandeer the shadows of unsuspecting victims. Although the episode title card identifies the character as Murro, he is referred to \"Murko\" throughout the segment.\n\nGalaxy Trio\nThe Galaxy Trio is a group of three extraterrestrial superheroes, Vapor Man, Meteor Man, and Gravity Girl, who patrol space in their cruiser Condor One maintaining order and fighting evildoers in the name of the Galactic Patrol law enforcement agency. The ship was equipped with a \"displacer\", that is, a teleportation device.\n\n Vapor Man (voiced by Don Messick) \u2013 He has the ability to transform part or all of his body into gaseous form (a power shared by at least some residents of his home planet of Vaporus), enabling him to fly, escape from physical bonds, and squeeze through very small spaces, as well as producing various forms of \"vapor\" (such as \"freeze vapor\") from his hands.\n Meteor Man (voiced by Ted Cassidy) \u2013 A native of the planet Meteorus. Meteor Man is distinguished by his ability to increase or decrease the size of any part of his body. He gains superhuman strength in any limb that he chooses to enlarge.\n Gravity Girl (voiced by Virginia Eiler) \u2013 She has the ability to bend the laws of gravity to her will, allowing her to fly and lift very heavy objects with her mind. The daughter of the king of the planet Gravitas, she left her luxurious home and life of privilege at an early age to fight crime with the Galactic Patrol and was subsequently assigned to the Galaxy Trio team, with whom she has served ever since.\n\nMinor characters\n Chief: A man referred to only as \"Chief\" is a recurring character in Galaxy Trio. He fulfills a similar role to that of Falcon 7 in Birdman.\n\nEpisodes\nEach episode featured two Birdman segments with one Galaxy Trio segment between them.\n\nIn other media\nBirdman appeared in issues 1 through 7 (April 1968 \u2013 October 1969) of the Hanna-Barbera Super TV Heroes comic book, published by Gold Key Comics. He was joined in issue 2 by the Galaxy Trio (their first appearance together).\n\nIn 1997, he was also featured in issue #5 of DC Comics' Cartoon Network Presents: Toonami comic book series.\n\nIn 2016, Birdman and the Galaxy Trio played a major role in the DC Comics series Future Quest, that also featured characters from various animated series produced by Hanna-Barbera such as Jonny Quest, Space Ghost, The Herculoids, Frankenstein, Jr. and The Impossibles and Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor.\n\nHome media\nOn July 17, 2007, Warner Home Video released Birdman & The Galaxy Trio - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. Birdman accidentally appeared on the menu screen for the DC Super Heroes: The Filmation Adventures, a DVD set which featured DC Comics based superhero cartoons produced by Filmation, in 2008. Warner Home Video has stated that this was a mistake, and that Hawkman was supposed to be in Birdman's place.\n\nIn other languages\n\nJapanese: \u96fb\u5b50\u9ce5\u4eba\uff35\u30d0\u30fc\u30c9/\u9280\u6cb3\u30c8\u30ea\u30aa (Denshi Ch\u014djin Y\u016b-B\u0101do / Ginga Torio; \"Electronic Superhuman U-Bird / Galaxy Trio\")\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nBirdman and the Galaxy Trio at HBShows.com\nThe Birdman FAQ\nThe Galaxy Trio at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016.\n\nCategory:1967 American television series debuts\nCategory:1968 American television series endings\nCategory:American children's animated action television series\nCategory:American children's animated space adventure television series\nCategory:American children's animated science fantasy television series\nCategory:Television series by Hanna-Barbera\nCategory:NBC original programming\nCategory:1960s American animated television series\nCategory:Hanna-Barbera superheroes\nGalaxy Trio\nCategory:American children's animated superhero television series\nCategory:English-language television programs"}
-{"text": "Karl Lovell\n\nKarl Lovell is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Parramatta Eels, Northern Eagles and the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL between 1997 and 2002. Throughout this he also played for the Sheffield Eagles and the joint Sheffield and Huddersfield merger side in the Super League between 1999 and 2000. His preferred position was either {{}rlp|pr} or , however he also at times played at {{}rlp|ce} or on the .\n\nPlaying career\nLovell made his first grade debut for Parramatta in Round 1 1997 against North Sydney. Lovell played in both finals games for the club in the same year against Newcastle and Norths which ended in defeat. This was the first time since 1986 that the club had qualified for the finals.\n\nIn 1998, Parramatta finished 4th and Lovell was a regular starter in the team. Lovell played in all 3 finals games for the club including wins against Norths and eventual premiers Brisbane and the heartbreaking preliminary final loss to arch rivals Canterbury.\n\nWith Parramatta leading 18-2 with less than 10 minutes to play, Canterbury staged a comeback scoring 3 tries in 8 minutes with Canterbury player Daryl Halligan kicking 2 goals from the sideline to tie the game at 18-18. Parramatta player Paul Carige then made a series of personal errors which cost Parramatta dearly in extra time with Canterbury going on to win 32-20. The game is often referred to as one of the biggest preliminary final chokes of all time and this would be Lovell's last match for the club.\n\nLovell then moved to England and played with Huddersfield-Sheffield before returning to Australia in 2001 to play with the now defunct Northern Eagles. Lovell finished his career with Cronulla-Sutherland and his last game in first grade was the 2002 preliminary final loss against the New Zealand Warriors.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from New South Wales\nCategory:Australian rugby league players\nCategory:Parramatta Eels players\nCategory:Huddersfield Giants players\nCategory:Sheffield Eagles (1984) players\nCategory:Northern Eagles players\nCategory:Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Auckland\nCategory:Rugby league centres\nCategory:Rugby league props\nCategory:Rugby league second-rows"}
-{"text": "Italian Volleyball Federation\n\nThe Italian Volleyball Federation (, FIPAV), is the governing body for Volleyball in Italy since 1946.\n\nHistory\nThe Italian Federation has been recognised by FIVB from 1947 and is a member of Conf\u00e9d\u00e9ration Europ\u00e9enne de Volleyball.\n\nPresidents\n\nSee also\nItaly men's national volleyball team\nItaly women's national volleyball team\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Volleyball in Italy\nItaly\nVolleyball"}
-{"text": "Kings Point, New South Wales\n\nKings Point is a village in the South Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. The village forms part of the Milton Ulladulla urban area in the southern Shoalhaven. Kings Point is predominantly a residential suburb on the shores of Burrill Lake. A small light industrial area to the east separates the village from Ulladulla. At the , Kings Point had a population of 553. The lakeside location makes Kings Point popular for fishing and water sports - the Ulladulla Water Ski Club and public boat ramp facilities allow locals and visitors to take full advantage.\n\nKings Point is served six days per week by Ulladulla Bus Lines Route 740, connecting to the neighbouring towns of Ulladulla and Burrill Lake.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:City of Shoalhaven\nCategory:Towns in New South Wales\nCategory:Towns in the South Coast (New South Wales)"}
-{"text": "Trickett\n\nPeople whose surname is or was Trickett include:\n\nAnthony Trickett (1940\u20132013), Scottish doctor\nClint Trickett (born 1991), American football player\nEdward Trickett (1851\u20131916), Australian rower\nJon Trickett (born 1950), English politician\nLibby Trickett (n\u00e9e Lenton) (born 1985), Australian swimmer\nLuke Trickett, swimmer\nRachel Trickett (1923\u20131999), English novelist & academic\nSam Trickett (born 1986), English professional poker player\nVicki Trickett (born 1938), American actress\nWilliam Trickett (1843\u20131916), politician in New South Wales\n\nSee also\n Daniel Trickett-Smith (born 1995), English footballer\n Mount Trickett, a mountain on the Great Dividing Range\n Trickett & Webb, London-based graphic design agency\n Trickett's Cross, an estate situated on the outskirts of Ferndown, Dorset, England\n William Trickett Smith (born 1938), former chairman of the Dauphin County Republican Committee\n William Trickett Smith II (born 1981), U.S. citizen guilty of murder"}
-{"text": "League of Denial\n\nLeague of Denial is a 2013 book, initially broadcast as a documentary film, about traumatic brain injury in the National Football League (NFL), particularly concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). The documentary, entitled League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis, was produced by Frontline and broadcast on PBS. The book was written by ESPN reporters Mark Fainaru-Wada and Steve Fainaru. The book and film devote significant attention to the story of Mike Webster and his football-related brain injuries, and the pathologist who examined Webster's brain, Bennet Omalu. The film also looks closely at the efforts of researchers led by Ann McKee at Boston University's Center for the Study of Traumatic Encephalopathy, where the brains of a number of former NFL athletes have been examined.\n\nProduction\n\nESPN had originally been a partner in the project, but backed out later claiming a lack of editorial control. There was speculation that this was due to pressure from the NFL. Although ESPN pulled out of the documentary project, they remain involved in the book deal, including promoting the book on their website, and airing excerpts from the documentary on the program Outside the Lines.\n\nDuring the documentary, Omalu recalled a discussion with an NFL doctor while reviewing Webster's case. Omalu said the NFL doctor told him \"Bennett, do you know the implications of what you're doing? If 10 percent of mothers in this country would begin to perceive football as a dangerous sport, that is the end of football.\" Frontline in 2010 produced a documentary on health issues in youth sports with a focus on repeated concussions and subconcussive blows in high school football.\n\nThe documentary received a Peabody Award in 2013.\n\nCritical response\n\nResponse to the documentary was positive, with many reviewers commenting on how powerful it was, and how it may change their views of football going forward, although noting that much of the information had been written about or shown before.\n\nMichael Humphrey from Forbes wrote that \"to deny the implications of the show and not, at the very least, take that potential hypocrisy very seriously, would be delusional. If I keep watching [football], it is at my own ethical risk. And I honestly don\u2019t know what I\u2019m going to do.\" The New Republic wrote that \"There is not a ton of brand-new such evidence in the documentary\" but that \"What is groundbreaking about League of Denial, rather, is the cleanness, coherence, and conciseness of the storytelling\". The New York Daily News said \"The only problem with the much-touted Frontline investigative report League of Denial is that it probably should have been subtitled \"Nation of Denial.\" Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club wrote \"League Of Denial provides an excellent, mandatory two-hour overview of the rise in research on this subject.\" and \"Football is a dead sport walking in the United States. It may look healthy, vibrant, and more profitable than ever. But in a few generations it will be a flimsy husk of itself at its height. The damning evidence is all here in League Of Denial.\" USA Today wrote \"if this documentary made even a sliver of the league's fans, personnel and fellow media stop and reflect for a few hours Tuesday night, it was well worth the exercise.\"\n\nThe New York Times said \"The program doesn't give the league much credit for recent rule changes and other safety initiatives, instead underscoring its continuing reluctance to acknowledge a link between the sport and brain injuries and its reliance on language that pushes any day of reckoning into the future.\" and \"Much of this has already been reported, with Alan Schwarz of The New York Times often leading the way, but the program will certainly be eye-opening for anyone\u2014especially parents with children of Pop Warner league age\u2014who hasn't followed the subject closely or seen The United States of Football, a documentary released in August.\"\n\nNFL senior vice president of health and safety policy Jeff Miller said \"[for two decades the league has been a] leader in addressing the issue of head injuries in a serious way\" and \"By any standard, the NFL has made a profound commitment to the health and safety of its players that can be seen in every aspect of the game, and the results have been both meaningful and measurable.\"\n\nSee also\n Head Games, documentary and book by Christopher Nowinski on repeated trauma in contact sport\n Concussions in sport\n Dementia pugilistica\n Helmet-to-helmet collision\n Concussion\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Frontline: \"League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis\" PBS site for the documentary, where it can be viewed for free.\n \n\nCategory:2013 non-fiction books\nCategory:2013 television films\nCategory:2010s documentary films\nCategory:American football books\nCategory:American football controversies\nCategory:Documentary films about American football\nCategory:History of American football\nCategory:National Football League controversies\nCategory:Neurotrauma\nCategory:Peabody Award-winning broadcasts"}
-{"text": "Placental cotyledon\n\nThe placenta of certain mammals contains structures known as cotyledons, which transmit fetal blood and allow exchange of oxygen and nutrients with the maternal blood.\n\nRuminants\nThe Artiodactyla  have a cotyledonary placenta. In this form of placenta the chorionic villi form a number of separate circular structures (cotyledons) which are distributed over the surface of the chorionic sac. Sheep, goats and cattle have between 72 and 125 cotyledons whereas deer have 4-6 larger cotyledons.\n\nHuman\nThe form of the human placenta is generally classified as a discoid placenta. Within this the cotyledons are the approximately 15-25 separations of the decidua basalis of the placenta, separated by placental septa. Each cotyledon consists of a main stem of a chorionic villus as well as its branches and subbranches.\n\nVasculature\nThe cotyledons receive fetal blood from chorionic vessels, which branch off cotyledon vessels into the cotyledons, which, in turn, branch into capillaries. The cotyledons are surrounded by maternal blood, which can exchange oxygen and nutrients with the fetal blood in the capillaries.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Diagram (page in French)\n\nCategory:Vertebrate developmental biology\nCategory:Embryology"}
-{"text": "Thamsyn Newton\n\nThamsyn Michelle Moupia Newton (born 3 June 1995 in Paraparaumu) is a New Zealand cricketer. She plays for the Canterbury Magicians in the State League as well as for her national team, the White Ferns.  She is a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler.\n\nInternational career\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n \n\nCategory:1995 births\nCategory:Canterbury Magicians cricketers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:New Zealand women cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand women One Day International cricketers\nCategory:New Zealand women Twenty20 International cricketers\nCategory:People from Paraparaumu\nCategory:Wellington Blaze cricketers\nCategory:Perth Scorchers (WBBL) cricketers"}
-{"text": "Henry of Bar\n\nHenry of Bar (c. 1362 \u2013 October 1397, in Treviso, Italy) was lord of Marle and the Marquis de Pont-\u00e0-Mousson. He was the eldest son of Robert I of Bar and Marie of Valois.\n\nVery early in his life, he was betrothed to Isabella of Lorraine, daughter of John I, Duke of Lorraine.  In 1374 he went to the court of his uncle King Charles V of France and was knighted at the coronation of king Charles VI of France, fighting in the Flanders campaign in 1383 and the Guelders campaign in 1388.  He then returned to Bar and governed it on behalf of his father, who was often immobilised by attacks of gout.\n\nHis betrothal was broken off and his fianc\u00e9e instead married Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy (\u20201397).  In November 1384 Henry himself married Marie de Coucy, Countess of Soissons (1366\u20131405), daughter of Enguerrand VII Count of Soissons & Sire de Coucy, by his first wife Princess Isabella of England, eldest daughter of King Edward III. Marie became Dame de Coucy et de Oisy following her father's death in 1397. Henry had two children by Marie: \n Enguerrand (died ca. 1400),\n Robert of Bar, who became count of Marle and of Soissons.\n\nIn 1396, Henry negotiated the neutrality of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan, in dealings with the French protectorate in the republic of G\u00eanes. He then fought on the side of the Duke of Nevers in the crusade against the Ottoman Empire, being captured at the end of the Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September 1396. He was taken prisoner and later ransomed, but died at the crusader's camp in Treviso after contracting the plague in Venice on his return trip.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nCategory:1362 births\nCategory:1397 deaths\nCategory:14th-century deaths from plague (disease)\nCategory:Counts"}
-{"text": "Owen Red Hanrahan\n\nOwen Red Hanrahan is a fictional character who appears in several works by William Butler Yeats.\n\nYeats based the character largely on the real-life bard Owen Roe O'Sullivan (Eoghan Ruadh \u00d3 S\u00failleabh\u00e1in). In his first appearances, in fact, Hanrahan's name is O'Sullivan the Red, with Yeats later altering the name to Hanrahan the Red and ultimately Owen \"Red\" Hanrahan and making him more of an amalgam of the bardic tradition and a heavily folkloric character. Hanrahan first appears in Yeats's work in the mid-1890s as the author of various poems and songs. He is the central figure of a half-dozen short stories, collectively titled Stories of Red Hanrahan, in 1897.\n\nIn the first of these short stories, Hanrahan is described at the outset as \"the hedge schoolmaster, a tall, strong, red-haired young man,\" who first appears as he enters a \"barn where some of the men of the village were\nsitting on Samhain Eve.\" This description identifies Hanrahan with Irish folklore in several ways; schoolmasters were often nationalistic poets; red-headed men often possess magical powers; and supernatural occurrences often take place on Samhain. In the following stories, Hanrahan, in his wandering, is confounded both by women and by several supernatural experiences.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Stories of Red Hanrahan at Project Gutenberg\n\nSee also\n Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, \"Principles of the Mind\": Continuity in Yeats's Poetry,\" MLN, Vol. 83, No. 6, Comparative Literature (Dec., 1968), pp. 882-899\n\nCategory:Characters in short stories"}
-{"text": "Trichura mathina\n\nTrichura mathina is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1898. It is found in French Guiana.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1898\nCategory:Arctiini"}
-{"text": "Geopolymer\n\nGeopolymers are inorganic, typically ceramic, materials that form long-range, covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks. Obsidian (volcanic glass) fragments are a component of some geopolymer blends. Commercially produced geopolymers may be used for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation and new cements for concrete. The properties and uses of geopolymers are being explored in many scientific and industrial disciplines: modern inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, colloid chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and in other types of engineering process technologies. Geopolymers are part of polymer science, chemistry and technology that forms one of the major areas of materials science. Polymers are either organic material, i.e. carbon-based, or inorganic polymer, for example silicon-based. The organic polymers comprise the classes of natural polymers (rubber, cellulose), synthetic organic polymers (textile fibers, plastics, films, elastomers, etc.) and natural biopolymers (biology, medicine, pharmacy). Raw materials used in the synthesis of silicon-based polymers are mainly rock-forming minerals of geological origin, hence the name: geopolymer. Joseph Davidovits coined the term in 1978 and created the non profit French scientific institution (Association Loi 1901) Institut G\u00e9opolym\u00e8re (Geopolymer Institute).\n\nAccording to T.F. Yen geopolymers can be classified into two major groups: pure inorganic geopolymers and organic containing geopolymers, synthetic analogues of naturally occurring macromolecules. In the following presentation, a geopolymer is essentially a mineral chemical compound or mixture of compounds consisting of repeating units, for example silico-oxide (-Si-O-Si-O-), silico-aluminate (-Si-O-Al-O-), ferro-silico-aluminate (-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) or alumino-phosphate (-Al-O-P-O-), created through a process of geopolymerization. This mineral synthesis (geosynthesis) was first presented at an IUPAC symposium in 1976.\n\nThe microstructure of geopolymers is essentially temperature dependent:\nIt is X-ray amorphous at room temperature,\nBut evolves into a crystalline matrix at temperatures above 500\u00a0\u00b0C.\n\nOne can distinguish between two synthesis routes:\nIn alkaline medium (Na+, K+, Li+, Ca2+, Cs+ and the like);\nIn acidic medium with phosphoric acid, organic carboxylic acids from plant extracts (acetic, citric, oxalic, and humic acids).\n\nThe alkaline route is the most important in terms of research and development and commercial applications and is described below. The acidic route is discussed elsewhere.\n\nWhat is a geopolymer?\nIn the 1950s, Viktor Glukovsky, of Kiev, USSR, developed concrete materials originally known under the names \"soil silicate concretes\" and \"soil cements\", but since the introduction of the geopolymer concept by Joseph Davidovits, the terminology and definitions of 'geopolymer' have become more diverse and often conflicting. The examples below were taken from 2011 scientific publications, written by scientists with different backgrounds.\n\nDefinitions of the term geopolymer\n\nFor chemists\n'...Geopolymers consist of a polymeric Si\u2013O\u2013Al framework, similar to zeolites. The main difference to zeolite is geopolymers are amorphous instead of crystalline. The microstructure of geopolymers on a nanometer scale observed by TEM comprises small aluminosilicate clusters with pores dispersed within a highly porous network. The clusters sizes are between 5 and 10 nanometers.'\n\nFor geopolymer material chemists\n'...The reaction produces SiO4 and AlO4, tetrahedral frameworks linked by shared oxygens as poly(sialates) or poly(sialate\u2013siloxo) or poly(sialate\u2013disiloxo) depending on the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in the system. The connection of the tetrahedral frameworks is occurred via long-range covalent bonds. Thus, geopolymer structure is perceived as dense amorphous phase consisting of semi-crystalline 3-D alumino-silicate microstructure.'\n\nFor alkali-cement scientists\n'... Geopolymers are framework structures produced by condensation of tetrahedral aluminosilicate units, with alkali metal ions balancing the charge associated with tetrahedral Al. Conventionally, geopolymers are synthesized from a two-part mix, consisting of an alkaline solution (often soluble silicate) and solid aluminosilicate materials. Geopolymerization occurs at ambient or slightly elevated temperature, where the leaching of solid aluminosilicate raw materials in alkaline solutions leads to the transfer of leached species from the solid surfaces into a growing gel phase, followed by nucleation and condensation of the gel phase to form a solid binder.'\n\nFor geopolymer ceramic chemists\n'\u2026Although geopolymer is generally X-ray amorphous if cured at standard pressures and temperatures, it will convert into crystalline ceramic phases like leucite or pollucite upon heating.'\n\nFor ceramic scientists\n'...Geopolymers are a class of totally inorganic, alumino-silicate based ceramics that are charge balanced by group I oxides. They are rigid gels, which are made under relatively ambient conditions of temperature and pressure into near-net dimension bodies, and which can subsequently be converted to crystalline or glass-ceramic materials.'\n\nGeopolymer synthesis\n\nIonic coordination or covalent bonding?\n\nIn 1937, W. L. Bragg published a method for classifying all kinds of silicates and their crystal structures based on the concept of the ionic theory by Linus Pauling. The fundamental unit is a tetrahedral complex consisting of a small cation such as Si4+, or Al3+ in tetrahedral coordination with four oxygens (Pauling's first rule). Many textbooks explain the geometry of the SiO44\u2212 tetrahedron and other mineral structures as determined by the relative sizes of the different ions.\n\nThis ionic coordination representation is no longer adapted to the requirements of geopolymer chemistry that is governed by covalent bonding mechanisms. The differences between the ionic concept (coordination) and the covalent bonding are profound. The double tetrahedron structure (coordination) is sharing one oxygen anion O2\u2212, whereas in the Si-O-Si- molecular structure, the covalent bond is achieved through Si and O co-sharing only one electron. This results in stronger bond within the latter structure. The American mineralogist and geochemist G. V. Gibbs and his team studied the polymeric bond Si-O-Si-O and stated in 1982-2000: The successful modeling of the properties and structures of silica ... lends credence to the statement that a silica polymorph like quartz can be viewed as a giant molecule bound together by essentially the same forces that bind the atoms of the Si-O-Si skeleton into a small siloxane molecule. The term giant molecule used by G.V. Gibbs is equivalent to the definition of geopolymer and the wording small siloxane molecule describes the actual oligomers of organo-silicon compounds well known as silicone polymer. These siloxane oligomers have the same structure as the silico-aluminate oligomers described below in this article.\n\nGeopolymerization starts with oligomers\n\nGeopolymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as oligomers into a covalently bonded network. The geo-chemical syntheses are carried out through oligomers (dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer) which provide the actual unit structures of the three-dimensional macromolecular edifice. In 2000, T.W. Swaddle and his team proved the existence of soluble isolated alumino-silicate molecules in solution in relatively high concentrations and high pH. One major improvement in their research was that their study was carried out at very low temperatures, as low as \u22129\u00a0\u00b0C. Indeed, it was discovered that the polymerization at room temperature of oligo-sialates was taking place on a time scale of around 100 milliseconds, i.e. 100 to 1000 times faster than the polymerization of ortho-silicate, oligo-siloxo units. At room temperature or higher, the reaction is so fast that it cannot be detected with conventional analytical equipment.\n\nThe image shows 5 soluble oligomers of the K-poly(sialate) / poly(sialate-siloxo) species, which are the actual starting units of potassium-based alumino-silicate geopolymerization.\n\nExample of (-Si-O-Al-O-) geopolymerization with metakaolin MK-750 in alkaline medium\n\nIt involves four main phases comprising seven chemical reaction steps:\nAlkaline depolymerization of the poly(siloxo) layer of kaolinite;\nFormation of monomeric and oligomeric species, including the \"ortho-sialate\" (OH)3-Si-O-Al-(OH)3 molecule  (#1 in the figure);\nIn the presence of waterglass (soluble K-polysiloxonate), one gets the creation of ortho-sialate-disiloxo cyclic structure (e.g. #5 in the figure), whereby the hydroxide is liberated by condensation reactions and can reacts again;\nGeopolymerization (polycondensation) into higher oligomers and polymeric 3D-networks.\n\nThe geopolymerization kinetics for Na-poly(sialate-siloxo) and K-poly(sialate-siloxo) are slightly different respectively. This is probably due to the different dimensions of the Na+ and K+ cations, K+ being bigger than Na+.\n\nExample of zeolitic (Si-O-Al-O-) geopolymerization with fly ash in alkaline medium\n\nIt involves 5 main phases\nNucleation stage in which the aluminosilicates from the fly ash particle dissolve in the alkaline medium (Na+), releasing aluminates and silicates, probably as monomers.\nThese monomers inter-react to form dimers, which in turn react with other monomers to form trimers, tetramers and so on.\nWhen the solution reaches saturation, an aluminum-rich gel (denominated Gel 1) precipitates.\nAs the reaction progresses, more Si-O groups from the initial solid source dissolve, increasing the silicon concentration in the medium and gradually raising the proportion of silicon in the zeolite precursor gel (Gel 2).\nPolycondensation into zeolite-like 3D-frameworks.\n\nGeopolymer 3D-frameworks\n\nGeopolymerization forms aluminosilicate frameworks that are similar to those of rock-forming minerals. Yet, there are major differences. In 1994, Davidovits presented a theoretical structure for K-poly(sialate-siloxo) (K)-(Si-O-Al-O-Si-O) that was consistent with the NMR spectra. It does not show the presence of water in the structure because he only focused on the relationship between Si, Al, Na, K, atoms. Water is present only at temperatures below 150\u00a0\u00b0C \u2013 200\u00a0\u00b0C, essentially in the form of -OH groups, whereas numerous geopolymer industrial and commercial applications work at temperatures above 200\u00a0\u00b0C, up to 1400\u00a0\u00b0C, i.e. at temperatures above dehydroxylation. Nevertheless, scientists working on low temperature applications, such as cements and waste management, tried to pinpoint cation hydration and water molecules. This model shows an incompletely reacted geopolymer (left in the figure), which involves free Si-OH groups that will later with time or with temperature polycondense with opposed Al-O-K, into Si-O-Al-O sialate bonds. The water released by this reaction either remains in the pores, is associated with the framework similarly to zeolitic water, or can be released and removed. Several 3D-frameworks are described in the book 'Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications'. After dehydroxylation (and dehydration), generally above 250\u00a0\u00b0C, geopolymers become more and more crystalline (right in the picture) and above 500-1000\u00a0\u00b0C (depending on the nature of the alkali cation present) crystallise and have X-ray diffraction patterns and framework structures identical to their geological analogues.\n\nCommercial applications\n\nThere exist a wide variety of potential and existing applications. Some of the geopolymer applications are still in development whereas others are already industrialized and commercialized. See the incomplete list provided by the Geopolymer Institute. They are listed in three major categories:\n\nGeopolymer resins and binders\nFire-resistant materials, thermal insulation, foams;\nLow-energy ceramic tiles, refractory items, thermal shock refractories;\nHigh-tech resin systems, paints, binders and grouts;\nBio-technologies (materials for medicinal applications);\nFoundry industry (resins), tooling for the manufacture of organic fiber composites;\nComposites for infrastructures repair and strengthening, fire-resistant and heat-resistant high-tech carbon-fiber composites for aircraft interior and automobile;\nRadioactive and toxic waste containment;\n\nGeopolymer cements and concretes\nLow-tech building materials (clay bricks),\nLow-CO2 cements and concretes;\n\nArts and archaeology\nDecorative stone artifacts, arts and decoration;\nCultural heritage, archaeology and history of sciences.\n\nGeopolymer resins and binders\nThe class of geopolymer materials is described by Davidovits to comprise:\nMetakaolin MK-750-based geopolymer binder\nchemical formula (Na,K)-(Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-), ratio Si:Al=2 (range 1.5 to 2.5)\nSilica-based geopolymer binder\nchemical formula (Na,K)-n(Si-O-)-(Si-O-Al-), ratio Si:Al>20 (range 15 to 40).\nSol-gel-based geopolymer binder (synthetic MK-750)\nchemical formula (Na,K)-(Si-O-Al-O-Si-O-), ratio Si:Al=2\n\nThe first geopolymer resin was described in a French patent application filed by J. Davidovits in 1979. The American patent, US 4,349,386, was granted on Sept. 14, 1982 with the title Mineral Polymers and methods of making them. It essentially involved the geopolymerization of alkaline soluble silicate [waterglass or (Na,K)-polysiloxonate] with calcined kaolinitic clay (later coined metakaolin MK-750 to highlight the importance of the temperature of calcination, namely 750\u00a0\u00b0C in this case). In 1985, Kenneth MacKenzie and his team from New-Zealand, discovered the Al(V) coordination of calcined kaolinite (MK-750), describing a \"chemical shift intermediate between tetrahedral and octahedral.\" This had a great input towards a better understanding of its geopolymeric reactivity.\n\nSince 1979, a variety of resins, binders and grouts were developed by the chemical industry, worldwide.\n\nPotential utilization for geopolymer composites materials\nMetakaolin MK-750-based and silica-based geopolymer resins are used to impregnate fibers and fabrics to obtain geopolymer matrix-based fiber composites. These products are fire-resistant; they release no smoke and no toxic fumes. They were tested and recommended by major international institutions such as the American Federal Aviation Administration FAA. FAA selected the carbon-geopolymer composite as the best candidate for the fire-resistant cabin program (1994-1997). Geopolymers are attractive host materials to immobilise nuclear waste due to their high environmental durability and flexibility to compositional changes of waste. They are already used on industrial scale to immobilise difficult radioactive waste streams in Czech Republic and Slovkia  and.\n\nFire-resistant material\n\nFlashover is a phenomenon unique to compartment fires where incomplete combustion products accumulate at the ceiling and ignite causing total involvement of the compartment materials and signaling the end to human survivability. Consequently, in a compartment fire the time to flashover is the time available for escape and this is the single most important factor in determining the fire hazard of a material or set of materials in a compartment fire. The Federal Aviation Administration has used the time-to-flashover of materials in aircraft cabin tests as the basis for a heat release and heat release rate acceptance criteria for cabin materials for commercial aircraft. The figure shows how the best organic-matrix made of engineering thermoplastics reaches flashover after the 20 minute ignition period and generates appreciable smoke, while the geopolymer-matrix composite will never ignite, reach flashover, or generate any smoke in a compartment fire.\n\nCarbon-geopolymer composite is applied on racing cars around exhaust parts. This technology could be transferred and applied for the mass production of regular automobile parts (corrosion-resistant exhaust pipes and the like) as well as heat shields. A well-known motorcar manufacturer already developed a geopolymer-composite exhaust pipe system.\n\nGeopolymer cements\n\nProduction of geopolymer cement requires an aluminosilicate precursor material such as metakaolin or fly ash, a user-friendly alkaline reagent (for example, sodium or potassium soluble silicates with a molar ratio MR SiO2:M2O \u2265 1.65, M being Na or K) and water (See the definition for \"user-friendly\" reagent below). Room temperature hardening is more readily achieved with the addition of a source of calcium cations, often blast furnace slag.\n\nPortland cement chemistry vs geopolymer chemistry\n\nLeft: hardening of Portland cement (P.C.) through hydration of calcium silicate into calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) and portlandite, Ca(OH)2.\n\nRight: hardening (setting) of geopolymer cement (GP) through poly-condensation of potassium oligo-(sialate-siloxo) into potassium poly(sialate-siloxo) cross linked network.\n\nGeopolymer cement categories\nThe categories comprise:\nSlag-based geopolymer cement.\nRock-based geopolymer cement.\nFly ash-based geopolymer cement\nType 1: alkali-activated fly ash geopolymer.\nType 2: slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement.\nFerro-sialate-based geopolymer cement.\n\nSlag-based geopolymer cement\nComponents: metakaolin (MK-750) + blast furnace slag + alkali silicate (user-friendly).\n\nGeopolymeric make-up: Si:Al = 2 in fact solid solution of Si:Al=1, Ca-poly(di-sialate) (anorthite type) + Si:Al = 3 , K-poly(sialate-disiloxo) (orthoclase type) and C-S-H Ca-silicate hydrate.\n\nThe first geopolymer cement developed in the 1980s was of the type (K,Na,Ca)-poly(sialate) (or slag-based geopolymer cement) and resulted from the research developments carried out by Joseph Davidovits and J.L. Sawyer at Lone Star Industries, USA and yielded the invention of Pyrament\u00ae cement. The American patent application was filed in 1984 and the patent US 4,509,985 was granted on April 9, 1985 with the title 'Early high-strength mineral polymer'.\n\nRock-based geopolymer cement\nThe replacement of a certain amount of MK-750 with selected volcanic tuffs yields geopolymer cement with better properties and less CO2 emission than the simple slag-based geopolymer cement.\n\nManufacture components: metakaolin MK-750, blast furnace slag, volcanic tuffs (calcined or not calcined), mine tailings and alkali silicate (user-friendly).\n\nGeopolymeric make-up: Si:Al = 3, in fact solid solution of Si:Al=1  Ca-poly(di-sialate) (anorthite type) + Si:Al = 3-5 (Na,K)-poly(silate-multisiloxo) and C-S-H Ca-silicate hydrate.\n\nFly ash-based geopolymer cements\nLater on, in 1997, building on the works conducted on slag-based geopolymeric cements, on the one hand and on the synthesis of zeolites from fly ashes on the other hand, Silverstrim et al. and van Jaarsveld and van Deventer developed geopolymeric fly ash-based cements. Silverstrim et al. US Patent 5,601,643 was titled 'Fly ash cementitious material and method of making a product'.\n\nCO2 emissions during manufacture\nAccording to the Australian concrete expert B. V. Rangan, the growing worldwide demand for concrete is a great opportunity for the development of geopolymer cements of all types, with their much lower tally of carbon dioxide CO2.\n\nThe need for standards\nIn June 2012, the institution ASTM International organized a symposium on Geopolymer Binder Systems. The introduction to the symposium states: When performance specifications for Portland cement were written, non-portland binders were uncommon...New binders such as geopolymers are being increasingly researched, marketed as specialty products, and explored for use in structural concrete. This symposium is intended to provide an opportunity for ASTM to consider whether the existing cement standards provide, on the one hand, an effective framework for further exploration of geopolymer binders and, on the other hand, reliable protection for users of these materials.\n\nThe existing Portland cement standards are not adapted to geopolymer cements. They must be created by an ad hoc committee. Yet, to do so, requires also the presence of standard geopolymer cements. Presently, every expert is presenting his own recipe based on local raw materials (wastes, by-products or extracted). There is a need for selecting the right geopolymer cement category. The 2012 State of the Geopolymer R&D, suggested to select two categories, namely:\nType 2 slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement: fly ashes are available in the major emerging countries;\nand\nFerro-sialate-based geopolymer cement: this geological iron rich raw material is present in all countries throughout the globe.\nand\nthe appropriate user-friendly geopolymeric reagent.\n\nGeopolymer applications to arts and archaeology\nBecause geopolymer artifacts look like natural stone, several artists started to cast in silicone rubber molds replications of their sculptures. For example, in the 1980s, the French artist Georges Grimal worked on several geopolymer castable stone formulations.\n\nEgyptian pyramid stones \n\nWith respect to archaeological applications, in the mid-1980s, Joseph Davidovits  presented his first analytical results carried out on genuine pyramid stones. He claimed that the ancient Egyptians knew how to generate a geopolymeric reaction in the making of a re-agglomerated limestone blocks. The Ukrainian scientist G.V. Glukhovsky endorsed Davidovits' research in his keynote paper to the First Intern. Conf. on Alkaline Cements and Concretes, Kiev, Ukraine, 1994. Later on, several materials scientists and physicists took over these archaeological studies and are publishing their results, essentially on pyramid stones.\n\nRoman cements\nFrom the digging of ancient Roman ruins, one knows that approximately 95% of the concretes and mortars constituting the Roman buildings consist of a very simple lime cement, which hardened slowly through the precipitating action of carbon dioxide CO2, from the atmosphere and formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). This is a very weak to medium good material that was used essentially in the making of foundations and in buildings for the populace.\n\nBut for the building of their \"ouvrages d\u2019art\", especially works related to water storage (cisterns, aqueducts), the Roman architects did not hesitate to use more sophisticated and expensive ingredients. These outstanding Roman cements are based on the calcic activation of ceramic aggregates (in Latin testa, analogue to our modern metakaolin MK-750) and alkali rich volcanic tuffs (cretoni, zeolitic pozzolan), respectively with lime. MAS-NMR Spectroscopy investigations were carried out on these high-tech Roman cements dating to the 2nd century AD. They show their geopolymeric make-up.\n\nKanchi Kailasanathar Temple\nThe 7th century Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple from the Pallava period is built using a geopolymer that looks like sandstone.\n\nSee also\nZeolite\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\nGeopolymer Chemistry and Applications, Joseph Davidovits, Institut G\u00e9opolym\u00e8re, Saint-Quentin, France, 2008,  (3rd ed., 2011). In Chinese: National Defense Industry Press, Beijing, , 2012.\nGeopolymers Structure, processing, properties and industrial applications, John L. Provis and Jannie S. J. van Deventer, Woodhead Publishing, 2009, .\n\nExternal links\nGeopolymer Institute: https://www.geopolymer.org/\nGeopolymer Alliance: https://web.archive.org/web/20130409024601/http://geopolymers.com.au/\n\nCategory:Aluminosilicates\nCategory:Building materials\nCategory:Cement\nCategory:Ceramic materials\nCategory:Geochemistry\nCategory:Geopolymers\nCategory:Inorganic chemistry\nCategory:Inorganic polymers\nCategory:Polymers\nCategory:Resins\nCategory:Silicates"}
-{"text": "Hubert Schwyzer\n\nHubert R. G. Schwyzer (March 16, 1935 - June 22, 2006) was an American philosopher and a professor of philosophy at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He was known for his research on Kantian philosophy.\n\nLife\nHe was born in Vienna, Austria, on March 16, 1935, to Georg Clemens Schwyzer, a physician, and Elisabeth Schuh Schwyzer. The family was forced to leave Austria nine months after the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938. Hubert grew up in England and attended a Jesuit boarding school before joining the Royal Air Force, where he served from 1953 to 1955. He received a degree in philosophy from Reading University in 1958. In 1959 he came to the United States for graduate study at the University of California at Berkeley and earned his doctorate in 1968. He taught at the University of Alberta for two years from 1963 to 1965, and then at University of California, Santa Barbara from 1965 until his retirement in 2002.\n\nFamily\nHe is the father of Hugo Schwyzer and Philip Schwyzer. His first wife, Alison Schwyzer was a professor of philosophy at Monterey Peninsula College.\n\nBooks\n The Unity of Understanding: A Study in Kantian Problems, Clarendon Press-Oxford 1990\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:20th-century American philosophers\nCategory:Kant scholars\nCategory:Philosophy academics\nCategory:1935 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty\nCategory:University of California, Berkeley alumni"}
-{"text": "Miles M.15\n\nThe Miles M.15 was a 1930s British single-engined monoplane trainer aircraft with two open cockpits, designed and developed by Miles Aircraft. Like other aircraft constructed to the official specification, it failed to meet the performance requirements, and only two were built.\n\nDevelopment\nThe Miles M.15 was built in response to Air Ministry specification T.1/37 which called for a two-seat basic trainer. Two other aircraft manufacturers also built contenders: Parnall Aircraft provided the Heck 3 and Heston Aircraft their Heston T.1/37. The Airspeed AS.36, General Aircraft GAL.32 and Percival P.20 were also proposed against specification T.1/37, but not built. At first sight, the M.15 looked rather like the earlier Miles Magister, a low cantilever wing monoplane with tandem open cockpits and a fixed, spatted main undercarriage plus tailwheel, powered by a single inverted de Havilland Gipsy series in-line engine. Despite this, the two types differed significantly in powerplant, form and construction.\n\nThe M.15 was powered by a 200\u00a0hp (149\u00a0kW) Gipsy Six 6-cylinder engine, much more powerful than the Magister's 130\u00a0hp (97\u00a0kW) Gipsy Major. Partly as a result, the M.15 was about 4\u00a0ft 10 in (1.4 m) longer than the Magister. The vertical stabiliser had straight leading and trailing edges, giving it a triangular look compared with the rather pointed Magister surface. Both elevators and the horn-balanced rudder carried trim tabs.  The wingspan of the M.15 was slightly less than that of the Magister, but the planform was more curved along the trailing edge and the total wing area greater. Both types carried mild dihedral outboard of the centre section. A small fairing behind the rear cockpit was another new feature of the M.15.\n\nBoth Magister and M.15 were wooden aircraft, built with spruce members with ply covering.  The M.15 fuselage though, was a monocoque structure, much more rounded in cross-section (more visible in the lower half of the fuselage) than the flat-sided and flat-bottomed Magister. The wings were built around two spruce spars with plywood webs and ribs of spruce and ply, the whole structure plywood-covered and, like the fuselage, sheathed in fabric. The unladened M.15 was over 40% heavier than the Magister.\n\nThe M.15, like the other contenders for specification T.1/37, failed to satisfy the Air Ministry's requirements. Miles built a slightly modified second (Mk. II) machine with squared-off wings and tailplane to see if performance could be improved, but with little success.  It has been suggested that the constraints of specification T.1/37 made it impossible to achieve the performance goals; true or not, no manufacturer received a production order for an aircraft designed to it.\n\nOperational history\nThe two examples were built by Philips and Powis Aircraft at Woodley Aerodrome. The first flight was made by H. (Bill) Skinner, probably on 22 September 1938. He flew it to RAF Martlesham Heath for trials on 4 February 1939. The second aircraft (Mk. II) flew under B conditions as U-0234 and later with the serial P6326. Built in response to the results of the T.1/37 trials, it transferred to RAE Farnborough on 23 May 1939.\n\nVariants\nTrainer Mk I\nPrototype trainer, serial L7714 to meet specification T.1/37, one completed and flown, and construction of the second abandoned.\nTrainer Mk II\nImproved variant built in 1939, included squared wingtips and tailplane, and changes to the two windscreens.\n\nSpecifications (Mk I)\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nCategory:1930s British military trainer aircraft\nM.15\nCategory:Single-engined tractor aircraft\nCategory:Low-wing aircraft\nCategory:Aircraft first flown in 1938"}
-{"text": "2010 Qatar national football team results\n\nThis article details the fixtures and results of the Qatar national football team in 2010.\n\nSchedule\n\nFriendly matches\n\nQatar Friendship Cup\n\n20th Arabian Gulf Cup\n\n \n2010\nQatar\nCategory:2009\u201310 in Qatari football\nCategory:2010\u201311 in Qatari football"}
-{"text": "Vanderkaay\n\nVanderkaay is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nPeter Vanderkaay American Olympic swimmer \nAlex Vanderkaay American swimmer"}
-{"text": "Galwadukumbura\n\nGalwadukumbura  is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.\n\nSee also\nList of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka\n\nExternal links\nDepartment of Census and Statistics -Sri Lanka\n\nCategory:Settlements in Matale District"}
-{"text": "List of programs broadcast by Teletoon\n\nThis is a list of programs broadcast by Teletoon. T\u00e9l\u00e9toon, the French version of Teletoon, has a different program schedule than the English version, although many of the same shows are aired on both channels. For the final television programs broadcast in the nighttime on these channels, see Teletoon at Night and T\u00e9l\u00e9toon la Nuit. Premiere airdates are provided in parentheses where available.\n\nCurrent programming\n\nOriginal programming\n Bakugan Battle Planet (December 31, 2018\u2013present)\n Chop Chop Ninja (October 6, 2018\u2013present)\n Cupcake & Dino: General Services (September 3, 2018\u2013present)\n D.N. Ace (July 6, 2019-present)\n Hotel Transylvania: The Series (October 2, 2017\u2013present)\n Super Dinosaur (September 8, 2018\u2013present)\n Total DramaRama (October 7, 2018\u2013present)\n Wishfart (June 9, 2018\u2013present)\n\nAcquired programming\n\n The Amazing World of Gumball (September 8, 2012\u2013present)\n Apple & Onion (2018-present)\n Ben 10 (2016) (April 15, 2017\u2013present)\n Beyblade Burst (September 10, 2016\u2013present)\n Bravest Warriors (September 3, 2018\u2013present)\n Bunnicula  (April 2, 2016\u2013present)\n Craig of the Creek (May 3, 2018\u2013present)\n DC Super Hero Girls (April 21, 2019\u2013present)\n Gormiti (April 5, 2019-present)\n Infinity Train (September 23, 2019-present)\n Mao Mao: Heroes of Pure Heart (September 6, 2019-present)\n Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu (2012-present)\n OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes (September 4, 2017\u2013present)\n Pok\u00e9mon (2014\u2013present)\n Power Rangers Beast Morphers (2019\u2013present)\n Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? (October 4, 2019-present)\n Steven Universe Future (December 15, 2019\u2013present)\n Teen Titans Go! (September 5, 2016\u2013present)\n The Tom and Jerry Show (May 3, 2014-present)\n Transformers: Cyberverse (September 16, 2018\u2013present)\n Transformers: Rescue Bots Academy (January 13, 2019\u2013present)\n ThunderCats Roar (February 23, 2020\u2013present)\n Unikitty! (March 18, 2018\u2013present)\n Victor and Valentino (June 1, 2019\u2013present)\n We Bare Bears (December 26, 2016\u2013present)\n Young Justice: Outsiders (January 13, 2019\u2013present)\n Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS (September 1, 2018\u2013present)\n\nReruns of ended series\n Adventure Time\n Batman: The Animated Series\n Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!\n Inspector Gadget\n Justice League Action\n Legends of Chima\n The Looney Tunes Show\n Power Rangers Ninja Steel\n Steven Universe\n\nUpcoming programming\n\nOriginal programming\n Captain Cornelius\u2019 Cartoon Lagoon (TBA)\n Invasion of the MooFaLoo! (TBA)\n Spaceman and Robotron (TBA)\n Sprinkle and the Sweet Sugar Magics (TBA)\n\nAcquired programming\n Yabba-Dabba Dinosaurs! (2020)\n\nFormer programming\n\nOriginal programming\n\n 6teen (November 7, 2004)\n A Treasure in My Garden (September 3, 2003)\n The Adventures of Paddington Bear (October 17, 1997)\n The Amazing Spiez! (September 6, 2010)\n Angela Anaconda (October 5, 1999)\n Animal Crackers (October 17, 1997)\n Atomic Betty (August 29, 2004)\n Atomic Puppet (September 11, 2016)\n Bad Dog (March 1, 1999)\n The Bagel and Becky Show (November 14, 2016)\n Bakugan Battle Brawlers (April 5, 2007)\n Bakugan: Gundalian Invaders (May 23, 2010)\n Bakugan: Mechtanium Surge (February 13, 2011)\n Bakugan: New Vestroia (April 12, 2009)\n The Baskervilles (March 10, 2000)\n Best Ed (October 3, 2008)\n Blaster's Universe (January 4, 2000)\n Braceface (June 2, 2001)\n Bromwell High (February 1, 2005)\n Caillou (October 17, 1997)\n Camp Lakebottom (July 4, 2013)\n Carl\u00b2 (August 7, 2005)\n Chaotic (March 16, 2007)\n Chop Chop Ninja Challenge (November 24, 2014)\n Chop Socky Chooks (March 16, 2007)\n Class of the Titans (December 31, 2005)\n Clone High (November 2, 2002)\n Counterfeit Cat (November 1, 2016)\n Cracked (September 10, 2016)\n Crash Canyon (September 18, 2011)\n Creepschool (March 13, 2004)\n Cybersix (September 6, 1999)\n Daft Planet (September 2, 2002)\n The Dating Guy (October 17, 2010)\n The Day My Butt Went Psycho! (September 21, 2013)\n Delilah & Julius (August 14, 2005)\n Delta State (September 11, 2004)\n Detentionaire (January 5, 2012)\n Di-Gata Defenders (August 12, 2006)\n Donkey Kong Country (October 17, 1997)\n Doodlez (September 6, 2002)\n Dr. Dimensionpants (November 6, 2014)\n Eckhart (September 8, 2000)\n Edward (January 23, 2002)\n Endangered Species (March 3, 2015)\n Flight Squad (March 27, 2000)\n Fly Tales (September 6, 1999) \n For Better or For Worse (November 5, 2000)\n Freaktown (June 20, 2016)\n Fred the Caveman (September 2, 2002)\n Fred's Head (January 12, 2008)\n Fugget About It (September 7, 2012\u2013March 31, 2019)\n The Future is Wild (June 28, 2010)\n Futz! (September 3, 2007)\n George of the Jungle (June 29, 2007)\n Gerald McBoing-Boing (August 29, 2005)\n Grojband (September 5, 2013)\n Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs (March 28, 2005)\n Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 (September 13, 2009)\n Iggy Arbuckle (June 29, 2007)\n Jimmy Two-Shoes (February 21, 2009)\n John Callahan's Quads! (February 2, 2001)\n Johnny Test (September 8, 2006)\n Just Kidding (February 3, 2013)\n Kaput and Z\u00f6sky (September 3, 2002)\n Kid Paddle (September 1, 2003)\n The Kids from Room 402 (August 29, 2000)\n Knuckleheads (June 6, 2016)\n Life's a Zoo (September 1, 2008)\n Looped (March 2, 2016) \n Maggie and the Ferocious Beast (August 26, 2000)\n Majority Rules! (September 10, 2009)\n Marvin the Tap-Dancing Horse (September 30, 2000)\n Matt Hatter Chronicles (September 8, 2012)\n Mega Babies (October 10, 1999)\n MetaJets (October 3, 2010)\n A Miss Mallard Mystery (September 4, 2000)\n Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends (September 11, 2004)\n Mudpit (January 5, 2012)\n My Babysitter's a Vampire (March 14, 2011)\n My Dad the Rock Star (September 1, 2003)\n My Life Me (September 10, 2011)\n Nanook's Great Hunt\n Ned's Newt (October 17, 1997)\n New Tales from the Cryptkeeper (October 10, 1999)\n Night Sweats (February 29, 2016)\n Olliver's Adventures (September 7, 2002)\n Packages from Planet X (July 13, 2013) \n Pecola (September 3, 2001)\n Pig City (April 16, 2002)\n Pippi Longstocking (October 17, 1997)\n Pirate Express (April 26, 2015)\n Planet Sketch (November 19, 2005)\n Potatoes and Dragons (January 5, 2004)\n Punch! (January 11, 2008)\n Ratz (September 21, 2003)\n Redwall (September 8, 1999)\n Rescue Heroes ( October 2, 1999)\n Ricky Sprocket: Showbiz Boy (August 31, 2007)\n RoboRoach (January 8, 2002)\n Rocket Monkeys (January 10, 2013)\n Silverwing (September 6, 2003)\n Simon in the Land of Chalk Drawings (September 2, 2002)\n Skatoony (October 28, 2010)\n Skyland (November 26, 2005)\n Snowsnaps (September 1, 2018)\n Sons of Butcher (August 5, 2005)\n Splat!\n Spliced (April 1, 2010) \n Spider Riders (March 25, 2006)\n Station X (September 3, 2005)\n Stoked (June 25, 2009)\n Supernoobs (December 7, 2015)\n Toad Patrol (October 2, 1999)\n The Tofus (September 6, 2004)\n ToonMarty (May 1, 2017)\n Total Drama Action\n Total Drama All-Stars\n Total Drama Island (July 8, 2007)\n Total Drama: Pahkitew Island\n Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race\n Total Drama: Revenge of the Island\n Total Drama World Tour\n Totally Spies! (September 2, 2002)\n Undergrads (April 1, 2001)\n Untalkative Bunny (April 15, 2001)\n W (July 12, 2006)\n Wayside (March 16, 2007)\n What About Mimi? (March 6, 2000)\n What's with Andy? (June 30, 2001)\n Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding Dong (January 2, 2017)\n World of Quest (August 10, 2008)\n Yakkity Yak (January 4, 2003)\n Zeroman (September 11, 2004)\n The Zimmer Twins (March 14, 2005)\n\nAcquired programming\n\n 2 Stupid Dogs\n 12 oz. Mouse\n The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo \n 1001 Nights\n A Pup Named Scooby-Doo\n Ace Ventura: Pet Detective\n The Addams Family \n The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin \n The Adventures of Tintin\n Albert the Fifth Musketeer\n Alien Racers \n Alvin and the Chipmunks\n ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\n American Dad! (September 1, 2008)\n Angry Birds Toons (March 16, 2013)\n Angry Kid\n Animalia\n Animaniacs\n Annoying Orange\n Apollo's Pad\n Aqua Teen Hunger Force\n Archer (October 29, 2011)\n Archie's Weird Mysteries\n Assy McGee\n Astro Boy\n Avengers Assemble \n The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes\n The Avengers: United They Stand\n The Awesomes (August 5, 2017)\n Axe Cop\n The Babaloos\n Baby Blues (September 8, 2002)\n Baby Looney Tunes\n The Batman (November 6, 2004)\n Batman: The Brave and the Bold\n Ben 10\n Ben 10: Alien Force (September 6, 2008)\n Ben 10: Omniverse (September 22, 2012)\n Ben 10: Ultimate Alien (September 12, 2010)\n Beware the Batman\n Beyblade: Metal Masters\n Beyblade Metal Saga\n Beyond Human (September 9, 2011)\n Birdz\n Blake and Mortimer\n Blazing Dragons\n Blazing Team\n Bob's Burgers (September 7, 2015)\n Bolts and Blip (June 28, 2010)\n The Boondocks\n The Brak Show (September 12, 2004)\n Bratz\n The Bugs Bunny & Tweety Show (September 2, 2002)\n Butt-Ugly Martians\n Cadillacs and Dinosaurs\n Camp Lazlo \n Captain Star\n Cardcaptors\n Chaotic (March 16, 2007)\n Chaotic: Secrets of the Lost City\n Chowder (September 6, 2008)\n Clarence \n The Cleveland Show\n Clerks: The Animated Series\n Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island \n Code Monkeys (September 4, 2008)\n Codename: Kids Next Door\n Courage the Cowardly Dog (September 7, 2002)\n Cow and Chicken\n Craig of the Creek\n Cromartie High School\n The Critic (September 3, 2008)\n Dilbert\n Dinofroz \n Dog City \n Domo\n Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist\n Dragons: Defenders of Berk\n Drawn Together\n DreamWorks Dragons\n Duck Dodgers\n Duckman\n DuckTales\n Ed, Edd n Eddy (September 7, 2002)\n Evil Con Carne \n Extreme Ghostbusters\n Family Guy (January 6, 2002)\n Fantastic Four\n Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids\n Father of the Pride (September 5, 2008)\n Fireball XL5\n The Flintstones (September 6, 2004)\n Flying Rhino Junior High\n Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (March 11, 2005)\n Frame by Frame\n Frisky Dingo\n Futurama (September 2, 2002)\n Future Card Buddyfight \n G.I. Joe: Renegades (January 9, 2011)\n The Game of Life (September 9, 2012)\n Generator Rex (January 9, 2011)\n Get Ace (September 8, 2015)\n Gogs\n Goosebumps\n Green Lantern: The Animated Series\n Grim & Evil (September 2, 2002)\n The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy\n Guano!\n The Hallo Spencer Show\n Hanazuki: Full of Treasures \n Happy Tree Friends\n Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law\n The Haunting Hour: The Series\n The Head\n Hero Factory (May 23, 2011)\n Hey Joel\n The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange \n Highlander: The Animated Series\n Histeria!\n Hole in the Wall\n Home Movies\n Home Things\n The Hoobs\n Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.\n Incredible Crew (January 28, 2013)\n Iron Man: Armored Adventures \n Ivanhoe: The King's Knight\n The Jetsons (September 6, 2004)\n Johnny Bravo\n Jonny Quest\n Josie and the Pussycats\n Journey to the West \u2013 Legends of the Monkey King\n Justice League\n Kaijudo (September 8, 2012)\n Kappa Mikey\n Kassai and Leuk\n King of the Hill\n Kirby: Right Back at Ya! \n Kong: The Animated Series\n Krypto the Superdog\n Larva\n The Legend of Calamity Jane\n Lego Nexo Knights\n Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures \n Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles\n Level Up (July 7, 2012)\n The Life and Times of Juniper Lee \n Little People\n Loonatics Unleashed \n Looney Tunes\n Lucas Bros. Moving Co. (October 24, 2016)\n Lucy, Daughter of the Devil (September 3, 2008)\n Macross Plus\n Mad\n Major Lazer (October 24, 2016)\n Man vs. Cartoon\n Masha and the Bear \n The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack\n Max Steel \n The Maxx\n Medabots\n Metalocalypse\n MegaMan NT Warrior\n Megas XLR (September 11, 2004)\n The Mighty Hercules\n Mike, Lu & Og\n Minoriteam\n Mission Hill\n Mixels\n Moral Orel\n The Mr. Men Show\n \u00a1Mucha Lucha!\n My Gym Partner's a Monkey \n Mythic Warriors: Guardians of the Legend\n Nanook\n Napoleon Dynamite\n NASCAR Racers\n New Looney Tunes (November 6, 2015)\n The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show\n The New Scooby-Doo Movies \n Night Hood\n Ninja Scroll\n The Nudnik Show\n The Oblongs\n Oh No! It's an Alien Invasion \n Out of Jimmy's Head (September 6, 2008)\n Overachieving the Overrated\n Ozzy & Drix\n Patrol 03\n Perfect Hair Forever\n Phantom Investigators (September 7, 2002)\n Pinky and the Brain \n Police Academy\n Pond Life \n The Powerpuff Girls\n Power Rangers\n Power Rangers Dino Charge\n Power Rangers Dino Super Charge (February 6, 2016)\n Power Rangers Super Megaforce\n Princess Sissi\n Rainbow Fish\n The Real Ghostbusters\n Redbeard\n Regular Show\n Rex the Runt\n Rick & Morty (September 3, 2017)\n Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World\n Right Now Kapow (June 7, 2018)\n The Ripping Friends \n The Road Runner Show\n Robin\n Robinson Sucroe\n Robot Chicken\n Rocket Robin Hood\n Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles\n Sabrina: The Animated Series\n Sabrina's Secret Life\n Santo Bugito\n Saul of the Mole Men\n Savage Dragon \n Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated (September 9, 2010)\n The Scooby-Doo Show\n Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\n Sealab 2021\n Secret Mountain Fort Awesome (January 12, 2013)\n The Secret Saturdays \n The Secret World of Santa Claus\n Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! (September 8, 2007)\n Shaun the Sheep \n Sheep in the Big City (September 2, 2002)\n Silver Surfer\n The Simpsons\n The Smoggies \n The Smoking Gun\n Smoking Gun TV\n The Smurfs \n Sonic Underground\n Sooty's Amazing Adventures\n Space Ghost Coast to Coast\n Space Goofs\n The Spectacular Spider-Man (September 7, 2008)\n Spicy City \n Spider-Man \n Spy Groove\n Squidbillies\n Squirrel Boy (September 8, 2007)\n Star Trek: The Animated Series\n Star Wars: Clone Wars \n Star Wars: The Clone Wars (September 7, 2009)\n Steven Universe (November 11, 2013)\n Stressed Eric\n Stroker & Hoop\n Summer Camp Island (August 13, 2018)\n The Super Hero Squad Show \n Superjail!\n Super Milk Chan\n Superman: The Animated Series\n SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron\n The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries\n Sym-Bionic Titan \n Taz-Mania\n Teen Titans \n Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003)\n Tenkai Knights\n ThunderCats\n The Tick\n Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!\n Time Squad (September 5, 2002)\n Tiny Toon Adventures\n Todd McFarlane's Spawn\n Tom and Jerry\n Tom & Jerry Kids\n The Tom and Jerry Show\n Tom and Jerry Tales\n Tom Goes to the Mayor\n Transformers\n Transformers: Prime (January 9, 2011)\n Transformers: Rescue Bots\n Transformers: Robots in Disguise (March 21, 2015)\n The Triplets\n Tripping the Rift\n Turning Mecard (May 28, 2017)\n Ultimate Spider-Man (September 7, 2012)\n Uncle Grandpa\n Upstairs, Downstairs Bears\n The Venture Bros.\n Voltron Force\n Voltron: The Third Dimension\n Wacky Races\n What's New, Scooby-Doo? (October 22, 2002)\n Whatever Happened to... Robot Jones?\n Wild C.A.T.s\n The Wind in the Willows\n Wolverine and the X-Men \n The Wrong Coast\n Xavier: Renegade Angel\n X-Men\n X-Men: Evolution\n The Yogi Bear Show\n Young Justice\n Young Robin Hood\n Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V (July 24, 2015)\n Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Teletoon\nTeletoon\nCategory:Teletoon original series"}
-{"text": "List of chocolate museums\n\nA chocolate museum is any museum covering the subject of chocolate.  The list of chocolate museums includes:\n\nSee also\n\n List of food and beverage museums\n\nReferences\n\n*\nCategory:Lists of museums by subject"}
-{"text": "Carlos Terrazas\n\nCarlos Terrazas S\u00e1nchez (born 9 February 1962) is a Spanish football manager.\n\nHis career of over a quarter of a century was spent mostly in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B, though he also competed in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n with Eibar, Guadalajara and Mirand\u00e9s.\n\nFootball career\nBorn in Bilbao, Biscay, Terrazas began his managerial career at local CD Santurtzi, and subsequently worked with neighbouring Bilbao Athletic in Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B. After spells with Gimn\u00e1stica de Torrelavega, Burgos CF, Bilbao Athletic and AD Ceuta, he was appointed at the helm of Segunda Divisi\u00f3n club SD Eibar in June 2005.\n\nOn 23 December 2005, Terrazas was relieved of his duties after a bad run of results. In the summer of 2007, he moved to Real Ja\u00e9n in the third division.\n\nOn 27 August 2009, Terrazas resigned from the Andalusians' bench, alleging personal problems. On 29 September of the following year he moved to CD Guadalajara, replacing fired Kike Li\u00f1ero. He achieved promotion to the second level at the first attempt, and narrowly avoided relegation in the following season, being appointed general manager in the process.\n\nOn 1 August 2013, after the Castilla-La Mancha side's administrative relegation, Terrazas announced his resignment. He joined fellow league team CD Mirand\u00e9s on 17 December, replacing Gonzalo Arconada.\n\nTerrazas remained in charge for the following campaigns, achieving an eighth place in 2014\u201315, the club's best-ever position. On 1 December 2016, he was sacked.\n\nIn 2017\u201318, Terrazas led SD Ponferradina for the whole campaign, also serving as the club's sporting director. Though the aim was the play-offs, the team fought relegation and only avoided relegation in the penultimate game, finishing 12th; he did not renew his contract.\n\nManagerial statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1962 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Bilbao\nCategory:Spanish football managers\nCategory:Segunda Divisi\u00f3n managers\nCategory:Segunda Divisi\u00f3n B managers\nCategory:Athletic Bilbao B managers\nCategory:Gimn\u00e1stica de Torrelavega managers\nCategory:Burgos CF managers\nCategory:AD Ceuta managers\nCategory:SD Eibar managers\nCategory:Real Ja\u00e9n managers\nCategory:CD Guadalajara (Spain) managers\nCategory:CD Mirand\u00e9s managers\nCategory:SD Ponferradina managers"}
-{"text": "Nodirbek Abdusattorov\n\nNodirbek Abdusattorov (born September 18, 2004) is an Uzbekistani chess player. A chess prodigy, he qualified for the title Grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 1 month, and 11 days. FIDE awarded him the title in April 2018.\n\nIn 2012 Abdusattorov won the Under 8 division of the World Youth Chess Championships in Maribor, Slovenia. In 2014, at nine years old, he beat two grandmasters, Andrey Zhigalko and Rustam Khusnutdinov, in the 8th Georgy Agzamov Memorial tournament, held in his home city of Tashkent. In the FIDE rating list of April 2015, he set a new record for the youngest player to enter the top 100 juniors, at eleven years old.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2004 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chess grandmasters\nCategory:Uzbekistani chess players\nCategory:World Youth Chess Champions\nCategory:Sportspeople from Tashkent"}
-{"text": "Leuconitocris murphyi\n\nLeuconitocris murphyi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by J\u00e9r\u00f4me Sudre and Pierre T\u00e9occhi in 2005. It is known from Malawi.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lamiinae\nCategory:Beetles described in 2005"}
-{"text": "Cornelia Froboess\n\nCornelia Froboess (born 28 October 1943) is a German actress and a teen idol of the 1950s and early 1960s. During that time, Froboess appeared in many West German and Austrian musical films, especially after the rock and roll wave had hit Germany. In those comedy films, she would often portray the typical  (brat from [West] Berlin) who craves independence from her strict parents.\n\nCareer\nAs Die Kleine Cornelia she had her first hit record in 1951, aged eight, with a song written by her father. \"\" (Pack your swimsuit\") is a cheery tune about a group of children going swimming on a hot summer's day at Wannsee. The title of the song has become a set phrase and synonym for going swimming easily recognized even by speakers of German who have never heard of the song. As she grew she recorded as Conny then Conny Froboess\n\nIn 1962, Froboess finished in sixth place at the Eurovision Song Contest, where she sang \"\" (Two little Italians) for Germany. It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The same year she appeared as herself in Jean Renoir's comedy film The Elusive Corporal.\n\nLater, Froboess became a theatre and movie actress. In 1982, she appeared in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's film Veronika Voss. In 1988 she played Marthe Schwerdtlein in Goethe's Faust I, a performance that was also released as a film: Faust \u2013 Vom Himmel durch die Welt zur H\u00f6lle. In 1997 Froboess played the mother of the protagonist Martin Brest (Til Schweiger) in the film Knockin' on Heaven's Door. On stage, she appeared in Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm in 1976, staged by Dieter Dorn, and played Ellida in Ibsen's The Lady from the Sea in 1990. At the Salzburg Festival 2004, she played Mary Tyrone in Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night. The same year she played the title role in Bertolt Brecht's play Mother Courage and Her Children.\n\nSelected filmography\n\n The Sinful Border (1951)\n Ideal Woman Sought (1952)\n Three Days of Fear (1952)\n The Big Star Parade (1954)\n Conny and Peter Make Music (1960)\n Mariandl (1961)\n My Husband, the Economic Miracle (1961)\n The Bird Seller (1962)\n  (1963)\n Rheinsberg (1967)\n Crazy - Completely Mad (1973)\n Derrick \u2013 Season 4, episode 8: \"Via Bangkok\" (1977)\n Derrick \u2013 Season 5, episode 12: \"Ute und Manuela\" (1978)\n Derrick \u2013 Season 9, episode 2: \"Eine Falle f\u00fcr Derrick\" (1982)\n Veronika Voss (1982)\n  (1986)\n  (1988)\n  (1994, TV film)\n Windstorm (2013) and  (2015)\n\nAwards\n1962: Goldene Schallplatte\n1968: \n1985: Member of the Academy of Arts, Berlin\n1990: \n1994: Bavarian Film Award\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:1943 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Wriezen\nCategory:People from the Province of Brandenburg \nCategory:German film actresses\nCategory:German television actresses\nCategory:German stage actresses\nCategory:20th-century German actresses\nCategory:21st-century German actresses\nCategory:German female singers\nCategory:Schlager musicians\nCategory:German Eurovision Song Contest entrants\nCategory:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1962\nCategory:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art\nCategory:Members of the Academy of the Arts, Berlin\nCategory:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\nCategory:Recipients of the Bavarian Order of Merit"}
-{"text": "Gene Samuel\n\nGene \"Geronimo\" Samuel (born 15 October 1960) is a semi-retired track cyclist and road cyclist from Trinidad and Tobago, who represented his native country at four consecutive Summer Olympics, starting in 1984 where he placed fourth, missing the bronze medal by 4/100ths of a second. He won a gold, a silver and a bronze medal in the Men's 1.000m Time Trial at three different Pan American Games. Samuel is a well known bunch race track cyclist for his never-say-die competitive attitude and his warrior spirit, hence his nickname, \"Geronimo\". He broke the World Professional record in the 1000 metre time-trial in Cali, Colombia, in 1992. He was a World Champion bronze medallist in the 1000metre time-trial in 1991 at the World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany, a few days after winning the Gold medal at the Pan American Games and breaking the track record in Havana, Cuba. He won double Gold Medals at the 1986 CAC Games in Santo Domingo and broke the 1000m track record in the process. He has three times been Sportsman of the Year in Trinidad and Tobago and also was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame in 2000.\n\nHe was awarded the National Award of the Chaconia Silver Medal for long and meritorious service to country in sport. He was named as one of the top 100 sportsmen in the 20th century for Trinidad and Tobago. He was named as one of the top 50 Legends in Sport for the 50th Independence Celebrations in Trinidad and Tobago. He has won an unprecedented over 65 Elite National Championship Track Champion Titles.\n\nHe also owns and manages a cycling shop in Woodbrook, Port of Spain, Trinidad, called Geronimo's Cycle & Sport Ltd. He coaches and trains with a local cycling team and is still avidly racing with great success amongst the much younger, professional elite cyclists.\n\nOn 26 August 2011 Samuel was inducted into the Trexlertown Velodrome (\"T-Town\") Hall of Fame in the USA.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Trinidad and Tobago male cyclists\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1988 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1992 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1987 Pan American Games\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1991 Pan American Games\nCategory:Cyclists at the 1995 Pan American Games\nCategory:Olympic cyclists of Trinidad and Tobago\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Pan American Games gold medalists for Trinidad and Tobago\nCategory:Pan American Games silver medalists for Trinidad and Tobago\nCategory:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Trinidad and Tobago\nCategory:Pan American Games medalists in cycling"}
-{"text": "Achuni\n\nAchuni (, also Romanized as Ach\u016bn\u012b; also known as \u0100ch\u0101n\u012b) is a village in Mahyar Rural District, in the Central District of Qaen County, South Khorasan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 19 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Qaen County"}
-{"text": "Crerar\n\nCrerar is a Scottish surname. The original name is the Scots version of the Gaelic criathar.\nThe surname Crerar was first found in Inverness and the surrounding Scottish highlands, where the Crerar's held a family seat from ancient times.\n\nPeople \n Duncan MacGregor Crerar (1836\u20131916), Scottish poet.\n Finlay Crerar, RAF officer\n Harry Crerar (1888\u20131965), Canadian World War II commander.\n John Crerar (1750\u20131840), Scottish gamekeeper and composer.\n John Crerar (1827\u20131899), American industrialist.\n Peter Crerar (1785\u20131856), Scots-Canadian civil engineer.\n Thomas Crerar (1876\u20131975), Canadian politician.\n\nPlaces \n Crerar, Ontario, a neighborhood of Hamilton, Ontario named for the Canadian general Harry Crerar.\n John Crerar Library, a library operated by the University of Chicago named for the American industrialist John Crerar.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:English-language surnames\nCategory:Scottish surnames"}
-{"text": "Daniel McCallum\n\nDaniel Craig McCallum (21 January 1815 \u2013 27 December 1878) was a Scottish-born American railroad engineer, general manager of the New York and Erie Railroad and Union Brevet Major General during the American Civil War, known as one of the early pioneers of management. He set down a set of general principles of management, and is credited for having developed the first modern organizational chart.\n\nEarly life and education \nMcCallum was born in Johnstone in the council area of Renfrewshire in the west central Lowlands of Scotland in 1815. In 1822, while he was still a boy, his family emigrated to Rochester, New York. He did attend elementary school, but did not want to follow his father's footsteps and become a tailor. Instead McCallum left school to become a carpenter and worked his way up.\n\nNew York engineer \nIn the early 1840s, McCallum worked as a civil engineer in Rochester, designing buildings including Saint Joseph's Church. Soon he started building and maintaining railway bridges as subcontractor for the New York and Erie Railroad. By the late 1840s, the New York and Erie Railroad placed McCallum in charge of its bridges, and he started experimenting with new construction methods. He developed and in 1851 patented a new type of bridge, named the \"McCallum Inflexible Arched Truss Bridge\", which could withstand heavier loads and required less maintenance than previous designs. One such at Lanesboro, Pennsylvania over the Susquehanna River, drew national attention for its durable construction.\n\nIn the early 1850s, the New York and Erie Railroad promoted McCallum to superintendent of the Susquehanna Division, one of the railroad's five operating divisions. About two years later (1854/54) he received another promotion, becoming the railroad's General Superintendent and succeeeding Charles Minot during Homer Ramsdell's presidency. In this position McCallum supervised the entire railroad, as well as restructured it to make it more efficient and safe. New management and communication methods used the telegraph. McCallum also described these new management principles, and introduced the first modern organizational chart. On 25 February 1857 \n\nIn 1858, McCallum resigned from the Erie Railroad and founded the McCallum Bridge Company.\n\nU.S. Military Railroad Superintendent \nOn February 11, 1862, weeks after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Railways and Telegraph Act of January 31, 1862 (which authorized the President to seize and operate any railroad or telegraph company's equipment for use during the American Civil War), the new Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton appointed McCallum as Military Director and Superintendent of the United States Military Railroad with the staff rank of colonel. The USMRR's primary mission was to repair and operate captured Southern lines to support the Union army. The previous Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had called on the Pennsylvania Railroad's Vice President Thomas A. Scott to coordinate railroads and Scott had been promoted to Assistant Secretary of War. However, President Lincoln replaced Cameron in January after newspapers reported he unduly favored the North Central Railroad in which he was a stockholder, at the expense of rival railroads including the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad, including allowing removed B&O track and telegraph wire to be shipped to repair damaged Virginia lines. On April 22, 1862, Stanton summoned West Point graduate Herman Haupt, who had become a leading railway engineer after resigning his U.S. Army commission and who had applied for Scott's job, to evaluate the engineering required to rebuild the Richmond, Fredericksburg & Potomac line in Virginia. On May 28 Haupt was also appointed a colonel, but he twice refused military rank (including a promotion to brigadier general on September 5, 1862), instead becoming the civilian Chief of Construction and Transportation in the Department of the Rappahannock. Although Haupt would have difficulties dealing with some military men, he worked well with McCallum.\n\nMcCallum remained in Washington during the war to oversee the \"big picture\" of USMRR operations, and especially coordinate deliveries of locomotives and other equipment with manufacturers. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier-general of volunteers for faithful and meritorious services on September 24, 1864, and his authority was extended to the Western Theater and to support Sherman's Atlanta Campaign. He received another promotion to major general in 1865. In July 1866 McCallum was mustered out of the service, and published a report on the military railroads during the war.\n\nMacCallum also wrote a set of poems. The most famous was called 'Lights on the Bridge', which he wrote shortly before his death, memorializing his friend, Sam Campbell, a railroad engineer killed in 1842. McCallum himself died in Brooklyn, New York, on December 27, 1878.\n\nWork\n\nArchitecture, 1830s-40s \n\nMcCallum was an architect in Rochester from 1840, and for a few subsequent years. He was an accomplished architect and held a high position in his profession. Among the prominent buildings erected by him are the House of Refuge, St. Josephs Church, St. Marys Hospital, and the Odd-Fellows' Hall building. He did much to improve the general architecture of the city. His drawings and studies were carefully made, and his plans well-adapted to location.\n\nThe St. Josephs Church was originally built 1843-1846 in the simple monumental tradition of the Greek Revival, with a gray stone facade of series of arched bays on the exterior facade. The simple church was enlarged 1849 into cruciform plan that sat a thousand. The interior was remodeled in 1895. The first steeple added in 1859 and replaced with a tower in 1909, designed by Joseph Oberlies. Nowadays only the preserved facade of St. Joseph's Church has remained.\n\nMcCallum's Patent Timber Bridge, 1840s-60s \nLate 1840s McCallum developed a specific truss bridge construction for the railroad bridges, called McCallum inflexible arched truss. It was constructed principally of pine timber, with less than the ordinary portion of iron rods, blots and casings. An editorial notice from Appletons' Mechanics' Magazine, edited by Julius W. Adams commented on McCullam's Patent Timber Bridge, built in 1851 over the Susquehanna River, near Lanesboro', Pennsylvania, for the New York and Erie railroad.\n\nWe have no hesitation in affirming, that of all the timber bridges patented in this country, there are none, in point of strength, economy (in which we include ultimate durability), facility of repair, and uniformity of action, to be preferred before this plan of bridge lately patented by Mr. D. C. McCallum, of Oswego, engineer or ways and structures on the New York and Erie railroad.The bridge shown in elevation (see image) has been built lately for the New York and Erie railroad, at Lanesboro', over the Susquehanna river, in the place of one built by ourselves, several years since, under the orders, and according to the plan of the chief engineer of that road, but which proved unequal to the duty imposed upon it; and its removal became a matter of necessity.We objected to the plan of the original bridge, built in that locality, as we have ever done to any plan of bridge in which the attempt was made to unite the independent systems of arch and truss, and make toe stability of the bridge dependent upon their uniformity of action. In this plan of Mr. McCallum, the two principles are not independent as heretofore; but the action of the arch in the upper chord is made an integral part of the truss itself; and instead of two systems acting unequally, and to the ultimate injury of the structure, we have the best features of both united in a manner which admits of entire uniformity of action.In the construction of bridges for railroad purposes, two prominent difficulties have long been discovered, viz., a lack of sustaining principle towards the ends of the trusses and near the abutments, and an entire absence in many cases of a proper counteracting principle to prevent vertical vibration by a moving load. See Haupt on Bridges, to which admirable work the reader is particularly referred for a full description of the proper office of a counter-brace...\n\nThese inflexible arched truss were used in wooden railroad bridges across the US and Canada in the 19th century.  After his work at the New York and Erie Railroad, in 1858 McCallum founded the McCallum Bridge Company in Cincinnati. The company specialized in railroad bridges, which they build in the Western and Southern States. Some of the Howe truss men were so impressed by McCallum's business success (if not by his arguments) that they began arching their top chords, and a notable example of this practice was the Rock Island Bridge over the Mississippi River. The advent of steel bridges in the 1860s effectively made obsolete his unique design.\n\nLarge-scale management problems at New York & Erie Railroad, 1850s \n\nMcCallum had started at the New York & Erie Railroad as subcontractor to build and maintain bridges, was appointed superintendent of one region and eventually made it General superintendent in 1855, controlling over 5000 employees. In this position McCallum came in contact with the large-scale management problems, which other great railroad companies such as the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad also faced. One of the main problems of these largests railroad companies was the rising of costs of moving freight in compare to smaller companies. McCallum postulated that this was caused by inefficient internal organization. In his 1856 report to the stockholders of the New York & Erie Railroad he explained:\n\nA superintendent of a road fifty miles in length can give its business his professional attention and may be constantly on the line engaged in the direction of its details; each person is personally known to him, and all questions in relation to its business are at once presented and acted upon; and any system however imperfect may under such circumstances prove comparatively successful.    In the government of a five hundred miles in length a very different state exists. Any system which might be applicable to the business and extent of a short road would be found entirely inadequate to the wants of a long one. and I am fully convinced that in the want of system perfect in its details, properly adapted and vigilantly enforced, lies the true secret of their [the large roads\u2019] failure; and that this disparity of cost per mile in operating long and short roads, is not produced by a difference in length, but is in proportion to the perfection of the system adopted.\n\nNew methods had to be invented for mobilizing, controlling, and apportioning capital, for operating a widely dispersed system, and for supervising thousands of specialized workmen spread over hundreds of miles. The railroads solved all these problems and became the model for all large businesses. The main innovators were three engineers, Benjamin H. Latrobe of the Baltimore and Ohio, McCallum of the Erie, and John Edgar Thomson of the Pennsylvania. They devised the functional departments and first defined the lines of authority, responsibility, and communication with the concomitant separation of line and staff duties which have remained the principles of the modern American corporation.\n\nIllustrative organization chart, 1855 \n\nAs general superintendent McCallum in 1855 designed an illustrative organization chart of the New York and Erie Railway, which is considered to be the first modern organization chart, which was compiled and draw by the civil engineer George Holt Henshaw. On the chart is written, that the diagram represents a plan of organization, and exhibits the division of administrative duties and shows the number and class of employees engaged in each department, and is dated September 1855.\n\nThe chart explains that the diagram is compiled from the latest monthly report and indicates about the average number of employees of each class engaged in the Operating Department of the railroad company. It shows the powers and duties of each individual and to whom they are subject to report. It further describes:\n\nBy inspection it will be seen that the Board of Directors as the fountain of power, concentrates their authority in the President as the executive Officer, who in that capacity directly controls those officers who are shown on the Diagram at the termini of the lines diverging from him, and these in their turn, though all the various ramifications down to the lowest employee control those who terminate the lines from them.All orders from the Superior officers are communicated in the above order, from superior to subordinate to the point of desired; thereby securing despatch in their execution and maintaining proper discipline without weakening the authority of the immediate superior of the subordinate controlled by the order thus transmitted. Each individual therefore holds himself responsible only to his immediate superior...\"\n\nFurthermore, a table is added showing the number of offices and employees classed. First were listed the employees in the five divisions of the New York &  Erie Railroad divided in workers at the station, on trains, on repairs of trucks, and on repairs of bridges and buildings.\n\nThe chart was thought lost for years, and only located at the Library of Congress after many years of research after Alfred Chandler had suggested its existence. It was found by Charles D. Wrege (1924-2014) and Guidon Sorbo Jr. (1927-2008) in 2005. They suggested that the visualization of the organizational tree probably was inspired by the shape of a local flower Salix caprea (goat willow, also known as the pussy willow, or great sallow).\n\n Principles of management, 1856 \nAs General Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad, McCallum developed new ideas about a modern system of management. In his 1856 report he formulated the following requirements: A system of operations to be efficient and successful should be such as to give to the principal and responsible head of the running department a complete daily history of details in all their minutiae. Without such supervision the procurement of a satisfactory annual statement must be regarded as extremely problematical. The fact that dividends are made without such control does not disprove the position, as in many cases the extraordinarily remunerative nature of an enterprise may insure satisfactory returns under the most loose and inefficient management.McCallum presented the following general principles for the formation of such an efficient system of operations, reprinted in Vose (1857) First. A proper division of responsibilities.Second. Sufficient power conferred to enable the same to be fully carried out, that such responsibilities may be real in their character.Third. The means of knowing whether such responsibilities are faithfully executed.Fourth. Great promptness in the report of all derelictions of duty, that evils may at once be corrected.Fifth. Such information to be obtained through a system of daily reports and checks that will not embarrass principal officers nor lessen their influence with their subordinates.Sixth. The adoption of a system, as a whole, which will not only enable the general superintendent to detect errors immediately, but will also point out the delinquent.About the core principle of management, he summarized: All that is required to render tho efforts of railroad companies in every respect equal to that of individuals, is a rigid system of personal accountability through every grade of service. \nVose (1857, p.\u00a0416) added, that all subordinates should be accountable to, and directed by, their immediate superiors only. Each officer must have authority, with the approval of the general superintendent, to appoint all persons for whose acts he is held responsible, and to dismiss any subordinate when in his judgment the interests of the company demand it.\n\n American Civil War, 1862-65 \n\nIn the American Civil War 11 February 1862, McCallum got appointed Military Director and Superintendent of the Union railroads, with the staff rank of colonel, by Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War. McCallum had authority to \"enter upon, take possession of, hold and use all railroads, engines, cars, locomotives, and equipment that may be required for the transport of troops, arms, ammunition, and military supplies of the United States, and to do and perform all acts... that may be necessary and proper... for the safe and speedy transport aforesaid,\" he wrote in his 1866 report. McCallum's view was that his organization \"was a great construction and transportation machine, for carrying out the objects of the commanding generals.\" As superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad McCallum had developed a reputation as an autocratic leader, running his railroad with \"strict precision and stern discipline.\" But to his credit, he combined his engineering and administrative talents with his pleasant personality to make a success of his tenure.\n\nAs McCallum's assistant was appointed Herman Haupt, who also  was called to service in early 1862. The two worked practically independent from each other. While McCallum was the administrative head of the U.S. Military Railroads, Herman Haupt was in charge of the operations of the railroad in the field. At the time that McCallum assumed his duties, the seven-mile road from Washington to Alexandria, Virginia, was the only railroad in federal government control. By May 1862 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, which ran from Alexandria southwest toward Orange, Virginia, was an important supply line, as was the Manassas Gap Railroad, which covered the territory between Manassas Junction and Front Royal and Strasburg. By the end of the war, the U.S. Military Railroads had, at different times during the war, used parts of 17 railroads as military lines in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania and 23 in Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Arkansas, and North Carolina. In addition, the small Construction Corps grew from about 300 men in 1863 to nearly 10,000 men by the end of the war.\n\nDuring his stint as superintendent of the U.S. Military Railroads, McCallum fulfilled the function of liaison officer between the government and the many railroads on the one hand, and manufacturers of railroad equipment on the other. His greatest success was supporting the western operations from Nashville and Chattanooga under Gen. William T. Sherman in summer of 1864, by successfully supplying General Sherman's army of 100,000 men and 60,000 animals.\" \"The successful supply of Sherman's army in its campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta was the most outstanding achievement of the military railroads,\" later reported Thomas Weber in The Northern Railroads in the Civil War, 1861\u20131865.\n\nIn 1865 McCallum participated in the organization of the Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln. Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was brought from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois, by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries. The Department of War designated the route and declared railroads over which the remains passed as military roads under the control of McCallum as director and superintendent of United States Military Railroads. No person was allowed to be transported on the cars except those authorized by the War Department, and the train never moved at speeds of more than  an hour to avoid any accidents.\n\nTo McCallum was due much of the efficiency of the railroad service during the civil war. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers \"for faithful and meritorious services,\" 24 Sept. 1864, and Major General, 13 March 1865. On 31 July 1866, he was mustered out of the service. In the same year he published a report on the military railroads during the war, written with James Barnet Fry.\n\n Reception \n\n American timber bridges \nThe 1863 article entitled \"American Timber Bridges\" by the Institution of Civil Engineers described that:Timber-bridge building has become an especial branch of Engineering in the United States, and there are several firms who devote their whole time to this subject. The large number of bridges required for 30,000 miles of railway has necessarily given great field for experience, and many designs having been tried, the plan of bridge now the most general, becomes of course the more valuable. Of the firms alluded to, one of the most eminent is that of Mr. D. C. McCallum, an Engineer of high standing, who was for several years the manager of the New York and Erie Railway, a length of 460 miles, exclusive of branches. The Inflexible Arched Truss being now probably in more general use than any other bridge... The first mention [in Great Britain] of this bridge, and of Mr. McCallum's admirable system of working trains by the electric telegraph, will be found in Captain Galton's Report on the Railways of the United States. \nThe National Cyclopedia of American Biography (1897) confirmed, that the inflexible arched truss introduced by McCallum has probably  been in more general use in the United States than any other system of timber bridges. A 2012 Historic American Engineering Record confirms that:According to Raymond Wilson's article \"Twenty Different Ways to Build a Covered Bridge,\" Technology Review May 1971, an estimated 150 McCallum truss bridges once existed. In 1858, there were 55 McCallum truss spans on the New York & Erie Railroad and an advertisement for \"McCallum's Inflexible Arch Truss\" in Poor's 1860 \"History of the Railroad and Canals of the United States\", lists 20 railroad lines using this type of truss.Poor's 1860 \"History of the Railroad and Canals of the United States\" is published in: Railway Locomotives and Cars, Volume 33. (1860), for example see p. 346 \nThis success didn't last much longer. McCallum continued to construct bridges during the Civil War, but the type of bridge fell out of favor. It was obsolete by 1870, because it was difficult to frame and metal constructions had taken over.\n\nNowadays the only remaining example in the world of the McCallum truss is the Percy Covered Bridge (1861), ironically an automobile and footbridge. It crosses the Chateauguay River at Powerscourt, Qu\u00e9bec, between the municipalities of Elgin and Hinchinbrooke.\n\n Management principles \nChandler (1977) stipulated that:McCallum's principles and procedures of management, like his organization chart, were new in American business. No earlier American businessman had ever had the need to develop ways to use internally generated data as instruments of management. None had shown a comparable concern for the theory and principles of organization. The writings of James Montgomery [a British textile manager with American experience] and the orders of plantation owners to their overseers talked about the control and discipline of workers, not the control, discipline, and evaluation of other managers. Nor does Sidney Pollard in his \"Genesis of Modern Management\" note any discussion about the nature of major principles of organization occurring in Great Britain before the 1830s, the data at which he stops his analysis.McCallum's work drew national and international attention. Chandler (1977) recalled that Poor had McCallum's organization chart lithographed and offered copies for sale at $I a piece. Douglas Galton, one of Britain's leading railroad experts, described McCallum's work in a parliamentary report printed in 1857. So too did the New York State Railroad Commissioners in their annual reports. Even the Atlantic Monthly carried an article in 1858 praising McCallum's ideas on railroad management.McCallum's ideas were further developed by others, such as Chandler (1956) explained: \"expert railroad engineers as George Vose and John B. Jervis wrote much on the principles of systematic management which McCallum had first articulated and Poor had expanded upon.\"\n\n Selected publications \n 1856. \"Report of the Superintendent of the New York and Erie Railroad to the Stockholders, for the Year Ending September 30\" in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1856. p.\u00a033-97\n 1857. \"Report of D. C. McCallum to the stockholders of the New York and Erie Railroad, March 25\"  in: Annual Report. New York and Erie Railroad Company, 1857. (Extract online) \n 1859. McCallum's inflexible arched truss bridge explained and illustrated 1861. Military railroads, 1861-1867: general orders, instructions and reports. United States. War Dept.\n 1862. Soldiers' marching song: \"Our country and our home.\" Air--\"John Brown\". 4 pages.\n 1866. Reports of Bvt. Brig. Gen. D. C. McCallum: director and general manager of the military railroads of the United States, and [of James B. Fry] the provost marshall general. With James Barnet Fry. United States. Military Railroad Dept.\n 1870. The Water Mill and Other Poems. Brooklyn, N.Y.\n\n Further reading \n Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. (1956). \"Henry Varnum Poor: philosopher of management, 1812-1905.\" in: Men in Business. William Miller (eds.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1956. Chapter III and IV\n Hopper, Ken, and Will Hopper (2007). \"Dan McCallum Creates the Multidivisional Corporation\" in: The Puritan Gift: triumph, collapse and revival of an American dream''. IB Tauris Publishers, 2007. p.\u00a066-73\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n This article incorporates public domain material from  ; and other public domain material from books and websites.\n\nExternal links \n\n Laying Down the Principles: Management at library.hbs.edu\n \n\nCategory:1815 births\nCategory:1878 deaths\nCategory:American civil engineers\nCategory:19th-century American railroad executives\nCategory:American business theorists\nCategory:Scottish business theorists\nCategory:Scottish engineers\nCategory:People from Johnstone\nCategory:Union Army colonels"}
-{"text": "Telephone numbers in Egypt\n\n\n\nLand lines\n\nMobile phone numbers \nThere are currently four mobile network operators in Egypt: Orange, Vodafone, Etisalat, and We (by Telecom Egypt).\n\nList of other codes \n\nEgypt\nCategory:Telecommunications in Egypt\nCategory:Egypt communications-related lists"}
-{"text": "Untouchables (law enforcement)\n\nThe Untouchables were special agents of the U.S. Bureau of Prohibition led by Eliot Ness, who, from 1930 to 1932, worked to end Al Capone's illegal activities by aggressively enforcing Prohibition laws against his organization. Legendary for being fearless and incorruptible, they earned the nickname \"The Untouchables\" after several agents refused large bribes from members of the Chicago Outfit. \n\nDue to its significant success and enduring legacy, the unit has subsequently had a lasting impact on the techniques and methods of modern organized crime law enforcement units.\n\nMission\nShortly after taking office in 1929, Herbert Hoover, the 31st President of the United States, gave Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and Attorney General William D. Mitchell a plan for attacking large bootlegging gangs with small teams of Prohibition agents working under special United States attorneys. Neither Mellon nor Mitchell moved to implement Hoover's plan until attorney Frank J. Loesch of the Chicago Crime Commission approached the president in March 1930, asking his help in bringing down Al Capone. Hoover, facing the political fallout of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, instructed his administration to make the Capone case a priority.\n\nAt that time, Capone was already under investigation by agents from the Treasury's Bureau of Internal Revenue. In 1929, an investigation led by U.S. attorney George E. Q. Johnson into a Chicago Heights bootlegging gang allied with the Capone mob had uncovered financial records suggesting members of the Chicago Outfit could be found guilty of evading federal income tax. Agents of the Treasury Department's Intelligence Unit, serving under Elmer Irey, used this evidence to convict Capone's brother Ralph of tax fraud in April 1930, but they lacked sufficient evidence to charge Capone when Loesch met with Hoover. In June 1930, Special Agent Frank J. Wilson was placed in charge of this investigation.\n\nIn late 1930, Attorney General Mitchell, impatient with Johnson's lack of progress on the Capone case, decided to implement President Hoover's idea for sending a small squad of Prohibition agents to break up the Capone gang. Johnson selected twenty-seven-year-old Eliot Ness, a special agent with the Prohibition Bureau who had played key roles on the Chicago Heights case and an investigation into Ralph Capone's bootlegging operations, to head this elite squad.\n\nNess was ordered to lead raids against the Outfit's illegal breweries and distilleries, depriving Capone of the income he needed to pay the corrupting graft that was his greatest protection against prosecution, while also gathering evidence that could be used to prosecute Capone and his associates for conspiracy to violate the Volstead Act. Ness selected several agents, most from outside Chicago, whom he believed to be trustworthy, before beginning an extensive wire-tapping operation to gather information for the raids.\n\nThe squad located several Capone breweries and stills in and around Chicago and began raiding them in March 1931. Within six months, Ness's agents had destroyed bootlegging operations worth an estimated $500,000 and representing an additional $2 million in lost income for Capone. Their efforts reportedly inflicted significant financial harm on Capone and his organization while Frank Wilson and the Intelligence Unit worked to build their tax evasion case.\n\nFailed attempts by members of the Capone mob to bribe or intimidate Ness and his agents inspired Charles Schwarz of the Chicago Daily News to begin calling them \"untouchables,\" a term Schwarz borrowed from newspaper stories about the untouchables of India. George Johnson adopted the nickname and promoted it to the press, establishing it as the squad's unofficial title.\n\nIn June 1931, Capone was indicted first for income tax evasion and then for five thousand counts of conspiracy to violate the Volstead Act, the latter based on evidence gathered by Ness and his Untouchables. Capone pled guilty to all charges after George Johnson agreed to recommend a -year sentence. But Federal Judge James H. Wilkerson refused to accept Johnson's agreement and, once Capone changed his pleas, brought the tax case to trial. Although Capone would never be prosecuted on the Prohibition charges, that indictment formed the basis of a tax suit brought by the federal government following Capone's conviction for income tax evasion.\n\nNess and the Untouchables continued to attack the Outfit's beer and liquor empire during and after Capone's trial, their efforts resulting in estimated lost income in excess of $9 million. In recognition of this work, Ness was promoted to Chief Investigator of the Prohibition Bureau for Chicago in 1932. By that point, the Untouchables had essentially been disbanded, though Ness would continue to lead raids against Outfit breweries and distilleries until the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.\n\nMembers\nBecause corruption was endemic among law-enforcement officials, Ness searched records of all Prohibition agents to create a reliable team. The initial group, aside from Ness himself, numbered six. Over the course of the investigation, some agents left the squad for various reasons, while others were brought on as manpower shortages within the Prohibition Bureau allowed.\n\nThe Primary Ten\nIn June 1931, after Capone pleaded guilty to conspiracy to violate the National Prohibition Act, the Prohibition Bureau credited ten agents with building the case against him. These may be considered the core members of the Untouchables:\n Eliot Ness\n Joseph D. Leeson, an expert driver with the specialty of tailing.\n Lyle B. Chapman, a former Colgate University football player and investigator.\n Samuel Maurice Seager, a former Sing Sing death row corrections officer.\n Warren E. Stutzman, an ex-Pennsylvania police officer.\n Paul W. Robsky, a pilot and daring raider from South Carolina. (He later collaborated with Oscar Fraley, as Ness had on The Untouchables before him, on The Last Of The Untouchables, a heavily fictionalized account of the Capone investigation.)\n Martin J. Lahart, a close friend of Ness's from Chicago, who had worked with him on previous investigations.\n Bernard V. \"Barney\" Cloonan, a muscular Irish agent known for his strength and investigative experience.\n Robert D. Sterling, a longtime Prohibition agent and the eldest of the core ten, who only served on the team for three weeks.\n Marion A.R. King, a talented undercover agent and the youngest member of the squad.\n\nOther Members\nOther agents known to have served with the squad, but who were not named among its primary members, include:\n William J. Gardner, Native American former athlete and football star at the Carlisle Indian School who was named by Knute Rockne to his personal All-Time All-America Team.  A former soldier and lawyer, Gardner was among the first agents Ness selected for the team, but he soon deserted the squad for personal reasons.\n Ulric H. Berard, another member of the initial six who only served with the team for a brief period.\n E. A. Moore, a member of the initial six but not a full agent, who left after apparently failing to qualify for civil service.\n Thomas J. Friel, a former Pennsylvania state trooper.\n\nDisputed Members\nGiven the Untouchables' enduring fame, other names have often been attached to the squad in error. These include:\n Frank Basile, a former bootlegger who served as Ness's informant and driver after being arrested for bribery. Although Basile assisted Ness during an earlier investigation of a Capone-connected mob in Chicago Heights, he was murdered in December 1928, before the Untouchables were formed.\n Jim Seeley, a former private investigator once mentioned by Ness as a participant in the investigation, though no contemporary evidence establishing his existence is known to exist.\n Al \"Wallpaper\" Wolff, a Chicago Prohibition agent who only served under Ness after the investigation was largely over.\n George Steelman and Arnold Grant, mentioned in Oscar Fraley and Paul Robsky's book The Last of the Untouchables as members of the squad who were dismissed for accepting bribes. Ness biographers Max Allan Collins and A. Brad Schwartz identify these as fictional characters possibly inspired by Bernard Cloonan, who was also suspected of corruption.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Dusty Roads of an FBI era, about Eliot Ness And The FBI\n TIME, about The Untouchables\n Free Information Society, Biography of Elliot Ness\n another Biography of Elliot Ness\n Our History (Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives)\n\nCategory:Prohibition in the United States\nCategory:History of law enforcement in the United States\nCategory:The Untouchables"}
-{"text": "For the Rest of My Life\n\n\"For the Rest of My Life\" (also known as \"4 the Rest of My Life\") is a song by American R&B singer Robin Thicke from his sixth studio album Blurred Lines (2013). Written and produced by Thicke and ProJay, the song was serviced to urban adult contemporary radio as the second single from Blurred Lines on May 21, 2013.\n\nRemix\nThe official remix is a duet with R&B singer Tamar Braxton and is called \"For the Rest of My Life, Pt. 2\". It premiered on the Atlanta urban contemporary radio station WVEE on  February 12, 2014. The remix was released as a digital single on February 25, 2014.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"For the Rest of My Life\" impacted urban adult contemporary radio in the United States on May 21, 2013 as the second single from Blurred Lines. Billboard described the song as having a \"more familiar R&B vibe\" appealing to Thicke's core fan base, following the release of the international hit \"Blurred Lines\". It was later released digitally to the iTunes Store on June 4, 2013. \"For the Rest of My Life\" became Thicke's fourth number-one hit on the Billboard Adult R&B Songs chart.\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2013 singles\nCategory:2013 songs\nCategory:Robin Thicke songs\nCategory:Songs written by Robin Thicke\nCategory:Tamar Braxton songs\nCategory:Interscope Records singles\nCategory:Soul ballads\nCategory:2010s ballads"}
-{"text": "Gregory Rabassa\n\nGregory Rabassa, ComM (March 9, 1922 \u2013 June 13, 2016), was an American literary translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English. He taught for many years at Columbia University and Queens College.\n\nLife and career\nRabassa was born in Yonkers, New York, to a family headed by a Cuban \u00e9migr\u00e9. After serving during World War II as an OSS cryptographer, he received a bachelor's degree from Dartmouth. He earned his doctorate at Columbia University and taught there for over two decades before accepting a position at Queens College, City University of New York.\n\nHe worked primarily out of Spanish and Portuguese. He produced English-language versions of the works of several major Latin American novelists, including Julio Cort\u00e1zar, Jorge Amado and Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez. On the advice of Cort\u00e1zar, Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez waited three years for Rabassa to schedule translating One Hundred Years of Solitude. He later declared Rabassa's translation to be superior to the Spanish original.\n\nHe received the PEN Translation Prize in 1977 and the PEN/Ralph Manheim Medal for Translation in 1982. Rabassa was honored with the Gregory Kolovakos Award from PEN American Center for the expansion of Hispanic Literature to an English-language audience in 2001.\n\nRabassa had a particularly close and productive working relation with Cort\u00e1zar, with whom he shared lifelong passions for jazz and wordplay. For his version of Cort\u00e1zar's novel, Hopscotch, Rabassa shared the inaugural U.S. National Book Award in Translation.\n\nRabassa taught at Queens College, from which he retired with the title Distinguished Professor Emeritus. In 2006, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.\n\nRabassa sometimes translated without having read the book beforehand.\n\nHe wrote a memoir of his experiences as a translator, If This Be Treason: Translation and Its Dyscontents, A Memoir, which was a Los Angeles Times \"Favorite Book of the Year\" for 2005 and for which he received the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for the Art of the Memoir in 2006.\n\nRabassa died on June 13, 2016, at a hospice in Branford, Connecticut. He was 94.\n\nSelected translations\n Demetrio Aguilera Malta\n Seven Serpents and Seven Moons, 1979 (Siete lunas y siete serpientes)\n Juan Benet\n Return to Region\n A Meditation\n Jorge Franco\n Rosario Tijeras, 2004\n Julio Cort\u00e1zar\n Hopscotch 1966 (Rayuela) \u2014U.S. National Book Award for Translation\n A Manual for Manuel, 1978 (Libro de Manuel)\n 62: A Model Kit (62: Modelo para armar)\n Jos\u00e9 Maria de E\u00e7a de Queir\u00f3s\nSaint Christopher\n Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez\nOne Hundred Years of Solitude 1970 (Cien a\u00f1os de soledad)\nThe Autumn of the Patriarch 1976 (El oto\u00f1o del patriarca), for which he received the Pen Translation Prize.\nChronicle of a Death Foretold 1982 (Cr\u00f3nica de una muerte anunciada)\nLeaf Storm (La hojarasca)\nClarice Lispector\nThe Apple in the Dark 1967 (A ma\u00e7\u00e3 no escuro, 1961)\nLuis Rafael S\u00e1nchez\nMacho Camacho's Beat 1983 (La guaracha del Macho Camacho)\nJos\u00e9 Lezama Lima\nParadiso (Paradiso)\nMario Vargas Llosa\nConversation in the Cathedral (Conversaci\u00f3n en la Catedral)\nMachado de Assis\nPosthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas (Mem\u00f3rias P\u00f3stumas de Bras Cubas)\nQuincas Borba (Quincas Borba)\nAnt\u00f3nio Lobo Antunes\nFado Alexandrino (Fado Alexandrino)\nThe Return of the Caravels (As Naus)\nOsman Lins\nAvalovara (Avalovara)\nJorge Amado\nCaptains of the Sands (Capit\u00e3es da Areia)\n\nHonours\n Commander of the Order of Merit, Portugal (12 November 2011)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPEN audio interview with Gregory Rabassa, Edith Grossman and Michael F. Moore.\n\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:American translators\nCategory:Dartmouth College alumni\nCategory:Columbia University alumni\nCategory:People of the Office of Strategic Services\nCategory:Guggenheim Fellows\nCategory:National Book Award winners\nCategory:United States National Medal of Arts recipients\nCategory:20th-century translators\nCategory:21st-century translators\nCategory:American people of Cuban descent\nCategory:People from Yonkers, New York\nCategory:Literary translators\nCategory:Portuguese\u2013English translators\nCategory:Spanish\u2013English translators"}
-{"text": "St. Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church\n\nSt. Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church (Traditional Chinese: \u5929\u4e3b\u6559\u8056\u66f9\u6842\u82f1\u5802), formerly known as Blessed Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Mission, was founded in 1992 by Rev. Fr. Nicola Ruggiero, an Italian missionary preaching in Hong Kong. St. Agnes was built in response to the growing religious demands of Chinese Christian immigrants flooding into the Markham area from places like Hong Kong and Mainland China. On October 1, 2000, Pope John Paul II canonized St. Agnes Kouying Tsao and the Parish was then renamed Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church.\n\nHistory\nThe St. Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church first began in 1992, when Fr. Nicola Ruggiero accepted the mission of looking after the Chinese Catholic Community in Toronto. In June 1992 Fr. Ruggiero successfully filed an application to the Archdiocese of Toronto for establishing a Catholic Mission in the area and two days later, the Decree of Establishment was granted. The mission celebrated their first Mass on December 6, 1992 at Christ the King Catholic Elementary School. In June 1993, Fr. Ruggiero filed another application to the Archdiocese of Toronto, this time for a site to build a new church. On November 3, 1993, a permit was granted to set aside a  site at the current location. Fr. Ruggiero immediately started the fund raising campaign and appointed architect Mr. David Sin to design the new church in August 1997. Unfortunately, in late 1998, Fr. Ruggiero's health failed and forced him to retire early to Italy.\n\nIn November 1998, Fr. Dominic Kong was transferred from Hong Kong as the new Pastor, immediately continuing the fundraising campaign. In September 1999, the church construction plan was approved by the local authorities and the parish Church Building Committee was formed at the request of Fr. Kong. The church site was blessed by Bishop Robert Clune on July 31, 2000. Almost 400 people attended the blessing.\nThe actual construction contract consisted of two phases since funds for the whole project could not be raised in time when tenders were called. The first phase began on August 24, 2000, including the main church, activity hall, classrooms and the pastor quarter and ended in August 2001. The second phase, which included the office, internal fixtures and decors, began in December 2001 and ended in April 2002.\n\nFr. Kong celebrated the church's First Mass on December 22, 2001.\n\nArchitecture\nThe architecture of St. Agnes is unique and unusual for Chinese Catholic churches. One such feature is that the main altar windows are partially concealed until one approaches the altar. In order for one to see them, one must gaze upward as you approach the altar.\n\nAs more of the windows are revealed, one begins to see \u201cThe Angelic Ladder\u201d, which is symbolic of the spiritual journey to a new land (heaven). But perhaps what sets this church from the others is that not only does this have religious meaning, but also real meaning. This is because on one of the stained glass windows, there is a depiction of an actual ladder and embracing this ladder are two branches. One of these branches has maple leaves and the other bamboo leaves, symbolizing the unity of Chinese and Canadian cultures.\n\nSee also\nOther Chinese Catholic churches in the Greater Toronto Area\nChinese Martyrs Catholic Church\nOur Lady of Mount Carmel Chinese Catholic Church\nSaviour of the World Chinese Catholic Church\n\nExternal links\n Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao official website\n\nReferences\n Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. \"Parish History.\" Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 2006. Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 22 March 2009. <http://www.saintagnestsao.org/history/parish_history.html>.\n Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. \"Church Building Facts.\" Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 2006. Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 22 March 2009. http://www.saintagnestsao.org/history/building_facts.html>.\n Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. \"Pastors.\" Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 2006. Saint Agnes Kouying Tsao Catholic Church. 22 March 2009. http://www.saintagnestsao.org/parish/pastors.html\n\nCategory:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toronto\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches in Ontario\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Markham, Ontario\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches completed in 2001\nCategory:2000 establishments in Ontario"}
-{"text": "Combat Skyspot\n\nCombat Skyspot was the ground-directed bombing (GDB) operation of the Vietnam War by the United States Air Force using Bomb Directing Centrals and by the United States Marine Corps using Course Directing Centrals (\"MSQ-77 and TPQ-10 ground radars\").  Combat Skyspot's command guidance of B-52s and tactical fighters and bombers\u2014\"chiefly flown by F-100's\"\u2014at night and poor weather was used for aerial bombing of strategic, close air support, interdiction, and other targets.  Using a combination radar/computer/communications system (\"Q\" system) at operating location in Southeast Asia, a typical bombing mission (e.g., during Operation Arc Light with a \"cell\" of 3 Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses) had an air command post turn over control of the mission to the radar station, and the station provided bomb run corrections and designated when to release bombs.\n\nPlanning of Vietnam GDB missions included providing coordinates with  accuracy to the radar sites, handoff of the bomber from air controllers (e.g., a DASC) to the site, tracking the aircraft by radiating the bomber (e.g., activating the 400 Watt Motorola SST-181 X Band Beacon Transponder), and radioing of technical data from the aircrew to the radar site such as the airspeed/heading for the central to estimate wind speed on the bomb(s).  With the bomber near a designated \"Initial Point\" the GDB site would begin a radar track (Bomb Directing Centrals would calculate a computer track and solve the \"bomb problem\" for the aircraft position.)\n\nFor B-52 missions the site personnel verbally transmitted guidance commands to the aircraft crew by radio (lead aircraft for multi-ship formations) to adjust the flight path toward an eventual release point for the actual bomb(s).  Site personnel verbally directed release of the ordnance from the aircraft by voice countdown.  This was a manual process requiring training, practice and adherence to procedure.  Both the site and aircrew were authorized to \"withhold\" release at any point if doubt arose.  All communications were tape recorded by the aircrew for post strike debriefing.\n\nDevelopment\nSimilar to World War II GDB and Korean War GDB, Combat Skyspot was planned during 1965 development of the Reeves AN/MSQ-77 Bomb Directing Central with a new integrating ballistic computer using vacuum tubes to continually compute the bomb release point during the bomb run (the USMC AN/TPQ-10 directed aircraft to a predetermined release point).  Planning for the USAF vacuum-tube trajectory computer/radar system began in early 1965 and in October 1965, F-100s tested the AN/MSQ-77 at Matagorda Island General Bombing and Gunnery Range on the Texas Gulf Coast (the Matagorda training unit was later moved to Bergstrom Air Force Base).  In 1967 a helicopter-transportable variant of the AN/MSQ-77 in rigid shelters (AN/TSQ-81) was developed for Commando Club bombing of northern North Vietnam targets (Red River Delta), and in 1969 training for an additional transportable variant with tower-mounted antenna and digital computer (AN/TSQ-96) was being conducted at the Reeves Instrument Corporation in New York.  \"In March 1966 the first MSQ-77 arrived at Bien Hoa\" Air Base (\"activated\" April 1 to use the \"reverse MSQ method\".)\n\nOperations\nCombat Skyspot was first used \"to support fighting ground troops\" on July 2, 1966; and the initial 15,000 Skyspot sorties from March 1966-March 1967 included the respective 35%, 46%, and 54% \"of the B-52D sorties flown\" from July-December 1966, in January 1967, and in March 1967.  Similar to the lead bomber for 3-ship B-52 missions, a North American F-100 Super Sabres could use Skyspot to act as a pathfinder for Republic F-105 Thunderchiefs.  On July 3, 1966, \"24-hour all-weather bombing [was] authorized against targets in Laos [using] MSQ-77 ground director bombing system (SKY SPOT)\"  and on July 5, \"Quick Run\" began with Skyspot airstrikes where \"MACV could request priority targeting resulting in B-52D missions diverted from their primary targets prior to take off or after takeoff\".  In addition to Arc Light B-52 airstrikes, Skyspot was used against Cambodia targets of Operation Menu from Bien Hoa Air Base and by Operation Niagara.  The Combat Skyspot \"Operations Order (OPORD) 439\u201367\" was published March 10, 1967; and notable battles using Skyspot include:\n1967 Siege of \"Con Thien\":  USMC AN/TPQ-10s were used for airstrikes (Operation Neutralize). \n1968 Battle of Khe Sanh:  a \"B-52 from U Tapao carrying 108 500-pound bombs ran a test mission on 26 February, guided by Skyspot\u2026and [on the 27th,] four missions were run close to the defenders at Khe Sanh. During March, 44 close-support sorties were run.\"\n1971 battle at Tchepone:  supporting a helicopter evacuation from a gunship crash site at Tchepone, Laos; the BROMO Skyspot site directed a B-52 cell using BONUS DEAL: the lead's tailgunner used his radar to keep a rear B-52 with faulty navigation in bombing formation.  Another Skyspot mission of the operation, \"Yankee 37, struck some 1400 yards from Marine lines and touched off secondary explosions\" lasting over 2 hrs.\n1972 First Battle of Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb:  \"ARVN\u202657th Regiment retreated across the Dong Ha bridge [and] the north end of the vehicular bridge was struck with a Skyspot airstrike and partly destroyed [but] still passable.\"\n1972 Linebacker 1: April 9 raid on the Petroleum, Oil, Lubrication (POL) \"stores and railyard at Vinh, North Vietnam\". \nSkyspot also supported Lockheed AC-130 gunships, BLU-82/B drops from MC-130 Commando Vault aircraft to clear landing zones, at least 1 helicopter evacuation of wounded on August 13, 1966, and \"since many maps of South Vietnam contained distance errors of up to 300 meters\", target surveying by tracking an observation aircraft flying circles around a target for plotting its coordinates.  As with \"loran-controlled photography\" for target geolocation, Skyspot was also used for surveying during 'recce escort' missions, e.g., for Commando Club calibration with an RF-4C reconnaissance jet taking high speed target photos during a \"Run for the Roses\" (\"almost guaranteed to produce copious SAM firings\").  Interdiction occasionally used Skyspot to walk subsequent bombs onto a small target such as by Commando Nail forward air controller, e.g., to \"hit a couple bull dozers \u2026 The Fac would say [you got him pause nope he's back on the dozer, move your coordinates to the adjusted location]\u2026 It took 4 F-4 strikes to knock it out.\"  \"On 22 December 1968, RF-4Cs from the 12 and 16 TRS began flying bomb damage assessment missions to evaluate\" Skyspot accuracy.\n\nCommando Club\n\nCommando Club was a Combat Skyspot operation for ground-directed bombing of Red River Delta targets (Hanoi, Haiphong, etc.) out of range of the initial Combat Skyspot sites using a specialized radar emplaced by Heavy Green at one of the Laos Sites of the Vietnam War.    The operation also bombed clandestine targets in the neutral Kingdom of Laos (e.g., for self-defense during the Battle of Route 602) using Detachment 1 personnel of the 1043rd Radar Evaluation Squadron performing AN/TSQ-81 operations as Lockheed civilians (volunteers discharged from the USAF for cover).   Due to limited reliability of the AN/TSQ-81 radios, an intermediary aircraft (EC-121 or \"usually a C-135\u2026decoy ship\") provided a \"radio relay [and] surveillance/control channel\" (callsign: WAGER) between the radar and the bomber.\n\nWager Control missions\nThe LS-85 radar with callsign \"Wager Control\" at 396.2\u00a0MHz and day/night shift crews of 5 men each became operational on November 1, 1967; and trial missions by Republic F-105 Thunderchiefs were led by Col. John C. Giraudo (355th Fighter Wing commander).  F-105 Commando Club missions included the November 15, 1967, 357th Tactical Fighter Squadron bombing of Y\u00ean B\u00e1i Air Base in Route Package 5 (\"no BDA possible\") and the defeated November 18 raid of 16 F-105s of the 388th Tactical Fighter Wing\u2014preceded by 4 F-105 Wild Weasels\u2014on Ph\u00fac Y\u00ean Air Base (JCS Target 6).  The latter mission's loss of 2 Wild Weasels to MiGs and then some of the bombers to SAM sites that tracked the USAF jamming resulted in temporary suspension of Commando Club until electronic countermeasures were improved.  Through November 16, LS-85 had effected a direct hit (zero miss distance) as well as a  miss: the Commando Club CEP for \"14 runs was 867 feet\" while other Skyspot sites for 1967 missions averaged  error at ranges \u2264.  LS-85 accuracy was improved during the suspension period, another UHF radio was added at the summit, and the radio relay's secondary task of surveilling for MiGs was eliminated.\n\nCommando Club was resumed by November 21 when F-105s attacked the Y\u00ean B\u00e1i airfield (also on December 1 & 23, January 5, & February 11.)  LS-85 directing bombings of Laos' Ban Phougnong truck park on December 22, a target \"25 miles west of [LS-85's TACAN] Channel 97\" on December 28, and \"a target 20 miles east of San Neua\" December 31; and \"Commando Club under Wager Control\" bombed the Kim Lo Army Barracks northwest of Hanoi on February 7, 1968, a Route Pack V target on February 11, and the \"Phuc Yen (JCS 6) airfield\" & \"the Ban Nakay truck park in Northern Laos\" on February 19.    Arc Light B-52s and other aircraft also flew missions of Commando Club, which were 20% (less than 1 per day) of all bombing missions on North Vietnam  targets during November 1 \u2013 March 10.  Commando Club airstrikes against Laos targets included operations to interdict enemy advances on LS-85 such as the Battle of Route 602.  \"On 21 February the [Laos] Ambassador authorized the Local Area Defense Commander (alternately the senior CIA officer or the FAC) to use the TSQ radar to direct any and all strikes within 12 kilometers of the summit\" and \"between the 20th and 29th, 342 sorties hit within 30 kilometers of Phou Phathi.\"   Commando Club  operations during the Battle of Route 602 were part of the approximately 400 Commando Club missions out of the \"1,472 BARREL ROLL Strike missions\" flown \"around\" LS-85 from November 1 \u2013 March 10.   Despite the bombing campaign, the enemy reached LS-85 and it was captured during the Battle of Lima Site 85 on March 10/11, 1968.\n\nResults\nThe AN/TSQ-96 at Ubon RTAFB directed the \"last Arc Light strike of the Indochinese conflicts\u2026on August 15, 1973\", and the last Vietnam War Skyspot mission was also from OL-25  (in December 1975 the TSQ-81 that had been at OL-23 was moved near Osan Air Base, Korea.)  The AN/MSQ-77 averaged  error for 1967 missions at ranges \u2264, and the AN/TPQ-10 had a CEP of .far?]  For Route Package I sorties, the \"major increase in high altitude MSQ-77 bombing was probably the most important reason for loss reduction\" (fewer shoot downs),  Casualties associated with Combat Skyspot included a Detachment 15 NCO killed in an enemy rocket attack, 6 of a site survey team killed in a 1966 ambush, and the 13 KIA of the Battle of Lima Site 85.  In 1989, remains of an F-4C Weapon System Officer shot down during a November 10, 1967, AN/MSQ-77 bomb run were recovered in Southeast Asia, and US remains from the LS-85 battle were identified in 2005 & 2012.  The Combat Skyspot Memorial on Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, identifies personnel killed in Southeast Asia (its AN/MSQ-77 antenna was destroyed by a typhoon ).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1966 in Vietnam\nCategory:Aerial operations and battles of the Vietnam War\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1966\nCategory:United States Air Force in the Vietnam War\nCategory:United States Marine Corps in the Vietnam War"}
-{"text": "Styloleptus variabilis\n\nStyloleptus variabilis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fisher in 1925.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Styloleptus\nCategory:Beetles described in 1925"}
-{"text": "Hanau\n\nHanau  is a town in the Main-Kinzig-Kreis, in Hesse, Germany. It is located 25\u00a0km east of Frankfurt am Main and is part of the Frankfurt Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region. Its station is a major railway junction and it has a port on the river Main, making it an important transport centre. The town is known for being the birthplace of Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm and Franciscus Sylvius. Since the 16th century it was a centre of precious metal working with many goldsmiths. It is home to Heraeus, one of the largest family-owned companies in Germany. \n\nHanau, once the seat of the Counts of Hanau, lost much of its architectural heritage in World War II. A British air raid in 1945 created a firestorm, killing one sixth of the remaining population and destroying 98 percent of the old city and 80 percent of the city overall.\n\nIn 1963, the town hosted the third Hessentag state festival. Until 2005, Hanau was the administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis. On 19 February 2020, a gunman attacked two hookah lounges in Hanau, murdering nine people with roots outside Germany, before shooting his mother and himself.\n\nGeography \nThe historic core of Hanau is situated within a semicircle of the river Kinzig which flows into the river Main just west of the town. Today, after a substantial expansion during the 19th and 20th centuries it also extends to the river Main and after a restructuring of municipal borders within Hesse in the 1970s a couple of nearby villages and towns were incorporated. After this change, Hanau for the first time also extended to the south bank of the Main river.\n\nClimate \nOn the 0 \u00b0C isotherm, Hanau has a humid continental climate as Eastern Germany with warm summer, classified by K\u00f6ppen as Dfb. In the -3 \u00b0C isotherm has oceanic climate (Cfb) with some interior characteristics. Using the first definition used is the city most west of the continent below 200 m at sea level with this category.\n\nDistricts\n\nName\n\nThe name is derived from \"Hagenowe\", which is a composition of Haag (wood) and Aue (open land by the side of a river).\n\nHistory\n\nOld town \nAs a place of settlement Hanau was first mentioned in 1143. Formerly it was the site of a castle which used the waters of the river Kinzig as a defense. The castle belonged to a noble family, calling themselves \"of Hanau\" since the 13th century. Starting from this castle a village developed and became a town in 1303. As a result of this history, the main church of Hanau stood outside its walls in the village of Kinzdorf. The villagers moved into the town, Kinzdorf became an abandoned village leaving only the church. Only in the 15th century was the status of the Hanau parish church transferred to the church of Mary Magdalene within the town walls.\n\nShortly after the first town walls were built at the beginning of the 14th century, the town outgrew this limit. Outside the wall, along the road to Frankfurt am Main a settlement developed (the Vorstadt) which was properly included in the fortifications of Hanau only when Hanau received completely new fortifications in Renaissance-style during the first half of the 16th century. These new fortifications enclosed three elements: The medieval castle, the medieval town of Hanau and the Vorstadt.\n\nNew town \n\nAt the end of the 16th century, Count Philipp Ludwig II attracted Protestant refugees from the Netherlands and France to found their own settlement south of Hanau. This was of high economic interest for him because these Walloons brought high-class trade, their knowledge of jewellery and other production of luxury items and therefore taxes to his county. Out of this tradition, goldsmiths are still trained in Hanau. Hanau also was the site of the first workshop to produce Faience within Germany. These new citizens were granted privileges and they formed their own community, church and administration for the \"new town of Hanau\" (Neustadt Hanau) wholly separate from the existing community. It took more than 200 years to amalgamate both. The new town \u2013 larger than the old one \u2013 was protected by a then very modern fortification in Baroque-style which proved a big asset only a few years later in the Thirty Years' War. The town survived a siege in 1637 with only minor damage.\n\nThe new citizens formed the major economic and political power within the County of Hanau and in 1642 played a leading role in the succession of Count Fredrik Casimir of Hanau Lichtenberg into the County of Hanau-M\u00fcnzenberg of which the town of Hanau was the capital.\n\nIn 1736 Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg, the last of the Counts of Hanau, died. Those parts of his county belonging to the County of Hanau-M\u00fcnzenberg, which included Hanau, were inherited by the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. Due to dynastic troubles within this family the County of Hesse-Hanau was created a separate state from the Landgraviate until 1786. So Hanau stayed capital for another 50 years. Even after that it became \u2013 after Kassel \u2013 the town second in importance within Hesse-Kassel.\n\n17th century \nDuring the Thirty Years' War Hanau was taken by the Swedes in 1631. In 1636 it was besieged by the imperial troops, but was relieved on the 13th of June by William V, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel, on account of which the day is still commemorated by the inhabitants.\n\n19th century \n\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars the Emperor himself ordered the fortifications of Hanau to be destroyed. This created a chance for both parts of the town to expand across their traditional limits. In 1813, the Battle of Hanau took place near the city between French troops and Austro-Bavarian forces. During the 1820s the administrations of both towns of Hanau were merged. The first common Mayor, who became Lord Mayor (Oberb\u00fcrgermeister) was , later to become prime minister and minister of the interior of the Electorate of Hesse after the Revolution of 1848.\n\nWith its pre-industrial workshops Hanau became a nucleus of a heavy industrialisation during the 19th century: From within the city (e.g.: Heraeus) as well as from outside (e.g. Degussa, Dunlop). This was heavily supported by its development as an important railway interchange of six railway lines, most of them main lines:\n 1848: Frankfurt-Hanau Railway\n 1854: Main\u2013Spessart Railway\n 1867: Frankfurt\u2013Bebra Railway, eastern direction\n 1873: Frankfurt\u2013Bebra Railway, western direction\n 1879/1881: Friedberg\u2013Hanau Railway\n 1882: Odenwald Railway\n\nIn the 19th century, Hanau was a centre of the German democratic movement and contributed significantly both in 1830 and in the Revolution of 1848. As part of this movement the German Gymnastic League (Deutscher Turnerbund) was founded here in 1848. Hanau was finally annexed to Prussia like all of Hesse-Kassel in 1866 after its Prince-elector took the Austrian side in the Austro-Prussian War. It remained part of Prussia until 1945.\n\nIn the late 19th century Hanau became a major garrison town. Due to its interchange of railway lines a large detachment of military railway-engineers as well as other military units were stationed here.\n\n20th century \n\nDuring World War II, the Jewish population were persecuted with the last Jews being deported in May 1942.\n\nHanau was for the most part destroyed by British airstrikes in March 1945 a few days before it was taken by the U.S. Army. Around 87% of the town was destroyed. Of 15,000 inhabitants who remained in the city at the time, 2,500 died in the attack.\n\nThe town housed one of the largest garrisons of the U.S. Army in Europe. Being an important strategic location in the so called Fulda Gap, the military community had a population of 45,000 military members, U.S. civilians and family members at its peak during the Cold War. The extensive U.S. facilities included Hanau Army Airfield, also known as Fliegerhorst Langendiebach. The garrison was closed in April 2018. Most of the former military areas have been converted to civil use in the meantime.\n\n21st century\nIn 2010, Hanau started a huge building project to completely redesign the inner city. These are the largest construction works in the town since the reconstruction after World War II.\n\nOn 19 February 2020, eleven people\u2014including the perpetrator\u2014were killed in a spree shooting at two shisha bars and a flat in the town. The perpetrator, known as Tobias Rathjen, opened fire at Midnight Bar and Arena Bar in Hanau centre and M\u00fchlheim am Main. Tobias then drove home, where he killed his mother, and shot himself. The shooting was believed to be motivated by xenophobic and neo-Nazi sentiments.\n\nEconomy\nAt present, many inhabitants work in the technological industry (, Heraeus) or commute to Frankfurt. Frankfurt International Airport is 30\u00a0km away.\n\nPopulation\n With a population of 98,438 it is the sixth most populous town in Hesse. Having lost its status as administrative centre of the Main-Kinzig-Kreis (Main-Kinzig district) to Gelnhausen in 2005, proposals have been made that Hanau should form its own administrative district by 1 April 2021.\n More than 20% of the inhabitants are foreign nationals, mostly Turkish workers.\n\nJewish community \nThe earliest documentary evidence for the presence of Jews in Hanau dates from 1313. In the 17th and 18th centuries Hanau developed into an important center of Hebrew printing. The community numbered 540 persons 1805, 80 families in 1830, 447 persons in 1871, and 657 at the turn of the century. In 1925 there were 568 Jews in Hanau.\n\nInternational relations\n\nHanau is twinned with:\n\n Conflans-Sainte-Honorine, France\n Dartford, United Kingdom\n Francheville, France\n Nil\u00fcfer, Turkey\n Taizhou, China\n Tottori, Japan\n Yaroslavl, Russia\n\nIn addition it is associated with two other towns: \n Waltershausen, Germany\n , France\n\nTransport\n\nRail\nHanau is a transportation hub in Germany, with its main station serving the following lines:\nFrankfurt-Hanau Railway (RE / RB 55),\nMain-Spessart-Bahn (from Hanau to Aschaffenburg Hauptbahnhof) (RE / RB 55),\nKinzig Valley Railway to Fulda (RE / RB 50),\nFrankfurt-Bebraer railway (westbound) to Offenbach Hauptbahnhof, Frankfurt am Main Hauptbahnhof as well as the largely parallel south metropolitan S-Bahn,\nFriedberg-Hanauer railway (RB 33) and\nOdenwaldbahn (RE / RB 64) towards Babenhausen, Gro\u00df-Umstadt-Wiebelsbach, Erbach and Eberbach.\n \nBesides the main station, the town is also served by Hanau West and Hanau-Wilhelmsbad on the Frankfurt-Hanau Railway, Gro\u00dfauheim on the Main-Spessart-Bahn, Wolfgang an der Kinzigtalbahn, the S-Bahn station at Steinheim (Main) on the South-Main S-Bahn, Hanau Nord at the Hanau-Friedberger Bahn and Hanau-Klein Auheim on the Odenwaldbahn.\n\nSights\n \n  \n  (historic spa)\n  (St Mary's Church)\n\nNotable people\n\n Louis Appia, surgeon, member of the Geneva \"Committee of Five\" (precursor to the International Committee of the Red Cross)\n J. C. C. Devaranne was born in Hanau on 8 March 1784\n Siegmund Feniger, also known as Nyanaponika Thera, Buddhist monk\n J\u00fcrgen Grasm\u00fcck, author of horror fiction and science fiction stories, born in Hanau in 1940.\n The Brothers Grimm (Br\u00fcder Grimm) collected many German fairy tales and started work on the German Glossary\n Ludwig Emil Grimm, painter, younger brother of Jacob and Wilhelm\n Solomon Hanau, 17th century Hebrew-language linguistic master\n Hans Daniel Hassenpflug, German statesman\n Paul Hindemith, composer\n Stefan Jagsch, extreme-right politician\n Alois Kottmann, (*1929) violinist, was born in Gro\u00dfauheim\n Johann Peter Krafft, painter (1780-1856)\n Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, painter, often regarded as the first Jewish painter of the modern era.\n Karl Storck, Romanian sculptor, born in Hanau on 30 March 1887\n Rudi V\u00f6ller, football/soccer world champion 1990 and coach of the German national team, when it was runner-up in 2002\n Wilhelm Wagenfeld, Designer (1900\u20131990)\n\nSports\n Turngemeinde 1837 Hanau a.V. (TGH), one of the oldest of Germany's sports clubs\n Hanauer Rudergesellschaft 1879 e.V. (HRG), one of Germany's oldest rowing clubs\n 1. Hanauer FC 1893 e.V. (Hanau '93), Hesse's oldest association football club\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Official town website \n HanauOnline Webzine \n Staatliche Zeichenakademie Hanau (Hanau State Academy) \n\nCategory:Main-Kinzig-Kreis\nCategory:Burial sites of the House of Leiningen\nCategory:Hesse-Nassau"}
-{"text": "Thomas H\u00f8jrup\n\nThomas H\u00f8jrup (born 1953) is a Danish ethnologist. H\u00f8jrup is Professor of Ethnology at the University of Copenhagen. His primary focus is the development of new concepts of life-mode analysis, with conceptual history and politics also prominently figured in his work. He has directed a large scale research project on the formation of life modes and welfare states. Other research interests include epistemological questions in the social sciences, and everyday life of distinct life-modes in modern Europe and in the fishing industry.\n\nSelected publications \n\n2003: State, Culture and Life-Modes. Ashgate, Aldershot.\n2001: (With Kirsten Monrad Hansen) An economic Rationale for Inshore Fishing: Simple Commodity Production and the Life-Mode Approach. In: Inshore Fisheries Management, eds. D.Symes & J.Phillipson, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.\n2002: Ethnologie und Politik. Das aristotelische Erbe in den Kulturwissenschaften. In: Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Volkskunde 2002 II, Waxmann\n2000: (With Kirsten Monrad Hansen) Glavnoje otlitshie. Modelj zjizni sovremennogo menedzjera I nauka obnovlenija. Knigoizdatelstvo Vesemirnoje Slovo, Sankt Petersborg.\n1998: Problemi gnoseologii, istorii kultur I teorii gosudarstva. Knigoizdatelstvo Vesemirnoje Slovo, Sankt Petersborg.\n1995: Staat, Kultur, Gesellschaft. \u00dcber die Entwicklung der Lebensformanalyse. Marburg.\n1983: On the Concept of life-Mode. A Formspecifying Mode of Analysis Applied to Contemporary Western Europe. In: Ethnologia Scandinavica\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Danish academics\nCategory:Danish ethnologists\nCategory:University of Copenhagen faculty"}
-{"text": "Sony Xperia XA\n\nThe Sony Xperia XA is an Android smartphone produced by Sony. Part of the Xperia XA Series, the device was unveiled along with the Sony Xperia X and Sony Xperia X Performance at MWC 2016 on February 22, 2016.\n\nSpecifications\n\nHardware\n\nThe device features a 5.0-inch 720p screen and a 64-bit 2.0\u00a0GHz octa-core Mediatek MT6755 (Helio P10) system-on-chip with 2\u00a0GB of RAM. The device also has 16\u00a0GB internal storage with microSD card expansion up to 200\u00a0GB and includes non-removable 2300 mAh battery.\n\nThe rear-facing camera of the Xperia XA is 13 megapixels with sensor size of 1/3 inch, featuring Sony Exmor RS IMX258 image sensor with quick launch and also features hybrid autofocus that utilizes phase detection autofocus that can focus the object within 0.03 seconds.\n\nSoftware\nThe Xperia XA is preinstalled with Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow with Sony's custom interface and software. On August 23, 2016, Sony announced that the Xperia XA would receive an upgrade to Android 7.0 Nougat. On June 16, 2017, it was reported that Android 7.0 Nougat was rolling out to the Xperia XA.\n\nVariants \n\nHere are the complete description of the Xperia XA variants in the world:\n\nRelease dates \nThe Sony Xperia XA was launched in India on June 27, 2016 with \nThe device was launched in USA on July 17, 2016.\n\nSee also \nSony Xperia X\nSony Xperia X Performance\nSony Xperia M4 Aqua\nSony Xperia M5\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nOfficial Press Release\nOfficial Whitepaper\nOfficial Whitepaper (Dual SIM version)\n\nCategory:Android (operating system) devices\nCategory:Smartphones\nXA\nCategory:Mobile phones introduced in 2016\nCategory:Digital audio players"}
-{"text": "Geocoris uliginosus\n\nGeocoris uliginosus is a species of big-eyed bug in the family Geocoridae. It is found in North America.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lygaeoidea\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1832"}
-{"text": "David Botwinik\n\nDavid Botwinik (born 1920 in Vilna) is a composer of Yiddish music and a music teacher.\n\nAt the age of almost 13, he began his studies at the Yidisher muzik-institut conservatory in Vilna.\nLater, he studied at the Conservatorio di Musica Santa Cecilia, Rome, Italy.\nIn 1956, he emigrated to Montreal, Canada and worked as a music teacher and choir director in the Jewish Peretz School and United Talmud Torahs.\nFor a short time, he published the magazine Der nayer dor (The New Generation) and\nthe satirical newspaper Der shmayser (The Spanker).\n\nIn 2010, his book From Holocaust To Life (Fun khurbn tsum lebn; \u05e4\u05bf\u05d5\u05df \u05d7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d1\u05df \u05e6\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05df) was published by the League for Yiddish (New York). This book contains 56 original compositions, including Yiddish Holocaust songs, children's songs and choral compositions, with lyrics by various poets and some by Botwinik himself. In 2017, a CD containing 15 songs was published under the title From Holocaust to Life, Yiddish Art Songs. The CD features internationally acclaimed singers Lisa Willson, John Packard, Ian DeNolfo and Louis Danto.\n\nReferences \n Book From Holocaust To Life (Fun khurbn tsum lebn) by David Botwinik, published by the League for Yiddish (New York) \u2013 biography included, \n http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646167730\n http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982297338\n Biography of David Botwinik\n https://www.yiddishbookcenter.org/collections/oral-histories/interviews/woh-fi-0000215/david-botwinik-2011\n http://www.botwinikmusic.com/old/index.htm\n Pioneers\u2019 Song - Lyrics: Shmerke Kaczerginski. Melody: David Botwinik. Yad Vashem website.\n\nCategory:1920 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Vilnius\nCategory:Lithuanian Jews\nCategory:Lithuanian composers"}
-{"text": "Vedeseta\n\nVedeseta () is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy, located about  northeast of Milan and about  northwest of Bergamo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 244 and an area of .\n\nVedeseta borders the following municipalities: Barzio, Brumano, Cassiglio, Fuipiano Valle Imagna, Moggio, Morterone, Taleggio, Valtorta.\n\nDemographic evolution\n\nReferences"}
-{"text": "Georges K\u00fcss\n\nGeorges K\u00fcss (1877-1967) was the president of the Acad\u00e9mie nationale de chirurgie in 1949.\n\nHe was a student of Victor-Henri Huntinel.\n\nAt the turn of the 19th century, paediatrician Marie-Jules Parrot performed the groundwork on Tuberculosis in children, a condition with a particular high mortality compared to adults with TB. After Robert Koch discovered the cause of Tuberculosis, the question arose as to why certain types of people get TB and could it be inherited. K\u00fcss was amongst a number of physicians who confirmed Parrot\u2019s discoveries that the primary infection taking place in a lung focus, usually subpleural is followed by the enlargement of the mediastinal lymph nodes. In 1898, he published De L\u2019H\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 paraitaire del la tuberculose humaine, examining whether Tuberculosis was congenital or acquired by infectious spread. He showed that the focus of Tuberculosis in the lung, usually subpleural, was directly associated with the lymph nodes draining the relevant area, the tracheobronchial nodes, thereby proving infectious spread by air and disproving uterine inheritance of TB.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:French surgeons\nCategory:1877 births\nCategory:1967 deaths"}
-{"text": "Jamel Herring\n\nJamel William Herring (born October 30, 1985), nicknamed \"Semper Fi\", is an American professional boxer. He Has held the WBO junior lightweight title since May 2019. As of November 2019, he is ranked as the world\u2019s third best active junior lightweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board (TBRB), fifth by The Ring and eighth by BoxRec.\n\nPersonal life \nJamel Herring was born in Rockville Centre, New York to Michael Mitchell and Jeanine Herring. His mother remarried to Harry Elliby. He was raised in Coram, New York in its Gordon Heights neighborhood. While a sophomore at Longwood High School, Jamel began boxing in 2001 when his soon to become trainer Austin Hendrickson invited him to the boxing gym for workouts. Herring enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in October 2003 at Parris Island, South Carolina.  He has served two tours of duty in Iraq and was based in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, where he earned the rank of Sergeant.  Jamel has six children: Kamren Herring (2004), Stephen Herring (2007), Ariyanah Herring (2009), Jamel Herring Jr. (2010), Jazmyne Herring (2013), and Justice Herring (2017). His daughter Ariyanah died July 27, 2009, from SIDS. The opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games was the 3rd anniversary of her death. Jamel married his childhood friend Jennifer Dickerson-Herring on September 26, 2015.\n\nAmateur career \nHerring began training in 2001. He faced his first amateur loss to Daniel Jacobs on July 20, 2002 during the New York Junior Olympics Finals.\n\nHerring had to balance training as a boxer with his duties as an active United States Marine. He was deployed to Fallujah, Iraq in 2005. After he returned he immediately tried out for the All Marine Corps boxing team in January 2006. While on the team, Herring competed all over the national scene and even fought against former world champion Jesse Vargas at the 2006 National PAL tournament. He was deployed again in 2007 to Al Taqaddum.  Shortly after his return, he went back to the All Marine Corps boxing team in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. From early 2008, he would be trained under Ron Simms, Reuben Woodruff, and Narcisco Aleman. Simms would eventually be replaced by former All Army coach and 1996 USA Olympic Assistant coach Jesse Ravelo. Herring won a silver medal at the 2010 World Military Games and took a gold medal at the 2011 and 2012 Armed Forces Championships while a Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps.\n\nTrained under Ravelo, Woodruff, and Aleman, Jamel would win gold in the 2012 Olympic Trials defeating multiple nationals champions. In the first round of the tournament he defeated Tommy Duquette, the 2nd round Mike Reed, 3rd round semi finals Pedro Sosa, and in the finals he defeated Pedro Sosa again. He would eventually move on to the 2011 AIBA World Championships but lose to China in the first round forcing him to fight for his spot again at the 2012 USA Boxing Nationals. After winning the Nationals, he went on to compete in the Americas Qualifiers where he would win a bronze medal and earn a slot at the 2012 games. Herring qualified for the 2012 Olympics. Jamel, along with the entire US boxing team, only had two weeks prior to the games to train together as a complete team. He was the only United States Marine to compete at the London Olympics and the first active duty marine to qualify for the US boxing team since 1992.\n\nProfessional career \nAfter returning from the London games, Herring made the tough decision to finish out his service with the United States Marine Corps and become a professional boxer. He relocated from Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, to Cincinnati, Ohio to work with Mike Stafford. In May 2019, he became a world champion by beating Japanese boxer Masayuki Ito to win the WBO junior lightweight title.\n\nProfessional boxing record\n\nSee also\nList of super-featherweight boxing champions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Coram, New York\nCategory:Boxers from New York (state)\nCategory:American male boxers\nCategory:African-American boxers\nCategory:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic boxers of the United States\nCategory:United States Marines\nCategory:American Marine Corps personnel of the Iraq War\nCategory:World super-featherweight boxing champions\nCategory:World Boxing Organization champions\nCategory:Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers"}
-{"text": "Wang Xilin\n\nWang Xilin (; born December 13, 1936) is a Chinese composer.\n\nLife\nWang was born in Kaifeng, Henan province and spent his childhood in Pingliang in the Gansu Province. When he was 12 he taught himself music theory, the huqin, accordion, brass instruments, as well as instrumentation and arranging. His first exposure to Western music was in 1955 when he began studying conducting at a music school run by the People's Liberation Army Central Committee. He studied theory and piano at a teachers college in Shanghai and graduated from the Shanghai Conservatory in 1962 where he studied composition with Liu Zhuang, Ding Shande, and Qu Wei.\n\nWhile still a student, Wang composed his String Quartet No. 1 (1961) and the first movement of his Symphony No. 1 (op. 2, 1962, this was his graduation work) which led to his appointment in 1963 as composer-in-residence of the Central Radio Symphony Orchestra. Later in 1963 there were political changes in China under Chairman Mao Zedong which led to a crackdown on Western music, especially that of the 20th century. Wang gave a two-hour public speech in 1964 criticising such policies, which led to him being stripped of his position with the Central Radio Symphony Orchestra. He was banished to Shanxi Province until 1977. \nFrom 1964 to 1978, Wang was forced to work as a laborer in Datong, spent 6 months in a mental asylum, and was imprisoned during Cultural Revolution. As a result of being beaten he lost a tooth as well as about 20% of his hearing.\n\nIn the late 1970s he started conducting again, working with the Southeast Shanxi Song and Dance Ensemble in Changzhi. After the Cultural Revolution he returned to Beijing and started to compose again. He became well known for his Yunnan Tone Poem (1963), for which he was awarded the highest prize given by the Chinese government in 1981. It has been performed in many countries. He also won the same award in 2000 for his song Spring Rain and in 2004 for Three Symphonic Frescoes \u2013 Legend of Sea.\n\nAfter 1980 Wang was able to study scores of modern Western composers and discovered the music of B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k, Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, Krzysztof Penderecki, Alfred Schnittke and Witold Lutos\u0142awski. He has also been greatly influenced by Russian music especially that of Dmitri Shostakovich and by Chinese folk music.\n\nWang's compositions include chamber and vocal music, 9 symphonies, 2 symphonic suites, 2 symphonic cantatas, 3 symphonic overtures, a choral concerto and a violin concerto. He has also provided the music for 40 films and television productions. His works have been performed in the, Australia, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the United States. His 6th Symphony was written for the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. The Ninth Symphony, 'China Requiem', was premiered on 13 December 2015 by conductor Tang Muhai and the China National Symphony Orchestra. He is Composer in Residence of the Beijing Symphony Orchestra.\n\nHis daughter, Wang Ying (\u738b\u7a4e), born in Shanghai in 1976, is also a composer.\n\nWorks\n Op. 1 String Quartet No. 1 (1961)\n Op. 2 Symphony No. 1 (1962,1963)\n Op. 3 Symphonic Suite \u201cYunnan Tone Poem No.1\u201d (1963)\n I Spring rain in a tea plantation\n II Along the path of a mountain village\n III Night song\n IV Torch Festival\n Op. 4 Cantata of Zang Fortified Village (1964)\n Op. 5 Little Suite \u201cPlanting trees\u201d (1972)\n Op. 6 Opera \u201cSong of Red Tassels\u201d (1973)\n Op. 7 Symphony of Shangdang Bangzi (a local drama in Shanxi Province) \u201cSha Jia Bang\u201d (1974)\n Op. 8 Symphonic Chorus \u201cJanuary 8th\u201d (1977)\n Op. 9 Chinese Opera of Shangdang Bangzi \u201cRed Lantern Shines\u201d (1977)\n Op. 10 Symphonic Chorus \u201cFalling of the Giant Star \u2013 in Memory of Chairman Mao\u201d (1977)\n Op. 11 Dance Music \u201cDancing Saber\u201d (1978)\n Op. 12 Symphony No. 2 (1979)\n Op. 13 Five Art Songs (1979)\n Op. 14 Chamber Suite \u201cMusical Images of Taihang Mountains\u201d (1979)\n Op. 15 Brass Quintet \u201cPrints Anthology\u201d (1979)\n Op. 16 Chamber Suite \u201cCustoms of Erhai\u201d\n Op. 17 Two Chamber Pieces \u201cSending to the South\u201d (1981)\n Op. 18 Movie Music \u201cA Small boat\u201d (1982)\n Op. 19 Symphonic Suite \u201cImpression of Taihang Mountain\u201d (1982)\n Op. 20 Movie Music \u201cSail off next time\u201d (1983)\n Op. 21 Symphonic Overture \u201cPoem of China\u201d for piano, chorus and orchestra (1984)\n Op. 22 Two Symphonic Poems: 1. Motion 2. Chant, dedicated to Shostakovich on the 10th anniversary of his death (1985)\n Op. 23 Elegy for soprano and orchestra \u2013 Impression of Qu Yuan\u2019s \u201cCalling the Soul\u201d and \u201cQuestioning the Heanven\u201d (1986)\n Op. 24 Movie Music \u201cThe Last Winter Day\u201d (1987)\n Op. 25 Music for Piano and 23 String Instruments (1988)\n Op. 26 Symphony No. 3 (1990)\n Op. 27 Three Ancient Melodies for Pipa and 25 String Instruments (1992)\n Op. 28 Two Pieces Written for Lu Xun\u2019s \u201cCasting A Sword\u201d (1993). 1. \u201cSong of the Man in Black\u201d for a singer and chamber music ensemble. 2. \u201cThree Heads Dancing in the Cauldron\u201d, chorus without accompaniment\n Op. 29 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1995)\n Op. 30 Shang I (Die Young) for a singer and a septet of folk musical instruments (1996)\n Op. 31 Symphonic Overture \u201cFor the Impetus of Points and Lines\u201d I (1996)\n Op. 32 Symphonic Overture \u201cFor the Impetus of Points and Lines\u201d II (1997)\n Op. 33 Four Choruses (1997)\n Op. 34 Symphonic Chorus \u201cGuoshang \u2013 Hymns on Spirits of State Warriors Slain in War\u201d for baritone, chorus and orchestra (1997)\n Op. 35 Five Symphonic Frescoes \u201cLegend of the Sea\u201d for solo, chorus and orchestra, written for the 2200th anniversary of the founding of Fuzhou City (1998)\n Op. 36 Shanxi Style Suite for piano (1998)\n Op. 37 Four Pieces Based on Tang and Song Dynasties\u2019 Poems for orchestra with recitation (1999)\n Op. 38 Symphony No. 4 (1999)\n Op. 39 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (revised version) (2000)\n Op. 40 Symphony No. 5 for 23 strings (2001)\n Op. 41 Quartet for clarinet, violin, cello and piano (2002)\n Op. 42 Octet\n Op. 43 Adagio for string quartet\n Op. 44 Symphonic Ballad\n Op. 45 Symphony No. 6\n Op. 46 Shang II\n Op. 47 Duet for two marimbas\n Op. 48 Three Pieces for Symphony Orchestra\n Op. 49 Adagio \u2013 Shang III for 46 strings (2006)\n Op. 50 Shang II (2006)\n Op. 51 Shang III (2008,in memory of Chinese conductor Li Delun)\n Op. 52 Symphony No.7 for Piano,Choir and Orchestra (2007,dedicated to Shanghai Conservatory)\n Op. 53 Symphonic fantasy (2008,committed by 2008's Shanghai Spring International Music Festival)  \n Op. 54 Symphony No.8 for Sheng,Guzheng,Pipa and Chamber Orchestra(2009,committed by Young Europe Classic Festival,Germany)\n Op. 55 Symphonic Suite,'Taigu Folks' \n Op. 60 Symphony No.9,China Requiem (2015)\n\nExternal links\n A biography of Wang Xilin\n \"The well-known composer Wang Xilin\" (In Czech, China Radio International, 20 February 2007)\n\nCategory:1937 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:20th-century classical composers\nCategory:Chinese male classical composers\nCategory:People's Republic of China composers\nCategory:Victims of the Cultural Revolution\nCategory:People from Kaifeng\nCategory:Musicians from Henan\nCategory:Male classical composers\nCategory:21st-century classical composers"}
-{"text": "1992\u201393 FIS Ski Jumping Europa (Continental) Cup\n\nThe 1992/93 FIS Ski Jumping Europa Cup was the 13th and the last Europa Cup season in ski jumping for men and at the same counts as the 2nd Continental Cup winter season in ski jumping. Europa Cup was a predecessor of Continental Cup with events held only in Europe. \n\nOther competitive circuits this season included the World Cup season.\n\nCalendar\n\nMen\n\nStandings\n\nMen\n\nEuropa Cup vs. Continental Cup \nThis was originally last Europa Cup season and is also recognized as the first Continental Cup season by International Ski Federation although under this name began its first official season in 1993/94.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup\nCategory:FIS Ski Jumping Europa Cup\nCategory:1992 in ski jumping\nCategory:1993 in ski jumping"}
-{"text": "Nora A\u00edda Bicet\n\nNora A\u00edda Bicet Juan (born 29 October 1977) is a female Spanish-Cuban javelin thrower.\n\nCareer\n\nShe finished seventh at the 2004 Olympic Games. Her personal best throw was 63.32 metres, achieved in July 2004 in Tallinn.\n\nAchievements\n\nExternal links\n\nsports-reference\nPicture of Nora A\u00edda Bicet Juan\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Cuban female javelin throwers\nCategory:Spanish female javelin throwers\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Cuba\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Spain\nCategory:Cuban emigrants to Spain\nCategory:Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Spain\nCategory:Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics\nCategory:Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games"}
-{"text": "Loka T\u00e1ttur\n\nLoka T\u00e1ttur or Lokka T\u00e1ttur (tale, or \u00fe\u00e1ttr of Loki) is a Faroese ballad (Corpus Carminum F\u00e6roensium 13D) which is a rare example of the occurrence of Norse gods in folklore.\n\nThe ballad probably dates back to the late Middle Ages. The Danish botanist and clergyman Hans Christian Lyngbye published the first edition of it and other Faroese ballads in 1822, in phonetically spelt Faroese with a facing-page translation into Danish (with the assistance of Jens Christian Svabo). A prose Danish translation was published by V.U. Hammershaimb in 1851 in F\u00e6r\u00f6iske Kv\u00e6der.\n\nIn the ballad, a farmer loses a bet with a giant, called Skrymir in some verses, who demands his son. The farmer asks first Odin, then H\u0153nir, and finally Loki for assistance. Odin has a field of grain grow up overnight and conceals the boy as one grain on an axe in the middle of the field. The boy is afraid because the giant's hand is brushing against the particular grain, but Odin calls him to him and returns him to his parents, telling them he has fulfilled the task. H\u0153nir causes seven swans to fly over the sound; the boy is a feather in the middle of a swan's head. But the giant grabs one swan and wrenches its head from its body, and the boy is afraid because the particular feather is protruding from the giant's mouth. H\u0153nir calls him to him and brings him back, and his work is over. Loki instructs the farmer to build a boathouse with a wide opening and to affix an iron stake to it. Then he goes to the beach, where a boat is riding at anchor, rows out to sea, casts a weighted hook to the bottom, and catches a flounder. He has the boy be a grain in the middle of the fish's roe. The giant is waiting on the beach for Loki, asking him where he has been all night. He tells him he has had little rest, rowing all about the sea, and they go out together to fish. The giant casts his line and catches three flounders; the third is black, and Loki asks him to give him that fish. The giant refuses, and begins to count the roe, thinking to find the boy in one grain. The boy is afraid, because the particular grain is squeezing out of the giant's hand. Loki calls him to him and tells him to sit behind him and not let the giant see him and when they reach shore, to jump onto the beach so lightly that he does not make a mark in the sand. As the giant is pulling the boat onto the land, the boy jumps out and is standing before him; the giant pursues him but sinks in the sand up to his knees. The boy runs as fast as he can into his father's boathouse; the giant, in hot pursuit, sticks fast in the opening; the iron stake goes into his head. Loki cuts off one of his legs, but the wound grows together at once; he cuts off the other, this time throwing sticks and stones into the gap, and the wound does not grow together. Loki takes the boy home to his parents and says that he has done the job asked of him; the giant is dead.\n\nThe story is a fairytale, but features the same trio of gods, Odin, H\u0153nir and Loki, as in the story of \u00dejazi in the Prose Edda, the prose introduction to the Eddic poem Reginsm\u00e1l, and also the late Icelandic Huldar saga, which has contributed to the argument that Loki is the same as L\u00f3\u00f0urr, who appears elsewhere with Odin and H\u0153nir. It is also notable that Loki is a benevolent god in this story, although his slyness is in evidence as usual. Some scholars, including Hammershaimb, have pointed to the division of spheres between the three gods: Odin governing the skies and the crops they fertilise, H\u0153nir the seabirds and Loki the fishes, as reflecting the bases of Faroese life.\n\nLyngbye preceded Loka T\u00e1ttur with Skr\u00edmsla (Corpus Carminum F\u00e6roensium 90C), which appears to tell the earlier part of the story. It calls the monster \"skr\u00edmsli\" and specifies that the bet was on a chess game.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Hans Christian Lyngbye, F\u00e6r\u00f8iske Qv\u00e6der om Sigurd Fofnersbane og hans \u00c6t, Copenhagen: Randers, 1822, online at GoogleBooks: \"Lokka Thaattur/Lokes Sang\" pp. 500\u201319. \n \"Lokes Sang\", in V.U. Hammershaimb, F\u00e6r\u00f6iske Kv\u00e6der Volume 1, Det Nordiske Literatur-Samfund, Nordiske Oldskrifter 12, Copenhagen: Berlings, 1851, pp. 210\u201312, online at GoogleBooks \n Lokka t\u00e1ttur in modern Faroese orthography with parallel English translation at Boudicca's Bard (verse 1 omitted).\n\nCategory:Faroese literature\nCategory:Loki"}
-{"text": "National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York\n\nThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Erie County, New York.\n\nThis is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Erie County, New York, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts (at least for all showing latitude and longitude coordinates below) may be seen in a map by clicking on \"Map of all coordinates\".\n\nThere are 235 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. The city of Buffalo is the location of 161 of these properties and districts; they are listed separately, while the remaining 74 properties and districts are listed here.\n\n__NOTOC__\n\nCurrent listings\n\nBuffalo\n\nOutside Buffalo\n\n|}\n\nSee also\n\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in New York\n\nReferences\n\nErie County\n*"}
-{"text": "Mark Owuya\n\nMark Aloysius Opoya Owuya (born 18 July 1989) is a professional Swedish ice hockey goaltender. He is currently an unrestricted free agent who most recently played for the Utah Grizzlies of the ECHL. He formerly played for KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak Zagreb, a member of the Kontinental Hockey League.\n\nPlaying career\nOwuya began playing junior hockey with Djurg\u00e5rdens IF in the 2005\u201306 season when he began playing with the U18 team. The following season Owuya played with both Djurg\u00e5rden's U18 and J20 team and also played most of the games with the Djurg\u00e5rden's J20 team in the 2007\u201308 season. While Stefan Ridderwall joined team Sweden for the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Owuya made his Elitserien debut on 3 January 2008, against Bryn\u00e4s IF. He was loaned out to M\u00e4larh\u00f6jden/Bred\u00e4ngs IK during the 2007\u201308 winter, and was also later loaned out to Almtuna IS for the entire 2008\u201309 season. \n\nOwuya was also on loan during the 2009\u201310 season, first to \u00d6rebro HK and later Mora IK. In the 2010 pre-season, Owuya was moved up to Djurg\u00e5rden's senior team, to compete with goaltender Stefan Ridderwall to be the first choice in the goal. Ultimately, Owuya played in 32 out of 55 games in the 2010\u201311 Elitserien season, with a 2.18 goals against average and league-best save percentage of .927. He also played in all of Djurg\u00e5rden's seven playoff games, with a 1.66 goals against average and a .924 save percentage.\n\nInternational play\n\nOwuya represented Sweden at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.\n\nPersonal\nHis father is from Uganda and his mother is from Russia. Mark's brother Sebastian was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers in 2010. Owuya is also known in Sweden for rapping on popular talent show Idol as \"Mark In Da Park\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Almtuna IS players\nCategory:Djurg\u00e5rdens IF Hockey players\nCategory:Black ice hockey players\nCategory:Idol (Swedish TV series) participants\nCategory:KHL Medve\u0161\u010dak Zagreb players\nCategory:Las Vegas Wranglers players\nCategory:Lule\u00e5 HF players\nCategory:Mora IK players\nCategory:\u00d6rebro HK players\nCategory:Reading Royals players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Stockholm\nCategory:Swedish ice hockey goaltenders\nCategory:Swedish people of Russian descent\nCategory:Swedish people of Ugandan descent\nCategory:Toronto Marlies players\nCategory:Utah Grizzlies (ECHL) players"}
-{"text": "Simon B\u00e6kgaard\n\nSimon B\u00e6kgaard  (born 14 October 1999) is a Danish professional football player who plays for Aarhus Fremad on loan from Esbjerg fB in the Danish Superliga.\n\nCareer\n\nEsbjerg fB\nB\u00e6kgaard joined Esbjerg fB as a youth player from Spangsbjerg IF.\n\nOn 3 September 2017, B\u00e6kgaard got his official debut for Esbjerg in a Danish 1st Division game against Fremad Amager, where he played 62 minutes. In October 2017 B\u00e6kgaard got his contract extended once again, this time until June 2021, having already signed a 1-year contract thee months earlier. He played two league games in total in the 2017/18 season.\n\nB\u00e6kgaard was permanently promoted into the first team squad from the 2018/19 season. In September 2018, B\u00e6kgaard scored a hattrick in the second round of the Danish Cup against H\u00f8rsholm IK. On 7 November 2018, B\u00e6kgaard appeared as a substitute against fellow Superliga club S\u00f8nderjyskE Fodbold in the Danish Cup. B\u00e6kgaard ended the 2018/19 season playing three games in the Danish Cup and one game in the Danish Superliga.\n\nB\u00e6kgaar didn't play any games for Esbjerg in the 2019-20 season and was therefore loaned out to Danish 2nd Division club Aarhus Fremad on 31 January 2020 for the rest of the season.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSimon B\u00e6kgaard at Esbjerg fB's website\n\nCategory:1999 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Danish footballers\nCategory:Esbjerg fB players\nCategory:Aarhus Fremad players\nCategory:Danish 1st Division players\nCategory:Danish Superliga players\nCategory:Association football midfielders"}
-{"text": "Kayla Williams (author)\n\nKayla Williams is a linguist and former intelligence specialist in the United States Army who wrote her experiences of the 2003 Iraq invasion in her book Love My Rifle More Than You. This book details her personal experiences during the war in Iraq.\n\nBackground\nKayla Williams was born to R. Darby Williams and Norma Jane (Spirit) Williams on September 14, 1976 in Columbus, Ohio. Her father was a \"former pot smoker with anger-management problems\" and her mother was a \"Republican with an anti-authoritarian streak\". Williams' parents divorced a year or so after she was born, and she was raised by her mother. She got to travel around much of the United States with her family and also had the chance to go to France.\n\nWilliams attended Learning Unlimited and Ecole Francaise for elementary and middle school and then attended Fort Hayes High School. She was a relatively happy child until high school where she joined the \"punk\" scene. Williams grew up without much money, so she \"saw the disparity between the rich and the poor\". She felt like an outsider, and the punk scene was a way of choosing to reject society instead of letting it reject her. Also, she enjoyed the music the punk scene offered because it made her feel \"cool\".\n\nWilliams graduated cum laude from Bowling Green State University in 1997 with a BA in English Literature, and she just recently earned an MA in International Relations at American University.\n\nFollowing her undergraduate degree, Williams worked for Infinite Outsource in Tampa, Florida, a fund raising collective funded by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.  In October 1999, \"a personality conflict with a new female superior\" got her fired from this job.\n\nInvasion of Iraq\nIn January 2000, Williams enlisted in the U.S. Army to train as an interpreter. She was an Arabic linguist/interpreter and SIGINT operations specialist. At the time of the September 11 attacks, Kayla Williams was studying Arabic within the Army. Although she did not support the invasion of Iraq, she took part in one of the earliest invasions in March 2003. Kayla Williams was an Arabic Linguist as well as a SIGINT operations specialist for 5 full years. This includes a full year of deployment (2003/2004) in SWA (Iraq & Kuwait) during the buildup to and during the invasion of Iraq. She continued to serve in Iraq until February 2004. She served in the 101st ABN Div (Air Assault), 3rd BCT, (187th Inf Regt) \"Rakkasans\".\n\nKayla Williams did not support the war in Iraq when they invaded. She says it seemed hypocritical to go to Iraq in search of Weapons of Mass Destruction while ignoring North Korea's nuclear program. She also believed that they were losing their focus on the real war on terror by invading Iraq instead of finishing the mission in Afghanistan. But after going to Iraq and meeting Iraqi people, she began to feel that they were doing the right thing even if it had been for the wrong reason.\n\nHowever, her book details not only the hardships of the Iraqi people, but the soldiers themselves. She also spoke to Soledad O'Brien on CNN about the suicide of her colleague Alyssa Peterson and explained how she was also forced to take part in torture interrogations during which detainees were assaulted, stripped, blindfolded, and then confronted with a female interrogator. Williams also said she is still haunted by these events years later.\n\nBibliography\n\nSee also\nColby Buzzell\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n What's up at the VA - Time magazine article regarding the disability claims backlog at the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (published 22 April 2013).\n\"Fresh Air with Terry Gross - NPR Interview with Kayla Williams\", first broadcast Aug. 25, 2005\n \"U.S. soldier chronicles abuse, hard times in Iraq\", Reuters, August 17, 2005\n [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/02/19/bowil12.xml&sSheet=/arts/2006/02/19/bomain.html\"A woman and a soldier\"], book review at Telegraph.co.uk \n \"My life as a bitch\", book review by Carole Cadwalladr,  The Observer\n \"Chicks with guns\", book review by Debra Dickerson, Salon\n Video interview, \"Hard Talk\", BBC\n Debra, Ginsberg. \"Kayla Williams' 'Love My Rifle More Than You' is a rough look at a rough woman soldier's lot in Iraq\".The San Diego Union Tribune. 2005. 9 October\n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:21st-century American women writers\nCategory:American memoirists\nCategory:American military writers\nCategory:Bowling Green State University alumni\nCategory:Defense Language Institute alumni\nCategory:United States Army soldiers\nCategory:Women in the Iraq War\nCategory:Women in the United States Army\nCategory:Women memoirists\nCategory:Women military writers\nCategory:American women non-fiction writers\nCategory:21st-century American non-fiction writers"}
-{"text": "When War Is Over\n\nWhen War Is Over is a two disc compilation of Alan Hull's 1970's recordings for the BBC.\n\nTrack listing \n\"Drug Song\"\n\"Numbers (Travelling Band)\"\n\"United States of Mind\"\n\"When War is Over\"\n\"Down on the Underground\"\n\"Gin and Tonics All Round\"\n\"One More Bottle of Wine\"\n\"Dan the Plan\"\n\"Dealer's Choice\"\n\"Winter Song\"\n\"One More Bottle of Wine\"\n\nTracks 1\u20136 for Bob Harris, Recorded: 18 July 1973; Tx: 6 August 1973. Recorded at Maida Vale.\nTracks 6\u201310 for Bob Harris, Recorded: 28 November 1973; Tx: 14 January 1974. Recorded at Maida Vale.\nTrack 11 for John Peel, Recorded: 22 May 1975; Tx: 29 May 1975. Recorded at Maida Vale.\n\n\"Peter Brophy Don't Care\"\n\"The Squire\"\n\"City Song\"\n\"Dan the Plan\"\n\"Money Game\"\n\"Gin and Tonics All Round\"\n\"One More Bottle of Wine\"\n\"Golden Oldies\"\n\"Alright on the Night\"\n\nTracks 1\u20139 in Concert 21 May 1975.\n\nCategory:Alan Hull albums\nCategory:Peel Sessions recordings\nCategory:1998 live albums\nCategory:1998 compilation albums"}
-{"text": "Armless snake eel\n\nThe armless snake eel (Dalophis imberbis) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Fran\u00e7ois \u00c9tienne Delaroche in 1809. It is a subtropical, marine eel which is known from the eastern Atlantic Ocean, including Spain, Mauritania, and the Mediterranean. It dwells at a depth range of 20\u201380 metres, and forms burrows in mud or sand. Males can reach a maximum total length of 150 centimetres.\n\nThe Armless snake eel's diet consists primarily of finfish and benthic invertebrates.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ophichthidae\nCategory:Fish described in 1809"}
-{"text": "Chabname Zariab\n\nChabname Zariab (born 1982, in Kabul), is an Afghan writer, screenwriter and director based in Paris, France.\n\nBiography \nChabname was born in Kabul in 1982 and moved to Paris, France with her parents in 1991. She studied law and cinema and also learnt Persian. She was specialized in burglary damage for an Insurance Company.\n\nProfessional career\n\nPublication\n\nThe Afghan Pianist \nChabname's first novel, \"The Afghan Pianist\" was originally a script written for the cinema. In this novel, Chabname tells about the childhood of a little girl, who moved from Kabul to France and grows up to return to Afghanistan to look for the boy she loved. The novel was published by Editions de l'Aube and Chabname is currently writing the continuation of the novel, which is supposed to take place between London and Paris. The novel was released on 6 January 2011. Chabname Zairab was voted by 1,241 high school students as the winner of the 2012 Mediterranean High School Award, which was organised by the Languedoc-Roussillon Region, in partnership with the Mediterranean Center for Literature and Languedoc-Roussillon Books and Reading, the Rectorate and the Regional Center for Pedagogical Documentation of the Montpellier Academy.\n\nFilmography\n\nTo the Sound of Bells (Au bruit des bells) (2015) \nThis was a short film by Chabname, set in Tunisia and was produced in 2015 by The Ball Films, and was produced abroad by Godolphin Films SA and had the support of CNC and ARTE. It tells the story of Saman, a young Afghan prostitute (Bacha bazi), forced to dress up as a girl and dance publicly in front of men. He is forced to teach his successor Bijane (another boy), despite being envious of the boy, who could rob Saman of the feelings and the protection of his master. The Royal Society of Arts projected this film on 29 March 2010 and then on French channel Arte. This film won the Best Fiction Prize at the 2016 edition of the International Short Film Festival of Clermont-Ferrand.\n\nThe Camel Boy (2018) \nThis short film by Chabname, produced by Bien ou Bien Productions, tells the story of a little boy in a desert, who forcefully gets drawn into the business of camel racing; whose hope to unite with his mother again gives him the strength to find a place in the hostile environment.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Afghan women writers\nCategory:Afghan women film directors\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Chris Patrick-Simpson\n\nChris Patrick-Simpson (born 18 January 1979) is a Northern Irish actor. Patrick-Simpson is best known for his role as Brendan in the film The Magdalene Sisters. He has also appeared in the film The Boxer, the TV Drama The Clinic and Fifty Dead Men Walking. He is married and currently in Canada.\n\nCareer\nIn 2018, he guest-starred in an episode of The CW series Supernatural.\n\nFilmography\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Male actors from Edmonton\nCategory:Male film actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:Male television actors from Northern Ireland"}
-{"text": "Outbound (film)\n\nOutbound () is a 2010 Romanian action film directed by Bogdan George Apetri.\n\nPlot\nA drama about a woman who seems able to overcome everything for freedom, except for her past mistakes.\n\nCast \n Ana Ularu - Matilda\n Andi Vasluianu - Andrei\n Ingrid Bisu - Selena\n Ioana Flora - Lavinia\n Mimi Br\u0103nescu - Paul\n Timotei Duma - Toma\n  - Virgil\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:2010s action films\nCategory:Romanian films"}
-{"text": "The High Crusade\n\nThe High Crusade is a science fiction novel by American writer Poul Anderson, about the consequences of an extraterrestrial scoutship landing in Medieval England. Poul Anderson described the novel as \"one of the most popular things I've ever done, going through many book editions in several languages.\"\n\nThe High Crusade was originally serialized in the July\u2013August\u2013September 1960 issues of Astounding.\n\nFirst published in book form in 1960 by Doubleday, it has been published in (at least) June 1964 and September 1968 (by Macfadden Books), 1983, 1991 (by the SFBC and again by Baen Books), 2003, and most recently in 2010. It is in print with a paperback edition issued by Baen Books in 2010 with . Anderson's work was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1961, and was adapted into a 1983 wargame The High Crusade of the same name by TSR, Inc. and into a motion picture of the same name in 1994. Poul Anderson wrote one sequel short story, \"Quest\", which originally appeared in Ares magazine in the same issue that saw the original publication of the wargame.\n\nPlot summary\n\nIt is 1345, and in the English town of Ansby (in northeastern Lincolnshire), Sir Roger, Baron de Tourneville, is recruiting a military force to assist king Edward III in the Hundred Years' War against France. Suddenly, an enormous silver spacecraft lands outside the town. It is a scouting craft for the Wersgorix Empire, a brutal dominion light years from our solar system. The Wersgorix attempt to take over Earth by testing the feasibility of its colonization. However, the aliens, having forgotten hand-to-hand combat since it was made obsolete by their advanced technology, are caught off-guard by the angered Englishmen, who mistake the craft for a French trick. The villagers and soldiers in Ansby storm the craft and kill all but one Wersgor, Branithar.\n\nSir Roger formulates a plan that with the captured ship, he can take the entire village to France to win the war, and then liberate the Holy Land. The townspeople, with all of their belongings, board the ship at the baron's instruction, and prepare to take off. The people of Ansby are mystified at the advanced technology aboard the ship, which they come to call the Crusader. Being unable to pilot the Crusader Sir Roger directs the surly Branithar to pilot them to France. Instead, the alien wrecks the baron's plan by throwing the Crusader into autopilot on course to Tharixan, another Wersgor colony.\n\nThe Crusader arrives at Tharixan in days, and Sir Roger learns of this new world: it is sparsely-populated, with only three fortresses, Ganturath, Stularax, and Darova (the chief base). The humans capture Ganturath but destroy the Crusader in the process. Word spreads of the invaders and a meeting is arranged between Sir Roger and his soldiers and the chief of Tharixan, Huruga.\n\nThe humans and Wersgor hold talks that do very little to give either side any advantage, but a truce is agreed to. Sir Roger, in order to intimidate the aliens, makes up tall tales about his estate, \"which only took up three planets\" and his other accomplishments, including a very successful conquest of Constantinople. Sir Roger demands that the entire Wersgorix state submit to the king of England. During the talks, Baron de Tourneville ignores the truce, and orders the capture of the fortress of Stularax. Unfortunately, the entire base is obliterated by an atomic bomb. In retaliation, Huruga attacks Ganturath again, but loses. He is forced to give up.\n\nNow comes Sir Roger's most outrageous plan; having captured Tharixan, he sets out to overthrow the Wersgorix Empire itself. He enlists the help of three other races oppressed by the Wersgor: the Jairs, the Ashenkoghli, and the Pr\u0294*tans.\n\nMeanwhile, one of his main soldiers and friend, Sir Owain Montbelle, hatches a plan to return to Earth, something that Sir Roger has lost interest in. With Lady Catherine, Sir Roger's wife, Montbelle corners the baron and demands that he help the people of Ansby get back to Earth. De Tourneville gives in, but attacks Sir Owain in person. At the climax, Lady Catherine betrays Montbelle and kills him herself. Unfortunately, she also destroys the notes that could have helped get the villagers of Ansby back home.\n\nSir Roger goes on to topple the Wersgor Empire and build one for himself. He manages with the help of not only the species under the Wersgor, but from members of the Wersgor race who rebelled against their government. The religious figures in the story go on to establish a new branch of the Roman Catholic Church.\n\nPrologue and epilogue\n\nA millennium after the main events of The High Crusade, the holy galactic empire founded by Sir Roger and his people finally reunites with long lost Earth. A spacecraft from Earth comes across the empire, and is welcomed by the descendants of one of Sir Roger's leading soldiers.\n\nThere is, in the epilogue, a reference to events on Earth since 1345. The captain of the Earth ship is described as being a loyal subject of an Israeli empire. It also appears that Huruga wound up as an Archbishop.\n\nCharacters\n\nSir Roger de Tourneville: Roger, Baron de Tourneville is fictional. He was an English knight in Ansby, Lincolnshire when he volunteered to raise an army to help king Edward III of England fight the Hundred Years' War in France. His wife is Lady Catherine.\nLady Catherine\nBrother Parvus, the narrator of The High Crusade\nSir Owain Montbelle\nRed John Hameward, a soldier under de Tourneville\nSir Brian Fitz-William, a knight under de Tourneville\nAlfred Edgarson, a soldier under de Tourneville\nThomas Bullard, a soldier under de Tourneville\nBranithar\nChief (\"Grath\") Huruga\nHubert the executioner\nTertiary Eggmaster of the Northwest Hive, aka \"Ethelbert\"\n\nReception\nRating it five stars out of five, Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale noted that the novel's \"characters are well-drawn\" and declared it \"definitely a can't-be-put-down enthraller.\" The Hartford Courant found it to be \"a delightfully witty science fiction satire,\" comparing it to The Mouse That Roared.\n\nCritic Don D'Ammassa reported that \"The novel's undeniable charm outweighs the frequent implausibilities.\"\n\nMovie adaptation\n\nWhile George Pal considering filming the novel, he died before producing it. The High Crusade was adapted as a motion picture in 1994. It was directed by Klaus Knoesel and Holger Neuh\u00e4user and produced by Roland Emmerich, Ute Emmerich, and Thomas W\u00f6bke.\n\nThe movie version of The High Crusade differed in many significant respects from the novel. It was written with many comedy elements and had a much-reduced scope; the scoutship bearing the human knights landed at an isolated Wersgorix base, where they battled with the small Wersgorix battalion stationed there before eventually taking the ship back home. Poul Anderson himself avoided viewing the film, having been \"told on good authority that it's a piece of botchwork.\"\n\nCast\n\nJohn Rhys-Davies \u2012 Brother Parvus\nRick Overton \u2012 Sir Roger de Tourneville\nCatherine Punch \u2012 Lady Catherine\nPatrick Brymer \u2012 Red John Hameward\nDebbie Lee Carrington \u2012 Branithar\nRinaldo Talamonti \u2012 Huruga\nHolger Neuh\u00e4user \u2012 Hubert the Executioner\n\nPublication information\n\nSee also\n\nQuest\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMovie review (in German)\nThe High Crusade at Fantastic Fiction\nInformation on the movie\nThe High Crusade at Worlds Without End\n\nCategory:1960 American novels\nCategory:American science fiction novels\nCategory:Novels by Poul Anderson\nCategory:Films based on science fiction novels\nCategory:Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact\nCategory:Novels first published in serial form\nCategory:Doubleday (publisher) books\nCategory:1960 science fiction novels\nCategory:Novels set in the 14th century\nCategory:American novels adapted into films\nCategory:1960s science fiction works"}
-{"text": "Keshit Rural District\n\nKeshit Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in Golbaf District, Kerman County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,055, in 481 families. The rural district has 5 villages.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural Districts of Kerman Province\nCategory:Kerman County"}
-{"text": "Duronto TV\n\nDuronto TV is a television channel in Bangladesh for children. The channel commenced its full operation on 15 October 2017.But test transmission started on 5 October 2017.\n\nIts goal is to help in the development of children by entertaining them with history, tradition and culture, including programmes focusing on travel, magic, science, sports, family and toys. The programming lineup features acquired international content, combined with local productions and foreign movies dubbed into Bengali like SpongeBob SquarePants.\n\nAs of March 2018, Abhijit Chowdhury was the director of Duronto TV. The Project Director is Shakib Arifin, and Amzad Hossain Arju is the head of marketing.\n\nThe channel was temporarily suspended on March 28, 2019 when a fire broke out at the FR Tower in Dhaka.\n\nExternal links \n\n Official website in English\n Official Facebook page\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Television channels in Bangladesh\nCategory:Television channels and stations established in 2017\nCategory:Television in Bangladesh\nCategory:Children's television networks"}
-{"text": "Selenophorus discopunctatus\n\nSelenophorus discopunctatus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n \n\nCategory:Harpalinae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Beetles described in 1829"}
-{"text": "Adalbold I\n\nAdelbold I (or Odilbald) was a bishop of Utrecht from 867/879 to 898.\n\nJust like his predecessors and successors, Adelbold resided in Deventer because Utrecht was still threatened by Viking raids. A few times he acted as arbiter in matters at Cologne, and he visited the Synods at Cologne in 873 and 887, and the Synod at Trebur in 895. Adelbold was buried in the St. Salvator Church in Utrecht.\n\nCategory:898 deaths\nCategory:Bishops of Utrecht\nCategory:9th-century bishops\nCategory:Year of birth unknown"}
-{"text": "Potom\n\nPotom is a village and a former municipality in Berat County, central Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Skrapar. The population at the 2011 census was 897.\n\nLocalities\n\nThe municipal unit Potom consists of the following villages:\n Back\u00eb\n Dyrmish\n G\u00ebrmenj\n Gjergjov\u00eb\n Helm\u00ebs\n Kopr\u00ebnck\u00eb\n Melsk\u00eb\n Nikollar\u00eb\n Potom\n Qafa\n Staraveck\u00eb\n Visock\u00eb\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Former municipalities in Berat County\nCategory:Administrative units of Skrapar\nCategory:Villages in Berat County"}
-{"text": "Malo Solomona\n\nMalofou Solomona (born 10 May 1987) is a former Samoa rugby league footballer who plays on the  for the Point Chevalier Pirates in the Auckland Rugby League.\n\nBackground\nSolomona was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He is of Samoan and Maori descent.\n\nEarly years\nSolomona attended Mt Albert Grammar School, and first played rugby league for the Richmond Rovers club.\n\nBetween 2005 and 2006 Solomona spent time in Townsville, as part of the North Queensland Cowboys development squad.\n\nHe then returned to the Auckland Rugby League competition and also played for the Auckland Lions at Bartercard Cup level before being signed by the New Zealand Warriors.\n\nHe is a cousin of Superleague player David Solomona and Se'e Solomona is his uncle.\n\nWarriors\nAfter signing for the Warriors he played for the Auckland Lions in the NSWRL Premier League where he scored 15 tries in 21 matches in the 2007 season.\n\nIn 2008 he played for both the Auckland Vulcans in the NSW Cup, and the Junior Warriors in the Toyota Cup.  In Round 16 he made his National Rugby League debut on 29 June 2008 against the Wests Tigers at Leichhardt Oval. In only his third first-class game he scored a hat-trick of tries against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs at ANZ Stadium, Sydney on 19 July 2008.\n\nLater years\nIn 2010 Solomona played for the Te Atatu Roosters in the 2010 Fox Memorial. He was selected to represent Auckland in the 2010 National Zonal Competition.\n\nSolomona joined the Glenora Bears for 2011 before moving to the Point Chevalier Pirates for the 2013 and 2014 seasons.\n\nRepresentative career\nHe is a Samoan international, playing for the side in 2006.\n\nIn 2008 he was named in the Samoa training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup but did not make the final 24-man team.\n\nHe was named in the New Zealand M\u0101ori squad in 2015 to play Auckland.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nNew Zealand Warriors profile\nRichmond Rovers profile\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:New Zealand rugby league players\nCategory:New Zealand people of Samoan descent\nCategory:New Zealand M\u0101ori rugby league players\nCategory:Samoa national rugby league team players\nCategory:New Zealand Warriors players\nCategory:Auckland rugby league team players\nCategory:Richmond Bulldogs players\nCategory:Ponsonby Ponies players\nCategory:Te Atatu Roosters players\nCategory:Point Chevalier Pirates players\nCategory:Glenora Bears players\nCategory:Rugby league wingers\nCategory:People educated at Mount Albert Grammar School\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola\n\nIn geometry, the elongated pentagonal gyrobicupola is one of the Johnson solids (J39). As the name suggests, it can be constructed by elongating a pentagonal gyrobicupola (J31) by inserting a decagonal prism between its congruent halves. Rotating one of the pentagonal cupolae (J5) through 36\u00a0degrees before inserting the prism yields an elongated pentagonal orthobicupola  (J38).\n\nFormulae\nThe following formulae for volume and surface area can be used if all faces are regular, with edge length a:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Johnson solids"}
-{"text": "2019 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships \u2013 Women\n\nThe Women competition at the 2019 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships was held on 23 and 24 February 2019.\n\nResults\n\n500 m\nThe race was started on 23 February at 15:00.\n\n1000 m\nThe race was started on 23 February at 16:20.\n\n500 m\nThe race was started on 24 February at 15:00.\n\n1000 m\nThe race was started on 24 February at 16:55.\n\nOverall standings\nAfter all races.\n\nReferences\n\nWomen"}
-{"text": "Level One (The Eleventh House album)\n\nLevel One is an album by Larry Coryell and The Eleventh House that was released in 1975 by Arista Records. The album reached number 23 on Billboard magazine's jazz album chart and number 163 on the Billboard 200 chart. Robert Taylor states in his Allmusic review, \"This is a forgotten gem from the fusion era.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\nSide one\n \"Level One\" (Mike Mandel) \u2013 3:02\n \"The Other Side\"  (Michael Lawrence) \u2013 4:35\n \"Diedra\"  (Mandell) \u2013 3:56\n \"Some Greasy Stuff\"  (Alphonze Mouzon) \u2013 3:30\n \"Nyctaphobia\"  (Mouzon) \u2013 4:04\n\nSide two\n \"Suite\"  (Larry Coryell) \u2013 5:32\n A. Entrance\n B. Repose\n C. Exit\n<li>\"Eyes of Love\"  (Coryell) \u2013 2:25\n<li>\"Struttin' with Sunshine\"  (Coryell) \u2013 3:20\n<li>\"That's the Joint\"  (John Lee) \u2013 4:03\n\nPersonnel\n Larry Coryell \u2013 guitar\n Michael Lawrence \u2013 flugelhorn, trumpet\n Mike Mandel \u2013 keyboards\n Steve Khan \u2013 12-string guitar on \"Level One\"\n John Lee \u2013 bass guitar\n Alphonse Mouzon \u2013 drums, percussion\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1975 albums\nCategory:Larry Coryell albums\nCategory:Arista Records albums"}
-{"text": "Henry Hennessy\n\nHenry Hennessy (1826\u20131901) was an Irish physicist and Fellow of the Royal Society.\n\nLife\nBorn at Cork, Ireland on 19 March 1826, he was the second son of John Hennessy of Ballyhennessy, County Kerry, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Henry Casey of Cork; John Pope Hennessy was a younger brother of Henry's. Educated at Cork under Michael Healy, he  as a Roman Catholic in the 1840s did not seek a university education, but took up the profession of an engineer.\n\nIn 1849 Hennessy was made librarian of Queen's College, Cork, and in 1855, on the invitation of John Henry Newman, he became professor of physics at University College, Dublin. In 1874 he transferred his services to the Royal College of Science, Dublin, where he was appointed professor of applied mathematics. He was dean of the college in 1880 and again in 1888. Hennessy was made a member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1851, and was its vice-president from 1870 to 1873. He was also elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1858.\n\nIn 1890 Hennessy resigned his chair at 65, under the new rules for superannuation in the Civil Service. A memorial to the government protesting against his retirement was without effect. For financial reasons he went abroad, but returning to Ireland under medical advice, he died on 8 March 1901, at Bray, County Wicklow.\n\nWorks\nIn Hennessy's first paper from 1845, in the Philosophical Magazine, he proposed to use photography for the registration of barometric and thermometric readings. In Researches in Terrestrial Physics (Philosophical Transactions, 1851) he argued from the figure and structure of the Earth and planets, that they were of fluid origin, and that a fluid nucleus at a high temperature was enclosed within their crust. He also wrote on meteorology and on climatology, deducing laws which regulate the distribution of temperature in islands. 'On the Influence of the Gulf Stream  led to a request to report on the temperature of the seas surrounding the British Isles for the Committee on Irish Fisheries in 1870.\n\nAmong Hennessy other proposals was one for a decimal system of weights and measures, based on the length of the polar axis of the Earth, rather than the Earth's quadrant, on which the metric system is based. Standards such as the polar foot and the polar pound, and a complete set of weights and measures on the polar system, constructed under Hennessy's supervision, were stored in the Museum of the Royal College of Science, Dublin. In the same museum were models of his mechanical inventions, one of them illustrating the structure of sewers best adapted to obtain the greatest scour with due provision for storm water <ref>Cf. Hydraulic Problems on the Cross-sections of Pipes and Channels', Proc. Roy. Soc. 1888.</ref> He published also:\n\n On the Study of Science in its Relation to Individuals and Society, Dublin, 1858; 2nd edit. 1859. \n On the Freedom of Education (a paper at the Social Science Congress, Liverpool, in 1858), 1859. \n The Relation of Science to Modern Civilisation'', 1862.\n\nFamily\nHennessy married Rosa, youngest daughter of Hayden Corri, and had issue.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nAttribution\n\nCategory:1826 births\nCategory:1901 deaths\nCategory:Irish physicists\nCategory:Irish engineers\nCategory:Fellows of the Royal Society"}
-{"text": "Iscayachi Formation\n\nThe Iscayachi Formation, in older literature also referred to as Guanacuno Formation, is an extensive Tremadocian geologic formation of western and southern Bolivia. The shales and sandstones were deposited in a shallow marine to pro-delta environment. The formation reaches a thickness of .\n\nFossil content \nThe formation has provided the following fossils:\n\n Akoldinoidia sinuosa\n Altiplanelaspis palquiensis\n Angelina hyeronimi, A. punctalineata\n Asaphellus communis, A. riojanas\n Deltacare prosops\n Conophrys erquensis\n Golasaphus palquiensis\n Jujuyaspis keideli\n Kainella andina, K. meridionalis\n Kvania lariensis\n Leptoplastides mariana\n Macrocystella bavarica\n Micragnostus hoeki\n Onychopyge branisai\n Parabolinella argentinensis, P. boliviana\n Pharostomina alvarezi, P. trapezoidalis\n Rhabdinopora flabelliformis\n Rhadinopleura incaica\n Rossaspis rossi\n Saltaspis steinmanni\n Shumardia erquensis\n Leptoplastides cf. granulosa\n Altiplanelaspis sp.\n Araiopleura sp.\n Broeggeria sp.\n Ctenodonta sp.\n Dictyonema sp.\n Koldinioidia sp.\n Leiostegium sp.\n Nanorthis sp.\n Onychopyge sp.\n Palquiella sp.\n Parabolina sp.\n Saltaspis sp.\n Sphaerocare sp.\n Trilobitarum sp.\n Tropidodiscus sp.\n\nSee also \n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Bolivia\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nFurther reading \n J. L. Benedetto. 2007. New Upper Cambrian-Tremadoc rhynchonelliformean brachiopods from northwestern Argentina: evolutionary trends and early diversification of plectorthoideans in the Andean Gondwana. Journal of Paleontology 81(2):261-285\n A. Pribyl and J. Vanek. 1980. Ordovician trilobites of Bolivia. Rozpravy Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved. Rada Matematickych a Prirodnich Ved. Academia Praha, Prague, Czechoslovakia 90(2):1-90\n R. Su\u00e1rez Soruco. 1976. El sistema ordov\u00edcico en Bolivia. Revista Tecnica YPF Bolivia 5(2):111-123\n\nCategory:Geologic formations of Bolivia\nCategory:Ordovician System of South America\nCategory:Ordovician Bolivia\nCategory:Tremadocian\nCategory:Shale formations\nCategory:Sandstone formations\nCategory:Shallow marine deposits\nCategory:Deltaic deposits\nCategory:Ordovician southern paleotemperate deposits\nCategory:Paleontology in Bolivia\nFormations\nFormations"}
-{"text": "Kazue Kojima\n\nwas a Japanese freestyle swimmer who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1932 she was a member of the Japanese relay team that finished fifth in the 4\u00d7100 mm freestyle relay. In the 100 m freestyle competition she was eliminated in the first round. Four years later she finished sixth in the 400 m freestyle. In the 100 m freestyle competition she was eliminated in the semi-finals, and as part of the Japanese 4 \u00d7 100 m relay team she was eliminated in the first round.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1916 births\nCategory:1992 deaths\nCategory:Japanese female swimmers\nCategory:Female freestyle swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Japan\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1932 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics"}
-{"text": "S\u00f8rgattet\n\nS\u00f8rgattet is a strait in Albert I Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It runs between Reuschhalv\u00f8ya and Danes Island, and forms the southern entrance to Smeerenburgfjorden. Mose\u00f8ya in S\u00f8rgattet has a rich birdlife and is protected as a bird sanctuary.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Straits of Svalbard"}
-{"text": "33 Shiroor\n\n33 Shiroor  is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Udupi taluk of Udupi district in Karnataka.\n\nSee also\n Udupi\n Districts of Karnataka\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n http://Udupi.nic.in/\n\nCategory:Villages in Udupi district"}
-{"text": "Shahrak-e Shahid Beheshti, Bampur\n\nShahrak-e Shahid Beheshti (, also Romanized as Shahrak-e Shah\u012bd Behesht\u012b; also known as Shahrak-e Shah\u012bd Behesht\u012b-ye Khowr\u0101b) is a village in Bampur-e Sharqi Rural District, in the Central District of Bampur County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 223 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Bampur County"}
-{"text": "Nagla Tula\n\nNagla Tula is a village in Rajasthan, India. Administratively, it is under Rudawal ILRC, Roopwas Tehsil, Bharatpur District, Rajasthan. The village has a population of about a thousand.\n\nIn May 2013, during a heat wave, a fire in Nagla Tula burned a large portion of the village.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Villages in Bharatpur district"}
-{"text": "Ma Zhi\n\nMa Zhi (\u99ac\u690d) (? - 857), courtesy name Cunzhi (\u5b58\u4e4b), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reign of Emperor Xu\u0101nzong.\n\nBackground and early career \nIt is not known when Ma Zhi was born.  It is known that his family was from Fufeng, but nothing else was known about his ancestry other than that his father's name was Ma Xun \u2014 with the Old Book of Tang rendering his father's personal name as \u66db and the New Book of Tang rendering it as \u52db \u2014 with no connections to the families of the two other Tang chancellors surnamed Ma, Ma Sui and Ma Zhou.\n\nMa Zhi passed the imperial examinations in the Jinshi class in 819, during the reign of Emperor Xianzong, and further passed a special imperial examinations for those who were capable in planning.  He was thereafter made the deputy military prefect (\u5718\u7df4\u526f\u4f7f, Tuanlian Fushi) of Shou Prefecture (\u58fd\u5dde, in modern Lu'an, Anhui).  He thereafter served as Xiaoshu Lang (\u6821\u66f8\u90ce), a copyeditor at the Palace Library, and yet later served as the prefect of Rao Prefecture (\u9952\u5dde, in modern Shangrao, Jiangxi).\n\nDuring Emperor Wenzong's reign \nEarly in the Kaicheng era (836-840) of Emperor Xianzong's grandson Emperor Wenzong, Ma Zhi was made the protector general of Annan (\u5b89\u5357, modern northern Vietnam).  It was said that Ma, in addition to his literary abilities, was a capable administrator.  In 838, he submitted a report in which he claimed that the nominal magistrate of Wulu County (\u6b66\u9678) \u2014 under Tang's system of commissioning local tribal leaders with official titles \u2014 was faithful to Tang and was often giving good suggestions, and requested that Wulu County be upgraded to be a prefecture; Emperor Wenzong approved the request.  It was also said that because of Ma's good governance, the tribal chiefs all sent their sons to serve as hostages and offered to pay tributes.  Further, a pool at Wulu Prefecture that had previously produced pearls but were no longer doing so by Ma's time again began to produce pearls, which was viewed as a sign of divine approval.  Ma was thereafter promoted to be the governor (\u89c0\u5bdf\u4f7f, Guanchashi) of Qianzhong Circuit (\u9ed4\u4e2d, headquartered in modern Chongqing).\n\nDuring Emperor Wuzong's reign \nDuring the middle of the Huichang era (841-846) of Emperor Wenzong's brother Emperor Wuzong, Ma Zhi was recalled to the capital Chang'an to serve as the minister of palace supplies (\u5149\u797f\u537f, Guanglu Qing), and later became Dali Qing (\u5927\u7406\u537f), the chief judge at the supreme court (\u5927\u7406\u5bfa, Dali Si).  However, neither of these posts carried great power, as Ma, despite a reputation for being capable, was not well regarded by then-leading chancellor Li Deyu.  It was said that Ma thus bore resentment toward Li Deyu.\n\nDuring Emperor Xu\u0101nzong's reign \nIn 846, Emperor Wuzong died and was succeeded by his uncle Emperor Xu\u0101nzong.  Because Emperor Xu\u0101nzong despised Li Deyu for his hold on power, Li Deyu was almost immediately thereafter demoted and sent out of the capital, and Bai Minzhong became the leading chancellor.  In 847, during a drought, which were often viewed as signs of divine displeasure over overly severe punishment, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong had the chancellor Lu Shang and the deputy chief imperial censor Feng Ao (\u5c01\u6556) review the cases of the prisoners held at Chang'an. Lu and Feng apparently advocated for commutation of many death sentences.  Ma objected and submitted a petition to Emperor Xu\u0101nzong arguing that that leniency would have the opposite effect of drawing further divine displeasure.  It was said that because of efforts by Bai, who often promoted those people he felt slighted by Li Deyu, Ma's petition was accepted, and Lu was subsequently demoted.  Ma was then made the deputy minister of justice (\u5211\u90e8\u4f8d\u90ce, Xingbu Shilang) as well the director of the salt and iron monopolies.\n\nIn 848, Ma was made a chancellor de facto with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (\u540c\u4e2d\u66f8\u9580\u4e0b\u5e73\u7ae0\u4e8b).  While serving as chancellor, Ma and Emperor Xu\u0101nzong's trusted eunuch Ma Yuanzhi (\u99ac\u5143\u8d04), one of the two commanders of the Shence Armies (\u795e\u7b56\u8ecd), became close associates, as Ma Zhi endeared himself to Ma Yuanzhi based on their common surname.  On one occasion in 850, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong gave Ma Yuanzhi a jewel-studded belt as an award, and Ma Yuanzhi in turn gave it to Ma Zhi.  When Ma Zhi wore it to an imperial meeting, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong recognized it and immediately interrogated Ma Zhi about it.  Ma Zhi did not dare to lie to the emperor, and Emperor Xu\u0101nzong, after learning what happened, was displeased about Ma Zhi's close association with Ma Yuanzhi.  The next day, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong removed Ma Zhi from his chancellor post and made him the military governor (Jiedushi) of Tianping Circuit (\u5929\u5e73, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong).  After Ma's demotion, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong further had his assistant Dong Mou (\u8463\u4f94) detained and interrogated.  When Dong gave more details about the close association between Ma Zhi and Ma Yuanzhi, Emperor Xu\u0101nzong further demoted Ma Zhi to be the prefect of Chang Prefecture (\u5e38\u5dde, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu).\n\nMa Zhi was later made an advisor to the Crown Prince, with his office at the eastern capital Luoyang.  Several years later, he was made the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (\u5fe0\u6b66, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) and the prefect of its capital Xu Prefecture (\u8a31\u5dde).  Toward the end of Emperor Xu\u0101nzong's Dazhong era (847-860), he was made the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (\u5ba3\u6b66, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan) and the prefect of its capital Bian Prefecture (\u6c74\u5dde), and he died while serving there.\n\nNotes and references \n\n Old Book of Tang, vol. 176.\n New Book of Tang, vol. 184.\n Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 248, 249.\n\nCategory:857 deaths\nCategory:Chancellors under Emperor Xu\u0101nzong of Tang\nCategory:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Tianping Circuit\nCategory:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhongwu Circuit\nCategory:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xuanwu Circuit\nCategory:Chinese judges\nCategory:Politicians from Baoji\nCategory:Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi\nCategory:Year of birth unknown\nCategory:Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi"}
-{"text": "Gumley House Convent School\n\nGumley House Convent School is a Roman Catholic secondary school for girls ages 11 to 18 in Isleworth, Hounslow, West London. The school has specialisms in Business & Enterprise and Languages. On 1 March 2012 it became an academy.\n\nThe school has a joint sixth form with two other Catholic secondary schools in the borough: Gunnersbury Boys' School and the mixed St Mark's Catholic School. It also has links with the local parish church Our Lady of Sorrows and St Bridget of Sweden Church down the street.\n\nHistory\nGumley House Convent School traces its history to a parochial charity school, the first of its kind in Isleworth, founded by Sisters of the Faithful Companions of Jesus (FCJ). The Sisters had arrived from France and bought Gumley House in 1841. The Catholic Directory, Ecclesiastical Register, and Almanac described the school as offering a \"continental education\". French was primarily spoken as the Sisters were from France but Italian, German and English were also taught.\n\nThe convent originally had two sections: a boarding school for upper class girls and a charity school for younger poor children of the local parish. These nuns also played a role in the founding or development of other Catholic schools in Isleworth and the present-day borough. Due to the pressing need for a secondary school, St Mary's High School for older girls was opened in 1890. In 1922 it became St Mary's College, the first Catholic school in Middlesex to be recognised by the Board of Education. When Poles Convent (merged with St Edmund's College, Ware during the 1970s) in Hertfordshire was founded the following year, boarders from Gumley House and St Mary's High moved there. Pupils and staff at Gumley House were evacuated during World War II and returned after the war ended.\n\nThe post-war period was a time of rapid change and development. Gumley House became a grammar school in 1959 and then solely a secondary school when its primary section moved out in the late sixties.  The primary school became part of the current St Mary's Catholic Primary School. In 1968 boarders were no longer accepted. During the 1970s, a host of new buildings were added and the campus expanded. It turned comprehensive in 1976 after the tripartite system was abolished. The school is under the trusteeship of the order and the headteachers have been Sisters up until 2012.\n\nGumley House\nThe original house was built by John Gumley, cabinet maker by appointment to Kings George I and George II. The name Gumley is thought to have originated from a French word (Gommele, or Gautchmondley). After Gumley's death in 1728, the house passed to his second son John as decreed in his will. John Gumley Senior's eldest daughter Anna Maria and her husband William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath lived at the house for a period, during which it played host to famous figures of the time including poet Alexander Pope, writer and politician Joseph Addison and future Prime Minister William Pitt (\"the Elder\"). After the death of their mother, the house's ownership eventually went to Anna Maria's younger sister Laetitia, wife of the general Lord Lake. It changed hands a number of times before it was bought by Marie-Madeleine d'Hou\u00ebt, founder of the FCJ. The house is now a Grade II* listed building.\n\nUniform\nStudents in Years 7- 11 at Gumley House wear a brown jumper with blue and gold trim and a pleated skirt (also brown), with either a cream long- sleeved blouse underneath and a tie in their house colour or a cream short sleeved blouse without a tie depending on the term. Ties represent the house colours and are either Orange (C) St Clare, Red (F) St Francis, Blue- St. Joan of Arc (J), Yellow (M) Mary Magdelaine, Green (T) St THeresa, or Purple - St. Richard Reynolds (R).\nFrom 2015 onward all students entering the school are required to wear a brown, blue and gold striped blazer which was formerly elective.\nAs of 2011, the sixth-form are required to wear business-style clothing to school, in order to maintain a focused and studious environment while allowing some freedom of dress.\n\nAcademics\nGumley House has a strong academic record for a comprehensive school and is among the top performing state schools in the borough. It was awarded the Special Recognition Award by the SSAT in recognition of pupils' achievement in the 2011 GCSEs.\n\nNotable former pupils\nEllie Beaven, actress\nPrincess Marguerite Ad\u00e9la\u00efde of Orl\u00e9ans, daughter of Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours\nPrincess Blanche d'Orl\u00e9ans, Princess Marguerite's younger sister\nEllen Willmott, horticulturalist\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSchool Website\nProfile on the Good Schools Guide\nFCJ Sisters in Britain and the Channel Isles\n\nCategory:Academies in the London Borough of Hounslow\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1841\nCategory:Girls' schools in London\nCategory:Grade II* listed buildings in the London Borough of Hounslow\nCategory:Grade II* listed educational buildings\nCategory:Catholic secondary schools in the Archdiocese of Westminster\nCategory:1841 establishments in England\nCategory:Secondary schools in the London Borough of Hounslow\nCategory:Isleworth"}
-{"text": "San Juan de Tarucani District\n\nSan Juan de Tarucani District (Aymara Tarujani, taruja deer, -ni a suffix, \"the one with deer\") is one of 29 districts of the province Arequipa in Peru.\n\nGeography \nThe highest elevation of the district is the Misti volcano at . Other mountains are listed below:\n\nSee also \n Chinaqucha\n Lake Salinas\n Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reservation\n Urququcha\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1962 establishments in Peru\nCategory:Districts of the Arequipa Province\nCategory:Districts of the Arequipa Region"}
-{"text": "Carolyn Walker\n\nCarolyn Walker (born ) is an American former politician. She served in the Arizona Senate from 1982 to 1991, and as Senate Majority Whip. She was indicted in the AzScam sting operation in 1991, and consequently expelled from the Senate. She previously served in the Arizona House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Arizona Republicans\nCategory:1940s births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Georgia State Route 10 Business\n\nGeorgia State Route\u00a010 Business may refer to:\n\n Georgia State Route 10 Business (Monroe): a business route of State Route\u00a010 that partially exists in Monroe\n Georgia State Route 10 Business (Washington): a business route of State Route\u00a010 that partially exists in Washington\n\n010 Business"}
-{"text": "Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui\n\nSaeed Uz Zaman Siddiqui (1 December 1939 \u2013 11 January 2017) (pronunciation 'sa'eed -uz- zam'an'; alternatively Saiduzzaman Siddiqui)  was a Pakistani jurist and legislator of great prominence who formerly served as the Chief Justice of Pakistan at the Supreme Court of Pakistan.\n\nEducation\nSaeeduzzaman Siddiqui was born in a middle-class, educated Urdu-speaking family and received his school education at Lucknow (in modern Uttar Pradesh) and also was educated at Calcutta. Justice Siddiqui passed Matriculation from the Board of Secondary Education from Dhaka, East-Pakistan in 1952. In 1954, Justice Siddiqui obtained intermediate in Engineering sciences from the University of Dacca. Siddiqui worked at the Physics Department, and taught undergraduate physics laboratory courses. Thereafter, Siddiqui moved to Karachi, West-Pakistan and attended Karachi University in 1954. There, at Karachi University, Siddiqui obtained B.A. in Philosophy and L.L.B from the University of Karachi in 1958. In 1960, Justice Siddiqui started legal practice at the Sindh High Court.\n\nJustice Siddiqui was awarded honorary membership of the Judicial fraternity of Australia and Canada after the news of his resignation from the office of the Chief Justice was made public in January 2000, after his refusal to take the Oath under the PCO (Provisional Constitutional Order), which was an extra-constitutionally prescribed Oath for the Judges by the military regime of Pervez Musharraf. Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui received a letter of commendation from the Judiciary of the United Kingdom and was inducted in the roles of Judges of imminence by the British Judiciary for his stand in the cause of the independence of Pakistan's Judiciary, his stand was later glorified by the lawyers movement in Pakistan which helped Chief Justice Ifthikar Chaudhary's restoration.\n\nCareer\nJustice Saeeduzzaman joined the Bar (February 1961); enrolled as Advocate of High Court of West Pakistan (November 1963); enrolled as Advocate of Supreme Court of Pakistan (November 1969); elected Joint Secretary, Karachi High Court Bar Association (1967); elected Member of Managing Committee of Karachi High Court Bar Association (1968\u201369); elected Honorary Secretary of High Court Bar Library (1977) and continued as such until elevated as Judge of Sindh High Court on 05-05-1980. He was appointed as Chief Justice of the Sindh High Court on 05-11-1990. Appointed as Judge, Supreme Court of Pakistan on 23-05-1992. Appointed as Chief Justice of Pakistan/Chairman Pakistan Law Commission w.e.f. 01-07-1999 till 1 December 2005.\n\nHe was the Chief Justice of Pakistan when the 1999 military coup d'\u00e9tat was staged by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and Chief of Army Staff General Pervez Musharraf. Notably, he defied the request given by Musharraf via the Law Minister and Legal Adviser Sharifuddin Pirzada to take a new oath under the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) saying that: \"Taking an oath under the PCO, in my opinion, will be a deviation from the oath I had taken to defend the constitution of 1973\". The PCO not only negated the independence of the judiciary and democratic norms, but also prolonged the martial law by nullifying the effect of any judgement given against President Pervez Musharraf's government.\n\nAs a consequence of this, he was forced to step down from his position, by the military regime. The tenure time period was shortened due to his refusal to take the Provisional Constitutional Order (PCO) Oath, prescribed by General Pervez Musharraf to legitimize the LFO. After a long discussion with 4 Army generals sent to his residence by General Musharraf; namely, Lieutenant-General (Retired) Moinuddin Haider, who was Interior Minister, then-Lieutenant-General Ehsan ul Haq, Core-commander of the XI Corps, Lieutenant-General (retired) Mahmud Ahmed, then-Director General of the ISI and Brigadier-General (retired) Javed Ashraf Bajwa; Chief Justice Siddiqui refused to take the Oath after which the Generals left and on orders of the GHQ was executed, which had authorized the house arrest of him and his family.\n\nOn 25 August 2008, Nawaz Sharif announced that Saeeduzzaman Siddiqui would be Pakistan Muslim League (N) and Jamaat-e-Islami nominee to replace Pervez Musharraf as President of Pakistan. He lost the 6 September 2008 2008 Pakistani presidential election, by 153 votes to Asif Ali Zardari, who was elected President of Pakistan. The PML-N although in power wanted Siddiqui as a unanimous candidate as he was the only nonpartisan candidate contesting this election of 2008. Justice Siddiqui was again selected for running as the candidate for the Presidential Election in the 2013 Pakistani presidential election, but at the last moment his name was replaced with Mamnoon Hussain as Siddiqui never joined the PML-N and was a neutral candidate. He was supported by the Baloch nationalists.\n\nOn 9 November 2016, Nawaz Sharif contacted Justice Siddiqui and asked him to accept the position of the Governor, in the wake of event which followed the dismissal of Dr. Ishrat ul Ibad Khan. Justice Siddiqui was sworn in as the 31st Governor of Sindh on 11 November 2016.\n\nAppointments\n\n Appointed Member of Election Commission of Pakistan on 09-8-1980.\n Appointed as Chairman Rule Committee of High Court of Sindh on 01-02-1986.\n Appointed Chairman Sindh Zakat Council on 13-09-1988.\n Appointed as Member of Company Law Commission on 07-06-1989.\n Appointed Acting Governor of Sindh from 27-07-1990 to 30-07-1990.\n Appointed Acting Chief Justice of High Court of Sindh from 19 September 1990 to 19 October 1990.\n Appointed as 15th Chief Justice of Pakistan from 1 July 1999 to 25 January 2000 was until December 2005\n Appointed Chairman of Citizens' Group on Electoral Process (CGEP)\n Member OIC contact group, also submitted a report on 'Bulgarian Muslims Social condition'\n Appointed as Governor of Sindh on 9 November 2016\n\nActivities\n\n Appointed as Member of 3-men Contact Group, by Secretary-General of the Organization of Islamic Conference to investigate the plight of Muslim minority in Bulgaria in May 1986. He presented the first report of the group to the 17th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held at Amman, Jordan, in March 1988, a second report to the 18th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers at Riyadh in March 1989, and the third report to the 19th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers at Cairo in July 1990.\n Also presented a preliminary report on the plight of Muslim minority in Bulgaria in the Extraordinary Session of Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers in New York in October, 1989. Attended the 17th, 18th, 19th and the Extraordinary Session of Islamic Conferences of Foreign Ministers in Amman, Riyadh, Cairo and New York on special invitation of Secretary-General of Organization of Islamic Conference.\n He is presently the Chairman of numerous organizations, some of which are The Council for Foreign Relations Economic Affairs and Law and President of the Poor Patient's Society of Pakistan. He is the Chairman of the World Bank supported Organization for Alternative Dispute Resolution (Pakistan).\n He is also the nominee judge for the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at Hague, from Pakistan.\n On 25 August 2008, Nawaz Sharif announced that Justice Siddiqui would be Pakistan Muslim League (N) and Jamaat-i-Islami's joint candidate to replace Pervez Musharraf as President of Pakistan, he also received popular support from the Balouch Nationalist parties, although he had never joined any political party even after being approached by Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf Chairman Imran Khan in 2007 and again in 2010. He choose to remain a nonpartisan individual. His name has been suggested by JUI and Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf for the Prime Minister candidate when the interim government comes into power after March 2013.\n On 9 November 2016, Mamnoon Hussain in consultation with Nawaz Sharif appointed him as the Governor of Sindh province.\n\nIllness and death\nSiddiqui contracted pneumonia and was hospitalised in early November 2016. He returned to the Governor House on the 11 December 2016 and died on 11 January 2017 as a serving Governor when he contracting another pneumonia on his healthy right lung. His state funeral was organised in the Governor House making him the second person in the history to receive a state funeral after Muhammad Ali Jinnah the founder of Pakistan.\n\nOn 11 January 2017, Governor Sindh Siddiqui died at the age of 79 in Karachi.\n\nIn 2018, Siddiqui was posthumously awarded the Sitara-i-Imtiaz - Pakistan's third highest civilian honour - by President Mamnoon Hussain.\n\nSee also\n Supreme Court of Pakistan\n Chief Justices of Pakistan\n Haziqul Khairi\n Siddiqui\n Nawaz Sharif\n Pakistan Muslim League (N)\n Provisional Constitutional Order\n List of Pakistanis\n\nReferences \n\n|-\n\nCategory:1939 births\nCategory:2017 deaths\nCategory:Muhajir people\nCategory:Governors of Sindh\nCategory:Candidates for President of Pakistan\nCategory:Chief Justices of Pakistan\nCategory:Pakistani activists\nCategory:Chief Justices of the Sindh High Court\nCategory:Pakistani scholars\nCategory:Politicians from Karachi\nCategory:University of Karachi alumni\nCategory:Sindh Muslim Law College alumni\nCategory:Lawyers from Karachi\nCategory:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz"}
-{"text": "Church of England (Continuing)\n\nThe Church of England (Continuing) is part of the Continuing Anglican Movement. The church was founded in England on 10 February 1994 at a meeting chaired by David Samuel held at St Mary's, Castle Street, Reading, in reaction to the use of the Alternative Service Book and to the ordination of women. The church holds to the unmodified Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion of the Church of England and to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer which alone is used by its parishes for worship.\n\nAlthough the church was widely discussed in Anglican circles at the time of its founding, it has not achieved significant growth since that time.\n\nFour congregations are listed by the church as of 2013:\nSt Mary's Church, Castle Street, Reading, Berkshire \u2013 minister, Edward J. Malcolm \nSt John's Church, Colliers Wood, London, minister \u2013 Peter Ratcliff \nSt Silas' Church, Wolverhampton \nHoly Trinity Church, Frinton-on-Sea, lay minister, Philip Lievesley\n\nThe first bishop of the church was David Samuel, now retired and assistant bishop. He was succeeded by Edward Malcolm, minister of St Silas' Wolverhampton, who died on 17 November 2013.  The current presiding bishop is Edward J. Malcolm, minister of St Mary's, Reading. In addition there are several lay readers and preachers.\n\nThe episcopal succession of the church is from the mother Church of England through the following lineage of bishops:\n John Moore, Archbishop of Canterbury, who consecrated (4 February 1787)\n William White, Bishop of Pennsylvania, who consecrated (31 October 1832) \n John Henry Hopkins, Bishop of Vermont, who consecrated (1 May 1867) \n Daniel S. Tuttle, Bishop of Missouri, who consecrated (6 June 1911)\n James De Wolf Perry, Bishop of Rhode Island, who consecrated (14 October 1930)\n Henry Knox Sherrill, Bishop of Massachusetts, who consecrated (5 April 1951)\n Arthur C. Lichtenberger, Bishop of Missouri, who consecrated (1 October 1962)\n Albert A. Chambers, Bishop of Springfield, later Primate of the Anglican Church in North America (Episcopal), who consecrated (28 January 1978) \n Charles Doren, Bishop of the Midwest, later Primate of the United Episcopal Church of North America, who consecrated (2 June 1984) \n Albion Knight, Archbishop of the United Episcopal Church of North America, who consecrated (11 June 1995)\n David Samuel, Presiding Bishop of the Church of England (Continuing), who consecrated (23 November 2013) Edward J. Malcolm.\n\nThe church holds an annual conference at Benson, Oxfordshire.\n\nSince 2008 the church has regularly exhibited at the Christian Resources Exhibition at Esher, Surrey and elsewhere in England.\n\nThe church publishes a magazine called The Journal as well as other literature and books.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Christian organizations established in 1994\nCategory:Continuing Anglican denominations\nCategory:Christian denominations established in the 20th century"}
-{"text": "Early Pandyan Kingdom\n\nThe Early Pandyas of the Sangam period were one of the three main kingdoms of the ancient Tamil country, the other two being the Cholas, and Cheras Dynasty. As with many other kingdoms around this period (earlier than 200 BCE), most of the information about the Early Pandyas come to modern historians mainly through literary sources and some epigraphic, archaeological and numismatic evidence. The capital of the Early Pandyan kingdom was initially Korkai, Thoothukudi and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I. The kingdom lay to the south of the Maurya Empire of India.\n\nThe kings of the Pandyan Dynasty are frequently mentioned in Sangam literature of the third century BCE and onwards, in literary works such as the Mathuraikkanci and other early Tamil literary works such as Cilapatikaram, which have been used by historians to identify their names and, to some extent, their genealogy. Nedunjeliyan II is referred to as the most popular warrior among the Early Pandyas, winning a battle at Talaialanganam against a coalition of forces from Cholas and Cheras and five other kingdoms. The early Pandyan kingdom extended between Travancore in the west, Vellaru river in the north and all the way to the ocean in the east and the south.\n\nThe Early Pandyas had active maritime trade relationships with the west, a fact testified by western classical writers such as Pliny the Elder (1st century CE), Strabo, Ptolemy and the author of the Periplus. The Pandyan country was well known for pearl fishery, with Korkai being the principal center of the trade. Some of the exports were pearls, spices, ivory and shells, while the imports included horses, gold, glass and wine.\n\nOrigin and Sources\nThe origin of the word \"Pandya\" has been a subject of much speculation.\n\nHistorians have used several sources to identify the origins of the Early Pandyan dynasty with the pre-Christian Era and also to piece together the names of the Pandyan kings. Unfortunately, the exact genealogy of these kings has not been authoritatively established yet.\n\nOne theory is that the word Pandya is derived from the Tamil word \"Pandi\" meaning bull. Ancient Tamils, considered the bull as a sign of masculinity and valor. Pandya became the epithet of the first Pandyan king of Thenmadurai (lit. south Mathura), Kulasekharan Pandya as he was built like a bull. It was used as an epithet of masculinity. His son, the second king of Thenmadurai, the legendary Malayadhwaja Pandya who sided with the Pandavas and took part in the Kurukshetra battle is described as follows in Karna Parva(verse 20.25):\n\nMalayadhwaja Pandya and his queen Kanchanamala had one daughter Thathagai alias Meenakshi who succeeded her father and ruled the kingdom successfully. The Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple was built after her. The city of Madurai was built around this temple.\n\nYet another theory suggests that in Sangam Tamil lexicon, the word Pandya means old country in contrast with Chola meaning new country, Chera meaning hill country and Pallava meaning branch in Sanskrit. The Chera, Chola and Pandya are the traditional Tamil siblings and together with the Athiyamaan are the major Kings that ruled ancient Tamilakkam.\n\nLiterary sources in Tamil\n\nSeveral Tamil literary works, such as Iraiyanar Akapporul, mention the legend of three separate Tamil Sangams lasting several centuries before the Christian Era and ascribe their patronage to the Pandyas.The Sangam poem Maduraikkanci by Mankudi Maruthanaar contains a full-length description of Madurai and the Pandyan country under the rule of Nedunjeliyan II. The Nedunalvadai by Nakkirar contains a description of the king\u2019s palace. The Purananuru and Agananuru collections of the third century BCE contain poems sung in praise of various Pandyan kings and also poems that were composed by the kings themselves. Kaliththokai mentions that many Dravidian tribes such as Maravar, Eyinar, Oliar, Oviar, Aruvalur and Parathavar migrated to the Pandyan kingdom and started living there in the Third Tamil Sangam period 2000 years ago.\n\nThe Chinese historian Yu Huan in his 3rd century text, the Weil\u00fce, mentions The Kingdom of Panyue:\n\"...The kingdom of Panyue is also called Hanyuewang. It is several thousand li to the southeast of Tianzhu (Northern India)...The inhabitants are small; they are the same height as the Chinese...\"\n\nThe Roman emperor Julian received an embassy from a Pandya about 361 CE. A Roman trading centre was located on the Pandyan coast (Alagankulam - at the mouth of the Vaigai river, southeast of Madurai). Pandyas also had trade contacts with Ptolemaic Egypt and, through Egypt, with Rome by the first century, and with China by the 3rd century. The 1st century Greek historian Nicolaus of Damascus met, at Damascus, the ambassador sent by an Indian King \"named Pandion or, according to others, Porus\" to Caesar Augustus around 13 CE (Strabo XV.1-4, and Strabo XV.1-73).\n\nEpigraphical sources\n\nThe 2nd and 13th rock edicts of Ashoka (273 - 232 BCE) refers to the Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras and the Satyaputras. According to the edicts, these kingdoms lay outside the southern boundary of the Mauryan Empire. The Hathigumpha inscriptions of the Kalinga King Kharavela, (c. 150 BCE), refers to the arrival of a tribute of jewels and elephants from the Pandyan king. The stone inscriptions discovered at Mangulam (a.k.a. Meenakshipuram) mentions the name of Nedunj Cheliyan III and his contemporary and subordinate, Kadalan Vazhuthi.\n\nArcheological sources\n\nExcavations in Tamil Nadu in the last fifty years or so have yielded remnants of black-and-red pottery ware, normally assigned to the Tamil speaking areas around 300 BCE. Some all-black and Russet coated ware assigned to the same time period have also been found. Rouletted and Amphorae wares, made in the Roman empire and brought by traders, have been excavated in several parts of Tamil Nadu, including the Pandyan country. These imported wares are dated to the early centuries of the Christian Era.\n\nNumismatic sources\n\nThe excavations at Alagankulam, near Madurai, recovered two copper coins of the early Pandyas along with Northern Black Polished Ware. These coins have been assigned a broad time period ranging from 200 BCE to 200 CE. Several coins issued by the Pandyan king Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi have been recovered in the Madurai area and have been dated to around 200 BCE. Many gold and silver coins of the Roman empire have been found around Madurai: these coins bear the names of emperors ranging from Augustus (27 BCE) to Alexander Severus (235 CE).\n\nHistory \nScholars have attempted to reconstruct the political history of the ancient Pandya country based on  classical works such as the Purananuru, the Pattupp\u0101\u1e6d\u1e6du and the Padirrupattu.\n\nThe first Pandyan king who has been mentioned in the Sangam works recovered so far is Nedunjeliyan I, who ruled from the coastal town of Korkai, at the mouth of river Tamraparni. During this time, the Tamil country consisted of several small kingdoms ruled over by independent chieftains, in addition to the three monarchies of Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas. In a bid to expand his territory, Nedunj Cheliyan I invaded the kingdom of Koodal (later renamed Madurai), which was under the rule of an independent chieftain, Akutai. He defeated Akutai and moved the capital of Pandyan kingdom to Madurai. This king also defeated an invading army from the Deccan Plateau and hence was called Aariyap Padaikadantha Pandyan or the king who conquered the Aryan army. He was succeeded by his son Pudappandiyan, who expanded the kingdom by conquering Ollaiyur (near modern-day Pudukkottai) \u2013 an act that earned him the name Ollaiyur thantha Pudappandian. Both Pudappandiyan and his predecessor, Nedunj Cheliyan I, were poets themselves who contributed to the Purananuru collection.\n\nThe successor of Pudappandiyan was Nedunj Cheliyan II also known as \"Pasumpun Pandyan.\" Immediately after ascending the throne, he marched with his troops to the north of Vaigai and defeated the chieftain Evvi II. He then headed west and captured the Aayi territory controlled by another chieftain, Atiyan. Both Evvi II and Atiyan were made commanders of the Pandyan army for his battles against Kongu country that was further west. From here he expanded the Pandyan kingdom almost to the western coast, which earned him the title Vidambalamba Ninra Pandyan (the Pandyan whose kingdom was washed by two seas). Since he was responsible for expanding the Pandyan kingdom by annexing several kingdoms, he was also called Pannadu thantha Pandyan (the Pandyan who annexed many lands).  His successor, Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi, was also a great warrior and carried the devastation into enemy territories. He performed yagas with the aid of Brahmin priests, similar to the tradition in northern India at that time.\n\nThe next king in the hierarchy was Nedunj Cheliyan III, who is considered the greatest of all the early Pandyan kings. Since the Pandyan kingdom was considerably larger than a few generations ago, he had to defend it against many neighbors invading from various fronts. Not only did he succeed in defending his territory, he also seems to have advanced into the enemy territories \u2013 the southern province of Cholas and eastern province of the Cheras. At one point, it is said that a coalition of his neighbors including the Cheras, Cholas and five other kingdoms, met him at a pitched battle in Talaialanganam, in present-day Tanjore district. Nedunj Cheliyan emerged victorious in the battle that ensued and ended up annexing several new territories to his kingdom. He thus came to be known as Talaialanganathu Seruvendra Pandyan. The genealogy after this king is not very clear but there are at least four other kings who are thought to have ruled in the immediate succeeding generations. Notable among them were, Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan for the fact that he conquered the town of Musiri on the coast of the Arabian Sea and Ukkirap Peruvaludi for the fact that it was in his court that the famous poet Tiruvalluvar submitted his much-acclaimed work Tirukkural.\n\nGovernment\n\nThe head of the Government was the king, a hereditary monarch. His power was restricted by the Aimberunguzhu (Tamil: \u0b90\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1) or the Five Great Assemblies, which consisted of the representatives of the people, priests, physicians, astrologers and the ministers. There was another assembly of officials that served the king called the Enberaayam (Tamil: \u0b8e\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd) or the Eight Groups of Attendants. While some scholars believe it consisted of attendants on the king\u2019s person like the perfumers, dressing valets, etc., others believe it consisted of more important persons like the people of the capital city, the leaders of the elephant corps and of the cavalry. The principal officers of State were the high priest, the chief astrologer, the ministers and the commanders of the army. The king divided his territory into a number of administrative units or principalities, each called a Kootram (Tamil: \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd). A Kootram was further divided into provinces called Mandalam, which in turn was divided into many sub-provinces called Nadus, with each Nadu consisting of many villages. A locality inside a town or village was called Ur and each neighborhood inside an Ur was called a Cheri. While the king ruled over his entire territory from the capital, he often placed one or more principalities (Kootram) under the near-sovereign government of some senior member of the royal family or a feudatary. The village was the most fundamental unit of administration under the Pandyas. The affairs of a village were the responsibility of its elders, who supervised the judicial, administrative and financial functions. \n\nJustice was administered free of charge, by special officers appointed as judges and magistrates, but the king was supreme and the final arbiter in all civil and criminal cases. Mortgage, lease, trust property, loans, breach of contract were some common sources of civil litigation, while criminal offences included theft, adultery, forgery and treason. The punishments were very severe and hence crimes were rare: one caught in the act of burglary, adultery or spying was given the death penalty and one giving false testimony would have his tongue cut off. The king was the chief commander of the army and usually led his army in the battlefield. The military was said to be fourfold : the infantry, the cavalry, the elephantry and the chariotry. A wide variety of war weapons filled the military arsenal including shields, swords, spears, tridents, maces, bows and arrows. The main sources of royal revenue were taxes, tributes, customs duties and tolls. Land tax, paid in money or in kind, and income tax, equal to one-sixth of an individual\u2019s income, were the major types of taxes collected. Other sources of revenue include tributes paid by feudal subordinates, war booty presents by loyal and visiting subjects, treasure troves besides land revenue, cess and forced gifts. The items incurring expenditure for the king include the military, gifts to poets and temples, maintenance of educational and health services, building infrastructure such as roads and irrigation and the palace household expenses.\n\nSociety\n\nThe Tamil society during the early Pandyan age had several class distinctions among the people, which were different from the Brahminical classification of Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.\n\nWomen were exposed to education, a fact testified by the presence of many women poets in the Sangam works \u2013 some of them include Avvaiyar, Mudatamakkanniar, Kaakkaippaadiniyaar, Naachchellayaar, Naagaiyaar, Nanmullaiyaar, Ponmudiyaar, Ilaveyiniyaar and Nappasaliyaar.\n\nA variety of clothing was used by people during this age, including those made of cotton and silk. People living in hilly and deserted areas wore dresses made of foliage and flowers. Sheaths of grassy weeds (Korai) were used for making dress by the hill and forest area people. Skins of animals and barks of trees were also used. Men of the poorer classes wore only one piece of cloth around the waist. Women covered their upper body with a kind of dress called, kachchu. Among the higher classes, men wore two pieces: one around the waist and the other, the upper cloth, thrown over the shoulders. Women of sophisticated society wore half sarees, made of the finest cotton and silk fabrics, with embroidery. Both men and women sported long tresses of hair. The diet was plain, rice being the staple cereal, with millet, milk, butter and honey being in common use. Meat eating was common - people ate flesh of rams, deer, hare, fowl, porcupines, pigs and boar, fresh and dried fish. The kind of housing was determined by the type of geography of the land and the economic status of the occupants. The rich built their houses with tiled roofs and walls made of burnt bricks and mud, while the poor built their huts with mud and thatched it with grass, coconut leaves or palmyra palm leaves. Both in the huts and houses, the flooring was smeared with cowdung. The affluent had houses with porticoes, many storeys, open terraces and furnished their houses well. The inner walls of their houses were decorated with flowers and paintings, with cottages to protect them from the wind. Cots were in common use \u2013 the rich had luxurious beds decked with swan\u2019s feathers and flowers, while the common people had beds woven with the straw of maize and the poorest people used beds made of grass or hay.\n\nCulture\n\nReligion\n\nEconomy\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Tamil history\nCategory:Pandyan dynasty\nCategory:Ancient Tamil Nadu\nCategory:Tamilakam"}
-{"text": "36th parallel south\n\nThe 36th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 36 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America.\n\nAround the world\nStarting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 36\u00b0 south passes through:\n\n{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\"\n! scope=\"col\" width=\"125\" | Co-ordinates\n! scope=\"col\" | Country, territory or ocean\n! scope=\"col\" | Notes\n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Atlantic Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" |\n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Indian Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" |\n|-\n| \n! scope=\"row\" | \n| South Australia - Kangaroo Island\n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Indian Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | D'Estrees Bay, Backstairs Passage and Encounter Bay\n|-valign=\"top\"\n| \n! scope=\"row\" | \n| \n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Pacific Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Tasman Sea\n|-\n| \n! scope=\"row\" | \n| North Island\n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Pacific Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Passing just south of the Hen and Chicken Islands,  Passing just north of Great Barrier Island, \n|-\n| \n! scope=\"row\" | \n| Maule Region\n|-\n| \n! scope=\"row\" | \n| The parallel defines part of the border between Mendoza Province and La Pampa Province, and part of the border between San Luis Province and La Pampa Province\n|-\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | \n! scope=\"row\" style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" | Atlantic Ocean\n| style=\"background:#b0e0e6;\" |\n|}\n\nSee also \n35th parallel south\n37th parallel south\n\ns36\nCategory:Borders of Argentina"}
-{"text": "St\u00e9phane Hillel\n\nSt\u00e9phane Hillel (born 1955) is a French stage, film and television actor.\n\nSelected filmography\n \u00c0 nous les petites Anglaises (1976)\n Arr\u00eate ton char... bidasse! (1977)\n The Wonderful Day (1980)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Pr\u00e9vand. Camus, Sartre... et \"Les Autres. Editions Lansman, 1996.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1955 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:French male film actors\nCategory:French male television actors"}
-{"text": "Tomoko Ukishima\n\nis a Japanese politician of the New Komeito Party, a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Suginami, Tokyo and high school graduate, she was elected for the first time in 2004.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website in Japanese.\n\nCategory:Members of the House of Councillors (Japan)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1963 births\nCategory:People from Suginami\nCategory:New Komeito politicians"}
-{"text": "Trexx and Flipside\n\nTrexx and Flipside is a multi-platform British sitcom shown as part of BBC Three's spring schedule. It follows the story of Trexx and Flipside, two \"wannabe hip hop stars\". The duo are managed by \"Wu Hah Management\", as shown in the first episode. The show premiered on Sunday, 6 July 2008 at 11PM.\n\nThe cast includes Rebecca Atkinson, known to British audiences for her work on Shameless. It also stars Rich Fulcher, who shot to fame as Bob Fossil in the cult TV hit The Mighty Boosh, and BBC 1Xtra DJ MistaJam as Trexx. David Ajala, who plays 'Flipside', has played Sean Campbell on Dream Team and had recently appeared in 'The Dark Knight', credited as 'Bounty Hunter #2', and appears in the scene where The Joker is brought in a bin-liner to the residence of one of the Gotham Mobsters. The show also starred Actor and musician Tyronne Lewis (Eastenders, Casualty, Teachers) as Trexx and Flipside's nemesis B-ICE.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2008 British television series debuts\nCategory:2008 British television series endings\nCategory:2000s British comedy television series\nCategory:BBC high definition programmes\nCategory:BBC television sitcoms\nCategory:2000s British teen sitcoms\nCategory:English-language television programs"}
-{"text": "List of mayors of North Sydney\n\nThis is a list of mayors of the North Sydney Council, a local government area in the lower north shore region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.\n\nThe Council was incorporated initially on 29 July 1890 as the Borough of North Sydney. Initially elected by alderman of the Council, since 1983 the mayor has been directly elected for a four-year term by the voters in the local government area. The official title of mayors while holding office is His/Her Worship the Mayor of the North Sydney Council.\n\nThe current mayor of North Sydney Council is Cr. Jilly Gibson, an independent politician, elected on 8 September 2012. Gibson was first elected on 8 September 2012 and was re-elected for a second term on 9 September 2017.\n\nHistory\nThe area now covered by North Sydney Council originally comprised three municipalities: the Borough of East St Leonards from 1860 (Kirribilli, Cremorne Point, Milsons Point), the Borough of St Leonards from 1867 (Cammeray, Mosman, Waverton, Wollstonecraft) and the very small Borough of Victoria from 1871 (McMahons Point and parts of North Sydney and Lavender Bay). These boroughs lasted until 29 July 1890 when they merged to form the \"Borough of North Sydney\".\n\nFollowing a petition submitted by residents in 1892, on 11 April 1893 the Mossman Ward of North Sydney confirmed its separation as the Borough of Mosman, being proclaimed by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Frederick Darley. From 28 December 1906, following the passing of the Local Government Act, 1906, the council was renamed as the \"Municipality of North Sydney\". With the passing of the Local Government Act, 1993, the Municipality of North Sydney was legally renamed as North Sydney Council and aldermen were renamed councillors.\n\nA referendum passed at the 9 September 2017 election altered the system of electing the mayor. Starting in 2020, the mayor will no longer be directly-elected and will be elected by the councillors from among their members for a two-year term.\n\nList of incumbents\n\nThe following individuals has served as the Mayor of North Sydney Council, or any predecessor titles.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n*Mayors of North Sydney\nNorth Sydney\nMayors North Sydney"}
-{"text": "Eleni Mandell\n\nEleni Mandell (born in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Since 2000, she has published albums through Zedtone Records in Toronto, Ontario, which in 2012 began licensing her releases to Yep Roc in the United States, and Make My Day in Europe. She is also a member of folk supergroup The Living Sisters with Inara George and Becky Stark.\n\nMandell attended punk and underground rock shows while growing up in Los Angeles in the 1980s. She was inspired as a young songwriter by Tom Waits, X, Bob Dylan, Leonard Cohen, and Randy Newman. Chuck E. Weiss, a socialite musician and associate of Tom Waits, was a mentor to Mandell.\n\nEleni Mandell's first album, Wishbone (1998), was produced by Jon Brion. Her second album, Thrill, was released in 2000, earning her comparisons to PJ Harvey and Tom Waits. Around 2001, The New Yorker magazine described Mandell \"as perhaps the best unsigned artist in the business.\" In the same year, Mandell won the Los Angeles Regional Poll at The 1st Independent Music Awards for the song \"Pauline.\" In 2003, she released Country For True Lovers, which was produced by X guitarist Tony Gilkyson. Miracle of Five (2007) featured contributions from Wilco guitarist Nels Cline and X drummer DJ Bonebrake.\n\nMandell's eighth full-length release, I Can See the Future (2012), was her first album to be licensed by Yep Roc, a U.S. record label. Produced by Joe Chiccarelli (The Shins, The Strokes, White Stripes), guest appearances include drummer Joey Waronker (Beck, Atoms for Peace), saxophonist Steve Berlin (Los Lobos), a duet with Benji Hughes, backing vocals throughout by Becky Stark and Inara George (The Living Sisters), and arrangements by Nate Walcott (Bright Eyes).\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n Wishbone | Mr. Charles (1998)\n Thrill | Zedtone (2000)\n Snakebite | Space Baby (2001)\n Country for True Lovers | Zedtone (2003)\n Afternoon | Zedtone (2004)\n Miracle of Five | Zedtone (2007)\n Voxhall and WUK (live) | Mr. Charles (2007)\n Artificial Fire | Zedtone (2009)\n I Can See the Future | Yep Roc (2012)\n Let's Fly A Kite | Yep Roc (2014)\n Dark Lights Up | Yep Roc (2015)\n Wake Up Again | Yep Roc (2019)\n\nSingles and EPs\n \"Turn On the Lights\" b/w \"I Still Think About You\" (7\") | Heart of a Champion (2001)\n \"Los Fishes\" (split 7\" with Mike Gunther) | Heart of a Champion (2004)\n Maybe, Yes [EP] | Heart of a Champion (2004)\n \"Dis-Moi Au Revoir Encore\" b/w \"Francais 1\" (7\") | Bonsound (2007)\n\nAlso featured on (as full group member)\n The Grabs - Sex, Fashion, And Money | The Grabs Records (2005)\n The Living Sisters - Love To Live | Vanguard (2010)\n The Grabs - Political Disco | Heart OF A Champion (2011)\n The Living Sisters - Run For Cover | Vanguard (2013)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Zedtone Records\n Eleni Mandell at Yep Roc Records\n Make My Day Records\n Eleni Mandell at NPR.org\n Eleni Mandell at Answers.com\n Live video of Eleni Mandell at scheduletwo.com\n Concert photos by Laurent Orseau\n The Dreamboat An Eleni Mandell Yahoo Group\n\nCategory:Songwriters from California\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American female singer-songwriters\nCategory:American singer-songwriters\nCategory:1969 births\nCategory:Independent Music Awards winners\nCategory:University of California, Berkeley alumni\nCategory:Musicians from Los Angeles\nCategory:Yep Roc Records artists"}
-{"text": "Murr, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg\n\nMurr is a municipality in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is situated on the river Murr, 2\u00a0km upstream from its confluence with the Neckar and about 9\u00a0km northeast of Ludwigsburg.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ludwigsburg (district)"}
-{"text": "Kevin Huezo\n\nKevin Huezo (born July 21, 1991 in California, USA) is an American professional footballer who plays for Murci\u00e9lagos  of Ascenso MX.\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Liga MX players\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from California\nCategory:Mexican footballers\n\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position"}
-{"text": "Saint Felix School\n\nSaint Felix School is a 2\u201318 mixed, independent, day and boarding school in Reydon, Southwold, Suffolk, England. It was founded in 1897 as a girls' school by Margaret Isabella Gardiner.\n\nBy September 1902, the present site of the school had been purchased and the first four boarding houses and teaching block completed. In 1910, the Gardiner Hall, Library, and Clough House were built. The school accommodates babies and toddlers in the St Felix Nursery, and children up to the age of 18 in the Sixth Form. The school offers boarding throughout the term, weekly, or 'flexi' boarding. The current head is Mr James Harrison.\n\nNotable alumni \n\n Jane Benham MBE \u2013 played a significant role in preserving Thames sailing barges\n Dorothea Braby \u2013 artist and illustrator\n Natalie Caine \u2013 woodwind player\n Constance Coltman \u2013 the first woman ordained to Christian ministry in Britain\n Nora David, Baroness David, politician and life peer\n Nick Griffin \u2013 Former BNP leader and MEP for North West England (1999\u20132014)\n\n Lilias Rider Haggard MBE, daughter of Sir Henry Rider Haggard and an author in her own right\n Norman Heatley \u2013 biochemist\n Emily Beatrix Coursolles Jones \u2013 novelist\n Nancy Lyle \u2013 tennis player\n Violet Helen Millar, later Countess Attlee, wife of Clement Attlee\n Mother Maribel of Wantage \u2013 Anglican nun and artist\n Anna Russell \u2013 singer and comedian\n Enid Russell-Smith DBE \u2013 civil servant\n Mary Snell-Hornby \u2013 translation scholar\n Constance Tipper \u2013 metallurgist and crystallographer\n Hannah Waterman \u2013 actress\n Phyllis Gardner \u2013 artist and dog breeder\n Stella Browne \u2013 feminist and abortion law reformer\n Katherine Laird Cox \u2013 model, magistrate\n\nNotable staff \n Anne Mustoe, headmistress from 1978 to 1987\n\nSee also \n List of schools in Suffolk\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Profile on the ISC website\n\nCategory:Independent schools in Suffolk\nCategory:Boarding schools in Suffolk\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1897\nCategory:1897 establishments in England\nCategory:Reydon"}
-{"text": "Istv\u00e1n F\u00fcl\u00f6p\n\nIstv\u00e1n F\u00fcl\u00f6p (born 4 May 1958) is a Hungarian politician, member of the National Assembly (MP) for M\u00e1t\u00e9szalka (Szabolcs-Szatm\u00e1r-Bereg County Constituency IX) between 2002 and 2014.\n\nHe was a member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) until 2004 when expelled from the party along with other members of the Lakitelek Group led by S\u00e1ndor Lezs\u00e1k. They founded the National Forum which alliance with the Fidesz in that year. F\u00fcl\u00f6p, later, joined Fidesz in 2005. He was the President of the Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg county government from 2006 to 2008.\n\nPersonal life\nHe is married. His wife is Judit F\u00fcl\u00f6pn\u00e9 Kecsk\u00e9s. They have two sons, Arnold and \u00c1kos.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1958 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed Christians\nCategory:Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians\nCategory:Fidesz politicians\nCategory:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2002\u20132006)\nCategory:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006\u20132010)\nCategory:Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010\u20132014)\nCategory:People from V\u00e1s\u00e1rosnam\u00e9ny"}
-{"text": "Selimitsa\n\nSelimitsa () is a peak rising to 2,041\u00a0m west of Torfeno Branishte Nature Reserve in northwestern Vitosha Mountain in Bulgaria.  The northern slopes of the peak are occupied by the ski runs of Konyarnika Ski Centre.  Linked by tracks to Kumata Chalet and Zlatnite Mostove Tourist Centre to the north, Selimitsa Chalet, Kladnitsa Monastery and Kladnitsa Village to the west, Matnitsa River valley and Chuypetlovo Village to the south, and the mountain's summit Cherni Vrah to the east.\n\nSee also\n\n Vitosha\n\nReferences\n Vitosha Mountain\n Summit Post: Vitosha\n Vitosha Nature Park. Website.\n Zone Bulgaria: Vitosha\n Vitosha Map.\n\nCategory:Vitosha\nCategory:Landforms of Sofia City Province\nCategory:Mountains of Bulgaria\nCategory:Two-thousanders of Bulgaria"}
-{"text": "LiAngelo Ball\n\nLiAngelo Robert Ball (born November 24, 1998) is an American basketball player who last played for the Los Angeles Ballers of the Junior Basketball Association (JBA). Ball has previously played for BC Prienai of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL).\n\nA 6-foot-5, 215-pound shooting guard, he had originally signed to play with the UCLA Bruins as a three-star recruit but withdrew from the university after he was suspended for a shoplifting arrest in China in November 2017. Ball competed for Chino Hills High School in Chino Hills, California for four years, gaining national exposure in 2015\u201316 while playing with his brothers: current New Orleans Pelicans point guard Lonzo and former UCLA commit LaMelo Ball. His father LaVar grew into a media personality starting in 2016 with Lonzo's success at UCLA.\n\nAt Chino Hills, Ball led his team in scoring for multiple seasons and averaged a state-high 33.8 points per game as a senior. When he was a junior, he helped his team, which starred both of his brothers, complete an undefeated season and win the state championship. In his final season, he drew attention for high scoring outputs, including a 72-point game and several efforts of 50 or more points. Through his years with Chino Hills, Ball earned All-Area and All-State honors on multiple occasions. He finished his high school career among the top scorers in CIF Southern Section history.\n\nEarly life\nBall was born to LaVar and Tina Ball in Anaheim, California. At 6\u00a0ft 4 in (1.93), LaVar played basketball at Washington State of the NCAA Division I, as well as West Los Angeles College and Cal State Los Angeles. A former football player at high school and Long Beach City College, he later played with the London Monarchs of the World League of American Football (WLAF) on loan from the New York Jets. Tina, who stands 6\u00a0ft (1.8 m), is also a former college basketball player out of Cal State Los Angeles.\n\nIn his childhood, Ball often played basketball against older opponents, facing teams of fourth and fifth-graders while in kindergarten. He started working out and training by age four and first competed with both of his brothers, Lonzo and LaMelo, at age six. As a seven-year-old, he also began playing flag football with his brothers. While Lonzo was a quarterback, LiAngelo and LaMelo caught passes. On the basketball court, LiAngelo grew up playing with his brothers on Big Ballers VXT, an Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) under-17 team created by their father and coached by both parents.\n\nHigh school career\n\nFreshman \nIn his freshman season in 2013\u201314, Ball began playing for Chino Hills High School in Chino Hills, California, where he was coached by Steve Baik and was a member of a starting lineup that featured his brother Lonzo Ball, a sophomore at the time. On December 4, 2013, he scored 13 points, with six in the second quarter, in a 72\u201363 win over Pasadena High School. He recorded 24 points on December 19 to defeat Rancho Cucamonga High School, as Chino Hills posted a school-record 122 points. Following the performance, the Los Angeles Times labeled the one-two punch of LiAngelo and Lonzo Ball as \"quite a duo.\" In early March 2014, Chino Hills made its first-ever CIF Southern Section Open Division championship game appearance, with LiAngelo scoring 14 points in a 48\u201344 loss to Mater Dei High School. On March 22, he notched 10 points as his team fell in overtime to Centennial High School at the Southern California Regional Division I final.\n\nSophomore \nIn the summer prior to his 2014\u201315 sophomore campaign for Chino Hills, Ball suffered a foot injury, keeping him out of a tournament at Fairfax High School in June 2014. On September 14, 2014, he scored 30 points to beat Cathedral High School, 104\u201396, at the Ron Massey Memorial Fall Hoops Classic. He helped his team win the event by scoring 35 points, with seven three-pointers, in a title game victory against Maranatha High School. He averaged almost 30 points per game at the tournament and shared most valuable player (MVP) accolades with Lonzo. Entering the season, Chino Hills was ranked the 22nd best high school team in the nation by MaxPreps, and Ball, who was considered one of its key returning players with Lonzo, was joined by cousin Andre Ball. In the quarterfinals of a tournament hosted by Maranatha High School in December 2014, Ball tallied 53 points in a 111\u201380 win over Dorsey High School. He concluded the event with 33 points versus Maranatha as his team finished in third place. On January 31, 2015, in another win over Maranatha at the Fairfax State Preview Classic, Ball scored a game-high 36 points. Towards the end of his sophomore season, a severe ankle sprain sidelined him for four games, but he managed to return for the playoffs. On March 28, Chino Hills reached the CIF State Division I championship game, where they lost in double overtime to San Ramon Valley High School, 79\u201371, despite 23 points and a game-tying three-pointer in overtime from Ball. Following the season, on April 21, he verbally committed to play college basketball for the UCLA Bruins, becoming the program's first verbal commit from the class of 2017. He was rated a three-star recruit by Rivals.com.\n\nJunior \nEntering Ball's junior season in 2015\u201316, USA Today High School Sports ranked Chino Hills as the 8th best team in the country. In November 2015, MaxPreps named them among its early contenders for the high school basketball season. With the team's introduction of LiAngelo's younger brother and freshman LaMelo, who was expected to immediately contribute, its roster featured all three Ball brothers: LaMelo, LiAngelo, and Lonzo Ball. The roster also featured their cousin, Andre. In Chino Hills' season opener on November 30, 2015, LiAngelo Ball scored 20 points in a 131\u201342 victory over San Bernardino High School at the Battle Zone tournament in Centennial High School. He recorded 27 points in the event's championship, leading Chino Hills to a 106\u201386 win against Foothills Christian High School. Ball drew attention at the City of Palms Classic in December 2015, where he scored 32 points to upset top-ranked Montverde Academy in the quarterfinals. He followed up with a 40-point semifinals effort versus High Point Christian Academy, shooting 13-of-27 from the field, as his team eventually won the title game in overtime. Ball earned City of Palms Classic All-Tournament honors.\n\nBy 2016, Chino Hills was ranked as the number-one team in the nation and was drawing attention across the United States. In a match-up with Jonesboro High School at the MaxPreps Holiday Classic, Ball had 41 points and helped Chino Hills win the tournament with 21 points in the final game. On February 11, he led all scorers with 32 points against Etiwanda High School, as Chino Hills finished the regular season with a 27\u20130 record. The team was known for its fast-paced offense, scoring over 100 points in 18 games in 2015\u201316. In the following week, Ball and his brothers were the focus of a story by The New York Times titled \"High Octane Is a Brotherly Blend.\" In the CIF Southern Section Open Division semifinals on February 27, he chipped in a game-high 34 points to defeat Mater Dei High School, 102\u201354. He scored 31 points in his next game to claim the section title over Sierra Canyon School. Chino Hills built off its success in the state playoffs in March, as Ball recorded 27 points to help his team beat Bishop Montgomery High School and earn a state championship berth. On March 26, he had 18 points and seven rebounds to win the title game over De La Salle High School at Sleep Train Arena in Sacramento, California, closing out Chino Hills' 35\u20130 season. As a junior, Ball averaged a team-high 27.4 points per game and earned MaxPreps second-team all-state and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin first-team All-Area accolades. His team was named mythical national champion by MaxPreps, who also labeled their title run \"perhaps the best brother act in high school basketball history.\"\n\nSenior \nFor Ball's senior season in 2016\u201317, Chino Hills lost star point guard Lonzo Ball and head coach Steve Baik, hiring Stephan Gilling at the latter position. Regardless, the team was considered the 12th best in the nation by USA Today High School Sports. Ball quickly made headlines in his final season for his high-scoring performances at the Battle Zone tournament in November 2016. On November 29, he recorded 56 points in a 121\u201389 win over Lutheran High School of Orange County at the event. In his following game of the tournament, which was played on the next day, Ball scored 72 points, with 13 three-pointers, to defeat Rancho Christian School, 128\u2013108. At the time, it was the 10th highest individual scoring total in California high school basketball history. In the Battle Zone championship game later in the week against Long Beach Polytechnic High School, Ball scored 28 points and made a game-winning three-pointer. He claimed tournament MVP honors. He had another strong showing on December 26, when he scored 65 points in a Rancho Mirage Holiday Invitational win over Foothill High School.\n\nIn January 2017, MaxPreps announced Ball as a front runner for the website's player of the year award, even though he was not a candidate for the McDonald's All-American Game. On January 20, 2017, Ball scored 60 points to lead Chino Hills to a 136\u201393 triumph versus Los Osos High School. Seven days later, he notched 52 points and 10 three-pointers in a victory against Damien High School. Gilling said after the game, \"I've known Gelo a long time, and those shots are part of his genetic makeup.\" On February 4, Ball lost his first high school game since 2015, with Oak Hill Academy ending Chino Hills' 60-game winning streak, the third-longest in California history. In the first round of the CIF Southern Section Open Division Playoffs versus JSerra Catholic High School on February 17, he scored a game-high 33 points en route to a 105\u201374 victory. His team fell in the playoff semifinals to Bishop Montgomery High School, who overcame a 25-point performance by Ball to win, 87\u201380. After a 30\u20133 season, he was named All-Area Player of the Year by The San Bernardino Sun and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin and earned CIF Southern Section All-Open Division honors. Ball was also a first-team All-State and honorable mention All-American selection by MaxPreps. In addition, he averaged 33.8 points per game as a senior, leading the state of California in scoring. Ball's season total of 1,018 points ranked 10th all-time for CIF Southern Section (CIF-SS) players. He also finished high school as the fourth-leading scorer in CIF-SS history, with 2,918 career points.\n\nCollege career\nDespite his success at Chino Hills, Ball remained a largely unheralded prospect and was rated a consensus three-star recruit out of high school. 247Sports.com ranked him outside of their top-200 recruits nationally and as the 50th best shooting guard in his class. Having already committed to play for the UCLA Bruins as a high school sophomore, Ball signed a letter of intent on November 2, 2016, and finally enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles on June 1, 2017. He was projected to be a reserve for during his 2017\u201318 freshman season for UCLA, whose backcourt was led by freshman Jaylen Hands and junior Aaron Holiday. He played his only game with the Bruins in the preseason on November 1, 2017, against NCAA Division II team Cal State Los Angeles, scoring 11 points and shooting 4-of-8 from the field.\n\nHangzhou shoplifting incident\nOn November 7, 2017, days before UCLA's regular season opener against Georgia Tech in Shanghai, China, Ball and two other freshman teammates were arrested in Hangzhou for allegedly stealing sunglasses from a Louis Vuitton store at a high-end shopping center near their team hotel. The trio potentially faced a fine and three to ten years in prison. Soon after, Ball and his teammates were released from custody and they flew back to America. White House Chief of Staff John F. Kelly credited efforts by U.S. President Donald Trump and the United States Department of State for the result. Meanwhile, Trump demanded the players thank him for his efforts. In a subsequent press conference, Ball admitted to stealing and thanked Trump for helping him leave China, although he added that the university forced him to add the thanks to his speech. On March 3, 2018, ESPN reported that the three players had also stolen sunglasses and bracelets from two other stores within 90 minutes of their first theft, the players had been bailed out before the public learned of their arrests, and that the charges against the players had been dropped two days before any involvement by President Trump or Chief of Staff Kelly occurred.\n\nAs a result of his shoplifting incident, Ball was suspended indefinitely from the UCLA basketball program. On December 4, he announced that he planned to withdraw from UCLA; his father LaVar had grown frustrated over the length of the suspension. Had Ball stayed at UCLA, he would have remained suspended for the rest of the season.\n\nProfessional career\n\nPrienai (2018)\nAlthough Ball was not considered a prospect at the time for the National Basketball Association (NBA), he planned on preparing for the 2018 NBA draft with LaVar Ball following his departure from UCLA. On December 11, 2017, he signed with BC Prienai of the Lithuanian Basketball League (LKL), along with his younger brother LaMelo, who was also skipping college basketball after dropping out from Chino Hills before his junior year. They signed contracts for the remainder of the season, with both sides having the option to terminate the deal after one month. Ball started playing for the team in January 2018, with his debut coming on January 9 at the Big Baller Brand Challenge Games, a friendly five-game series hosted by Prienai and designed to feature LiAngelo and LaMelo Ball. \n\nIn his professional debut in the 2017\u201318 LKL season, Ball failed to score, shooting 0-of-3 from the field in limited playing time as his team fell to Lietkabelis Panev\u0117\u017eys. In his second LKL game, Ball recorded a game-high 20 points and 3 rebounds in a 116\u201393 loss to Pieno \u017evaig\u017ed\u0117s Pasvalys. On February 4, Ball scored 25 points, with 6 three-pointers, in a loss to \u017dalgiris Kaunas. A week later, he made his first start for Prienai, recording 13 points in a 97\u201395 victory over \u0160iauli\u0173 \u0160iauliai. On March 25, Ball posted a season-high 28 points, with 6 three-pointers, in a loss to Nev\u0117\u017eis K\u0117dainiai.\n\nOn March 27, 2018, Ball announced that he would enter the 2018 NBA draft, even though most analysts believed that he was a long shot to be selected. In an exhibition game later in the day, he erupted for 72 points and 11 rebounds against a youth squad for the Chinese club Guangdong Southern Tigers. Sports website SB Nation criticized the low level of competition and lack of defense in the game, viewing it as an attempt to \"get LiAngelo buzz\" after his draft entry. On April 19, Ball injured his ankle and left early versus Juventus Utena. On April 25, it was announced that both Ball and his brother were leaving Prienai, with their father displaying resentment towards the team's head coach Virginijus \u0160e\u0161kus. He finished the LKL season averaging 12.6 points and 2.7 rebounds per game, shooting 41.5% from the three-point line. Ball was not selected at the 2018 NBA draft.\n\nLos Angeles Ballers (2018)\nOn July 9, 2018, Ball signed with the Los Angeles Ballers of the Junior Basketball Association, a league founded by his father as an alternative to college basketball. In his season debut on July 14, he tallied 53 points, 10 rebounds, and 10 assists. Ball recorded a season-high 54 points, with 21-of-49 shooting, and 16 rebounds in a 130\u2013122 win over the Chicago Ballers. Through four regular season games, he averaged a league-high 51.8 points and 12 rebounds per game. Ball was named to the West roster for the JBA All-Star Game and was named co-MVP of the game after scoring 39 points. Ball recorded 39 points, 15 rebounds, 7 assists, and 3 steals in a 202\u2013189 win to claim the All-Star Game MVP award. In his first playoff game, he led all scorers with 58 points in a 157\u2013134 win over the Philadelphia Ballers. On August 12, Ball recorded 58 points, 11 rebounds, and 6 assists in a Finals victory over the Seattle Ballers and was subsequently named Finals MVP. At the end of the season, Ball was among 14 players in the league named to the JBA USA Team, which faced several European teams on an international tour.\n\nOklahoma City Blue (2019-present)\nOn December 29, 2019, Ball signed with the Oklahoma City Blue of the NBA G League as a practice player.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nRegular season\n\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|2017\u201318\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|Prienai\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|LKL\n| 14 || 21.7 || .425 || .415 || .633 || 2.9 || 0.9 || 0.6 || 0.1 || 12.64\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"|2018\u2020\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|Los Angeles Ballers\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|JBA\n| 4 || 41.2 || .428 || .208 || .680 || 11.5 || 5.8 || 2.0 || 1.0 ||style=\"background:#cfecec;\" | 51.8*\n|-\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"3\"|Career\n| 18 || 31.5 || .427 || .312 || .657 || 7.2 || 3.3 || 1.3 || 0.6 || 32.2\n|}\n\nPlayoffs\n\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;background:#afe6ba;\"|2018\u2020\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|Los Angeles Ballers\n| style=\"text-align:left;\"|JBA\n| 3 || 40 || .437 || .377 || .652 || 8.7 || 3 || 2 || .3 || 47.3\n|-\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"3\"|Career\n| 3 || 40 || .437 || .377 || .652 || 8.7 || 3 || 2 || .3 || 47.3\n|}\nUpdated to match(es) played on August 13, 2018.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLiAngelo Ball at Eurobasket.com\n\nCategory:1998 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American basketball players\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania\nCategory:American men's basketball players\nCategory:Basketball players from California\nCategory:BC Prienai players\nCategory:Junior Basketball Association players\nCategory:Shooting guards\nCategory:Sportspeople from Anaheim, California"}
-{"text": "Chrome alum\n\nChrome alum or Chromium(III) potassium sulfate is the potassium double sulfate of chromium. Its chemical formula is KCr(SO4)2 and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as KCr(SO4)2\u00b712(H2O).  It is used in leather tanning.\n\nProduction and properties\n\nChromium alum is produced from chromate salts or from ferrochromium alloys.  Concentrated aqueous solutions of potassium dichromate can be reduced, usually with sulfur dioxide but also with alcohols or formaldehyde, in the presence of sulfuric acid at temperatures <40\u00a0\u00b0C.  Alternatively and less commonly, ferrochromium alloys can be dissolved in sulfuric acid and, after precipitation of the ferrous sulfate, the chrome alum crystallizes upon addition of potassium sulfate. Chromium alum crystallizes in regular octahedra with flattened corners and is very soluble in water. The solution reddens litmus and is an astringent. Aqueous solutions are dark violet and turns green when it is heated above 50\u00a0\u00b0C.  In addition to the dodecahydrate, the hexahydrate KCr(SO4)2\u00b76H2O, dihydrate KCr(SO4)2\u00b72H2O, and the monohydrate KCr(SO4)2\u00b7H2O are known.\n\nUses\nChromium alum is used in the tanning of leather as chromium(III) stabilizes the leather by cross linking the collagen fibers within the leather. However, this application is obsolete because the simpler chromium(III) sulfate is preferred.\n\nIt was also used in gelatine emulsions in photographic film as hardener.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nChrome Alum: Mineral Data\n\nCategory:Sulfates\nCategory:Potassium compounds\nCategory:Chromium(III) compounds\nCategory:Coordination compounds\nCategory:Double salts"}
-{"text": "List of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in Utah\n\nThis is a list of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in the state of Utah.\n\nAs of 2013 there were eighteen breweries operating in the state. As of November 2017, this number had increased to 27, ranking 40th in total number of breweries and 38th in per capita number of breweries, with 1.4 per 100,000 people of age 21 and over. However, Utah is 27th in the total number of craft beer barrels produced, and 16th per capita..\n\nThere are also 14 distilleries and nine wineries currently operating in Utah.\n\nBreweries\n\nDistilleries and wineries\n\nSee also \n Beer in the United States\n List of breweries in the United States\n List of microbreweries\n Alcohol laws of Utah\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n https://www.beeradvocate.com/place/city/82/\n\n \nDistilleries in Utah\nUtah\nUtah\nUtah\nBreweries, Wineries, And Distilleries\nUtah\nCategory:American cuisine-related lists\nCategory:Food and drink companies based in Utah"}
-{"text": "Leen Barth\n\nLeendert Barth (born 11 January 1952 in Puttershoek) is a Dutch former football player. He was mainly a back-up goalkeeper who played his entire career in Belgium.\n\nPlaying career\n\nClub\nBarth started his career with Fortuna Vlaardingen. At the age of 19, he moved to RSC Anderlecht where he would soon become back-up goalie for Jan Ruiter, and later on for Jacky Munaron. Being denied a chance as first choice keeper, Leen Barth moved to a different Brussels side, Union SG. He stay there for one season.\n\nIn 1976, Leen Barth signed for Club Brugge. He play for them until 1981. Barth then went to cross city rivals Cercle Brugge where he remained until his retirement.\n\nInternational\nLeen Barth represented his country at youth level.\n\nManagerial career\nHe became coach of lower league clubs, FC Knokke and SK Torhout, and then quit football.\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nAnderlecht\nBelgian First Division (2): 1971\u201372, 1973\u201374\nBelgian Cup (3): 1971\u201372, 1972\u201373, 1974\u201375\n\nClub Brugge\nBelgian First Division (3): 1976\u201377, 1977\u201378, 1979\u201380\nBelgian Cup (1): 1976\u201377\nEuropean Cup finalist: 1977\u201378\n\nCercle Brugge\nBelgian Cup (1): 1984\u201385\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLeen Barth at Clubbrugge.be \nLeen Barth at Cerclemuseum.be \n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Binnenmaas\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Dutch footballers\nCategory:Netherlands under-21 international footballers\nCategory:Fortuna Vlaardingen players\nCategory:R.S.C. Anderlecht players\nCategory:Royale Union Saint-Gilloise players\nCategory:Club Brugge KV players\nCategory:Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Dutch expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Belgium\nCategory:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium"}
-{"text": "Puk\n\nPuk or PUK may refer to: \n\n Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), an Iraqi-Kurdish political party in Iraqi Kurdistan;\n PIN unlock key, code for resetting the personal identification number on mobile devices;\n Buk (puk), a traditional Korean drum."}
-{"text": "Thomas Bennett (MP for Hindon)\n\nThomas Bennett (1620 \u2013 1644) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons  from 1641 to 1644.\n\nBennett was the son of Thomas Bennett, of Pythouse, Wiltshire. He matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford on 13 October  1637 aged 17.\n\nIn 1641, Bennett was elected Member of Parliament for Hindon in the Long Parliament. He was disabled from sitting in 1644 and died in the same year.\n\nBennet was probably the father of Thomas Bennett,  MP for Shaftesbury.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1620 births\nCategory:1644 deaths\nCategory:English MPs 1640\u20131648\nCategory:People of the Stuart period"}
-{"text": "Sucha Wielka\n\nSucha Wielka  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zawonia, within Trzebnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany.\n\nIt lies approximately  west of Zawonia,  east of Trzebnica, and  north of the regional capital Wroc\u0142aw.\n\nReferences\n\nSucha Wielka"}
-{"text": "Zajezierze, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship\n\nZajezierze  (German Seegertswalde) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ma\u0142dyty, within Ostr\u00f3da County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately  south-west of Ma\u0142dyty,  north-west of Ostr\u00f3da, and  west of the regional capital Olsztyn.\n\nReferences\n\nZajezierze"}
-{"text": "Paguyuban Pasundan\n\nPaguyuban Pasundan (Sundanese language literally means Sundanese Circle of Friends) is a Sundanese cultural organization that was founded on 20 July 1913, to become the oldest organizations in Indonesia that still operates. During its existence, the organization has been moving in the field of education, socio-cultural, politics, economy, youth and women empowerment. Paguyuban Pasundan  works to preserve the Sundanese culture.\n\nPaguyuban Pasundan indirectly affected the establishment of Budi Utomo on Wednesday 20 May 1908. Considered the beginning of the Indonesian nation movement to independence, many Sundanese people who joined the organization. Branches of Budi Utomo also appeared in many places in West Java, such as in Bandung and Bogor. Sundanese membership in the Budi Utomo decreased drastically when the organisation seemed focused upon the population of Central Java and East Java .\n\nSundanese students in the STOVIA (School Tot Opleiding Voor Indlandsche Artsen) - Dutch East Indies' era medical school in Batavia (Jakarta), attempted to make the Sundanese people's organization. Next, the students aged about 22 years old, visit Daeng Kandoeroean Ardiwinata residence, who regarded as the Sundanese elders. In the visits, they stated purpose of the establishment of the organization at the same time ask D. K. Ardiwinata to become head of the organization.\n\nAfter D. K. Ardiwinata agreed, in Jakarta, on Sunday 20 July 1913 they held a meeting for the establishment of clubs. In the meeting, the establishment of the organization was agreed and they named the organization \"Pagoejoeban Pasoendan.\" They also set D. K. Ardiwinata as advisors and Dajat Hidajat (STOVIA's student) as chairman.\n\nBetween 1931 and 1942, Paguyuban Pasundan had a great reputation under the leadership of Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian national hero.\n\nToday, Paguyuban Pasundan's activities are dominated by activity in the field of education and socio-cultural. One of the milestones in the field of education struggle is the establishment of University of Pasundan in Bandung on Monday 14 November 1960. Paguyuban Pasundan now has 32 branch offices with 492 smaller branches. At least 12,300 people involved in this paguyuban. Sundanese cultural preservation in the era of globalization has become the main priority. Pasundan schools in primary and secondary education scattered in the area of West Java and Banten. In higher education, Paguyuban Pasundan has one university and three \"sekolah tinggi\" (colleges).\n\nIn 2011, Pasundan University has got the solely grant in Art to performe in some universities and cities in China.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Cribb, R. B. 2004. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. , \n  Ekajati, E. S. 2004. Kebangkitan Kembali Orang Sunda: Kasus Paguyuban Pasundan, 1913-1918. Bandung: Pusat Studi Sunda in cooperation with Kiblat.\n  Suharto. 2002. Pagoejoeban Pasoendan 1927-1942: Profil Pergerakan Etno-Nasionalis. Bandung: Satya Historika.\n Paguyuban Pasundan : A Sundanese Revival (1913-1918)\n\nCategory:Cultural organizations based in Indonesia\nCategory:Indonesian National Awakening\nCategory:Sundanese culture\nCategory:Organizations based in West Java"}
-{"text": "Gratzen Mountains\n\nThe Gratzen Mountains ( or, more rarely, Gratzener Gebirge; ) are part of the Bohemian Massif and run along either side of the border between the Czech Republic and the Austrian states of Upper and Lower Austria.\n\nGeography \nThe low mountain range covers an area of about 20\u00a0x\u00a030\u00a0km and lies roughly within the triangle formed by the towns of Budweis, Freistadt and Gm\u00fcnd.\n The Bohemian part of the range, known locally as the Novohradsk\u00e9 hory, runs from Nov\u00e9 Hrady () \u2013 via Bene\u0161ov nad \u010cernou (German: Beneschau) to Horn\u00ed Dvo\u0159i\u0161t\u011b (Oberhaid) on the Upper Austrian border.\n The Austrian part, the Freiwald, runs from Unterhaid/Leopoldschlag eastwards and crosses near Sandl\u00a0\u2013 south of the tripoints\u00a0\u2013 the border between M\u00fchlviertel and Waldviertel districts. There, the Weinsberg Forest branches off, while the main chain swings north to the Tischstein and Nebelstein. In all the summit region approximates the shape of an ellipse and forms the northern boundary of the Granite and Gneiss Highland.\n\nIts highest mountain is the Viehberg near Sandl which reaches 1,112\u00a0metres, but another  16\u00a0mountains exceed 1,000 metres in height. Of these, 13 lie on Austrian soil and 3 in Bohemia.\n\nThe area of the mountains on the Czech side of the border is 162\u00a0km\u00b2. Their highest point is the Kamenec (Steinberg, ) in the Pohorsk\u00e1 foothills and in the municipality of Pohorsk\u00e1 Ves.\n\nThe Freiwald is a major part of the natural region of the Freiwald and Weinsberg Forest.\n\nThe Lower Austrian part of the Freiwald is defined as a rural subregion (Teilraum) according to the conservation concept of the state.\n\nAfter die Wende, a nature park was established called the Novohradsk\u00e9 hory with many natural attractions like the Ter\u010dino \u00fadol\u00ed, \u017dof\u00ednsk\u00fd prales (Sophien-Urwald) and Hojn\u00e1 Voda (Heilbrunn). The region has remained largely unspoilt. As a result of its \nlocation on the Iron Curtain, the German Bohemians were forced out of the area after the Second World War and it remained inaccessible to tourists. After the border re-opened the trails were waymarked again and tourist infrastructure built.\n\nAbout three quarters of the region is covered in coniferous and deciduous forest. An almost unabating wind builds up in the autumn often into strong gales.\n\nIn the Gratzen Mountains rise the Lainsitz, Maltsch, Bucherser Bach, Strobnitz and Schwarzau rivers.\n\nMountains over 1,000 m \n Viehberg, 1,112 m\n Kamenec (Steinberg), 1,072 m\n Schwarze Mauer, 1,071 m\n Tischberg, 1,063 m\n Taufelberg, c. 1042 m\n Myslivna (Farrenberg), 1,040 m\n Haubenberg, 1,036 m\n Vysok\u00e1 (Hochwald), 1,034 m\n Hundsberg, 1,030 m\n Ahornstein, 1,019 m\n Nebelstein, 1,017 m\n Gattringerberg, 1,016 m\n Vorderer Schanzer Berg, c. 1,013 m\n Hinterer Schanzer Berg, 1,010 m\n Sepplberg, 1,004 m\n B\u00e4renstein, 1,003 m\n H\u00f6llberg, 1,000 m\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n www.novohradky.info\n\nCategory:Bohemian Massif\nCategory:Nature parks\nCategory:Mountain ranges of the Czech Republic\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Lower Austria\nCategory:Mountain ranges of Upper Austria"}
-{"text": "Florida, Gauteng\n\nFlorida, Gauteng is a location in Gauteng province, South Africa.  It is located about 16 kilometers west of Johannesburg. The area which is referred to as Florida was originally established as the farm Vogelstruisfontein. Today, it is a suburb of Roodepoort.\n\nHistory\n\nVogelstruisfontein and the farms Roodepoort and Paardekraal were established as mining camps after the discovery of gold in 1881. The suburb was laid out in 1889 and then proclaimed the following year on 14 April 1890 and by 1904 became a suburb of Roodepoort. It was either named after Florida, USA or the suburb's originator Hendrik van Hoven whose late niece was called Florrie.\n\nGeography\n\nCommunities\nAlthough Florida was declared as a white area during apartheid, more than half of Florida's residents today are coloured. This is mainly because it is in close proximity to the coloured townships of Bosmont, Coronationville, Newclare, Westbury and Riverlea. Florida Lake is a large area of water south of the railway line. It is flanked by residential properties to the north, and parklands to the east and west. \n\nThe main road through Florida, Goldman Street, forms the spine for local business activity and civic services. The local library is one of the best facilities of its kind in Johannesburg. The western end of Goldman street is home to a number of antique dealers specialising in Afrikana furniture.\n\nEconomy\n\nRetail\nFlora Centre is located in Florida Hills and is Florida\u2019s largest and most popular shopping centre.\n\nSports\nThe local sports field at Trezona Park is the home to Florida Albion Football Club as well as having facilities for hockey, cricket, tennis and squash.\n\nEducation\nIt is served by Florida Primary School, Florida Park High School, Afrikaans language Florida Ho\u00ebrskool and Florida Laerskool as well as Victory House Private School and Royal King's School. It is also served by Saint Catherine's Convent: a private all-girls Catholic School.\nIt also is home to a number of pre-schools; most notably, Barbara's Pre-Play School, which was established in 1984.\n\nInfrastructure\n\nTransportation\nThe railway station is on the Springs to Randfontein line with easy access to Johannesburg. there is a taxi rank around the area of the springs.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Johannesburg Region C"}
-{"text": "Valverde de Valdelacasa\n\nValverde de Valdelacasa is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca,  western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 63 kilometres from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 76 people.\n\nGeography\nThe municipality covers an area of 8\u00a0km\u00b2.  It lies 803 metres above sea level and the post code is 37791.\n\nSee also\nList of municipalities in Salamanca\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Municipalities in the Province of Salamanca\nCategory:Populated places in the Province of Salamanca"}
-{"text": "Church of Living Water, Istanbul\n\nThe Church of Living Water () is an Evangelical Christian church in Istanbul, Turkey.\nThe building lies in the Istanbul district of Osmanbey, in the neighborhood of Pangalti, along Ergenekon Caddesi.\n\nExternal links\nDirisu Kilisesi\n\nCategory:Churches in Istanbul\nCategory:\u015ei\u015fli"}
-{"text": "SM UB-87\n\nSM UB-87 was a German Type UB III submarine or U-boat in the German Imperial Navy () during World War I. She was commissioned into the German Imperial Navy on 27 December 1917 as SM UB-87.\n\n \nUB-87 was surrendered to France on 20 November 1918 in accordance with the requirements of the Armistice with Germany. She was broken up in Brest in 1921.\n\nConstruction\n\nShe was built by AG Weser of Bremen and following just under a year of construction, launched at Bremen on 10 November 1917. UB-87 was commissioned later that same year . Like all Type UB III submarines, UB-87 carried 10 torpedoes and was armed with a  deck gun. UB-87 would carry a crew of up to 3 officer and 31 men and had a cruising range of . UB-87 had a displacement of  while surfaced and  when submerged. Her engines enabled her to travel at  when surfaced and  when submerged.\n\nSummary of raiding history\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography \n\n \n\nCategory:German Type UB III submarines\nCategory:World War I submarines of Germany\nCategory:U-boats commissioned in 1917\nCategory:1917 ships\nCategory:Ships built in Bremen (state)"}
-{"text": "Justin Eleveld\n\nJustin Eleveld (born 26 May 1992) is a Dutch tennis player.\n\nEleveld has a career high ATP singles ranking of 828 achieved on 1 November 2010. He also has a career high ATP doubles ranking of 1727 achieved on 25 November 2019. \n\nEleveld won the 2010 Australian Open boys' doubles title, partnering Jannick Lupescu. They defeated Kevin Krawietz and Dominik Schulz in the final. Eleveld had a career high junior ranking of 24, achieved in 2010.\n\nJunior Grand Slam finals\n\nDoubles\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Dutch male tennis players\nCategory:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles\nCategory:Australian Open (tennis) junior champions"}
-{"text": "Push th' Little Daisies\n\n\"Push th' Little Daisies\" is a song by the band Ween, appearing on their third album, Pure Guava in 1992. It was released as a single in 1993. A music video was released, featuring Dean and Gene Ween eating various foods while fooling around (with cuts to a beautiful girl) and interspersed with them performing the song. The video (which replaced the word \"shit\" with a sample of Prince squealing) and song gained exposure after being critiqued on MTV show, Beavis and Butt-head.\n\nThe song was a hit in Australia, spending 13 weeks on the Australian singles chart and peaking at #18. It also came 40th in Triple J's annual Hottest 100 music poll in 1993. It was also successful on United States Alternative rock radio, charting at #21 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and is one of only two Ween songs\u2013the other being \"Voodoo Lady\"\u2013to chart on any Billboard chart.\n\nThe A.V. Club said, \"there\u2019s something undeniable about the madness of \"Push th\u2019 Little Daisies\", with its roots in alternative-nation open-mindedness, pop subversion, and lots of drugs. It\u2019s crazy catchy, too, even as it\u2019s deliberately annoying.\"\n\nThe song is mentioned in the book 1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die, on the appendix list of 10,001 songs recommended for download.\n\nSingle track listing\n\"Push th' Little Daisies\" (Shitless Radio Edit \u2013 No Shit) \u2013 2:49\n\"Push th' Little Daisies\" (Happier Than Shit Album Version) \u2013 2:49\n\"Ode to Rene\" \u2013 2:21\n\"I Smoke Some Grass (Really Really High)\" \u2013 7:45\n\"Mango Woman\" \u2013 2:23\n\"Push th' Little Daisies\" (Funky Drummer Mix) \u2013 2:52\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1993 singles\nCategory:Ween songs\nCategory:Elektra Records singles\nCategory:1993 songs\nCategory:Songs written by Gene Ween\nCategory:Songs written by Dean Ween"}
-{"text": "Harrisville, Ohio\n\nHarrisville is a village in Harrison County, Ohio, United States. The population was 235 at the 2010 census.\n\nDuring Morgan's Raid, a Union victory in the Civil War in 1863, Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan traveled through the Moorefield, Harrisville, New Athens, Smithfield, New Alexandria, Wintersville, Two Ridge, Richmond, East Springfield, Bergholz, and Monroeville on his way to defeat at the Battle of Salineville.\n\nHistory\n\nHarrisville was platted by John Wells, Thomas Gray, Store Hutchinson, and Robert Dutton on October 19, 1814. The plat was filed on January 9, 1815 with John Wells as proprietor.\n\nGeography\nHarrisville is located at  (40.181820, -80.886956).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.\n\nDemographics\n\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 235 people, 99 households, and 66 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 120 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 99.6% White and 0.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.\n\nThere were 99 households of which 29.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.3% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.86.\n\nThe median age in the village was 41.2 years. 18.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.5% were from 25 to 44; 30.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 51.5% male and 48.5% female.\n\n2000 census\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 259 people, 107 households, and 66 families living in the village. The population density was 1,713.3 people per square mile (666.7/km\u00b2). There were 121 housing units at an average density of 800.4 per square mile (311.5/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.61% White and 0.39% Asian.\n\nThere were 107 households out of which 33.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 29.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.08.\n\nIn the village, the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the village was $26,750, and the median income for a family was $38,438. Males had a median income of $31,563 versus $16,563 for females. The per capita income for the village was $13,732. About 3.3% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 10.9% of those sixty five or over.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Harrison County, Ohio\nCategory:Villages in Ohio"}
-{"text": "Brooks Thomas\n\nBenjamin Brooks Thomas (November 28, 1931 \u2013 February 5, 2010) was an American lawyer and executive of Harper & Row. He was the only child of Walter Horstmann Thomas, a Philadelphia Architect, and Ruth Sterling Boomer.\n\nThomas joined Harper & Row in 1968.\n\nBrooks Thomas married Kiono K (Tucciarone) Thomas on October 7, 2004.\n\nEarly career\nThomas graduated from Yale in 1953 and received his law degree from Yale Law School in 1956. Afterwards he served as an intelligence officer on the  for the U.S. Navy.\n\nAfter leaving the Navy, Thomas joined Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts, now known as Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman. After leaving Winthrop, Thomas joined Harper & Row.\n\nHarper & Row\nAt Harper & Row Thomas served as vice president, CEO, president, and chief executive. During this time, Harper & Row sued The Nation over its publication of President Gerald Ford's memoirs in a case that challenged fair use in copyright law. Harper & Row prevailed before the Supreme Court.\n\nThomas was president of the Association of American Publishers (as well as Harper & Row) in 1983 when that group voted to fund a revamped version of American Book Awards, ending a four-year experiment on the Academy Awards model. For 1984 the number of awards was cut from 27 to three.\n\nLater life and death\nAfter leaving Harper & Row, Thomas devoted himself to several charities. These included Outward Bound, the educational organization that promotes self-discovery in the outdoors. He became a trustee of Outward Bound USA in 1980, serving as its chairman from 1984 to 1987. He was a trustee of Outward Bound International from 1997 to 2003, and in 2000 he became a trustee of Outward Bound\u2019s Expeditionary Learning Schools. Thomas was also involved with Young Audiences, a national organization that provides arts programs to schools. Additionally, Thomas was chairman of the Vail Valley Institute, which holds seminars on public issues.\n\nBrooks Thomas died in San Diego from complications of a brain injury after a fall that he had suffered several weeks earlier. At the time, he was on his way to San Francisco to attend an Outward Bound board meeting.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:2010 deaths\nCategory:Accidental deaths from falls\nCategory:Accidental deaths in California\nCategory:American lawyers\nCategory:Yale Law School alumni"}
-{"text": "Air Reserve Personnel Center\n\nThe Air Reserve Personnel Center manages personnel records for the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve and it is located at Buckley Air Force Base in Aurora, Colorado. It maintains the virtual Personnel Center, a Web-based portal for Airmen to perform personnel services transactions.\n\nThe major command direct reporting unit of Air Force Reserve Command with technical and policy guidance provided by the Chief of Air Force Reserve.\n\nOperations\nARPC is responsible for personnel and administrative support to more than 970,000 Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard forces to ensure they are available resources in the event of a national emergency. The center provides support throughout their military careers, from initial entry to retirement, including assignments, promotions and separations\n\nUnits\n ARPC Personnel Data Update Branch (DPSD4): provides service to a large customer base including Individual Mobilization Augmentees (IMA), Individual Ready Reservists (IRR) and \"Gray Area\" retirees.\n ARPC Recognition Services Branch (DPSD3): provides service to a large customer service base to include Individual Mobilization Augmentees, Individual Ready Reserve.\n ARPC Selection Board Secretariat develops and implements personnel policies and procedures relating to officer and enlisted promotions and evaluations for the Reserve components; as well as, managing individual mobilization augmentte performance programs.\n Air Force Reserve Advisory Board: the primary, direct-feed forum to develop and implement clear policies for the Air Force Reserve\n Readiness Management Group: established April 1, 2005, at Air Reserve Personnel Center, Aurora, Colo., and transferred to Robins Air Force Base, Ga., on July 1, 2005, to align administrative control within the Air Force Reserve Command.\n\nHistory\n Section source: ARPC Factsheet\nThe Center was established Nov. 1, 1953, as Detachment 1, Headquarters Continental Air Command, to centralize the custody and maintenance of master personnel records of Reserve Airmen not on extended active duty. The detachment officially began operations March 1, 1954, and soon had responsibilities for a wide variety of personnel actions, including administrative capability for mobilization of the Air Force Reserve.\n\nOn Jan. 1, 1957, the organization became Headquarters Air Reserve Records Center, acquiring the status of a numbered Air Force within Continental Air Command. Because of increasing involvement in all areas of personnel management, the Center was renamed the Air Reserve Personnel Center on Sept. 1, 1965. Responsibility for maintaining personnel records of Air National Guard officers was added in July 1971, and enlisted Airmen in March 1978.\n\nARPC was designated a separate operating agency on Aug. 1, 1968, with no significant change in mission. In 1978, its status changed to that of a direct reporting unit and organizational element of the Air Force Reserve. Separate operating agency status was re-established May 1, 1983. The Center was designated as a field operating agency Feb. 5, 1991. With the establishment of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC) on Feb. 17, 1997, ARPC was assigned to AFRC as a major command direct reporting unit.\n\nThe center moved from the former Lowry Air Force Base to its current location at Buckley Air Force Base Aug. 1, 2011.\n\nMission\n\"To deliver strategic Total Force human resource warfighting capability for the Air Force.\"\n\nVision\n\"To be the recognized leader providing human resource services to generations of Airmen.\"\n\nFinance\nProvides professional financial management services and budget support for Air Reserve Personnel Center headquarters and  Select Members of the Ready Reserve.\n\nSee also\n Defense Finance and Accounting Service, former Lowry AFB, Denver, CO\n Air Reserve Technician Program\n Civil Reserve Air Fleet\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n This article contains information that originally came from a US Government website, in the public domain.\n Air Force Reserve Official Website\n Air Force Reserve Command Website\n Air Force Link Fact Sheet\n\nCategory:Centers of the United States Air Force\nCategory:Military in Aurora, Colorado\nCategory:United States Air Force Reserves\nCategory:Military units and formations in Colorado\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1965"}
-{"text": "Le retour\n\n\"Le retour\" (\"The return\") was the Swiss entry to the Eurovision Song Contest 1962, composed by G\u00e9o Voumard and performed in French by Jean Philippe, who had previously represented France in 1959 with \"Oui, oui, oui, oui\".\n\nOn the night of the contest the song was performed 11th, following Norway's Inger Jacobsen with \"Kom sol, kom regn\" and preceding Yugoslavia' Lola Novakovi\u0107 with \"Ne pali svetlo u sumrak\". At the close of the voting the song had received 2 points, placing 10th in a field of 16.\n\nIt was succeeded as Swiss representative at the 1963 contest by Esther Ofarim with \"T'en va pas\".\n\nCategory:Eurovision songs of Switzerland\nCategory:Eurovision songs of 1962\nCategory:French-language Swiss songs\nCategory:Songs with music by G\u00e9o Voumard\nCategory:Songs with lyrics by \u00c9mile Gardaz\nCategory:1962 songs"}
-{"text": "Kuchek Deh\n\nKuchek Deh (, also Romanized as K\u016bchek Deh) is a village in Layalestan Rural District, in the Central District of Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 240, in 90 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Lahijan County"}
-{"text": "No One Killed Jessica\n\nNo One Killed Jessica is a 2011 Indian biographical thriller film written and directed by Raj Kumar Gupta, produced by Ronnie Screwvala, and based on the murder case of Jessica Lal. The film stars Vidya Balan as Jessica's sister, Sabrina Ali, and Rani Mukerji as Meera Gaity, a character inspired by the TV news reporter following the case. It marks the acting debut of Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub who plays Manu Sharma, Jessica's murderer.\n\nAmit Trivedi composed the score of the film which is distributed by UTV Motion Pictures. Produced on a budget of , the film released worldwide on 9 January 2011 and received generally positive reviews from critics and overall audience, who praised the direction of Gupta and performances of Balan, Mukerji & Ayyub. It was critically as well as commercially successful, grossing a total of  worldwide, thus emerging as the tenth highest-grossing Hindi film of 2011.\n\nThe following year, it was nominated for five Filmfare Awards including Best Director for Gupta, Best Actress for Balan, Best Debut (Male) for Ayyub and Best Film for Screwvala, winning Best Supporting Actress for Mukerji.\n\nPlot\nTending bar at an elite event in Delhi, India, Jessica (Myra Karn) refuses to serve three men after the last call. One of the men, Manish (Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub), who's the son of a big-time politician, shoots her in the head in response. There are dozens of eyewitnesses, but as Jessica's sister, Sabrina Lal (Vidya Balan), discovers, they are either conveniently forgetful or willing to sell their testimony to the highest bidder, leaving an open-and-shut case hostage to greed and political influence.\n\nManish is taken into custody by the police and investigations are begun. However, due to political pressure, all the witnesses turn hostile one by one, including Jessica's actor and model friend Vikram Jai Singh. Inspector N.K. (Rajesh Sharma) informs Sabrina that one of the two bullets that were sent for verification has been replaced. Sabrina's repeated attempts into getting the witnesses and evidence in order to prove Jessica's crime fail one by one. The court case runs until the year 2006. Due to the lack of evidence and witnesses, the court acquits the culprits. Sabrina's mother suffers a heart attack due to the trauma caused by the news and dies in the hospital. Hearing this, Sabrina's father also collapses in the hospital and is taken to the ICU.\n\nMeanwhile, Meera Gaiti (Rani Mukerji), a reporter, finds out about the acquittal through the newspaper and gets shocked since she expected Jessica's case to be an open and shut case. Meera takes the matter in her hands and plans to get Justice for Jessica. With the approval of her editor, she performs various sting operations and exposes the recklessness of the law and order of the country while raising questions about the police and the authorities. N.K. Singh realizes his mistake and helps Meera by sending her the tape of Manish where he confesses his crime. Meera uses the clip to exploit the cases and starts to build up pressure on the system and the political party.\n\nSoon, the public that has been following the case since so long on television decides to protest against the powerful clout and bring justice to Jessica. A number of phone calls, SMS, and voice messages are sent through the channel in support for Jessica. Meera uses this entire support from the public to reach out to the Government and even the President for their help. A Candlelight march is organized for Jessica by people of Delhi to stand for her and demand justice. Meanwhile, Sabrina, who has been through all the trauma while fighting for her sister in court, seems to have given up and moved on. Meera approaches Sabrina to stand up again for her sister and assures her that she would get justice this time as she has the support of the entire city.\n\nPolitical pressure gets mounted on the family of Manish and his politician father resigns from his position. The High Court summons the police for the recklessness they showed in the case. The police appeal to the High Court to have the case re-opened and it gets accepted. The case goes on fast track. The case goes further into Supreme Court where Manish Bharadwaj is found guilty for the crime and is sent for life imprisonment. His allies Vishal Rastogi and Lucky Singh get punished with four years in jail.\n\nIn the end, it is known that Sabrina runs an advertising agency and does not have a boyfriend while her father is no more. Meera lives her life as she is.\n\nCast\nRani Mukerji \u2013 Meera Gaiti,\nVidya Balan \u2013 Sabrina Lal, Jessica's sister\nMyra Karn \u2013 Jessica Lal\nNeil Bhoopalam \u2013 Vikram Jai Singh\nManoj Bakshi \u2013 Layer\nRajesh Sharma \u2013 N. K. (police officer investigating the case)\nSunil Sonar \u2013 Pramod Bharadwaj\nMohammed Zeeshan Ayyub \u2013 Manu Sharma\nAshu Sharma \u2013 Lucky Gill\nBubbles Sabharwal \u2013 Mallika Sehgal\nSamara Chopra \u2013 Naina Sehgal\nYogendra Tikku \u2013 Sanjit Lal (Jessica's father)\nGeeta Sudan \u2013 June Lal (Jessica's mother)\nSatyadeep Mishra \u2013 Gaurav, Meera's boss\nAnuj Tikku \u2013 The man in plane with Meera\nSushil Dahiya \u2013 R. D. Rastogi\nJagat Rawat - Dharam Saxena\nAvijit Dutt - B. M. Pandit\nAayeinaa Sareen - News Announcer\nMaanvi Gagroo - Aditi (journalist following the case)\n Abhishek Banerjee - Pickpocket\n\nProduction\nThe film, set in New Delhi, was inspired by the true story of the controversial Jessica Lal murder case. The director explained that the title was inspired by a 2006 headline of a news story that ran when the accused killer in an infamous murder case was acquitted by a trial court. The events and the subsequent media coverage sparked nationwide protests, resulting in an appeal and re-opening of the murder case and the subsequent sentencing of the killer.\n\nThemes\n\nNo One Killed Jessica is based on the true story of Jessica Lal, a Delhi-based model and restaurant worker who was shot in 1999 at a New Delhi restaurant by Siddharth Vashisht, better known as Manu Sharma. The killer was the son of the wealthy, influential, and intimidating Haryana politician, Venod Sharma, a close aide of the chief minister of Haryana, Bhupinder Singh Hooda.\n\nJessica, along with actor and model Shayan Munshi, were closing the bar at the restaurant where they worked. They were approached by Manu and his two friends. Infuriated by Jessica's refusal to serve them drinks after the bar closed, Manu fatally shot Jessica. The subsequent investigation and trial were stymied by Manu's family, who did not hesitate to use their political, financial, and law enforcement connections to intimidate, coerce, and bribe the majority of the witnesses to the crime. The case then became an uneven battle between Jessica's family (especially her sister Sabrina) and Manu's high-powered family and their associates in the local government.\n\nIn February 2006, the court acquitted Manu and his friends, citing a lack of sufficient evidence. This set off a public outcry and widespread protests, which as depicted in the movie, were led by Prabhloch Singh, the founder of an organization called the \"Middle Finger Protests\" from Manu Sharma's hometown Chandigarh. The backlash forced the re-opening of the investigation, which was placed on a judicial fast track. In December 2006, Manu was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.\n\nRelease\nThe film was released on 7 January 2011. It received positive reviews from critics and was also well received by the viewing public. No One Killed Jessica recovered its cost even before release through associated satellite and music rights.\n\nCritical response\nNo One Killed Jessica received mostly positive reviews from critics. Nikhat Kazmi of the Times of India gave it four out of five stars, saying that the film \"unleashes a myriad emotions\". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama also gave four out of five stars, describing it as \"a remarkable blend of facts and fiction inspired by a series of real-life episodes, which has thankfully not been presented as a tedious biography or in a mind-numbing docu-drama format.\" Anupama Chopra of NDTV gave the film three out of five stars, claiming that the film was \"several notches ahead of the tripe we\u2019ve been subjected to in theatres lately.\" Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN gave it two and a half out of five stars, calling it a \"full-on melodrama that doesn't always ring true.\" Mayank Shekhar of the Hindustan Times gave it three out of five stars.\n\nBollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan described No One Killed Jessica as a \"pertinent, media friendly and brave effort by the makers. The performances living up to the title and story of the film.\"\n\nRotten Tomatoes gives it a 71% rating based on 7 critic reviews.\n\nBox office\n\nThe film went on to gross  worldwide.\n\nDomestic\n\nNo One Killed Jessica earned  in India on its opening day. The first week collection of the film in India grossed . The overall Indian gross was  including a nett total of . It was declared a Super Hit by Box Office India.\n\nAbroad\n\nThe film grossed an overall lifetime revenue of  from overseas markets.\n\nAwards\nFilmfare Awards\nBest Supporting Actor (Female) - Rani Mukerji\nBIG Star Entertainment Awards\nMost Entertaining Social Film\nBest Actress in a Social Role \u2013 Rani Mukerji\nDadasaheb Phalke Academy Awards\nOutstanding Performance Award \u2013 Rani Mukerji\nAnandalok Purushkar\nBest Female Actor of Bollywood \u2013 Rani Mukerji\nApsara Awards\nBest Editing\n\nSoundtrack\n\nThe film's score was composed by Amit Trivedi, who also worked with Gupta on Aamir. The lyrics were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The album received generally positive reviews from critics.\n\nTrack listing\n\nControversy\nDuring the filming of scenes in Delhi, the building for the University School of Information Technology, one of the 12 on-campus schools of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, had its facade dressed up to look like the Patiala House District Court. In the middle of filming, the university's vice chancellor, Dilip Bandopadhyay, was prevented from entering his own campus. Bandopadhyay argued with bouncers, on guard outside the main gate, to let him enter while the cameras rolled, allegedly without his permission. As a result, the university terminated the contract of a faculty member accused of organising the film shoot on campus.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2011 films\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:2010s Hindi-language films\nCategory:Indian films based on actual events\nCategory:Films set in Delhi\nCategory:Films about women in India\nCategory:UTV Motion Pictures films\nCategory:Films scored by Amit Trivedi\nCategory:Hindi-language films\nCategory:Indian biographical films\nCategory:Indian thriller films"}
-{"text": "Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis (book)\n\nJewish Resistance Against the Nazis (2014) is a collection of essays edited by Patrick Henry and published by Catholic University of America Press. Discussing Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe, the book argues that Jews resisted Nazi rule in a variety of ways. Contributors include Yehuda Bauer and Nechama Tec. It received positive reviews.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2014 non-fiction books\nCategory:History books about the Holocaust\nCategory:Jewish resistance during the Holocaust\nCategory:Catholic University of America Press books"}
-{"text": "Gustav Bl\u00e4ser\n\nGustav Bl\u00e4ser (9 May 1813 \u2013 20 April 1874) was a German sculptor.\n\nBiography\nHe was born in D\u00fcsseldorf, and in 1833 entered the studio of Christian Daniel Rauch, with whom he remained for eleven years. In 1845 he went to Rome, whence he was called to Berlin to design one of the eight marble groups adorning the Schlossbr\u00fccke, a task in which he was eminently successful. The group executed by him, and entitled \u201cMinerva Leading a Youthful Warrior into Battle,\u201d is considered the best of the series. His subsequent works include: \u201cSaint Matthew, the Apostle,\u201d a statue of colossal proportions (church at Helsingfors); \u201cThe Prophet Daniel\u201d (Royal Castle, Berlin); \u201cBorussia\u201d (New Museum, Berlin); the equestrian statue of Frederick William IV (Rhine Bridge, Cologne); \u201cHospitality\u201d (National Gallery, Berlin); and busts of Emperor William I, the Empress of Russia, von Alvensleben, von der Heydt, Alexander von Humboldt, Rauch, Abraham Lincoln (Washington, D.C.), and many others.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1813 births\nCategory:1874 deaths\nCategory:19th-century German sculptors\nCategory:German male sculptors\nCategory:People from D\u00fcsseldorf"}
-{"text": "Owensville High School (Indiana)\n\nOwensville High School, sometimes referred to as Owensville Montgomery High School or Owensville Montgomery Township School was a K-12 Public learning facility located in Owensville, Indiana.\n\nHistory\nOwensville High School was one of the three high schools under South Gibson School Corporation that merged into Gibson Southern High School in 1974. Like the current Owensville Community School, the mascot is the Kickapoos and school colors were Black and Gold. Owensville High School was one of the nine founding members of the Pocket Athletic Conference in 1938 and its membership was transferred to Gibson Southern High School along with Fort Branch High School and Haubstadt High School. \n\nOwensville High School had the first high school gymnasium in Indiana with a glass backboard. One of those backboards is now in the Indiana High School Basketball Hall of Fame proudly located in New Castle, Indiana. \nThe school continued to be used as Owensville Community School until the current building was completed in 1992. The School was subsequently demolished. Owensville High School's gym still exists as the REH Center. The school was located on the southwest corner of Walnut and Mill Streets in Owensville.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Former Indiana High School Athletic Association members\nCategory:Owensville, Indiana\nCategory:Defunct schools in Indiana\nCategory:Pocket Athletic Conference\nCategory:Schools in Gibson County, Indiana\nCategory:Educational institutions disestablished in 1974"}
-{"text": "Dano-Norwegian (disambiguation)\n\nThe adjective and derived noun Dano-Norwegian means \"Danish and Norwegian\". It can have two related meanings:\n\n the former (1536\u20131814) union between Denmark and Norway or  its people; or by extension to anything relating to both of its two titular composite countries, Denmark and Norway;\n the Dano-Norwegian language, formerly a Norwegian variant of the Danish language and predecessor of the Bokm\u00e5l written standard of the modern Norwegian language (cf. G\u00f8tudanskt)."}
-{"text": "1968 Australian Championships\n\nThe 1968 Australian Championships was a tennis tournament that took place in the outdoor Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne, Australia from 19 to 29 January. It was the 56th edition of the Australian Championships (now known as Australian Open), the 16th held in Melbourne, and the first Grand Slam tournament of the year. It was also the last Grand Slam tournament to be restricted to amateurs. The singles titles were won by Australian William Bowrey and American Billie Jean King.\n\nSeniors\n\nMen's Singles\n\n William Bowrey defeated  Juan Gisbert, Sr. 7\u20135, 2\u20136, 9\u20137, 6\u20134 \nIt was Bowrey's only Grand Slam title.\n\nWomen's Singles\n\n Billie Jean King defeated  Margaret Court 6\u20131, 6\u20132 \nIt was King's 13th Grand Slam title.\n\nMen's Doubles\n\n Dick Crealy /  Allan Stone defeated  Terry Addison /  Ray Keldie 10\u20138, 6\u20134, 6\u20133 \nIt was Crealy's 1st Grand Slam title. It was Stone's 1st Grand Slam title.\n\nWomen's Doubles\n\n Karen Krantzcke /  Kerry Melville defeated  Judy Tegart /  Lesley Turner 6\u20134, 3\u20136, 6\u20132 \nIt was Krantzcke's only Grand Slam title. It was Melville's 1st Grand Slam title.\n\nMixed Doubles\n\n Dick Crealy /  Billie Jean King defeated  Allan Stone /  Margaret Court by Walkover \nIt was Crealy's 2nd Grand Slam title. It was King's 14th Grand Slam title.\n\nJuniors\n\nBoys' Singles\n Phil Dent\n\nGirls' Singles\n Lesley Hunt\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Australian Open official website\n\nChampionships\n1968\n \nAustralian Championships\nCategory:1960s in Melbourne"}
-{"text": "27th & Welton station\n\n27th & Welton station is a RTD light rail station in the Five Points neighborhood of Denver, Colorado, United States. Originally operating as part of the D Line, the station was opened on December 19, 1995, and is operated by the Regional Transportation District.  The stop was opened over a year after the light rail line after support from the neighborhood. The January 14, 2018 service changes introduced the L Line, which now serves this station in place of the D Line.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:RTD light rail stations in Denver\nCategory:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1995\nCategory:Five Points, Denver"}
-{"text": "Hallie D'Amore\n\nHallie D'Amore (August 13, 1942 \u2013 December 14, 2006) was an American make-up artist who was nominated for Forrest Gump at the 1994 Academy Awards for Best Makeup. She shared her nomination with Judith A. Cory and Daniel C. Striepeke.\n\nDeath\nHallie D'Amore killed her husband and herself on December 14, 2006.\n\nSelected filmography\n\nCaptivity (2007-released posthumously\nWild Hogs (2007-released posthumously)\nThe Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006)\nThe Shaggy Dog (2006)\nChristmas with the Kranks (2004)\nThe Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (2004)\n2 Fast 2 Furious (2003)\nWe Were Soldiers (2002)\nThe Princess Diaries (2001)\nGalaxy Quest (1999)\nApollo 13 (1995)\nForrest Gump (1994)\nBugsy (1991)\nSteel Magnolias (1989)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1942 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:People from Harvey, Illinois\nCategory:American make-up artists\nCategory:Suicides by firearm in California\nCategory:Murder\u2013suicides in the United States\nCategory:Female suicides"}
-{"text": "Ikegami Station\n\nis a Tokyo Kyuko Electric Railway Ikegami Line station in \u014cta, Tokyo. It is close to Ikegami Honmon-ji.\n\nStation layout \n\nTwo ground-level side platforms.\n\nBus service \n bus stop\nTokyu Bus\n<\u4e9503> Kamata Sta. - Ikegami Sta. mae - Ikegami Garage - \u014cmori Sta. - \u014cimachi Sta.\n<\u4e9509> Ikegami Sta. - Ikegami Garage - \u014cmori Sta. - \u014cimachi Sta.\n<\u84b215> Kamata Sta. - Ikegami Sta. mae - Ikegami Garage - Ebaracho Sta. Entrance\n<\u68ee04> Ikegami Sta. mae - \u014cmori Garage - \u014cmori Sta. - Omori Garage\n<\u68ee05> Senzoku-ike - Ikegami police station - Ikegami Sta. mae - Ikegami Garage - Omori Sta. - Omori Garage\n<\u68ee06> \u014cmori Sta. - Ikegami Garage - Ikegami Sta. mae - Magome Sta. mae - Omori Sta. (outer loop)\n<\u68ee07> \u014cmori Sta. - Magome Sta. mae - Ikegami Sta. mae - Ikegami Garage - \u014cmori Sta. (inner loop)\n<\u54c194> Kamata Sta. - Ikegami Sta. mae - Ikegami Garage - \u014cmori Sta. - \u014cimachi Sta. - Shin-Baba Sta. - Shinagawa Sta.\n\nHistory \n\nOctober 1922 Opened as a station of Ikegami Electric Railway.\n\nAdjacent stations\n\nExternal links \n  Ikegami Station (Tokyu)  \n\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1922\nCategory:Tokyu Ikegami Line\nCategory:Stations of Tokyu Corporation\nCategory:Railway stations in Tokyo"}
-{"text": "Anthony Scariano\n\nAnthony Scariano (January 12, 1918 \u2013 April 17, 2004) was an American judge, politician, and lawyer.\n\nBorn in Chicago, Illinois, Scariano went to Lane Tech High School and graduated from Wells High School. Scariano received his bachelor's degree from Georgetown University and his law degree from Georgetown University Law Center. Scariano was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1949. He served as an intelligence office in the Office of Strategic Services during World War II. From 1949 to 1954, Scariano worked as an assistant United States District Attorney. From 1957 to 1973, Scariano served in the Illinois House of Representatives and was a Democrat. From 1973 to 1984, Scariano served on the Illinois Racing Board. From 1985 until his retirement in 1996, Scariano served on the Illinois Appellate Court. Scariano died at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois after suffering a stroke.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:1918 births\nCategory:2004 deaths\nCategory:Politicians from Chicago\nCategory:Georgetown University alumni\nCategory:Georgetown University Law Center alumni\nCategory:Illinois Democrats\nCategory:Judges of the Illinois Appellate Court\nCategory:Members of the Illinois House of Representatives\nCategory:20th-century American judges"}
-{"text": "Ulster Unionist Party\n\nThe Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) is a unionist political party in Northern Ireland. Having gathered support in Northern Ireland during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the party governed Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972. It was supported by most unionist voters throughout the conflict known as the Troubles, during which time it was often referred to as the Official Unionist Party (OUP). Between 1905 and 1972 its MPs took the Conservative whip at Westminster, considered as part of the Conservative Party.\n\nIt is currently the fourth-largest party in Northern Ireland, having been overtaken in 2003 by the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and Sinn F\u00e9in, and in 2017 by the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). The party has been unrepresented in Westminster since losing its two seats in 2017. Most recently, the party won 11.7% of the vote in Northern Ireland and no seats in 2019, placing fifth behind the DUP, Sinn F\u00e9in, Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, and SDLP.\n\nIn 2016, the UUP and the SDLP decided not to accept the seats on the Northern Ireland Executive to which they would have been entitled and to form an official opposition to the executive. This marked the first time that a devolved government in Northern Ireland did not include the UUP. Steve Aiken succeeded Robin Swann as leader, in November 2019.\n\nHistory\n\n1880s to 1921 \n\nThe Ulster Unionist Party traces its formal existence back to the foundation of the Ulster Unionist Council in 1905. Before that, however, there had been a less formally organised Irish Unionist Alliance (IUA) since the late 19th century, usually dominated by unionists from Ulster. Modern organised unionism properly emerged after William Ewart Gladstone's introduction in 1886 of the first of three Home Rule Bills in response to demands by the Irish Parliamentary Party. The IUA was an alliance of Irish Conservatives and Liberal Unionists, the latter having split from the Liberal Party over the issue of home rule. It was the merger of these two parties in 1912 that gave rise to the current name of the Conservative and Unionist Party, to which the UUP was formally linked (to varying degrees) until 1985.\n\nFrom the beginning, the party had a strong association with the Orange Order, a Protestant fraternal organisation. The original composition of the Ulster Unionist Council was 25% Orange delegates, however this was reduced through the years. Although most unionist support was based in the geographic area that became Northern Ireland, there were at one time unionist enclaves throughout southern Ireland. Unionists in County Cork and Dublin were particularly influential. The initial leadership of the Ulster Unionist Party all came from outside what would later become Northern Ireland; men such as Colonel Saunderson, Viscount (later the Earl of) Midleton and the Dubliner Edward Carson, all members of the Irish Unionist Alliance. However, after the Irish Convention failed to reach an understanding on home rule and with the partition of Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, Irish unionism in effect split. Many southern unionist politicians quickly became reconciled with the new Irish Free State, sitting in its Seanad or joining its political parties. The existence of a separate Ulster Unionist Party became entrenched as the party took control of the new government of Northern Ireland.\n\nThe leadership of the UUP was taken by Sir Edward Carson in 1910. Throughout his 11-year leadership he fought a sustained campaign against Irish Home Rule, including being involved in the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in 1912. In the 1918 general election, Carson switched constituencies from his former seat of Dublin University to Belfast Duncairn. Carson strongly opposed the partition of Ireland and the end of unionism as an all-Ireland political force, so he refused the opportunity to be Prime Minister of Northern Ireland or even to sit in the Northern Ireland House of Commons, citing a lack of connection with the place. The leadership of the UUP and, subsequently, Northern Ireland, was taken by Sir James Craig.\n\nThe Stormont era: Part of the Conservative Party\n\n1920\u20131963 \nUntil almost the very end of its period of power in Northern Ireland, the UUP was led by a combination of landed gentry (Basil Brooke, 1st Viscount Brookeborough, Hugh MacDowell Pollock and James Chichester-Clark), aristocracy (Terence O'Neill) and gentrified industrial magnates (James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon and John Miller Andrews \u2013 nephew of William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie). Only its last Prime Minister, Brian Faulkner, was from a middle-class background. During this era, all but 11 of the 149 UUP Stormont MPs were members of the Orange Order, as were all Prime Ministers.\n\nJames Craig governed Northern Ireland from its inception until his death in 1940 and is buried with his wife by the east wing of Parliament Buildings. His successor, J. M. Andrews, was heavily criticised for appointing octogenarian veterans of Craigavon's administration to his cabinet. His government was also believed to be more interested in protecting the statue of Carson at the Stormont Estate than the citizens of Belfast during the Belfast blitz. A backbench revolt in 1943 resulted in his resignation and replacement by Sir Basil Brooke (later Viscount Brookeborough), although he was recognised as leader of the party until 1946.\n\nBrookeborough, despite having felt that Craigavon had held on to power for too long, was Prime Minister for one year longer. During this time he was on more than one occasion called to meetings of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland to explain his actions, most notably following the 1947 Education Act which made the government responsible for the payment of National Insurance contributions of teachers in Catholic Church-controlled schools. Ian Paisley called for Brookeborough's resignation in 1953 when he refused to sack Brian Maginess and Clarence Graham, who had given speeches supporting re-admitting Catholics to the UUP. He retired in 1963 and was replaced by Terence O'Neill, who emerged ahead of other candidates, Jack Andrews and Faulkner.\n\n1963\u20131972 \nIn the 1960s, identifying with the civil rights movement of Martin Luther King and encouraged by attempts at reform under O'Neill, various organisations campaigned for civil rights, calling for changes to the system for allocating public housing and the voting system for the local government franchise, which was restricted to (disproportionately Protestant) rate payers. O'Neill had pushed through some reforms but in the process the Ulster Unionists became strongly divided. At the 1969 Stormont general election UUP candidates stood on both pro- and anti-O'Neill platforms. Several independent pro-O'Neill unionists challenging his critics, while the Protestant Unionist Party of Ian Paisley mounted a hard-line challenge. The result proved inconclusive for O'Neill, who resigned a short time later. His resignation was probably caused by a speech of James Chichester-Clark who stated that he disagreed with the timing, but not the principle, of universal suffrage at local elections.\n\nChichester-Clark won the leadership election to replace O'Neill and swiftly moved to implement many of O'Neill's reforms. Civil disorder continued to mount, culminating in August 1969 when Catholic Bogside residents clashed with the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Derry because of an Apprentice Boys of Derry march, sparking days of riots. Early in 1971, Chichester-Clark flew to London to request further military aid following the 1971 Scottish soldiers' killings. When this was all but refused, he resigned to be replaced by Brian Faulkner.\n\nFaulkner's government struggled though 1971 and into 1972. After Bloody Sunday, the British Government threatened to remove control of the security forces from the devolved government. Faulkner reacted by resigning with his entire cabinet, and the British Government suspended, and eventually abolished, the Northern Ireland Parliament, replacing it with Direct Rule.\n\nThe liberal unionist group, the New Ulster Movement, which had advocated the policies of Terence O'Neill, left and formed the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland in April 1970, while the emergence of Ian Paisley's Protestant Unionist Party continued to draw off some working-class and more Ulster loyalist support.\n\n1972\u20131995 \n\nIn June 1973 the UUP won a majority of seats in the new Northern Ireland Assembly, but the party was divided on policy. The Sunningdale Agreement, which led to the formation of a power-sharing Executive under Ulster Unionist leader Brian Faulkner, ruptured the party. In the 1973 elections to the Executive the party found itself divided, a division that did not formally end until January 1974 with the triumph of the anti-Sunningdale faction. Faulkner was then overthrown, and he set up the Unionist Party of Northern Ireland (UPNI). The Ulster Unionists were then led by Harry West from 1974 until 1979. In the February 1974 general election, the party participated in the United Ulster Unionist Coalition (UUUC) with Vanguard and the Democratic Unionist Party, successor to the Protestant Unionist Party. The result was that the UUUC won 11 out of 12 parliamentary seats in Northern Ireland on a fiercely anti-Sunningdale platform, although they barely won 50% of the overall popular vote. This result was a fatal blow for the Executive, which soon collapsed.\n\nUp until 1972 the UUP sat with the Conservative Party at Westminster, traditionally taking the Conservative parliamentary whip. To all intents and purposes the party functioned as the Northern Ireland branch of the Conservative Party. In 1972, in protest over the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, the Westminster Ulster Unionist MPs withdrew from the alliance. The party remained affiliated to the National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, but in 1985, withdrew from it as well, in protest over the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Subsequently, the Conservative Party has organised separately in Northern Ireland, with little electoral success.\n\nUnder West's leadership, the party recruited Enoch Powell, who became Ulster Unionist MP for South Down in October 1974 after defecting from the Conservatives. Powell advocated a policy of 'integration', whereby Northern Ireland would be administered as an integral part of the United Kingdom. This policy divided both the Ulster Unionists and the wider unionist movement, as Powell's ideas conflicted with those supporting a restoration of devolved government to Northern Ireland. The party also made gains upon the break-up of the Vanguard Party and its merger back into the Ulster Unionists. The separate United Ulster Unionist Party (UUUP) emerged from the remains of Vanguard but folded in the early 1980s, as did the UPNI. In both cases the main beneficiaries of this were the Ulster Unionists, now under the leadership of James Molyneaux (1979\u201395).\n\nTrimble leadership \nDavid Trimble led the party between 1995 and 2005. His support for the Belfast Agreement caused a rupture within the party into pro-agreement and anti-agreement factions. Trimble served as First Minister of Northern Ireland in the power-sharing administration created under the Belfast Agreement.\n\nUnusually for a unionist party, the UUP had a Roman Catholic Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) (the Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly), Sir John Gorman until the 2003 election. In March 2005, the Orange Order voted to end its official links with the UUP, while still maintaining the same unofficial links as other interest groups.  Trimble faced down Orange Order critics who tried to suspend him for his attendance at a Catholic funeral for a young boy killed by the Real IRA in the Omagh bombing. In a sign of unity, Trimble and President of Ireland Mary McAleese walked into the church together.\n\nIn the 2001 general election, the Ulster Unionists lost a number of seats belonging to UUP stalwarts; for example, John Taylor, the former deputy leader of the party, lost his seat of Strangford to Iris Robinson.\n\nThe party's misfortunes continued at the 2005 election. The party held six seats at Westminster immediately before the 2005 general election, down from seven after the previous general election following the defection of Jeffrey Donaldson in 2004. The election resulted in the loss of five of their six seats. The only seat won by an Ulster Unionist was North Down, by Sylvia Hermon, who had won the seat in the 2001 general election from Robert McCartney of United Kingdom Unionist Party. Only the Labour Party lost more seats in 2005. David Trimble himself lost his seat in Upper Bann and resigned as party leader soon after. The ensuing leadership election was won by Reg Empey.\n\nEmpey leadership\nIn May 2006 UUP leader Reg Empey attempted to create a new assembly group that would have included Progressive Unionist Party (PUP) leader David Ervine. The PUP is the political wing of the illegal Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF).  Many in the UUP, including the last remaining MP, Sylvia Hermon, were opposed to the move. The link was in the form of a new group called the 'Ulster Unionist Party Assembly Group' whose membership was the 24 UUP MLAs and Ervine. Empey justified the link by stating that under the d'Hondt method for allocating ministers in the Assembly, the new group would take a seat in the Executive from Sinn F\u00e9in.\n\nFollowing a request for a ruling from the DUP's Peter Robinson, the Speaker ruled that the UUPAG was not a political party within the meaning of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000.\n\nThe party did poorly in the 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election. The party retained 18 of its seats within the assembly. Empey was the only leader of one of the four main parties not to be re-elected on first preference votes alone in the Assembly elections of March 2007.\n\nIn July 2008, the UUP and Conservative Party announced that a joint working group had been established to examine closer ties. On 26 February 2009, the Ulster Unionist Executive and area council of Northern Ireland Conservatives agreed to field joint candidates in future elections to the House of Commons and European Parliament under the name \"Ulster Conservatives and Unionists \u2013 New Force\". The agreement meant that Ulster Unionist MPs could have sat in a Conservative Government, renewing the relationship that had broken down in 1974 over the Sunningdale Agreement and in 1985 over the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The UUP's sole remaining MP at the time, Sylvia Hermon, opposed the agreement, stating she would not be willing to stand under the UCUNF banner.\n\nIn February 2010, Hermon confirmed that she would not be seeking a nomination as a Conservative/UUP candidate for the forthcoming general election. On 25 March 2010, she formally resigned from the party and announced that she would be standing as an independent candidate at the general election. As a result, the UUP were left without representation in the House of Commons for the first time since the party's creation.\n\nAt the 2010 general election, UCUNF won no seats in Northern Ireland (while Hermon won hers as an independent). The Ulster Conservatives and Unionists \u2013 New Force label was not used again. Following the election, Sir Reg Empey resigned as leader. He was replaced by Tom Elliott as party leader in the subsequent leadership election. During the leadership election, it emerged that a quarter of the UUP membership came from Fermanagh and South Tyrone, an area with about 6% of Northern Ireland's population, the constituency of Tom Elliott. The Dublin-based political magazine, the Phoenix, described Elliott as a \"blast from the past\" and said that his election signified \"a significant shift to the right\" by the UUP. Shortly after his election, three 2010 general election candidates resigned: Harry Hamilton, Paula Bradshaw and Trevor Ringland. Bradshaw and Hamilton subsequently joined the Alliance Party.\n\nSince 2011\nThe party further declined in the 2011 Assembly elections (standing again as the UUP). It lost two seats and won fewer votes than the nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) (although it won more seats than the SDLP) and two of its candidates, Bill Manwaring and Lesley Macaulay, subsequently joined the Conservative Party. In addition, east of the Bann, it lost seats to the Alliance Party. It was also overtaken by Alliance on Belfast City Council. In November 2011, the Conservative Party chairman, Lord Feldman, wrote to Elliott to propose a formal and permanent merger of the two parties. The proposal, which had the backing of David Cameron, would have seen the UUP form the backbone of a new party called the Northern Ireland Conservative and Unionist Party (NICUP). Elliott rejected the merger and called the proposed dissolution of the UUP \"unacceptable\".\n\nTom Elliott was criticised for comments he made in his victory speech where he described elements of Sinn F\u00e9in as \"scum\". Elliott resigned in March 2012 saying some people had not given him a 'fair opportunity' to develop and progress many party initiatives. Mike Nesbitt was elected leader on 31 March 2012, beating the only other candidate, John McCallister, by 536 votes to 129.\n\nThe Conservatives and the UUP went their separate ways again, with the Northern Ireland Conservatives relaunching as a separate party on 14 June 2012.\n\nAlthough their MEP seat, held by Jim Nicholson, had its vote percentage decreased slightly in the 2014 European election, the party managed to make gains in the local elections of that same day. They increased their share by 0.9%, making it the only party to increase its vote share, and gaining 15 seats as a result.\n\nAt the 2015 general election, the UUP returned to Westminster, gaining the South Antrim seat from the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone (where they had an electoral pact with the DUP not standing) from Sinn F\u00e9in.\n\nIn the 2016 European Union referendum the UUP supported the remain campaign, the UUP Executive passing a motion on 5 March 2016 that the party \"believes that on balance Northern Ireland is better remaining in the European Union, with the U.K. Government pressing for further reform and a return to the founding principle of free trade, not greater political union. The Party respects that individual members may vote for withdrawal.\"\n\nAt the 2017 general election the UUP lost both of its Commons seats, losing South Antrim to the DUP and Fermanagh & South Tyrone to Sinn F\u00e9in. The party, which saw a significant decrease in its vote share, failed to take any other seats. They then lost their single MEP at the 2019 European Parliament elections.\n\nThe party increased its vote share by 1.4% in the 2019 general election, but still failed to re-gain a seat. Their best 2019 result was in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, where they lost to Sinn Fein by 57 votes. As such the UUP currently has no representation in the House of Commons.\n\nLeaders\n\nStructure\n\nThe UUP is still organised around the Ulster Unionist Council, which was from 1905 until 2004 the only legal representation of the party. Following the adoption of a new Constitution in 2004, the UUP has been an entity in its own right, however the UUC still exists as the supreme decision making body of the Party. In autumn 2007 the delegates system was done away with, and today all UUP members are members of the Ulster Unionist Council, with entitlements to vote for the Leader, party officers and on major policy decisions.\n\nEach constituency in Northern Ireland forms the boundary of a UUP constituency association, which is made up of branches formed along local boundaries (usually district electoral areas). There are also four 'representative bodies', the Ulster Women's Unionist Council, the Ulster Young Unionist Council, the Westminster Unionist Association (the party's Great Britain branch) and the Ulster Unionist Councillors Association. Each constituency association and representative body elects a number of delegates to the Executive Committee, which governs many areas of party administration such as membership and candidate selection.\n\nThe UUP maintained a formal connection with the Orange Order from its foundation until 2005, and with the Apprentice Boys of Derry until 1975. While the party was considering structural reforms, including the connection with the Order, it was the Order itself that severed the connection in 2004. The connection with the Apprentice Boys was cut in a 1975 review of the party's structure as they had not taken up their delegates for several years beforehand.\n\nYouth wing\nThe UUP's youth wing is the Young Unionists, first formed in 2004 as a rebrand of the Ulster Young Unionist Council, which formed in 1946. Many of its members have stayed with the party, such as the present leader of the UUP. Others have left to start other Unionist parties. Having disbanded twice, in 1974 and 2004, the Council was re-constituted by young activists in March 2004. This resulted in the Young Unionists (YU) becoming a representative body of the UUP and subject to its revamp of their Constitution.\n\nRepresentatives\n\nParliament of the United Kingdom\nMembers of the House of Commons as of June 2017:\nThe UUP lost its two seats in the 2017 election. South Antrim went to the DUP while Fermanagh and South Tyrone went to Sinn F\u00e9in\n\nMembers of the House of Lords as of June 2017:\n Lord Empey of Shandon\n Lord Rogan of Lower Iveagh\n\nNorthern Ireland Assembly\nMembers of the Northern Ireland Assembly as elected in March 2017:\n Andy Allen - Belfast East\n Roy Beggs, Jr. - East Antrim\n Steve Aiken OBE - South Antrim\n Alan Chambers MBE - North Down\n Doug Beattie MC - Upper Bann\n Mike Nesbitt - Strangford\n John Stewart - East Antrim\n Rosemary Barton - Fermanagh and South Tyrone\n Robin Swann - North Antrim\n Robbie Butler - Lagan Valley\n\nEuropean Parliament\nMembers elected in 2019:\n None\n\nParty leadership\n\nParty spokesmen \n\nThe current Party spokesman are:\n\nParty officers \n\nThe current party officers are:\n\nElectoral performance\n\nWestminster\n\nStormont\n\nLocal government\n\nEuropean Parliament\n\nSee also\nUlster Unionist Party politicians\nList of Ulster Unionist Party Peers\nList of Ulster Unionist Party MPs\nUlster Unionist Chief Whip\nUlster Unionist Party Presidents and General Secretaries\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Political parties in Northern Ireland\n \nCategory:Political parties established in 1905\nCategory:Political parties in pre-partition Ireland\nCategory:Conservative Party (UK) breakaway groups\nCategory:Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe member parties\nCategory:European Conservatives and Reformists member parties\nCategory:1905 establishments in Ireland"}
-{"text": "Bond South Africa\n\nBond South Africa was a campus of Bond University located in Sandton, Gauteng, South Africa. The campus closed in 2004, having previously been accredited to offer Undergraduate and Master of Business Administration (MBA) degrees.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct universities and colleges in South Africa"}
-{"text": "List of Kauri Parks in New Zealand\n\nThis is a list of reserves in New Zealand that have been distinguished or treated as Kauri Parks, these include reserves or parks that include the tree Agathis australis, the New Zealand Kauri.\n\nNorthland Region\n\nWaipoua Forest, a large forest in Western Northland\nTrounson Kauri Park, a forest in Northland\nHB Matthews Reserve, a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri dieback\nPuketi Kauri Forest, a forest near Kerikeri in Eastern Northland\nOmahuta Kauri Forest, a forest next to Puketi Kauri Forest\nWarawara Forest, home to a large amount of Kauri\n\nAuckland Region \n\nWaitakere Ranges, home to multiple Kauri Forests\nHunua Ranges, large tracts of Kauri forests still remain intact.\nCornwall Park, home to a small plantation of Kauri, however under threat from a growing population of Common brushtail possum.\nNgaheretuku Reserve, a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri dieback\nKerr-Taylor Reserve, a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri Dieback\nMatuku Reserve, a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri Dieback\nOnetangi Reserve, a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri Dieback\nKauri Park (reserve), a closed forest as of 2019 to prevent the spread of Kauri Dieback\n\nWaikato Region\n\nCoromandel Peninsula \n\nWaiau Kauri Grove, many Kauri are present in this chunk of forest\nMoehau Range, multiple mature Kauri are present\nKauri Block Track, many Kauri live here\nSquare Kauri, a large Kauri forest\nManaia Forest, a sanctuary for Kauri and other flora\n\nElsewhere in the Waikato Region \n\nHakarimata Range, home to multiple large Kauri\n\nReferences\n\nKauri Parks in New Zealand\nKauri Parks\nKauri Parks"}
-{"text": "Russula amethystina\n\nRussula amethystina is a conspicuous mushroom, which appears sporadically from mid-summer until the autumn under spruce and fir trees. In Northern Europe, it is very rare. It is edible, but not very easy to distinguish from similarly coloured Russula species, and practically identical to Russula turci from which it can only be distinguished by microscopic differences in spore texture.\n\nDescription\nThe cap can be up to 12\u00a0cm in diameter and varies in colour between violet, lilac, wine-red and wine-red-brown.  \nThe cap skin can be pulled off from the edge, right to the centre.\nThe gills are from cream to bright yellow. Spore print is cream to light orange.\nThe hollow stipe is initially white, later becoming yellowish or brownish.\n\nSee also\nList of Russula species\n\nReferences\n\nImage from the Russulales news web site\n\namethystina\nCategory:Fungi of Europe\nCategory:Edible fungi\nCategory:Taxa named by Lucien Qu\u00e9let"}
-{"text": "Alonso Gonzalez Calder\u00f3n\n\nAlonso Gonzalez Calder\u00f3n (c.1610-1696) was a Spanish Captain, who served during the Viceroyalty of Peru as regidor, and mayordomo of Santa Fe.\n\nHe was born in Santander, possibly son of Antonio Calder\u00f3n, who served as alguazil of Santa Fe City in 1625. He was married to Ger\u00f3nima Cort\u00e9s granddaughter of Diego Thomas de Santuchos and Catalina Correa de Santa Ana.\n\nHis son Bartolom\u00e9 Calder\u00f3n, was married to Mar\u00eda Robles descendant of Antonio Thomas (conquistador), born in Portugal.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nsantafe.gob.ar\n\nCategory:1600s births\nCategory:1696 deaths\nCategory:People from Santa Fe, Argentina\nCategory:Spanish colonial governors and administrators"}
-{"text": "Siedl\u0105tk\u00f3w\n\nSiedl\u0105tk\u00f3w  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina P\u0119czniew, within Podd\u0119bice County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately  north of P\u0119czniew,  west of Podd\u0119bice, and  west of the regional capital \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Podd\u0119bice County"}
-{"text": "Jon Levy\n\nJon Levy may refer to:\n\nJon Levy (photographer), founder and director of British photography company Foto8\nJon D. Levy (born 1954), American judge in Maine\nJon Levy (behaviorist), behavior expert and social engineer\n\nSee also\nJohn Levy (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Speed limits in the Philippines\n\nThe general speed limit in the Philippines is 60\u00a0km/h on most highways and 100\u00a0km/h is the maximum on most expressways. The speed limit sign is a red circle with numbers inside as in most countries including Japan, Thailand and Malaysia.\n\nSpeed limits at expressways\n\n \n Maximum Speed for cars and 400cc motorcycles - 100 km/h\n Maximum Speed for trucks and buses (except SCTEx and TPLEx) - 80 km/h\n Minimum Speed for all vehicles (except NAIAx) - 60 km/h\n Maximum Speed in NAIAx - 60 km/h\n\nSpeed limits at highways\n Maximum Speed for cars and motorcycles in all Radial and Circumferential Roads (including Commonwealth Avenue), and Macapagal Boulevard  - 60 km/h\n Maximum Speed for trucks and buses in all Radial and Circumferential Roads - 50 km/h\n\nReferences\n\nPhili\nCategory:Road transportation in the Philippines"}
-{"text": "Bill Berg (musician)\n\nBill Berg is a noted drummer in jazz and fusion music, best known for his work with the group Flim & the BB's, as well as guitarist Wayne Johnson.  He also served as the drummer for fellow Hibbing, Minnesota native Bob Dylan's notable record Blood on the Tracks.\n\nBerg has also recorded and worked with Leo Kottke, Gary Brunotte, Bill Perkins, and others. He has also worked with the Marc Yaxley Trio, a local jazz band in Transylvania County, North Carolina.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nBillboard magazine article on \"Blood On The Tracks\" reunion concert, 2004\n\nCategory:American jazz drummers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Flim & the BB's members"}
-{"text": "Yandong Township\n\nYandong Township () is a rural township in Bama Yao Autonomous County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. As of the 2015 census it had a population of 25,917 and an area of .\n\nAdministrative division\nAs of 2017, the township is divided into 12 villages: \n Longjia ()\n Jiaole ()\n Longfeng ()\n Longtian ()\n Tonghe ()\n Laiman ()\n Yandong ()\n Longwei ()\n Xinli ()\n Hongwan ()\n Zimao ()\n Yanting ()\n\nGeography\nThe township lies in the southern Bama Yao Autonomous County at its border with the counties of Tiandong and Tianyang. It borders the towns of Jiazhuan and Bama in the north, Natao Township in the east, Tianyang County in the southwest, Tiandong County in the southeast, and Suolue Township in the west.\n\nThe Lingxi Stream () and Chedou Stream () flow through the town.\n\nEconomy\nThe town's economy is based on nearby mineral resources and agricultural resources. The region abounds with gold, copper and antimony. The main food crops are rice, corn and cassava. Native products include tea-oil tree and Bama miniature pig ().\n\nTransport\nThe National Highway G323 passes across the township.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n\nCategory:Township-level divisions of Guangxi\nCategory:Divisions of Bama Yao Autonomous County"}
-{"text": "Seigo Saito\n\nis a retired Japanese judoka.\n\nSaito is from Sapporo, Hokkaid\u014d. He belonged to Asahi Kasei after graduation from Kokushikan University in 2000.\n\nSaito was good at Uchimata and Newaza in high-school days and was expected to get medal of Olympic Games or World Championships in the future. But he was not able to use the skill of them by the trouble of knee like Anterior cruciate ligament injury since 2000.\n\nIn 2005, he won a gold medal at the Asian Championships and All-Japan Selected Championships with the skill that he learned newly like Kata guruma, \u014cuchi gari and Kuchiki taoshi. But he was not chosen as a Japanese representative at the World Championships held in Cairo.\n\nHe has coached judo at Asahi Kasei since 2010. Among his students is Tatsuki Masubuchi\nYohei Takai and so on.\n\nHis younger brother,  is also famous judoka and won a gold medal at the Kodokan Cup in 2001.\n\nAchievements\n1994 - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - Inter-highschool championships (-86\u00a0kg) 3rd\n1995 - Kodokan Cup (-86\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - Inter-highschool championships (-86\u00a0kg) 1st\n1996 - Jigoro Kano Cup (-86\u00a0kg) 3rd\n - All-Japan Selected Championships (-86\u00a0kg) 3rd\n - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86\u00a0kg) 1st\n1997 - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - All-Japan Junior Championships (-86\u00a0kg) 1st\n - All-Japan University Championships (-86\u00a0kg) 3rd\n1998 - All-Japan University Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 3rd\n1999 - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 3rd\n - All-Japan University Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n2000 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n2001 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2002 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 3rd\n - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2003 - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2004 - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2005 - Asian Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2006 - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2007 - Jigoro Kano (-90\u00a0kg) 3rd\n - All-Japan Selected Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n - Kodokan Cup (-90\u00a0kg) 1st\n2008 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n2009 - All-Japan Businessgroup Championships (-90\u00a0kg) 2nd\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Japanese male judoka\nCategory:Sportspeople from Sapporo\nCategory:1977 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Paul Hindmarch\n\nPaul Robert Hindmarch (born 8 February 1988) is an English cricketer. Hindmarch is a right-handed batsman who bowls right-arm medium-fast. He was born at Carlisle, Cumberland, and was educated as Keswick School.\n\nHindmarch made his debut for Cumberland against Lincolnshire in the 2006 Minor Counties Championship. His next appearance for Cumberland didn't come until 2009, against Northumberland in the Minor Counties Championship, having between those appearances played second XI cricket for a number of first-class counties. His next appearance for Cumberland came in the 2012 Minor Counties Championship against Lincolnshire, with him making three further appearances in that season's competition. He also made his debut in 2012 in the MCCA Knockout Trophy against Dorset. During the 2012 season, Hindmarch was selected to play for the Unicorns in the Clydesdale Bank 40, making his List A debut for the team against Yorkshire at Headingley. He wasn't required to bat during the match, but did take the wicket of Adil Rashid, taking figures of 1/35 from six overs. He made a second appearance during the tournament against Warwickshire at Wormsley Park. Batting at number eleven, Hindmarch made 50 runs from 49 balls, before he was run out by Chris Wright. His partnership of 73 for the tenth wicket with Glen Querl was the highest of the Unicorn's innings of 185. In Warwickshire's successful chase, he bowled five wicketless overs for the cost of 36 runs.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPaul Hindmarch at ESPNcricinfo\nPaul Hindmarch at CricketArchive\n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Carlisle, Cumbria\nCategory:People educated at Keswick School\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Cumberland cricketers\nCategory:Unicorns cricketers"}
-{"text": "New Zealand 'A' cricket team in India in 2017\n\nThe New Zealand A cricket team toured India in September and October 2017. On this tour they played two first-class matches and five limited-overs matches against the India A team. New Zealand A was captained by Henry Nicholls. The two first-class matches were played at the ACA\u2013KDCA Cricket Ground and the limited overs matches at ACA\u2013VDCA Cricket Stadium in Visakhapatnam.\n\nSquads\n\nParthiv Patel replaced Rishabh Pant for the second Test due to Pant's injury. Colin de Grandhomme replaced Sean Solia for the ODI series.\n\nFirst-class series\n\n1st unofficial Test\n\n2nd unofficial Test\n\nODI Series\n\n1st ODI\n\n2nd ODI\n\n3rd ODI\n\n4th ODI\n\n5th ODI\n\nSee also\n New Zealand cricket team in India in 2017\u201318\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2017 in Indian cricket\nCategory:A team cricket\n\nExternal Links\nSeries home at ESPN Cricinfo"}
-{"text": "Abdul Qadim Haqq\n\nAbdul Qadim Haqq (born December 24, 1968), also known as Haqq and The Ancient,  is an American visual artist who was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He is considered Detroit's number one ambassador of art for world-renowned techno music artists. Haqq's artwork is featured worldwide on classic records by Detroit Techno record labels, namely the records of Juan Atkins, Metroplex, Derrick May, Transmat, Underground Resistance, Kevin Saunderson, Carl Craig.  Abdul Qadim Haqq has been serving the techno music community through Techno Visual Art since 1989. His artwork continues to inspire fans all over the world.\n\nHaqq, founder of Third Earth Visual Arts, bases his futuristic concepts on time travel. His love for fantasy art was inspired by childhood pastimes such as watching sci-fi and Japanese animation. \"Japanese cartoons were all I watched when I was a kid, like Speed Racer, Battle of the Planets and Robotech,\" says Haqq. \"I watched them constantly; I never missed an episode.\" As a youth growing up in Detroit, Haqq was often sick from asthma and had to stay in the house, which caused him to spend a considerable portion of his time watching science fiction and fantasy shows on TV. These in turn led him to create and illustrate his own stories. Haqq majored in graphic illustration at the College for Creative Studies, originally called the Center for Creative Studies, in Detroit. After graduating in 1991, he committed himself to working as a futurist artist, and remains dedicated to Detroit Techno Art today. \"  ''\n\nCareer\nHaqq completed his first work for Derrick May's record label Transmat in October 1989. Later that year, Haqq met Mike Banks and UR. \"We got our start when Derrick May from Transmat asked us to do artwork for his label. We started doing work there and he liked it, so he let us have a studio in the basement at Metroplex, which he arranged with Juan Atkins. Third Earth Visual Arts was originally four art students, but we all went different paths and I'm the only one who stuck with it for the past 25 years.\"\n\nAfter completing art school in 1991, he met Banks and composed his first project for him. He recalls having the same feelings about the sound then and now;  \"[the music] always sounded like it was from beyond this world,\" he says. At the time, UR was new, but the music was already alive. Haqq knew this from his nights spent dancing at the Music Institute, which is burnt into the city's history of computer dance jams. One day, Derrick May skimmed some of his journal entries on Native American rituals and chose some of Haqq's notes on the Lakotah for the backsleeve of his magnum opus, Rhythm is Rhythm's \"The Beginning\". That instance was just one of the increasing moments of Haqq's eye and eye (third and physical) visions that are evenly building optical rapture.\n\n\"Abdul Qadim Haqq & Shinichiro Watanabe Joint Exhibition\" held an Art exhibit from April 24, 2010 until August 1, 2010.  The exhibit was opened in the Netherlands at the \"GalleryIKOI\" and in Tokyo, Japan June 24, 2010, the booklet was published by Storyriders in Japan. To celebrate the publication of the booklet that summarizes this event \"Requiem for a Machine Soul\" booklet, held at the Kichijoji Club Seata and June 26 at club Seata in Kichijoji, Tokyo.  Abdul Qadim Haqq & Shinichiro Watanabe Joint Exhibition\", Paintings and the painter Abdul Qadim Haqq which occupies an important position in the Detroit Techno scene, such as vinyl record/cd jackets and graphic arts.  Abdul Qadim Haqq was newly written for this exhibition, paintings he created to inspired, original stories by Shinichiro Watanabe.\n\nIn 2014 Haqq published a book titled, 1989\u20132014: 25 Years of Techno Art in 2014, featuring photography and illustrations of the Detroit Techno scenes important work including Drexciya, Gerald Mitchell, Dj Rolando, This work contains a comprehensive record of activities and historical documentation that records the Detroit Techno community in one book.\n\nThe \"Technanomicron\" is a 30-paged art book in 10\" size entitled \"The Rise of the Technolords\". It contains abstract illustrations of important artists from Detroit, as well as short biographies written in Abdul's own unique science fiction style of Storytelling.\nProlific and highly respected Detroit techno artist, Abdul Haqq, shares a selection of personal favourites and undisputed Detroit techno classics from the archives of Underground Resistance, Carl Craig, Derrick May, Jeff Mills and Suburban Knight. Over the years, Haqq has undertaken a whole foray of artwork for the aforementioned recording artists and their related labels. He was responsible for producing some of the earlier artwork for Transmat, closely followed by various projects for Planet E, including the well known Intergalactic Beats cover art. Subsequently, Abdul has worked very closely with Underground Resistance and still producing much of their label artwork to this day, remains the key figure in creating the unique imagery for the ultimate techno institution. If you are unfamiliar with Haqq's painting style, then this compilation provides an excellent starting point, for a taster of this artist's work is depicted in the enclosed thirty-two-page artbook. This limited edition includes printed artbook.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nThird Earth Visual Arts\n\nDetroit Promo TV - Abdul Haqq - Techno Artist\n\u201cTechno Art\u201d - Abdul Qadim Haqq meets Techno & Philosophy collective in Detroit for London Art Exhibit\nAbdul Qadim Haqq at the Hubb | Birmingham UK for Soul City Arts\n\nCategory:Detroit techno\nCategory:American speculative fiction artists\nCategory:Futurist artists\nCategory:African-American artists\nCategory:Culture of Detroit\nCategory:Artists from Detroit\nCategory:Fantasy artists\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Corwin\n\nCorwin may refer to:\n\nPeople\nCorwin (surname)\nCorwin (given name)\n\nPlaces in the United States\nCorwin Township, Logan County, Illinois\nCorwin, Henry County, Indiana, an extinct town \nCorwin, Tippecanoe County, Indiana, an extinct town\nCorwin, Kansas\nCorwin, New York, a hamlet in the town of Newfane\nCorwin, Ohio, a village\nCorwin, Wisconsin, a ghost town\nSalem Township, Warren County, Ohio, previously named Corwin Township\nCape Corwin, Alaska\n\nEntertainment\nCorwin (film), a 1996 documentary\nCorwin (TV series), a Canadian television series (1969-1971)\n\nOther uses\nUSS Corwin, two ships\nCorwin Manufacturing Company, an early American automobile company\n\nSee also\nCurwen"}
-{"text": "List of golf video games\n\nThis is a list of golf-simulation video games ordered by release year.\n\nList\n\nSee also\nSports game\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nList of Golf video games at uvlist.net\n\n*\nGolf"}
-{"text": "Opuntia insularis\n\nOpuntia insularis is a species of plant in the family Cactaceae. This endangered species is endemic to the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador), where restricted to Fernandina and Isabela.\n\nReferences\n\ninsularis\nCategory:Flora of the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands\nCategory:Cacti of South America\nCategory:Endemic flora of Ecuador\nCategory:Endangered plants\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Hu Xiaoxin\n\nHu Xiaoxin is a former female international table tennis player from China.\n\nTable tennis career\nShe won a gold medal at the 1989 World Table Tennis Championships in the Corbillon Cup (women's team event) with Chen Jing, Chen Zihe and Li Huifen for China.  \n\nIn addition she won a silver medal in the women's doubles in 1989 with Chen Jing and a bronze medal in the women's doubles with Liu Wei at the 1991 World Table Tennis Championships.\n\nSee also\n List of table tennis players\n List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists\n\nReferences\n\n http://www.ittf.com/ittf_stats/All_events3.asp?ID=2997\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Chinese female table tennis players\nCategory:People from Tianmen\nCategory:Table tennis players from Hubei"}
-{"text": "Falconidae\n\nThe falcons and caracaras are around 60 species of diurnal birds of prey that make up the order Falconidae. The family is divided into two subfamilies, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and forest falcons, and Falconinae, the falcons, kestrels and falconets (Microhierax and Spiziapteryx).\n\nDescription\nFalcons and caracaras are small to medium-sized birds of prey, ranging in size from the black-thighed falconet, which can weigh as little as , to the gyrfalcon, which can weigh as much as . They have strongly hooked bills, sharply curved talons and excellent eyesight. The plumage is usually composed of browns, whites, chestnut, black and grey, often with barring of patterning. There is little difference in the plumage of males and females, although a few species have some sexual dimorphism in boldness of plumage.\n\nDistribution and habitat\nThe family has a cosmopolitan distribution across the world, absent only from the densest forest of central Africa, some remote oceanic islands, the high Arctic and Antarctica. Some species have exceptionally wide ranges, particularly the cosmopolitan peregrine falcon, which ranges from Greenland to Fiji and has the widest natural breeding distribution of any bird. Other species have more restricted distributions, particularly island endemics like the Mauritius kestrel. Most habitat types are occupied, from tundra to rainforest and deserts, although they are generally more birds of open country and even forest species tend to prefer broken forest and forest edges. Some species, mostly in the genus Falco, are fully migratory, with some species summering in Eurasia and wintering entirely in Africa, other species may be partly migratory. The Amur falcon has one of the longest migrations, moving from East Asia to southern Africa.\n\nBehaviour\n\nDiet and feeding\n\nFalcons and caracaras are carnivores, feeding on birds, small mammals including bats, reptiles, insects and carrion. In popular imagination the falconids are fast flying predators, and while this is true of the genus Falco and some falconets, other species, particularly the caracaras, are more sedentary in their feeding. The forest falcons of the Neotropics are generalist forest hunters. Several species, particularly the true falcons, will stash food supplies in caches. They are solitary hunters and pairs guard territories, although they may form large flocks during migration. Some species are specialists, such as the laughing falcon, which specialises in snakes, others are more generalist.\n\nBreeding\n\nThe falcons and caracaras are generally solitary breeders, although around 10% of species are colonial, for example the red-footed falcon. They are monogamous, although some caracaras may also employ alloparenting strategies, where younger birds help adults (usually their parents) in raising the next brood of chicks. Nests are generally not built (except by the caracaras), but are co opted from other birds, for example pygmy falcons nest in the nests of weavers, or on the ledges on cliffs. Around 2\u20134 eggs are laid, and mostly incubated by the female. Incubation times vary from species to species and are correlated with body size, lasting 28 days in smaller species and up to 35 days in larger species. Chicks fledge after 28\u201349 days, again varying with size.\n\nRelations with humans\nFalcons and caracaras have a complicated relationship with humans. In ancient Egypt they were deified in the form of Horus, the sky and sun god who was the ancestor of the pharaohs. Caracaras also formed part of the legends of the Aztecs. Falcons were important in the (formerly often royal) sport of falconry. They have also been persecuted for their predation on game and farm animals, and that persecution has led to the extinction of at least one species, the Guadalupe caracara. Several insular species have declined dramatically, none more so than the Mauritius kestrel, which at one time numbered no more than four birds. Around five species of falcon are considered vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN, including the saker falcon.\n\nTaxonomy and systematics\n\nThe family Falconidae was introduced by the English zoologist William Elford Leach in a guide to the contents of the British Museum published in 1820.\n\nFamilies\nTraditionally, the raptors were grouped into four families in the single order Falconiformes, but many thought this group to be paraphyletic and not to share a common ancestor to the exclusion of all other birds.\n\nFirst, multiple lines of evidence in the 1970s and 1980s suggested that the New World vultures Cathartidae were more closely related to storks and herons (Ciconiiformes), though more recent work places them outside that group as well. Consequently, New World vultures are now often raised to the rank of an independent order Cathartiformes not closely associated with either birds of prey or storks or herons. In 2007, the American Ornithologists' Union's North American checklist moved Cathartidae back into the lead position in Falconiformes, but with an asterisk that indicates it is a taxon \"that is probably misplaced in the current phylogenetic listing but for which data indicating proper placement are not yet available\".\n\nIn Europe, it has become common to split the remaining raptors into two: the falcons and caracaras remain in the order Falconiformes (about 60 species in 4 groups), and the remaining 220-odd species (including the Accipitridae eagles, hawks, Old World vultures, etc.) are put in the separate order Accipitriformes. An unplaced prehistoric family known only from fossils are the Horusornithidae.\n\nIn agreement with the split of Falconiformes and Accipitriformes, comparative genome analysis published in 2008 suggested that falcons are more closely related to the parrots and passerines than to other birds including the Accipitridae, so that the traditional Falconiformes are polyphyletic even if the Cathartidae are excluded. Indeed, a 2011 analysis of transposable element insertions shared between the genomes of falcons, passerines, and parrots, but not present in the genomes of other birds, confirmed that falcons are a sister group of the combined parrot/passerine group, together forming the clade Eufalconimorphae.\n\nSubfamilies\nThe clade Falconidae is composed of three main branches: the falconets and true falcons, the caracaras, and the forest falcons. Differences exist between authorities in how these are grouped into subfamilies.  Also, the placement of the laughing falcon (Herpetotheres) and the spot-winged falconet (Spiziapteryx) varies.\n\nOne common approach uses two subfamilies Polyborinae and Falconinae.\nThe first contains the caracaras, forest falcons, and laughing falcon. All species in this group are native to the Americas.\n\nThe composition of Falconidae is disputed, and Polyborninae is not featured in the American Ornithologists' Union checklists for North and South American birds that are produced by its Classification Committees (NACC and SACC). The Check-list of North American Birds considers the laughing falcon a true falcon (Falconinae) and replaces Polyborinae with Caracarinae and Micrasturinae. On the other hand, the Check-list of South American Birds classifies all caracaras as true falcons and puts the laughing falcon and forest falcons into the subfamily Herpetotherinae.\n\nBased on genetic research from the late 1990s to 2015, Boyd uses three subfamilies.  \nHe places the laughing falcon (Herpetotheres) with the forest falcons (Micrastur) into Herpetotherinae (similar to SACC).  Caracarinae is separate (similar to NACC), but also contains the spot-winged falconet (Spiziapteryx).  The other falcons are placed in Falconinae.\n\nFalconinae, in its traditional classification, contains the falcons, falconets, and pygmy falcons. Depending on the authority, Falconinae may also include the caracaras and/or the laughing falcon. Boyd further divides the Falconinae into two tribes: Polyhieracini containing the Microhierax falconets, plus Falconini containing the Falco falcons.  The pygmy falcon and the white-rumped (pygmy) falcon are split into separate genera (Polyhierax and Neohierax), with the former placed into Polyhieracini and the latter into Falconini.\n\nGenera in taxonomic order\nFamily: Falconidae\n Subfamily Polyborinae\n Genus Daptrius \u2013 black caracara\n Genus Ibycter \u2013 red-throated caracara (sometimes included in Daptrius)\n Genus Phalcoboenus (4 species) \u2013 Andean and southern South American caracaras\n Genus Caracara \u2013 crested caracaras (2 living species, 1 extinct)\n Genus Milvago \u2013 brown caracaras (2 species)\n Genus Micrastur \u2013 forest falcons (7 species)\n Subfamily Falconinae\n Genus Herpetotheres \u2013 laughing falcon\n Genus Spiziapteryx \u2013 spot-winged falconet\n Genus Polihierax \u2013 pygmy falcons (2 species, includes Neohierax)\n Genus Microhierax \u2013 typical falconets (5 species)\n Genus Falco \u2013 true falcons, hobbies and kestrels (around 37 species)\n\nFossil genera\nAntarctoboenus (Early Eocene of Antarctica)\nParvulivenator (Early Eocene of England)\nStintonornis (London Clay Early Eocene of England)\nBadiostes (Santa Cruz Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina)\nFalconidae gen. et sp. indet. (Early Miocene of Chubut, Argentina)\nFalconidae gen. et sp. indet. (Pinturas Early/Middle Miocene of Argentina)\nPediohierax (Middle Miocene of Nebraska, US) \u2013 formerly Falco ramenta\n Falconidae gen. et sp. indet. (Cerro Bandera Late Miocene of Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina)\n\"Sushkinia\" pliocaena (Early Pliocene of Pavlodar, Kazakhstan) \u2013 belongs in Falco?\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n Kramarz, Alejandro: Garrido, Alberto; Forasiepi, Anal\u00eda; Bond, Mariano & Tambussi, Claudia (2005): Estratigraf\u00eda y vertebrados (Aves y Mammalia) de la Formaci\u00f3n Cerro Bandera, Mioceno Temprano de la Provincia del Neuqu\u00e9n, Argentina. Revista geol\u00f3gica de Chile 32(2): 273\u2013291. HTML fulltext\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n Falconidae videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection\n Falconidae sounds in the xeno canto collection\n\nCategory:Bird families\nCategory:Birds of prey\n*\nCategory:Extant Ypresian first appearances"}
-{"text": "Mudzi West\n\nMudzi West is a constituency of Zimbabwe. It belongs to Mudzi District in East Mashonaland, and comprises the Shanga, Suswe, Mudzi, Musarakufa and Chiunye areas. It is a rural area.\n\nElections\nIn 2000 Ray J.Kaukonde of the ZANU PF party won with 92% of the vote.\n\nIn the 2005 election, Aqualina Katsande, the ZANU PF candidate won with 83.6% of the vote. More than 11,000 votes at the 2005 general election were not accounted for.\n\nIn the 2008 elections, Aqualinah Katsande (ZANU PF) was challenged by three other candidates, one each from the United People's Party (UPP), the Movement for Democratic Change \u2013 Tsvangirai (MDC-T) and the Movement for Democratic Change \u2013 Ncube (MDC). Katsande retained her seat in the Assembly with 9,417 votes or 72.8% of the vote. Katsande and her son were accused of voter intimidation.\n\nIn the 2013 elections, voters continued to face intimidation from ZANU-PF stalwarts. Again the ZANU-PF candidate, Aqualinah Katsande, won, with the official count for her being 14,266 votes or 93.4% of the vote.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in Zimbabwe"}
-{"text": "Ultimate Care II\n\nUltimate Care II is an experimental electronic music album by Matmos, released on February 19, 2016 on Thrill Jockey.\n\nProduction\nUltimate Care II consists entirely of sounds produced by the musicians' Whirlpool Ultimate Care II washing machine, recorded in their basement. It features guest contributors Dan Deacon, Jason Willett from Half Japanese, Max Eilbacher and Sam Haberman from Horse Lords, and Duncan Moore from Needle Gun. The album consists of one 38-minute-long track, described in a press release as depicting \"an exploded view of the machine, hearing it in normal operation, but also as an object being rubbed and stroked and drummed upon and prodded and sampled and sequenced and processed by the duo\u201d.\n\nReception\nUpon release, \"Ultimate Care II\" received \"Generally Favourable Reviews\" from mainstream music critics. It was given a score of 76 by Metacritic.\n\nAccolades\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n\n \n \n\nCategory:2016 albums\nCategory:Matmos albums\nCategory:Thrill Jockey albums"}
-{"text": "Winifred Needler\n\nWinifred Needler (June 14, 1904 \u2013 September 5, 1987) was a German-born Canadian Egyptologist at the Museum of Ontario Archaeology, where she rose to be keeper of the Near Eastern Collections and later curator of the Egyptian Department. She also taught at the University of Toronto.\n\nEarly life and education\nWinifred Ellen Needler was born in Weimar, Germany, to Mary Winifred (Chisholm) Needler and George Henry Needler, a professor of German at the University of Toronto. She was known to family and friends as 'Friedel' or 'Friedl'. She was educated at St. Margaret's College and Oakwood Collegiate Institute, following which she got her B.A. in modern languages and philosophy at University College, Toronto. She then spent a year studying art at the Ontario College of Art. In 1928 she moved to Boston, Massachusetts, to study at the  School of Fine Arts and Crafts, where she won a number of prizes for her artwork.\n\nCareer\nFor five years Needler struggled to make a living as a commercial artist, but this eventually proved impossible during the Great Depression. In 1935, she got a job as a draftsperson and cataloguer at the Museum of Ontario Archaeology, drawing specimens for the museum's card system. She became increasingly interested in the Egyptian collection and began to concentrate on it. In  1938, she was awarded a Carnegie Fellowship that allowed her to take a leave of absence from the museum and study at Yale University. During her year at Yale, she studied with Michael Rostovtzeff, Cornelius Osgood, and Ludlow Bull. She could not stay to complete the two-year master's degree, although Rostovtzeff argued that a paper she wrote for him on Ptolemaic sculpture was so good that it should be accepted as a master's thesis. She received her M.A. in 1961 from the University of Toronto.\n\nOn her return to Canada in 1939, Needler undertook a systematic organization and classification of the museum's extensive collection of Near Eastern antiquities, many collected by then-director Charles Trick Currelly. After holding various positions in the museum, in 1951 she was appointed to a top curatorial post as keeper of the Near Eastern Collections. She helped to expand the museum's holdings of artefacts from the Near East. A decade later, when the museum decided to split the Near Eastern Collections in two, she was appointed curator of the half that was named the Egyptian Department.\n\nNeedler was able to do field work only intermittently. She spent the summers of 1941 and 1942 in field work at the old mission in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Then in 1947 she had her first chance to do field work in Egypt, joining a team at the temple of Seti I at Abydos, where she worked alongside Amice Calverley to copy wall paintings and inscriptions. In 1956, she spent a month at Jericho, where Kathleen Kenyon was leading the excavations, drawing and recording newfound objects. In 1962\u201363 she spent time working with Walter Bryan Emery at Buhen in the Sudan and at Qasr Ibrim in Egypt, where archeological salvage work was under way in advance of the construction of Aswan Dam. Needler worked on excavating a cemetery,  dismantling a temple built by Queen Hatshepsut, and making drawings of artifacts removed from the sites.\n\nIn 1943\u201344, Needler designed and painted a large frieze for the museum's Egyptian gallery that was  wide and extended  around three walls of the gallery. Populated with some five dozen figures and animals adapted from Egyptian tomb paintings, the mural aimed to capture the spirit and style of Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom art. The mural is no longer on public display but is preserved in the museum's archives.\n\nIn 1953, Needler was appointed a special lecturer in the Department of Fine Art at the \nUniversity of Toronto. After 12 years, she moved over to the Department of Near Eastern Studies as an associate professor and taught there until she retired in 1970.\n\nIn 1969, Needler was awarded a prestigious Wilbour Fellowship by the Brooklyn Museum, with the goal of publishing an account of that museum's collection of predynastic and archaic Egyptian art. Needler's research for this monograph occupied the years 1970 (when she retired from the Museum of Ontario Archaeology) to 1975. However, publication was delayed until 1984 because museum publication funds ran low and outside funding had to be secured. Needler's monograph is considered a valuable and original contribution to the study of Egyptian art and archeology.\n\nIn 1982, Bishop's  University honored Needler with an honorary doctorate in recognition of her service to the Museum of Ontario Archaeology and to the field of Egyptology.\n\nPublications\n Predynastic and Archaic Egypt in the Brooklyn Museum (1984, with C. S. Churcher)\n Jewelry of the Ancient Near East (1966)\n An Egyptian Funerary Bed of the Roman Period in the Royal Ontario Museum (1963)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1904 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:Canadian Egyptologists\nCategory:Canadian curators\nCategory:Royal Ontario Museum\nCategory:University of Toronto alumni\nCategory:University of Toronto faculty\nCategory:Canadian women academics"}
-{"text": "Erik Diesen\n\nErik Tangevald Diesen (8 October 1922 \u2013 13 September 1999) was a Norwegian revue writer and radio and television personality.\n\nPersonal life\nHe was a son of Thorstein Diesen, Jr. (1894\u20131962) and Ragna Marie Tangevald (1891\u20131945), grandnephew of Thorstein Diesen and first cousin once removed of Einar Diesen. He was married twice. His second wife Anne Torjusson was assisting director of television in the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation, and through her he was a son-in-law of Aslak Torjusson.\n\nCareer\nHe was associated with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation for more than fifty years, and is regarded the founder of television entertainment in Norway.\n\nHe was awarded the Amanda Honorary Award in 1989, and the Leonard Statuette in 1995. In 1988 he was awarded the Se og H\u00f8r readers' TV personality of the year award.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:1999 deaths\nCategory:Writers from Oslo\nCategory:Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation people\nCategory:Leonard Statuette winners\nCategory:20th-century Norwegian writers\nCategory:20th-century Norwegian male writers"}
-{"text": "De Lama's\n\nDe Lama's (translation: The Llamas) is a Dutch television show made by BNN and first aired on 26 June 2004. It is an adaptation of the Channel 4 show Whose Line is it Anyway?.\n\nPatrick Lodiers hosts the show, which contains both well-known and more obscure elements of theatresports. The most important of these is improvisation.\n\nDe Lama's consist of the following comedians: Ruben Nicolai, Tijl Beckand, Ruben van der Meer and Jeroen van Koningsbrugge. Jandino Asporaat, Ad-Just Bouwman, Sara Kroos, Arie Koomen, Kristel Zweers and Martijn Oosterhuis are ex-Lama's. Unlike the British and American series, every episode of De Lama's features a  Guest Llama (Gast Lama), a well-known Dutch (or Belgian) person who offers suggestions for games and always joins the regulars for one or two games at the end.\n\nAt the end of 2006, regulars Sara Kroos and Arie Koomen left the show (the latter later returned for a single episode), leaving it with only three regular performers. To help alleviate this problem, broadcaster BNN organised a televised competition, Lama Gezocht, in order to find a new performer to round out the team. Ad-Just Bouwman eventually won this competition, and joined the Llamas. He,  however, is no longer part of the troupe, reportedly because his artistic style didn't fit in with the other Llamas. Another recently 'llamafied' performer, Jandino Asporaat, left at around the same time to focus on his own theatre production, although rumour has it that his style clashed with the remaining three members as well. Jeroen van Koningsbrugge is the only new member to remain with the Llamas until the end.\n\nIn 2006, the show won the Gouden Televizier-ring, a prestigious Dutch television award for the year's most popular program on TV as chosen by the audience. It was the first show broadcast by BNN (founded in 1997) to win the 'ring'.\n\nOn 4 April 2008, The Lama's announced on a Fan day that they were going to quit with the TV-show. There was going to be one more season on TV and they planned a goodbye theatre tour through The Netherlands (and Belgium).\n\nOriginal games\n Diashow (Slideshow)\n De dierenwinkel (The petshop)\n De doventolk (The interpreter for the hearing impaired)\n Slechtste slogans (Worst slogans)\n De laatste minuut van (The last minute of)\n Roetsjbaan (The Big Dipper)\n De gehandicaptensc\u00e8ne (Variant of Change Letter, in this game, one letter cannot be used)\n Eerste zin, laatste zin (First sentence, last sentence)\n Het moordspel (The murder game)\n Op en af met een woord (On and off with a word)\n Verboden te lachen (No laughing)\n De draaideur (The Revolving Door)\n De sc\u00e8ne met de zoemer (The scene with the buzzer, much like New Choice in Drew Carey's Green Screen Show)\n De gedachtensc\u00e8ne (The thought scene, variant of Film Noir/Narrate where the thoughts are narrated by the person behind the performer, rather than the performers themselves)\n Wereldvisie Songfestival (Worldvision Song Contest)\n De Jabber (The Jabber)\n Wereldkampioenschap in slowmotion (World Championship in slowmotion, much like Action Replay)\n Bedsc\u00e8ne (Bedscene)\n De specialist (the specialist)\n Interview achteruit (interview in reverse)\n\nGames from Whose Line Is It Anyway?\n Alleen vragen (Questions only)\n Datingshow\n De allerslechtste aller tijden (World's Worst)\n De persconferentie (The press conference)\n Nasynchronisatie (Dubbing)\n De Superdub (Super-dubbing)\n Papier hier (Whose line)\n De voorwerpenronde (Props)\n Ik wil graag zien (Scenes from a hat)\n Superhelden (Superheroes)\n\nTrivia\nThe name of the show originates from a remark the original team of Lama's used a lot: \"hoor ik daar een lama schijten (of zei je wat)?\", which translates roughly as \"do I hear a llama taking a shit (or did you say something)?\". The more-or-less matching joke in English would be \"Does a llama shit in the woods?\"\n\nDVDs\n 2004 - Het beste van de lama's (The best of The Llamas), season 1\n 2005 - De lama's spugen er op los (The Llamas spit around), seasons 2, 3 and halve of season 4\n 2006 - Verboden te lachen (Forbidden to laugh), season 5 and the other part of season 4\n 2007 - De allerslechtste aller tijden (The very worst of all times), seasons 6 and 7\n 2008 - Hoor ik daar een lama zingen (Do I hear a Llama singing), highlights of 4 years of de Lama's\n 2008 - Superhelden (Superheroes), seasons 8 and 9\n 2008 - So long, farewell, Auf Wiedersehen, Goodbye, registration of their last performance in the theatretour.\n\nExternal links\n De Lama's-site\n De Lama's on IMDb\n\nCategory:Panel games\nCategory:Improvisational television series\nCategory:Dutch comedy television series\nCategory:Dutch game shows\nCategory:Dutch television sketch shows\n\nCategory:2004 Dutch television series debuts\nCategory:2008 Dutch television series endings"}
-{"text": "Cadet College Petaro\n\nCadet College Petaro is a military boarding school in Jamshoro District of the southern province of Sindh in Pakistan; about 20 miles (32\u00a0km) from Hyderabad which is under administration of Pakistan Navy. \n\nIt is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious boarding schools of Pakistan. Its campus occupies over 700 acres (2.8\u00a0km\u00b2) on the west bank of the Indus River on the road from Hyderabad to Dadu, Larkana and Quetta.\n\nNotable alumni\nAsif Ali Zardari, former President of Pakistan and Co-Chairperson Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)\nArbab Ghulam Rahim, former Chief Minister of Sindh\nLiaquat Ali Jatoi, former Federal Minister of Industries and former Chief Minister of Sindh\nZulfiqar Mirza, former  Sindh Home Minister, Member of Sindh Provincial Assembly\nRizwan Ahmed, Federal Secretary to Government of Pakistan\nSyed Arifullah Hussaini, Commander Pakistan Fleet\nKhan Hasham bin Saddique, Vice Chief of Naval Staff (VCNS)\nAllah Dino Khawaja, senior PSP officer\nNouraiz Shakoor, former Federal Minister, Govt of Pakistan \nYounus Changezi, former Balochistan Minister of Forests and Environment \nMasood Sharif Khan Khattak, former Director General of the Intelligence Bureau of Pakistan (DGIB) \nZaka Ashraf, former President Zarai Taraqqiati Bank, and former Chairman Pakistan Cricket Board\nKazi Zulkader Siddiqui, scholar, writer, educator, businessman and social worker\nShahid Iqbal, Chief of Staff (COS), Ex-DCNS (T&P), COMPAK, DCNS (O) and Commander CTF-150\nDr Zafar Ikram, former Director General of Punjab Health Department\n\nHistory\nThe college was founded in August 1957 at Mirpurkhas, Sindh as a residential institution. The first batch of teachers joined the college on 5 August 1957 at Mirpurkhas while the college building was still under preparation. These five teachers were Mr. Abdullah Khadim Hussain, Mr. Feroz Yusuf Khan, Mr. Aziz Ahmed Farooqui, Mr. Hasan Masud Zuberi, and Mr. Syed Zahoorul Hasan. While the government had advertised for the position of Principal of the college, Mr. Mohammed Hasnain was appointed as the In Charge (Acting) Principal on 25 August 1957 for the initial few months. He was soon succeeded by Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes on 20 March 1958. The first batch of 30 students joined the college on 27 August 1957 in class VIII.\n\nIn 1958, a new site was sought in order to build a permanent campus for the college. A site was chosen at Petaro, a few miles up the river from Jamshoro. The construction of a purpose built campus began almost immediately. Mr. Habib-ur-Rehman, Minister of Education, laid the foundation stone of the college on 16 January 1959. The initial cost of construction of the buildings of the college sanctioned by the government of West Pakistan was Rs. 2,700,000. The college finally moved to its new premises at Petaro in August 1959. At the time of the move, the River Indus was in flood, and Petaro was also submerged under its waters. The building in Mirpurkhas that originally housed Cadet College Petaro was given over to the Government College Mirpurkhas.\n\nThe first principal of the college was Col.(retd) J.H.H. Coombes who retired from the college in 1965. He was followed by Cdr.(retd) Firoz Shah, who remained in charge until 1972. The previous principal was Cdre. M. Abid Saleem (2000\u20132007). The present principal is Cdre. Mehboob Ellahi Malik (2014-onwards).\n\nThe college is a residential institution for over 900 full-time students at present, providing education from Class 8 to Class 12 (Intermediate). At the time it was first constructed, it was designed to accommodate only 360 students in four houses (or hostels). The capacity was expanded to 570 with the construction of two more houses in the late 1960s.\n\nThe year 2007 marked the fiftieth anniversary of the college. Gen. Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan was the chief guest at the Golden Jubilee celebrations on 28 February 2007. On this occasion, President Musharraf announced the formation of a university in the vicinity of the college that will be sponsored by the Metupak Foundation.\n\nAcademics\nThe main body of students is admitted each year to Class 8. Until the academic year 1998-99, the college used to admit a small contingent of boys from the rural districts of Sindh to Class 7, to prepare them for competitive success with the new entry into Class 8. However, it was decided by the Board of Governors of the college to discontinue Class 7 from 1999 onwards. All Class 7 Cadets stayed in Shahbaz House. Shahbaz house became a full-fledge house in 2000; having a similar strength of all Classes like the other houses, and started participating in all Inter-House competitions to compete for the Championship.\n\nCollege students have normally secured most of the top positions in the competitive Hyderabad Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education examinations every year. Further, the first batch of O-levels brought a fruitful result by bringing 4 A*, 33 As and 20 Bs in May/June CIE O-Level Examinations 2012 under the supervision of the O-levels co-ordinator and House Master 'Sachal House' Mr. Ahsan Ali Shah.\n\nHouses\nThe college is subdivided into eight (08) houses.\n\n The house is currently Champion\n\n The house is currently Runner-Up\n\n The house homes the First Champions Trophy\n\nShahbaz House was created in as an entity in 1965, but a proper building for the house was constructed the year 1975. This was meant to be solely to house Class 7 cadets, to prepare them to become proper regular cadets a year later. This concept was developed to give opportunity to boys from underdeveloped rural areas. However, due to malpractices by college administration in later years, many sons of rich landlords availed this opportunity as they were unable to get in through competitive examinations. Therefore, in the year 2000, the Board of Governors decided to abolish this scheme as it did not benefit the segment of the population it was intended for. Shahbaz House was declared a regular house with cadets from all classes henceforth.\n\nIn 2007, on the occasion of Cadet College Petaro's golden jubilee, General Pervez Musharraf, who was the chief guest on the occasion, announced the construction of a new house, which was named Sachal Sarmast House after the famous Sufi poet from Sindh.\n\nCampus\nThe campus is founded near the town Petaro, which is part of the District Jamshoro. The campus is practically a small township with its own electricity, water supply, sewerage, security and other infrastructure. The campus is divided into 4 parts, which are Staff Quarters, Cadets Area, Sports Grounds and College Premises. The college also has a parade ground, which hosts the Adjutant Parade and Principal Parade.\n\nAdministration\nThe college is governed by an autonomous board of governors, headed by the Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy as its chairman. Since 1975, the principal of the college has been an officer of the Pakistan Navy as well. The adjutants have been either from Pakistan Army (1957-1970 and 2010 onwards) or Pakistan Navy (1970-2010)\n\nStaff infrastructure\nThe college is controlled and patronised by the Pakistan Navy. Since 1975, the Principal posted is at least of the rank of a serving Captain of the Navy with experience of administration. His tenure is normally for 3 years. Likewise the Pakistan Navy provides an Adjutant of the rank of Lieutenant / Lieutenant Commander and other training staff like Chief Petty Officers, Petty Officers and Sailors for military training of the cadets. The current Adjutant of the college is \nLieutenant Shuhab Ali, Pakistan Navy, he is from Pak Marines branch of Navy. He is an ex-cadet of the same college with kit no: 200-2051 (L)\n\nThe college is staffed by 41 teachers (professors, assistant professors and lecturers) who have at least a master's degree. There are other officers like the medical officer, administrative officer, bursar, librarian and office superintendent. In addition, there are around 215 board employees and over 400 college employees.\n\nThe Petarian Association (TPA)\n\nFounded in 1982, the Petarian Association has become the focal point of gathering for all Petarians, particularly those in Pakistan. The association is a successor of the Petaro Old Boys Association (POBA) that existed informally for a few years in the late 1960s, and then became defunct. The Petarian Association was registered under the Societies Registration Act-XXI of 1860 on 4 February 1982 under registration no. KAR-7210.\n\nOver these years, the association has hosted numerous functions that provide a social meeting ground for the Petarians and their families. The association presently has over 900 life members.\n\nThe Commander Karachi (COMKAR) of the Pakistan Navy (who is the Chairman Board of Governors of Cadet College Petaro) has always been invited to be the Patron-in-Chief of the association. The principal of Cadet College Petaro is the patron of the association.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website\nComprehensive website with archives of Cadet College Petaro history\n\nCategory:Cadet colleges in Pakistan\nCategory:Schools in Hyderabad, Sindh\n \nCategory:Military in Sindh\nCategory:Boarding schools in Pakistan\nCategory:Pakistan Navy"}
-{"text": "1948\u201349 Portsmouth F.C. season\n\nIn Portsmouth Football Club's Golden Jubilee season of 1948\u201349, the club were tipped to be the first team of the 20th century to win the Football League and FA Cup double. However, Pompey crashed out of the FA Cup in the semi-final against Leicester City, but made up for it by claiming the league title in spectacular fashion. That season also saw a record attendance of 51,385, a record which still stands to this day.\n\nFirst Division\n\nLeague table\n\nFA Cup\n\nAppearances\n\nReferences\nPompey Match Results Season: 1948/49 Division One\n\nCategory:Portsmouth F.C. seasons\nPortsmouth\nCategory:English football championship-winning seasons"}
-{"text": "2008 FIU Golden Panthers football team\n\nThe 2008 FIU Golden Panthers football team represented Florida International University in the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Mario Cristobal and played their homes games at the on-campus FIU Stadium.\n\nRegular season\nThe 2008 season started off with a loss at 13th-ranked Kansas, 40\u201310. Following that, Iowa routed FIU, 42\u20130. FIU then faced its highest-ranked opponent in school history, 12th-ranked South Florida, for the inaugural game of the new FIU Stadium. Trailing 17-0 with 2:30 left in the game FIU attained a safety, and subsequently scored a touchdown. FIU lost, 17\u20139, but played acted as a spoiler for South Florida, with the latter falling three spots in the rankings. The game against Toledo became their first-ever out-of-conference FBS win. Against, Toledo, FIU forced four turnovers and recorded its first road win since 2005.\n\nSchedule\n\nCoaching staff\n\nSee also\n FIU Golden Panthers football\n FIU Golden Panthers\n FIU Stadium\n FIU\n\nGame summaries\n\nKansas\nOverall: (0-1), Conference: (0-2)\n\nIowa\nOverall: (0-2), Conference: (0-0)\n\nSouth Florida\nOverall: (0-3), Conference: (0-0)\n\nToledo\nOverall: (1-3), Conference: (0-0)\n\nNorth Texas\nOverall: (2-3), Conference: (1-0)\n\nMiddle Tennessee\nOverall: (3-3), Conference: (2-0)\n\nTroy\nOverall: (3-4), Conference: (2-1)\n\nLouisiana-Lafayette\nOverall: (3-5), Conference: (2-2)\n\nArkansas State\nOverall: (4-5), Conference: (3-2)\n\nLouisiana-Monroe\n\nFlorida Atlantic\nShula Bowl\n\nWestern Kentucky\n\nCategory:FIU Panthers football seasons\nFIU\nCategory:2008 in sports in Florida"}
-{"text": "Alzing\n\nAlzing () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\n Communes of the Moselle department\n\nReferences\n INSEE statistics\n\nCategory:Communes of Moselle (department)"}
-{"text": "Pareng Partners\n\nPareng Partners is a Philippine television news magazine program broadcast by ABS-CBN on July 28, 2018 and airs every Saturday at 5:15 pm (PST). It is hosted by Anthony Taberna and Jorge Cari\u00f1o. The show ended on March 23, 2019 with a total of 34 episodes. It was replaced by DocuCentral Presents in its timeslot.\n\nHosts\n Anthony Taberna\n Jorge Cari\u00f1o\n\nTyphoon Ompong Special coverage\nOn September 15, 2018, on the day Typhoon Ompong (Mangkhut) struck Northern Luzon, Pareng Partners aired a Special Coverage live from the ABS-CBN News Studio, serving as lead-in to TV Patrol Weekend as it uses the latter's graphics. This coverage was hosted by Jorge Cari\u00f1o and joined by TV Patrol Weekend co-anchor Alvin Elchico.\n\nSee also\nList of programs broadcast by ABS-CBN\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:ABS-CBN shows\nCategory:2018 Philippine television series debuts\nCategory:2019 Philippine television series endings\nCategory:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs programs\nCategory:Philippine documentary television series\nCategory:Filipino-language television programs"}
-{"text": "Abdulai Bell-Baggie\n\nAbdulai Hindolo Bell-Baggie (born 28 April 1992) is a Sierra Leonean professional footballer who plays as a winger for Southern League Premier Division club Weymouth.\n\nBorn in Sierra Leone, Bell-Baggie represented both the England under-16 and England under-17 national teams before winning a cap for Sierra Leone in 2013. A former Reading player, he has played on loan for Rotherham United, Port Vale, and Crawley Town and was briefly contracted to Yeovil Town and Hayes & Yeading United. He joined Salisbury City in January 2012, before switching to Tranmere Rovers seven months later. After spending three years at Tranmere, he was released before joining Bristol Rovers in March 2015 but failed to make an appearance for the club. He joined Stockport County in June 2015, and moved on to Poole Town in March 2016. He joined Weymouth in October 2017 and helped the club to win the Southern League Premier Division title in 2018\u201319.\n\nClub career\n\nEarly career\nBell-Baggie was born in Sierra Leone, and moved to England with his family in 1999, remaining in England with a foster family when his parents returned to Sierra Leone in 2005. He attended Hillside and Bulmershe College in Berkshire as a youth, and became a part of the set-up at Reading at age nine. Though he spent some time at Southampton's youth team, he returned to Reading in 2007. He was awarded a club number in December 2009.\n\nHe joined League Two side Rotherham United on a one-month loan in March 2010, making his professional debut as a substitute on 16 March 2010 in a 2\u20131 defeat at Accrington Stanley, replacing Marcus Marshall a few minutes before full-time. His first start came in a 3\u20130 defeat at Aldershot on 5 April, after this game the loan spell was extended until the end of the season. However his twelfth and final match for the club was the most significant game of his season, as he replaced Kevin Ellison late into the play-off final defeat to Dagenham and Redbridge at Wembley on 30 May 2010.\n\nIn August 2010 he was brought in by Port Vale's Micky Adams on a one-month loan to cover for Lewis Haldane, who was recovering from illness. This move came despite an offer of another loan spell from Rotherham United, and talk of Aldershot expecting the winger to join them on loan. After one substitute appearances he stated his aim to win a place in the starting eleven, however he finished his loan spell with only one start \u2013 in the League Trophy, and four substitute appearances to his name. At the end of November he joined Conference National high-flyers Crawley Town on loan, but only made one FA Cup appearance. At the end of the 2010\u201311 season Bell-Baggie was released by Reading.\n\nIn August 2011, Bell-Baggie signed a contract with Yeovil Town to keep him at the League One club until January 2012. In December 2011, Bell-Baggie was informed his short-term contract would not be extended and he was released without making a single appearance. He signed with Conference club Hayes & Yeading United on 6 January, and played in the club's 3\u20131 defeat at Kidderminster Harriers the next day. On 16 January his ten-day spell at the club came to an end when he was signed by Salisbury City manager Darrell Clarke.\n\nTranmere Rovers\nIn July 2012, he joined Tranmere Rovers on trial. Manager Ronnie Moore, who was also manager during the winger's time at Rotherham, was impressed enough to offer Bell-Baggie a one-year contract, which was duly signed. Having featured regularly for the club since his arrival, he signed a new contract on 7 March 2013, keeping him at Tranmere until 2015. He scored two goals in 34 appearances across the 2012\u201313 campaign. Bell-Baggie played 15 games at the start of the 2013\u201314 season, but did not make an appearance for Rovers after November as the club suffered relegation out of League One. He was named in the Football League team of the week for his performance in a 3\u20132 defeat at Accrington Stanley on 6 September 2014, having a bagged a brace in the second half. He was placed on the transfer list in January 2015 by new manager Micky Adams, who had previously coached him at Port Vale, before having his contract cancelled by mutual consent a month later.\n\nNon-league\nIn March 2015, Bell-Baggie joined Conference Premier club Bristol Rovers on a deal until the end of the 2014\u201315 season. Rovers won promotion out of the play-offs, though Bell-Baggie never made an appearance for the club. He was released at the end of the season. In June 2015, Bell-Baggie signed for National League North side Stockport County, and was described by manager Neil Young as \"an exciting and excellent\" player. He was released by new \"Hatters\" manager Jim Gannon in February after struggling with a series of niggling injuries.\n\nHe signed with Poole Town in March 2016. He played four league games towards the end of the 2015\u201316 season as the \"Dolphins\" won promotion into the National League South as champions of the Southern League Premier Division. He scored two goals in 35 league games in the 2016\u201317 campaign, however Poole were barred from competing in the play-offs as Tatnam Ground did not meet National League standard regulations. He left the club on 10 October 2017, following the establishment of home grown talent Ollie Balmer in the first-team.\n\nOn 28 October 2017, Bell-Baggie joined Weymouth of the Southern League Premier Division. He made his debut for Mark Molesley's \"Terras\" later that day in a 4\u20131 FA Trophy defeat at Hereford on 28 October. He ended the 2017\u201318 season with five goals in 30 league appearances at the Bob Lucas Stadium, helping Weymouth to secure a place in the play-offs, where they were beaten 3\u20130 by King's Lynn Town at the semi-final stage. He featured 51 times in the 2018\u201319 season, scoring five goals, to help Weymouth to win promotion as champions of the Premier Division.\n\nInternational career\nBell-Baggie turned out for England at both under-16 and under-17 levels. He lifted the Victory Shield in 2007 with the under-16s, Bell-Baggie starting in the 2\u20130 win over Wales and the 2\u20131 win against Scotland. In August 2008 he made two appearances for the under-17s, in a 2\u20131 defeat by Portugal and a 2\u20130 win over Italy. Bell-Baggie made his senior debut with Sierra Leone in a 1\u20130 defeat to Cape Verde at the Est\u00e1dio da V\u00e1rzea in a World Cup qualifier on 15 June 2013.\n\nStyle of play\nRotherham United manager Ronnie Moore considered him to be an \"impact player\". He went on to say \"he's got electric pace. He's brave and strong and has got a lot of goals for the Reserves and kids. He's two footed and can play on the left wing and gets into little pocket. He turns and twists and, even at his young age, he knows the game.\"\n\nPersonal life\nIn 2011, Bell-Baggie was living with his girlfriend, Natalie, sister of Adam Lallana.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub statistics\n\nInternational statistics\n\nHonours\nEngland under-16s\nVictory Shield winner: 2007\n\nWeymouth\nSouthern League Premier Division champion: 2018\u201319\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English footballers\nCategory:England youth international footballers\nCategory:Sierra Leonean footballers\nCategory:Sierra Leone international footballers\nCategory:Black English sportspeople\nCategory:Association football wingers\nCategory:Sierra Leonean expatriate footballers\nCategory:Sierra Leonean expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Sierra Leonean emigrants to the United Kingdom\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in England\nCategory:Reading F.C. players\nCategory:Rotherham United F.C. players\nCategory:Port Vale F.C. players\nCategory:Crawley Town F.C. players\nCategory:Yeovil Town F.C. players\nCategory:Hayes & Yeading United F.C. players\nCategory:Salisbury City F.C. players\nCategory:Tranmere Rovers F.C. players\nCategory:Bristol Rovers F.C. players\nCategory:Stockport County F.C. players\nCategory:Poole Town F.C. players\nCategory:Weymouth F.C. players\nCategory:English Football League players\nCategory:National League (English football) players\nCategory:Southern Football League players"}
-{"text": "Nur ol Dinabad, West Azerbaijan\n\nNur ol Dinabad (, also Romanized as N\u016br ol D\u012bn\u0101b\u0101d , N\u016br ed D\u012bn\u0101b\u0101d, and N\u016br od D\u012bn\u0101b\u0101d) is a village in Anzal-e Jonubi Rural District, Anzal District, Urmia County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 140, in 25 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Urmia County"}
-{"text": "Shimamatsu Station\n\nis a railway station of the Chitose Line located in Eniwa, Hokkaid\u014d, Japan. \n\nCategory:Railway stations in Hokkaido Prefecture\nCategory:Eniwa, Hokkaido\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1926"}
-{"text": "Operation Solomon\n\nOperation Solomon (, Mivtza Shlomo) was a covert Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian Jews to Israel from May 24 to May 25, 1991. Non-stop flights of 35 Israeli aircraft, including Israeli Air Force C-130s and El Al Boeing 747s, transported 14,325 Ethiopian Jews to Israel in 36 hours.\n\nHistory\n\nOperation Solomon was the third Aliyah mission from Ethiopia to Israel. Before Operation Solomon, there was Operation Moses and Operation Joshua, which were two of the other ways that Ethiopian Jews could leave before they were forced to put an end to these type of programs. In between the time when these operations came to an end and Operation Solomon began, a very small number of Ethiopian Jews were able to leave and go to Israel.\n\nIn 1991, the sitting Ethiopian government of Mengistu Haile Mariam was close to being toppled with the military successes of Eritrean and Tigrean rebels, threatening Ethiopia with dangerous political destabilization.  World Jewish organizations, such as the American Association for Ethiopian Jews (AAEJ), and Israel were concerned about the well-being of the Ethiopian Jews, known as Beta Israel, residing in Ethiopia. The majority of them were living in the Gondar region of the Ethiopian Highlands and were mostly farmers and artisans. Also, the Mengistu regime had made mass emigration difficult for Beta Israel, and the regime's dwindling power presented an opportunity for those wanting to emigrate to Israel. In 1990, the Israeli government and Israeli Defense Forces, aware of Ethiopia\u2019s worsening political situation, made covert plans to airlift the Jews to Israel. America became involved in the planning of Operation Solomon after it was brought to the US government's attention from American Jewish leaders from the American Association for Ethiopian Jews that the Ethiopian Jews were living in danger.  \n\nThe American government was also involved in the organization of the airlift. The decision of the Ethiopian government to allow all the Falshas to leave the country at once was largely motivated by a letter from President George H. W. Bush, who had some involvement with Operations Joshua and Moses.  Previous to this, Mengistu intended to allow emigration only in exchange for weaponry.\n\nAlso involved in the Israeli and Ethiopian governments' attempts to facilitate the operation was a group of American diplomats led by Senator Rudy Boschwitz, including Irvin Hicks, a Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs; Robert Frasure, the Director of the African Affairs at the White House National Security Council; and Robert Houdek the Charg\u00e9 d'Affaires of the United States Embassy in Addis Ababa. Boschwitz had been sent as a special emissary of President Bush, and he and his team met with the government of Ethiopia to aid Israel in the arranging of the airlift. In addition, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Herman Cohen also played an important role, as he was the international mediator of the civil war in Ethiopia. Cohen struck a deal with Mengistu that as long as Ethiopians would have an understanding with the rebels, change their human rights and emigration policy and change their communist economic practice. In response to the efforts of the diplomats, acting President of Ethiopia Tesfaye Gebre-Kidan made the ultimate decision to allow the airlift. The negotiations surrounding the operation led to the eventual London roundtable discussions, which established a joint declaration by the Ethiopian combatants who then agreed to organize a conference to select a transitional government. $35 million was raised by the Jewish community to give to the government in Ethiopia so that the Jews could come over to Israel. The money went to the airport expenses in Addis Ababa.\n\nLead-up: Internal Debate within the Jewish community \nIn the decade leading up to the operation, there was a heated division within the Israeli community over whether to accept the Ethiopians. The reasoning against bringing in Ethiopians proved to be very diverse. Some Jews within Israel feared a \"shanda fur di goyim\" (embarrassment in front of the non-Jews), and thus aimed to avoid the issue of stirring up controversy by ignoring the pleas of the Ethiopian Jews. Others advocated for the operation, but avoided public demonstrations that might lead to arrests and further public controversy. Taking a completely different approach, others within the Israeli community claimed that there was a cultural divide which would make the integration process untenable; these included Director General of the Jewish Agency's Department of Immigration and Absorption Yehuda Dominitz, who likened this displacement to \"taking a fish out of water\". Still others elaborated on this vague notion with more provocative claims, such as World Zionist Organization writer Malkah Raymist, who argued that the Ethiopians' \"mental outlook is that of children... It would take several years before they could be educated towards a minimum of progressive thinking.\" However, ultimately, these counter arguments were in vain, as the Israeli government went ahead and conducted the airlift anyway, and the jubilant Ethiopians were greeted as they exited the planes by thousands of joyous Israelis.\n\nOperation \n\nThe operation was overseen by the Prime Minister at the time, Yitzhak Shamir. It was kept secret by military censorship. Operation Solomon was sped up with tremendous help from the AAEJ. In 1989, the AAEJ accelerated the process of the Aliyah because Ethiopian-Israeli relations were in the right place. Susan Pollack, who was the director of the AAEJ in Addis Ababa, fought for Operation Solomon to happen sooner rather than later. Israel, who had a gradual plan for this operation, and the US were given a graphic report from Pollack that informed both countries of the terrible conditions that the Ethiopian Jews were living in. The organization went right ahead and got transportation like buses and trucks to have the people of Gondar quickly come to Addis Ababa. To get the Jews in Addis Ababa, many of the Jews that came from Gondar had to venture hundreds of miles by car, horses, and by foot. Some had things taken by thieves on the way, and some were even killed. By December 1989, around 2,000 Ethiopian Jews made their way by foot from their village in the Gondar highlands to the capital and many more came to join them by 1991.\n\nIn order to accommodate as many people as possible, airplanes were stripped of their seats, and up to 1,122 passengers were boarded on a single plane. May 24, 1991, also happened to be a Friday which falls on Shabbat for Jews. On Shabbat, the Jewish Sabbath, transportation is not used. This made it easier to complete the operation. The Jewish Religious Law mentions that one can break the Sabbath traditions if it is for saving lives.\n\nMany of the immigrants came with nothing except their clothes and cooking instruments, and were met by ambulances, with 140 frail passengers receiving medical care on the tarmac. Several pregnant women gave birth on the plane, and they and their babies were rushed to the hospital. Before Operation Solomon took place, many of the Jews there were at a high risk of infection from diseases, especially HIV. The Jews that were left behind had an even higher risk at the infection because the rate of it kept increasing. After a few months, around 20,000 Jews had made their way over. While they were there, they were struggling for basic resources like food and warmth. They thought they would see their families right away.\n\nUpon arrival, the passengers cheered and rejoiced. Twenty-nine-year-old Mukat Abag said, \"We didn't bring any of our clothes, we didn't bring any of our things, but we are very glad to be here.\"\n\nOperation Solomon airlifted almost twice as many Ethiopian Jews to Israel as Operation Moses. The operation set a world record for single-flight passenger load on May 24, 1991, when an El Al 747 carried 1,122 passengers to Israel (1,087 passengers were registered, but dozens of children hid in their mothers' robes). \"Planners expected to fill the aircraft with 760 passengers. Because the passengers were so light, many more were squeezed in.\" Five babies were born aboard the planes. \n\nBetween 1990 and 1999, over 39,000 Ethiopian Jews entered Israel.\n\nAftermath: Socio-economic strife \nSince being transported to Israel, the vast majority of these Beta Israel transfers have struggled to find work within the region. Recent estimates suggest that up to 80 percent of adult immigrants from Ethiopia are unemployed and forced to live off national welfare payments. This struggle can be explained by a number of potential factors. Firstly, the transition from the rural, largely illiterate lands of Ethiopia to a highly urban workforce in Israel has proved difficult, especially when considering the fact that most Ethiopian Jews do not speak Hebrew and are in competition with other, more highly skilled immigrant workers. Nevertheless, the fact that the younger generations of Ethiopian Israelites, who have grown up and been educated in Israel and possess graduate degrees and more forms of formal training, still have a disproportionate amount of trouble finding work suggests that other factors may be at play, including potential racial or even religious bias, given that there has been debate over whether or not Ethiopian Jews should be considered Jewish in the first place.\n\nIn popular culture \nFig Tree (2018), directed by Alamork Marsha about her own experience with Operation Solomon.\n\nSee also\n Operation Joshua\n Operation Moses\n Operation Yachin\n Jewish Agency for Israel\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nNaomi Samuel (1999). The Moon is Bread. Gefen Publishing House. \nShmuel Yilma (1996). From Falasha to Freedom: An Ethiopian Jew's Journey to Jerusalem. Gefen Publishing House. \nAlisa Poskanzer (2000). Ethiopian Exodus. Gefen Publishing House. \nBaruch Meiri (2001). The Dream Behind Bars: The Story of the Prisoners of Zion from Ethiopia. Gefen Publishing House. \nStephen Spector (2005). Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews. Oxford University Press. ; reviewed by George Jochnowitz in the September/October 2005 issue of Midstream\nRicki Rosen (2006). Transformations: From Ethiopia to Israel. \nGad Shimron (2007). Mossad Exodus: The Daring Undercover Rescue of the Lost Jewish Tribe . Gefen Publishing House. \nAsher Naim (2003). \"Saving the Lost Tribe: The Rescue and Redemption of the Ethiopian Jews\" Ballantine Publishing Group.\n\nExternal links\n Jewish Agency for Israel The Jewish Agency has been responsible for the aliyah from around the world since 1948\n\nCategory:1991 in Ethiopia\nCategory:1991 in Israel\nCategory:1991 in international relations\nCategory:Aliyah operations\nCategory:Beta Israel\nCategory:Ethiopian Jews\nCategory:Jewish Agency for Israel\nCategory:Jews and Judaism in Ethiopia\nSolomon\nCategory:Aerial operations and battles involving Israel\nCategory:Jewish Ethiopian history\nCategory:History of the Jews in Africa\nCategory:Airlifts"}
-{"text": "Kyaw Shein\n\nKyaw Shein (born 8 March 1938) is a Burmese former sports shooter. He competed in the 50 metre rifle, prone event at the 1964 Summer Olympics. He also competed at the 1962, 1966 and 1970 Asian Games.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1938 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Burmese male sport shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of Myanmar\nCategory:Shooters at the 1964 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in shooting\nCategory:Shooters at the 1962 Asian Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 1966 Asian Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 1970 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games bronze medalists for Myanmar\nCategory:Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games\nCategory:Medalists at the 1970 Asian Games"}
-{"text": "Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States\n\nThe adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United States is supported by the American federal government, and several states and local governments. , cumulative sales in the U.S. totaled one\u00a0million highway legal plug-in electric vehicles since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008. The American stock represented about 25% of the global plug-in car stock in 2017, and the U.S. had the world's third largest stock of plug-in passenger cars after China and Europe.\n\nThe U.S. market share of plug-in electric passenger cars increased from 0.14% in 2011 to 0.62% in 2013; reached 0.75% in 2014 and fell to 0.66% in 2015. Then climbed to 0.90% in 2016, to 1.13% in 2017, and achieved a record market share of 2.1% in 2018. California is the largest plug-in car regional market in the country, with over 500,000 plug-in electric vehicles sold by the end of November 2018.\n\n, the Tesla Model 3 all-electric car is the all-time best selling plug-in electric car with about 164,000 units delivered, followed by the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid with 154,664 units (both generations), and the Tesla Model S with about 147,500 cars.  The Model S was the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. for three consecutive years, from 2015 to 2017, and the Model 3 topped sales in 2018.\n\nThe Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 granted federal tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric vehicles, which is worth between  and  depending on battery capacity. , Washington, D.C. and 37 states and had established incentives and tax or fee exemptions for BEVs and PHEVs, or utility-rate breaks, and other non-monetary incentives such as free parking and high-occupancy vehicle lane access.\n\nGovernment support\n\nIn his 2011 State of the Union address, President Barack Obama set the goal for the U.S. to become the first country to have one\u00a0million electric vehicles on the road by 2015. This goal was established based on forecasts made by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), using production capacity of PEV models announced to enter the U.S. market through 2015. The DoE estimated a cumulative production of 1,222,200 PEVS by 2015, and was based on manufacturer announcements and media reports accounting production goals for the Fisker Karma, Fisker Nina, Ford Transit Connect, Ford Focus Electric, Chevrolet Volt, Nissan Leaf, Smith Newton, Tesla Roadster, Tesla Model S and Th!nk City.\n\nConsidering that actual PEV sales were lower than initially expected, as of early 2013, several industry observers have concluded that this goal was unattainable. Obama's goal was achieved only in September 2018.\n\nIn 2008, San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, San Jose Mayor Chuck Reed and Oakland Mayor Ron Dellums announced a nine-step policy plan for transforming the Bay Area into the \"Electric Vehicle (EV) Capital of the U.S.\". Other local and state governments have also expressed interest in electric cars.\n\nGovernor of California Jerry Brown issued an executive order in March 2012 that established the goal of getting 1.5\u00a0million zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) on California roads by 2025.\n\nAmerican Recovery and Reinvestment Act \n\nPresident Barack Obama pledged  billion in federal grants to support the development of next-generation electric vehicles and batteries. $1.5 billion in grants to U.S. based manufacturers to produce highly efficient batteries and their components; up to $500 million in grants to U.S. based manufacturers to produce other components needed for electric vehicles, such as electric motors and other components; and up to $400 million to demonstrate and evaluate plug-in hybrids and other electric infrastructure concepts\u2014like truck stop charging station, electric rail, and training for technicians to build and repair electric vehicles (green collar jobs).\n\nIn March 2009, as part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the U.S. Department of Energy announced the release of two competitive solicitations for up to $2 billion in federal funding for competitively awarded cost-shared agreements for manufacturing of advanced batteries and related drive components as well as up to $400 million for transportation electrification demonstration and deployment projects. This initiative aimed to help meet President Barack Obama's goal of putting one\u00a0million plug-in electric vehicles on the road by 2015.\n\nTax credits\n\nNew plug-in electric vehicles\n\nFederal incentives\n\nFirst the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008, and later the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACES) granted tax credits for new qualified plug-in electric drive motor vehicles. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) also authorized federal tax credits for converted plug-ins, though the credit is lower than for new plug-in electric vehicle (PEV).\n\nAs defined by the 2009 ACES Act, a PEV is a vehicle which draws propulsion energy from a traction battery with at least 5 kwh of capacity and uses an offboard source of energy to recharge such battery. The tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles is worth  plus  for each kilowatt-hour of battery capacity over 5 kwh, and the portion of the credit determined by battery capacity cannot exceed . Therefore, the total amount of the credit, between  and , will vary depending on the capacity of the battery (4 to 16 kWh) used to power the vehicles.\n\nThe qualified plug-in electric vehicle credit phases out for a plug-in manufacturer over the one-year period beginning with the second calendar quarter after the calendar quarter in which at least 200,000 qualifying plug-in vehicles from that manufacturer have been sold for use in the U.S. Cumulative sales started counting sales after December 31, 2009. After reaching the cap, qualifying PEVs for one quarter still earn the full credit, the second quarter after that quarter plug-in vehicles are eligible for 50% of the credit for six months, then 25% of the credit for another six months and finally the credit is phased out. Both the Nissan Leaf electric vehicle and the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid, launched in December 2010, are eligible for the maximum $7,500 tax credit. The Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid, released in January 2012, is eligible for a  tax credit due to its smaller battery capacity of 5.2 kWh. All Tesla cars and the Chevrolet Bolts and BMW i3 BEV are eligible for the  tax credit.\n\nA 2016 study conducted by researchers from the University of California, Davis found that the federal tax credit was the reason behind more than 30% of the plug-in electric sales. The impact of the federal tax incentive is higher among owners of the Nissan Leaf, with up to 49% of sales attributable to the federal incentive. The study, based on an stated preference survey of more than 2,882 plug in vehicle owners in 11 states, also found that the federal tax credit shifts buyers from internal combustion engine vehicles to plug-in vehicles and advances the purchase timing of new vehicles by a year or more.\n\nIn July 2018, Tesla Inc. was the first plug-in manufacturer to pass 200,000 sales and the full tax credit will be available until the end 2018, with the phase out beginning in January 2019. General Motors combined sales of plug-in electric vehicles passed 200,000 units in November 2018. The full tax credit will be available until the end of March 2019 and thereafter reduces gradually until it is completely phase out beginning on April 1, 2020. In order of cumulative sales, , Nissan has delivered 126,875 units, Ford 111,715, Toyota 93,011 and the BMW Group 79,679 plug-in electric cars.\n\nState incentives\n\n, 37 states and Washington, D.C. have established incentives and tax or fee exemptions for BEVs and PHEVs, or utility-rate breaks, and other non-monetary incentives such as free parking and high-occupancy vehicle lane access regardless of the number of occupants. In California, for example, the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) was established to promote the production and use of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). Eligible vehicles include only new Air Resources Board-certified or approved zero-emission or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Among the eligible vehicles are neighborhood electric vehicles, battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles including cars, trucks, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, and zero-emission motorcycles. Vehicles must be purchased or leased on or after March 15, 2010. Rebates initially of up to  per light-duty vehicle, and later lowered to up to , are available for individuals and business owners who purchase or lease new eligible vehicles. Certain zero-emission commercial vehicles are also eligible for rebates up to . California's zero-emission (ZEV) regulations are anticipated to result in 1.5 million electric vehicles on the road by 2025 ( i.e., 15% sales of total states in 2025); moreover, California's mixed incentives means to reach 40% of electric vehicle sales in the entire U.S.\n\nElectric vehicle purchases made in the U.S. are eligible for $2,500 to $7,500, depending on the make and model of the vehicle, in federal tax credit.\n\nThe following table summarizes some of the state incentives:\n\nNew proposals\n\nSeveral separate initiatives have been pursued unsuccessfully at the federal level since 2011 to transform the tax credit into an instant cash rebate. The objective of these initiatives is to make new qualifying plug-in electric cars more accessible to buyers by making the incentive more effective. The rebate would be available at the point of sale allowing consumers to avoid a wait of up to a year to apply the tax credit against income tax returns.\n\nIn March 2014, the Obama Administration included a provision in the FY 2015 Budget to increase the maximum tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles and other advanced vehicles from   to . The new maximum tax credit would not apply to luxury vehicles with a sales price of over , such as the Tesla Model S and the Cadillac ELR, which would be capped at . In November 2017, House Republicans proposed scrapping the  tax credit as part of a sweeping tax overhaul.\n\nCharging equipment \nUntil 2010 there was a federal tax credit equal to 50% of the cost to buy and install a home-based charging station with a maximum credit of  for each station. Businesses qualified for tax credits up to  for larger installations. These credits expired on December 31, 2010, but were extended through 2013 with a reduced tax credit equal to 30% with a maximum credit of up to  for each station for individuals and up to  for commercial buyers. In 2016, the Obama administration and several stake holders announced $4.5 billion in loan guarantees for public charge stations, along with other iniatives.\n\nEV Everywhere Challenge\n\nOn March 7, 2012, President Barack Obama launched the EV Everywhere Challenge as part of the U.S. Department of Energy\u2019s Clean Energy Grand Challenges, which seeks to solve some of the U.S. biggest energy challenges and make clean energy technologies affordable and accessible to the vast majority of American households and businesses. The EV Everywhere Challenge has the goal of advancing electric vehicle technologies to have the country, by 2022, to produce a five-passenger electric vehicle that would provide both a payback time of less than five years and the ability to be recharged quickly enough to provide enough range for the typical American driver.\n\nIn January 2013 the Department of Energy (DoE) published the \"EV Everywhere Grand Challenge Blueprint,\" which set the technical targets of the PEV program in four areas: battery research and development; electric drive system research and development; vehicle lightweighting; and advanced climate control technologies. The DoE set several specific goals, established in consultation with stakeholders. The key goals to be met over the next five years to make plug-in electric vehicles competitive with conventional fossil fuel vehicles are:\nCutting battery costs from their current /kWh to /kWh\nEliminating almost 30% of vehicle weight through lightweighting\nReducing the cost of electric drive systems from /kW to /kW\n\nThe DoE aim is to level the purchase plus operating (fuel) cost of an all-electric vehicle with a  range with the costs of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle of similar size. The DoE expects than even before the latter goals are met, the 5-year cost of ownership of most plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and of all-electric vehicles with shorter ranges, such as , will be comparable to the same cost of ICE vehicles of similar size.\n\nIn order to achieve these goals, the DoE is providing up to  million over the next five years to fund the new Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), a research center led by the Argonne National Laboratory in Chicago. An initial progress report for the initiative was released in January 2014. Four results of the first year of the initiative were reported: \nDOE research and development reduced the cost of electric drive vehicle batteries to / kWhr, 50% lower than 2010 costs.\nIn the first year of the Workplace Charging Challenge, more than 50 U.S. employers joined the Challenge and pledged to provide charging access at more than 150 sites.\nDOE investments in EV Everywhere technology topped  in 2013, addressing key barriers to achieving the Grand Challenge.\nConsumer acceptance of electric vehicles grew: 97,000 plug-in electric vehicles were sold in 2013, nearly doubling 2012 sales.\n\nWorkplace Charging Challenge\nIn January 2013, during the Washington Auto Show, Secretary of Energy Steven Chu announced an initiative to expand the EV Everywhere program with the \"Workplace Charging Challenge.\" This initiative is a plan to install more electric vehicle charging stations in workplace parking lots. There are 21 founding partners and ambassadors for the program, including Ford, Chrysler, General Motors, Nissan, Tesla Motors, 3M, Google, Verizon, Duke Energy, General Electric, San Diego Gas & Electric, Siemens, Plug In America, and the Rocky Mountain Institute. The initiative's target is to increase the number of U.S. employers offering workplace charging by tenfold in the next five years. Initially, the DoE will not provide funding for this initiative.\n\nU.S. military \n\nThe U.S. Army announced in 2009 that it will lease 4,000 Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) within three years. The Army plans to use NEVs at its bases for transporting people around the base, as well as for security patrols and maintenance and delivery services. The Army accepted its first six NEVs at Virginia's Fort Myer in March 2009 and will lease a total of 600 NEVs through the rest of the year, followed by the leasing of 1,600 NEVs for each of the following two years.\n\nU.S. Air Force officials announced, in August 2011, a plan to establish Los Angeles Air Force Base, California, as the first federal facility to replace 100% of its general purpose fleet with plug-in electric vehicles. As part of the program, all Air Force-owned and -leased general purpose fleet vehicles on the base will be replaced with PEVs. There are approximately 40 eligible vehicles, ranging from passenger sedans to two-ton trucks and shuttle buses. The replacement PEVs include all-electric, plug-in hybrids, and extended-range electric vehicles. Electrification of Los Angeles AFB's general purpose fleet is the first step in a Department of Defense effort to establish strategies for large-scale integration of PEVs.\n\nBy May 2013, it was announced that, as part of a test program created in January 2013, 500 plug-in electric vehicles with vehicle-to-ground (V2G) technology would be in use at six military bases, purchased using an investment of $20 million. If the program succeeds, there will be 3,000 V2G vehicles in 30 bases.\n\nSafety laws \n\nDue to the low noise typical of electric vehicles at low speeds, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ruled that all hybrids and EVs must emit artificial noise when idling, accelerating to  or going in reverse by September 2019.\n\nU.S. commitments to the 2015 Paris Agreement \n\nAs a signatory party to the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, the United States government committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions, among others, from the transportation sector. Already in 2015, the Federal government had set targets to reduce its own carbon footprint 30% by 2025, and acquire 20% of all new passenger vehicles as zero emission (all-electric of fuel cell) or plug-in hybrid by 2020, and 50% by 2025. These goals are part of the U.S. nationally determined contributions (NDCs) to achieve the worldwide emissions reduction goal set by the Paris Agreement.\n\nOn June 1, 2017, President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation.\n\nOperating costs and fuel economy\n\nThe following table shows the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) official ratings for fuel economy (miles per gallon gasoline equivalent) and EPA's estimated out-of-pocket fuel costs for all plug-in electric passenger vehicles rated by EPA in the United States since 2010 up to December 2016.\n\nAir pollution and greenhouse gas emissions\n\nElectric cars, as well as plug-in hybrids operating in all-electric mode, emit no harmful tailpipe pollutants from the onboard source of power, such as particulates (soot), volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, ozone, lead, and various oxides of nitrogen. The clean air benefit is usually local because, depending on the source of the electricity used to recharge the batteries, air pollutant emissions are shifted to the location of the generation plants. In a similar manner, plug-in electric vehicles operating in all-electric mode do not emit greenhouse gases from the onboard source of power, but from the point of view of a well-to-wheel assessment, the extent of the benefit also depends on the fuel and technology used for electricity generation. From the perspective of a full life cycle analysis, the electricity used to recharge the batteries must be generated from renewable or clean sources such as wind, solar, hydroelectric, or nuclear power for PEVs to have almost none or zero well-to-wheel emissions.\n\nEPA estimates\n\nThe following table compares tailpipe and upstream  emissions estimated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for all series production model year 2014 plug-in electric vehicles available in the U.S. market. Total emissions include the emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity used to charge the vehicle, and for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it also includes emissions associated with tailpipe emissions produced from the internal combustion engine. These figures were published by the EPA in October 2014 in its annual report \"Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends.\" All emissions are estimated considering average real world city and highway operation based on the EPA 5-cycle label methodology, using a weighted 55% city and 45% highway driving.\n\nFor purposes of an accurate estimation of emissions, the analysis took into consideration the differences in operation between plug-in hybrids. Some, like the Chevrolet Volt, can operate in all-electric mode without using gasoline, and others operate in a blended mode like the Toyota Prius PHV, which uses both energy stored in the battery and energy from the gasoline tank to propel the vehicle, but that can deliver substantial all-electric driving in blended mode. In addition, since the all-electric range of plug-in hybrids depends on the size of the battery pack, the analysis introduced a utility factor as a projection of the share of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver, for both, electric only and blended EV modes. Since all-electric cars do not produce tailpipe emissions, the utility factor applies only to plug-in hybrids. The following table shows the overall fuel economy expressed in terms of miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (mpg-e) and the utility factor for the ten MY2014 plug-in hybrids available in the U.S. market, and EPA's best estimate of the  tailpipe emissions produced by these PHEVs.\n\nIn order to account for the upstream  emissions associated with the production and distribution of electricity, and since electricity production in the United States varies significantly from region to region, the EPA considered three scenarios/ranges with the low end scenario corresponding to the California powerplant emissions factor, the middle of the range represented by the national average powerplant emissions factor, and the upper end of the range corresponding to the powerplant emissions factor for the Rocky Mountains. The EPA estimates that the electricity GHG emission factors for various regions of the country vary from 346 g /kWh in California to 986 g /kWh in the Rockies, with a national average of 648 g /kWh.\n\nUnion of Concerned Scientists\n\n2012 study\nThe Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) published a study in 2012 that assessed average greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. resulting from charging plug-in car batteries from the perspective of the full life-cycle (well-to-wheel analysis) and according to fuel and technology used to generate electric power by region. The study used the Nissan Leaf all-electric car to establish the analysis baseline, and electric-utility emissions are based on EPA's 2009 estimates. The UCS study expressed the results in terms of miles per gallon instead of the conventional unit of grams of greenhouse gases or carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per year in order to make the results more friendly for consumers. The study found that in areas where electricity is generated from natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric or renewable sources, the potential of plug-in electric cars to reduce greenhouse emissions is significant. On the other hand, in regions where a high proportion of power is generated from coal, hybrid electric cars produce less -e equivalent emissions than plug-in electric cars, and the best fuel efficient gasoline-powered subcompact car produces slightly less emissions than a PEV. In the worst-case scenario, the study estimated that for a region where all energy is generated from coal, a plug-in electric car would emit greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to a gasoline car rated at a combined city/highway driving fuel economy of . In contrast, in a region that is completely reliant on natural gas, the PEV would be equivalent to a gasoline-powered car rated at .\n\nThe study concluded that for 45% of the U.S. population, a plug-in electric car will generate lower  equivalent emissions than a gasoline-powered car capable of combined , such as the Toyota Prius and the Prius c. The study also found that for 37% of the population, the electric car emissions will fall in the range of a gasoline-powered car rated at a combined fuel economy of , such as the Honda Civic Hybrid and the Lexus CT200h. Only 18% of the population lives in areas where the power-supply is more dependent on burning carbon, and the greenhouse gas emissions will be equivalent to a car rated at a combined fuel economy of , such as the Chevrolet Cruze and Ford Focus. The study found that there are no regions in the U.S. where plug-in electric cars will have higher greenhouse gas emissions than the average new compact gasoline engine automobile, and the area with the dirtiest power supply produces   emissions equivalent to a gasoline-powered car rated at .\n\nThe following table shows a representative sample of cities within each of the three categories of emissions intensity used in the UCS study, showing the corresponding miles per gallon equivalent for each city as compared to the greenhouse gas emissions of a gasoline-powered car:\n\n2014 update\nIn September 2014 the UCS published an updated analysis of its 2012 report. The 2014 analysis found that 60% of Americans, up from 45% in 2009, live in regions where an all-electric car produce fewer  equivalent emissions per mile than the most efficient hybrid. The UCS study found several reasons for the improvement. First, electric utilities have adopted cleaner sources of electricity to their mix between the two analysis. The 2014 study used electric-utility emissions based on EPA's 2010 estimates, but since coal use nationwide is down by about 5% from 2010 to 2014, actual efficiency in 2014 is expected to be better than estimated in the UCS study. Second, electric vehicles have become more efficient, as the average model year 2013 all-electric vehicle used 0.325 kWh/mile, representing a 5% improvement over 2011 models. The Nissan Leaf, used as the reference model for the baseline of the 2012 study, was upgraded in model year 2013 to achieve a rating of 0.30 kWh/mile, a 12% improvement over the 2011 model year model rating of 0.34 kWh/mile.  Also, some new models are cleaner than the average, such as the BMW i3, which is rated at 0.27 kWh by the EPA. An i3 charged with power from the Midwest grid would be as clean as a gasoline-powered car with about , up from  for the average electric car in the 2012 study. In states with a cleaner mix generation, the gains were larger. The average all-electric car in California went up to  equivalent from  in the 2012 study. States with dirtier generation that rely heavily on coal still lag, such as Colorado, where the average BEV only achieves the same emissions as a  gasoline-powered car. The author of the 2014 analysis noted that the benefits are not distributed evenly across the U.S. because electric car adoption is concentrated in the states with cleaner power.\n\n2015 study\n\nIn November 2015 the Union of Concerned Scientists published a new report comparing two battery electric vehicles (BEVs) with similar gasoline vehicles by examining their global warming emissions over their full life-cycle, cradle-to-grave analysis. The two BEVs modeled, midsize and full-size, are based on the two most popular BEV models sold in the United States in 2015, the Nissan Leaf and the Tesla Model S. The study found that all-electric cars representative of those sold today, on average produce less than half the global warming emissions of comparable gasoline-powered vehicles, despite taken into account the higher emissions associated with BEV manufacturing. Considering the regions where the two most popular electric cars are being sold, excess manufacturing emissions are offset within 6 to 16 months of average driving. The study also concluded that driving an average EV results in lower global warming emissions than driving a gasoline car that gets  in regions covering two-thirds of the U.S. population, up from 45% in 2009. Based on where EVs are being sold in the United States in 2015, the average EV produces global warming emissions equal to a gasoline vehicle with a  fuel economy rating. The authors identified two main reason for the fact that EV-related emissions have become even lower in many parts of the country since the first study was conducted in 2012. Electricity generation has been getting cleaner, as coal-fired generation has declined while lower-carbon alternatives have increased. In addition, electric cars are becoming more efficient. For example, the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt, have undergone improvements to increase their efficiencies compared to the original models launched in 2010, and other even more efficient BEV models, such as the most lightweight and efficient BMW i3, have entered the market.\n\nNational Bureau of Economic Research\nOne criticism to the UCS analysis and several other that have analyze the benefits of PEVs is that these analysis were made using average emissions rates across regions instead of marginal generation at different times of the day. The former approach does not take into account the generation mix within interconnected electricity markets and shifting load profiles throughout the day. An analysis by three economist affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), published in November 2014, developed a methodology to estimate marginal emissions of electricity demand that vary by location and time of day across the United States. The study used emissions and consumption data for 2007 through 2009, and used the specifications for the Chevrolet Volt (all-electric range of ). The analysis found that marginal emission rates are more than three times as large in the Upper Midwest compared to the Western U.S., and within regions, rates for some hours of the day are more than twice those for others. Applying the results of the marginal analysis to plug-in electric vehicles, the NBER researchers found that the emissions of charging PEVs vary by region and hours of the day. In some regions, such as the Western U.S. and Texas,  emissions per mile from driving PEVs are less than those from driving a hybrid car. However, in other regions, such as the Upper Midwest, charging during the recommended hours of midnight to 4 a.m. implies that PEVs generate more emissions per mile than the average car currently on the road. The results show a fundamental tension between electricity load management and environmental goals as the hours when electricity is the least expensive to produce tend to be the hours with the greatest emissions. This occurs because coal-fired units, which have higher emission rates, are most commonly used to meet base-level and\noff-peak electricity demand; while natural gas units, which have relatively low emissions rates, are often brought online to meet peak demand. This pattern of fuel shifting explains why emission rates tend to be higher at night and lower during periods of peak demand in the morning and evening.\n\nEnvironmental footprint\nIn February 2014, the Automotive Science Group (ASG) published the result of a study conducted to assess the life-cycle of over 1,300 automobiles across nine categories sold in North America. The study found that among advanced automotive technologies, the Nissan Leaf holds the smallest life-cycle environmental footprint of any model year 2014 automobile available in the North American market with minimum four-person occupancy. The study concluded that the increased environmental impacts of manufacturing the battery electric technology is more than offset with increased environmental performance during operational life. For the assessment, the study used the average electricity mix of the U.S. grid in 2014. In the 2014 mid-size cars category, the Leaf also ranked as the best all-around performance, best environmental and best social performance. The Ford Focus Electric, within the 2014 compact cars category, ranked as the best all-around performance, best environmental and best social performance. The Tesla Model S ranked as the best environmental performance in the 2014 full-size cars category.\n\nCharging infrastructure\n\nAs of February 2020, the United States had 84,866 charging points across the country, up from 19,472 in December 2013. California led with 26,219 stations, followed by New York with 4,541. There were 592 CHAdeMO quick charging stations across the country by April 2014.\n\nCar2Go made San Diego the only North American city with an all-electric carsharing fleet when it launched service in 2011. , the carsharing service has 40,000 members and 400 all-electric Smart EDs in operation. However, due to lack of enough charging infrastructure Car2Go decided to replace all of its all-electric car fleet with gasoline-powered cars starting on 1 May 2016.  When the carsharing service started Car2Go expected 1,000 charging stations to be deployed around the city, but only 400 were in place by early 2016. As a result, an average of 20% of the carsharing fleet is unavailable at any given time because the cars are either being charged or because they don't have enough electricity in them to be driven. Also, many of the company's San Diego members say they often worry their Car2Go will run out of charge before they finish their trip. Car2Go merged with ReachNow into Share Now, which closed its North American operations in February 2020.\n\nCharging stations by state\nEV Chargingby State\n\nPlug-in Electric Vehicle Readiness Index \n\nResearchers from the Indiana University School of Public and Environmental Affairs developed an index that identifies and ranks the municipal plug-in electric vehicle readiness (\"PEV readiness\"). The evaluation ranked the U.S. 25 largest cities by population along with five other large cities that have been included in other major PEV studies. The rankings also included the largest cities in states that joined California zero-emissions vehicle goal. A total of 36 major U.S. cities were included in the study. The evaluation found that Portland, Oregon ranks at the top of the list of major American cities that are the most ready to accommodate plug-in electric vehicles.\n\nReadiness is the degree to which adoption of electric vehicles is supported, as reflected in the presence of various types of policy instruments, infrastructure development, municipal investments in PEV technology, and participation in relevant stakeholder coalitions. The study also compares cities within states that participate in the Zero Emission Vehicle program, with those that do not, with the objective to understand whether participation in that program has a meaningful impact on PEV readiness.\n\nIn order to accelerate the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV), many municipalities, along with their parent states, offer a variety of benefits to owners and operators of PEVs to make PEV adoption easier and more affordable. All six cities in the top of the ranking offer purchase incentives for PEVs and charging equipment. Four of the six offer time-of-use electricity rates, which makes overnight charging more affordable. The top-ranking cities also score well in categories such as public charging station density, special parking privileges, access to high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and streamlined processes for installing charging equipment. Those services and incentives are largely absent from the bottom six cities.\n\nThe following is the full ranking of the 36 U.S. cities in 25 states included in the evaluation of PEV readiness:\n\nMarkets and sales\n\nNational market \n\nCumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric cars in the U.S. since 2010 totaled 1.126\u00a0million at the end of 2018. , the American stock represented about 25%  of the global plug-in car stock, down from about 40% in 2014. Sales in the American market are led by California with 537,208 plug-in electric vehicles sold up until 2018.\n\n, the United States had the world's largest stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles, and led annual plug-in car sales in calendar year 2014. By May 2016, the European stock of light-duty had surpassed the U.S. By the end of September 2016, the Chinese stock of plug-in passenger cars reached the level of the American plug-in stock, and by November 2016, China's cumulative total plug-in passenger vehicles sales had surpassed those of Europe, allowing China to become the market with the world's largest stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. China also surpassed both the U.S. and Europe in terms of annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles since 2015.\n\nNational sales increased from 17,800 units delivered in 2011 to 53,200 during 2012, and reached 97,100 in 2013, up 83% from the previous year. During 2014 plug-in electric car sales totaled 123,347 units, up 27.0% from 2013, and fell to 114,248 units in 2015, down 7.4% from 2014. A total of 157,181 plug-in cars were sold in 2016, up 37.6% from 2015, rose to 199,818 in 2017, and achieved a record sales volume of 361,307 units in 2018.\n\nThe market share of plug-in electric passenger cars increased from 0.14% in 2011 to 0.37% in 2012, 0.62% in 2013, and reached 0.75% of new car sales during 2014. As plug-in car sales slowed down during the 2015, the segment's market share fell to 0.66% of new car sales, then increased to 0.90% in 2016, The market share passed the 1% mark for the first time in 2017, with 1.13% of the country's total annual new car sales, and rose to 2.1% in 2018.\n\nIn July 2016, the Volt became the first plug-in vehicle in the American market to achieve the 100,000 unit sales milestone. Leaf sales achieved the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2016, becoming the first all-electric vehicle in the country to pass that mark. The Model S achieved the mark of 100,000 sales in the U.S. in June 2017, launched in June 2012, the Model S hit this milestone quicker than both the Volt and the Leaf. Launched in July 2017, the Tesla Model 3 reached the 100,000 unit milestone in November 2018, hitting this milestone quicker than any previous model sold in the U.S.\n\n, the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid continued to rank as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car with 152,144 units of both generations, followed by the Tesla Model S all-electric car with about 143,892, and the Tesla Model 3 with 141,546.\n\nSales by powertrain \n\n, cumulative sales of plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S. since December 2010 were led by plug-in hybrids, with 150,946 units sold representing 52.7% of all plug-in car sales, while 135,444 all-electric cars (47.3%) had been delivered to retail customers. During 2015, the all-electric segment grew much faster, with a total of 72,303 all-electric cars sold, up 6.6% year-on-year, while plug-in hybrid were down 22.4% year-on-year, with 42,959 units sold. These results reversed the trend, and , a total of 206,508 all-electric cars and 193,904 plug-in hybrids have been sold since 2010, with all-electrics now representing 51.6% of cumulative sales. The lead of battery electric cars continued in 2016, with 84,246 all-electrics sold, up 18.4% from 2015, representing 53.6% of the plug-in segment 2016 sales, while sales of plug-in hybrids totaled 72,935 unis, up 69.1% from 2015. , the distribution of cumulative sales since 2010 between these two technologies is 52.8% all-electrics and 47.2% plug-in hybrids.\n\nSales growth \n\nSales of series production plug-in cars during its first two years in the U.S. market were lower than the initial expectations. Cumulative plug-in electric car sales since 2008 reached the 250,000 units in August 2014, 500,000 in August 2016, and the one million goal was achieved in September 2018.\n\nAccording to the U.S. Department of Energy, combined sales of plug-in hybrids and battery electric cars are climbing more rapidly and outselling by more than double sales of hybrid-electric vehicles over their respective 24 month introductory periods, as shown in the graph at the right. A more detailed analysis by the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy over the same two-year introductory periods found that except for the initial months in the market, monthly sales of the Volt and the Leaf have been higher than the Prius HEV, and the Prius PHEV has outsold the regular Prius during its 8 months in the market. Over the first 24 months from introduction, the Prius HEV achieved monthly sales of over 1,700 in month 18, the Leaf achieved about 1,700 units in month 7, the Prius PHEV achieved nearly 1,900 sales in month 8, and the Volt achieved more than 2,900 sales in month 23. A 2016 analysis by the Consumer Federation of America (CFA) found that 5 years after its introduction, sales of plug-in electric cars in the U.S. continued to outsell conventional hybrids. The analysis considered sales between January 2011 and December 2015.\n\nAn analysis by Scientific American found a similar trend at the international level when considering the global top selling PEVs over a 36-month introductory period. Monthly sales of the Volt, Prius PHV and Leaf are performing better than the conventional Prius during their respective introductory periods, with the exception of the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, which has been outsold most of the time by the Prius HEV over their 36-month introductory periods.\n\nKey market features \n\nAccording to Edmunds.com, leasing of plug-in cars instead of purchasing is dominant in the American market, with leasing accounting for 51% of all new all-electric cars and 73% of plug-in hybrids, compared with just 32% of gasoline-powered cars in 2016.\n\n, the market of used plug-in electric cars is concentrated in California, the state with the biggest pool of used plug-in vehicles, especially all-electrics, followed by Colorado, Florida, Georgia, New York, Oregon and Texas. With the exception of used Teslas, all models depreciate more rapidly than conventionally powered cars and trucks. For all-electric cars depreciation varies between 60% to 75% in three years. In contrast, most conventionally powered vehicles in the same period depreciate between 45% to 50% . The Tesla Model S is more like conventional cars, with three-year depreciation of about 40%. And plug-in hybrids depreciate less than all-electric cars but still depreciate faster than conventionally powered cars.\n\nResearchers from the University of California, Davis conducted a study to identify the factors influencing the decision to adopt high-end battery electric vehicles (BEV), such as the Tesla Model S, as these vehicles are remarkably different from mainstream BEVs. Based on a questionnaire responded by 539 high-end adopters and in-depth interviews with 33 adopters, the 2016 study found that \"environmental, performance, and technological motivations are reasons for adoption; the new technology brings a new segment of buyers into the market; and financial purchase incentives are not important in the consumer\u2019s decision to adopt a high-end BEV.\"\n\nCar dealers' reluctance to sell \n\nWith the exception of Tesla Motors, almost all new cars in the United States are sold through dealerships, so they play a crucial role in the sales of electric vehicles, and negative attitudes can hinder early adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. Dealers decide which cars they want to stock, and a salesperson can have a big impact on how someone feels about a prospective purchase. Sales people have ample knowledge of internal combustion cars while they do not have time to learn about a technology that represents a fraction of overall sales. As with any new technology, and in the particular case of advanced technology vehicles, retailers are central to ensuring that buyers, especially those switching to a new technology, have the information and support they need to gain the full benefits of adopting this new technology. A 2016 study indicated that 60% of Americans were not aware of electric cars.\n\nThere are several reasons for the reluctance of some dealers to sell plug-in electric vehicles. PEVs do not offer car dealers the same profits as gasoline-powered car. Plug-in electric vehicles take more time to sell because of the explaining required, which hurts overall sales and sales people commissions. Electric vehicles also may require less maintenance, resulting in loss of service revenue, and thus undermining the biggest source of dealer profits, their service departments. According to the National Automobile Dealers Association (NADS), dealers on average make three times as much profit from service as they do from new car sales. However, a NADS spokesman said there was not sufficient data to prove that electric cars would require less maintenance. According to the New York Times, BMW and Nissan are among the companies whose dealers tend to be more enthusiastic and informed, but only about 10% of dealers are knowledgeable on the new technology.\n\nA study conducted at the Institute of Transportation Studies (ITS), at the University of California, Davis (UC Davis) published in 2014 found that many car dealers are less than enthusiastic about plug-in vehicles. ITS conducted 43 interviews with six automakers and 20 new car dealers selling plug-in vehicles in California's major metro markets. The study also analyzed national and state-level J.D. Power 2013 Sales Satisfaction Index (SSI) study data on customer satisfaction with new car dealerships and Tesla retail stores. The researchers found that buyers of plug-in electric vehicles were significantly less satisfied and rated the dealer purchase experience much lower than buyers of non-premium conventional cars, while Tesla Motors earned industry-high scores. According to the findings, plug-in buyers expect more from dealers than conventional buyers, including product knowledge and support that extends beyond traditional offerings.\n\nIn 2014 Consumer Reports published results from a survey conducted with 19 secret shoppers that went to 85 dealerships in four states, making anonymous visits between December 2013 and March 2014. The secret shoppers asked a number of specific questions about cars to test the salespeople's knowledge about electric cars. The consumer magazine decided to conduct the survey after several consumers who wanted to buy a plug-in car reported to the organization that some dealerships were steering them toward gasoline-powered models. The survey found that not all sales people seemed enthusiastic about making PEV sales; a few outright discouraged it, and even one dealer was reluctant to even show a plug-in model despite having one in stock. And many sales people seemed not to have a good understanding of electric-car tax breaks and other incentives or of charging needs and costs. Consumer Reports also found that when it came to answering basic questions, sales people at Chevrolet, Ford, and Nissan dealerships tended to be better informed than those at Honda and Toyota. The survey found that most of the Toyota dealerships visited recommended against buying a Prius Plug-in and suggested buying a standard Prius hybrid instead. Overall, the secret shoppers reported that only 13 dealers \"discouraged sale of EV,\" with seven of them being in New York. However, at 35 of the 85 dealerships visited, the secret shoppers said sales people recommended buying a gasoline-powered car instead.\n\nThe ITS-Davis study also found that a small but influential minority of dealers have introduced new approaches to better meet the needs of plug-in customers. Examples include marketing carpool lane stickers, enrolling buyers in charging networks, and preparing incentive paperwork for customers. Some dealers assign seasoned sales people as plug-in experts, many of whom drive plug-ins themselves to learn and be familiar with the technology and relate the cars' benefits to potential buyers. The study concluded also that carmakers could do much more to support dealers selling PEVs.\n\nRegional markets\n\nConcentration relative to population \n\n, the U.S. average concentration was 1.51 plug-in cars registered per 1,000 people, while California's concentration was 5.83 registrations per 1,000 people. At the time, only Norway exceeded California's plug-in concentration per capita, by 3.69 times. , the average national ownership per capita rose to 2.21 plug-ins per 1,000 people.\n\nIn 2017 eight states had more than two plug-in vehicles registered per 1,000 people, of which, three are located in the West Coast. California had the highest concentration with 8.64 plug-ins per 1,000 people. Hawaii ranked second (5.12) followed by Washington (4.06), Oregon (3.84) Vermont (3.73), Colorado (2.33), Arizona (2.29), and Maryland (2.03). Mississippi (0.20), Arkansas (0.28), West Virginia (0.30), Louisiana (0.31), Wyoming (0.37), and North Dakota (0.39) had the lowest concentration of plug-in cars  in 2017. In terms of growth from 2016 to 2017 for plug-in vehicle registrations per capita, five states had growth rates of 50% or higher: Vermont (56.4%)  Maryland (54.2%), Massachusetts (52.5%), New Hampshire (50.2%), and Alaska (50.0%). The U.S. average growth rate from 2016 to 2017 was 30.2%.\n\nMarket share by city and state \n\nThe following table summarizes the ten states and metropolitan areas leading all-electric car adoption in terms of their market share of new light-vehicle registrations or sales during 2013 and 2014.\n\nA total of 52% of American plug-in electric car registrations from January to May 2013 were concentrated in five metropolitan areas: San Francisco (19.5%), Los Angeles (15.4%), Seattle (8.0%), New York (4.6%) and Atlanta (4.4%). From January to July 2013, the three cities with the highest all-electric car registrations were all located in California, Atherton and Los Altos in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica, located in Los Angeles County.\n\nCalifornia \n\nGovernor Jerry Brown issued an executive order in March 2012 that established the goal of getting 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) in California by 2025. In January 2018, Governor Brown set a new goal of getting a total of 5\u00a0million zero-emission vehicles in California by 2030. , cumulative sales totaled 537,208 plug-in electric vehicles, making California the leading plug-in market in the country.\n\nUntil December 2014 California not only had more plug-in electric vehicles than any other American state but also more than any other country in the world. In 2015 only two countries, Norway (22.4%) and the Netherlands (9.7%), achieved a higher plug-in market share than California. By November 2016, with about 250,000 plug-in cars sold in the state since 2010, China was the only country market that exceeds California in terms of cumulative plug-in electric car sales.\n\nCalifornia's plug-in car market share was 3.5% of new car sales in 2016, while the U.S. take-rate was 0.90%. In 2017, the state's market share reached nearly 5%, while the national share was 1.1%.\n\nIncentives\n\nCalifornia has been a leader in the promotion of plug-in electric vehicles as the state has in place several financial and non-financial incentives. In addition to the existing federal tax credit, plug-ins are eligible for a purchase rebate through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP). Also, zero emission vehicles (ZEVs) and Enhanced Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle (Enhanced AT PZEV), have been entitled to a clean air sticker that allows the vehicle to be operated by a single occupant in California's carpool or high-occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV). The limits for plug-in hybrids and expiration dates have been extended several times, and new rules went into force from January 1, 2019.\n\nIn March 2016 California added income-based caps to its rebate system. Buyers with incomes less than 300% of the Federal poverty level get up to  for a plug-in hybrid,  for an all-electric car, and  for a hydrogen fuel-cell car. The income-base caps went into effect on 1 November 2016. Residents are not eligible for rebates if their gross annual income exceeds  for single tax filers,  for head of household filers and  for joint filers.\n\nGeorgia \nGeorgia ranked second in the U.S. after California in terms of total plug-in electric vehicles on the road by mid-2014 . During the first half of 2014 Georgia ranked as the top selling all-electric car market in the U.S. at the state level with a 1.6% share of new light-vehicle registrations, ahead of California (1.41%), and up from 0.94% during 2013. , there were about 12,000 electric vehicles registered in the state, of which, about 80% are registered in metro Atlanta\u2019s five core counties. In the 12 months between April 2013 and March 2014, metro Atlanta was the second top selling all-electric car metropolitan market in the U.S., with a market share of 2.15% of total new light-vehicle sales in the state, 5.6 times the national average share of 0.38%. Savannah ranks second in the state after Atlanta, with a market share of 0.13% of total new light-vehicle sales.\n\nBetween August 2013 and May 2014, Atlanta was the top U.S. metropolitan market for the Nissan Leaf for eight out of the ten months, and until July 2013, Atlanta was the third largest Leaf market behind San Francisco and Los Angeles. Leaf sales are favored by Georgia's law, which caps sales of electric vehicles sold direct by a manufacturer to 150, setting a restrictive limit to Tesla Model S sales, and the law excluded plug-in hybrids for eligibility to the state's tax credit.\n\nTax credits \nThe State of Georgia considers alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) those that run solely on alternative fuel and do not run on regular gasoline. AFVs includes vehicles that operate using battery electricity, propane, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cell. As incentives to accelerate all-electric vehicle adoption, in addition to the existing  federal tax credit, Georgia offers an income tax credit of 20% of the vehicle cost up to  for the purchase or leasing of a zero emission vehicle (ZEV). Plug-in hybrids are not eligible for this incentive because sometimes they are powered by electricity from their on-board combustion engine. There is also a 10% tax credit up to  for the purchase and installation of qualified electric vehicle charger. This tax credit applies only to non-retail business enterprises and chargers installed at homes do not qualify.\n\nAn income tax credit for the purchase of a new commercial medium-duty or heavy-duty AFVs started on July 1, 2015.  Medium-duty hybrid electric vehicles also qualify. Eligible medium-duty AFVs with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) between  qualify for a credit of up to , while heavy-duty AFVs with a GVWR over  qualify for a credit of up to . The credit is capped at  per taxpayer. Qualified AFVs must be purchased before June 30, 2017, remain registered in Georgia for at least five years, and accumulate at least 75% of their annual mileage in Georgia. Up to  in total credits will be available each fiscal year.\n\nAccess to HOV lanes \nThe definition of alternate fuel vehicle for the purposes of an AFV License Plate in Georgia is different from the one for tax credit purposes. The Official Code of Georgia Annotated defines an AFV as a vehicle that has been certified by the EPA in accordance with the Federal Clean Air Act, therefore, both all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids are eligible for Georgia's AFV license plate. All vehicles displaying a GA alternative fuel license plate are allowed to use high occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV) regardless of number of passengers. Alternative fuel vehicles displaying the proper alternative fuel license plat may obtain a Peach Pass electronic tag that grants them toll-free access to all Peach Pass controlled high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT) lanes.\n\nTime-of-use electricity rates \nGeorgia Power, the primary utility in Atlanta, offers a time-of-use electric vehicle plan designed for plug-in charging. , the plan has about 1,500 customers statewide. For a monthly fee of , the utility lowers the overnight rate to 1.3 cents per Kilowatt hour (kWh) while raising the peak rate, from 2-7 p.m. from June through September, to 20.3 cents per kWh. There is also a shoulder rate of 6.2 cents per Kwh in between those times. The average U.S. rate is 11.88 cents per kWh.\n\nCharging infrastructure \n, Georgia had 238 charging stations with 548 public outlets available across the state. Of these, about 120 public charging stations are located in metro Atlanta, with only about half of these located inside the city limits of Atlanta. Considering the rapid growth of electric cars in the city, there is a shortage of charging infrastructure relative to supply of electric vehicles.\n\nThe city of Atlanta is considering legislation to attend the needs of electric car owners and others who want to provide electric vehicle charging at their business, multifamily dwelling or private home. The measure aims to remove a major barrier to owning an electric vehicle by encouraging office and residential landlords to install electric vehicle chargers and reserved parking. Under the proposal, each electric vehicle charging station would be counted as one parking space, and the minimum parking requirement for developers and builders would be reduced by one space for each charging station provided, allowing up to a 10% reduction in minimum parking requirements. The city also wants to simplify the process required to obtain a permit to install electric vehicle chargers and make the spaces more identifiable.\n\nHawaii \n\nHawaii has a high potential for mass adoption of plug-in electric vehicles due to the limited driving range imposed by the island geographies, and its high fuel costs, with gasoline prices, , ranging between  and  a gallon. The number of registered plug-in electric vehicles increased from 581 units in 2011, to 967 in 2012, and reached 1,551 units in June 2013. , a total of 2,821 plug-in highway legal plug-in electric cars have been registered in Hawaii.\n\nIn terms of EV adoption, Hawaii ranked in 2013 as the state with the third highest all-electric car market share with 1.21% of new car sales, and during the first half of 2014 ranked fourth with a 1.04% market share. Accounting for sales of pure electric cars between April 2013 and March 2014, the Honolulu metropolitan area ranks as the fourth top selling BEV metro market in the United States, with 1.71% of new car sales.\n\nIn January 2011 the state implemented a purchase rebate of up to  available for both the purchase of a plug-in electric car purchase and a charging station, but limited to  for the vehicle. The rebate ended in May 2012 as high consumer demand depleted the fund. More than 450 rebates were issued totaling about . Several efforts to add more funds were unsuccessful.\n\nMaryland \n\n, there were 2,282 all-electric cars registered in Maryland. Sales of the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model S account for about 70% of the electrics registered in the state. As part of the incentives to promote electric vehicle adoption, drivers of approved plug-in electric vehicles can use Maryland's high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes at all times, even if they are traveling solo. This incentive is in effect until September 30, 2017.\n\nPlug-in electric vehicles purchased new and titled for the first time between July 1, 2014, and July 1, 2017, are eligible for a credit up to , calculated as  per kWh of battery capacity. Buyers of PEVs may apply for a tax credit against the imposed excise tax. The credit is returned to the taxpayer in the form of a check from the state. The tax credit is limited to one vehicle per individual and 10 vehicles per business. A qualified vehicle must meet the following criteria:\n\n Has a gross vehicle weight rating of 8,500 pounds or less;\n Can achieve a maximum speed of at least 55 miles per hour;\n Is a two-, three-, or four-wheeled vehicle;\n Is propelled to a significant extent by an electric motor that draws electricity from a battery with a capacity of at least four kilowatt-hours (kWh) in the case of a four-wheeled motor vehicle, or at least two and a half kWh in the case of a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle;\n Has not been modified from original manufacturer specifications; and\n Is purchased after October 1, 2010.\n\nThe state also offers a  rebate for buying and installation of wall connectorsfor individuals,  for business, or state or local governments, and  for retail service station dealers. Between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016, rebate amounts are equal to the previous amounts, up to 50% of the costs of acquiring and installing qualified chargers.\n\nNew York \nThe stock of plug-in electric vehicles in New York climbed from 1,000 units in early 2012, to over 10,000 plug-in vehicles by mid-September 2,014. The state of New York set the goal to deploy up to 3,000 EV charging stations in public and workplace locations across the state by 2018. , there are about 1,000 charging stations.\n\nPlug-in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles with a combined fuel economy rating of at least  and that also meet the California Air Resources Board SULEV emissions standard, are eligible for the Clean Pass Program. Eligible vehicles which display the Clean Pass vehicle sticker are allowed to use the Long Island Expressway HOV lanes, regardless of the number of occupants. Drivers of qualified vehicles may also receive a 10% discount on established E-ZPass accounts with proof of registration. In New York state there are no purchase incentives.\n\nOregon \n\n, there were about 3,500 plug-in electric vehicles registered in Oregon. In 2013 the state was the fifth top selling all-electric car market in the U.S. at the state level with a 0.89% market share of new light-vehicle registrations, more than twice the national average share of 0.32%. During the first half of 2014 Oregon BEV share fell to 0.67% but continued to rank in the fifth place among the top selling states.\n\nIn the 12 months between April 2013 and March 2014, two metropolitan areas in Oregon ranked among the top ten selling all-electric car metropolitan markets in the U.S. Portland ranked eighth with a 1.25% market share of total new light-vehicle sales, ahead of Los Angeles metropolitan area, and Eugene ranked in number 10 with a market share of 0.86%. The national average share during this period was 0.38%.\n\nIncentives\n\nA  tax credit for the purchase of a new all-electric vehicle is no longer available. There is a tax credit up to  to cover 25% of the cost of purchasing and installing an electric vehicle charger station, and 35% for business owners. Beginning January 1, 2015, business owners that purchase two or more all-electric vehicles may be eligible for a tax credit of 35% of eligible costs for the incremental cost of purchasing the vehicles. This incentive ends on December 31, 2018.\n\nElectric Avenue\n\nElectric Avenue is a joint research and development initiative of Portland State University (PSU), Portland General Electric (PGE), and the City of Portland. The Electric Avenue was launched in August 2011 to learn about the interaction and performance of charging stations and a variety of electric vehicles. The initiative also aimed to understand the charging preferences and travel patterns of electric vehicle visitors. The charging infrastructure includes quick chargers and both Level 1 and Level 2 charging stations powered by 100% renewable energy from PGE, and offers charging at standard city parking rates. The site comprises eight on street parking spaces with seven available charging stations located along an entire block. The Electric Avenue is located in the south end of downtown Portland, at the PSU's campus adjacent to Portland's Sixth Avenue Transit Mall where light rail trains, electric street cars, buses, cars, bikes, and pedestrians share a well-integrated personal and public transit corridor.\n\nTexas \nTexas is the second largest light-duty vehicle market in the U.S. after California, with over 20 million passenger and light truck vehicles registered at the end of 2013. , there were about 5,000 plug-in electric vehicles registered in the state. Accounting for sales of new all-electric vehicles between April 2013 and March 2014, the top three selling metropolitan markets in Texas in terms of market share of total new light-vehicle sales were the Austin metropolitan area with 0.47%, followed by Dallas-Ft. Worth with 0.21%  and Houston area with 0.15%. The national average share for the period was 0.38%, with Austin ranking in 15th place, and together with metro Atlanta, the only two cities in the top 15 that are not located on the West Coast.\n\nIn November 2013 the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality approved a rebate program to provide financial incentives up to  for the purchase or lease of new eligible vehicles powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or plug-in electric drive with battery capacity larger than 4 kWh. The rebate amount for leasing depends on the lease term, only 4-year lease terms are eligible for the full , just like new car purchases. Total funding for the program is , and the maximum number of vehicles allowed is 2,000 units for each plug-in electric drive and natural gas/propane vehicles for the length of the program. Only purchases made on or after May 13, 2014 are eligible to apply for a rebate, and the program ends June 26, 2015 or until funding ends. , there were  remaining in the rebate fund.\n\nAmong plug-in cars sold nationwide, the Tesla Model S is not eligible for the rebate because only new PEVs purchased or leased from a dealer or leasing company licensed to operate in Texas may qualify. Tesla Motors is not authorized to sell its vehicles in the state due to its direct-sales business model. But customers can buy directly from the company's website like in any other state.\n\nTexas River Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Initiative\n\nDespite the low penetration of plug-in electric vehicles in the state, the Texas River Cities Plug-In Electric Vehicle Initiative (TRC) is one of the most comprehensive plans for electric vehicles and their infrastructure aimed to increase the long-term success of PEV adoption. The TRC initiative encompasses two major metropolitan areas in and around Austin and San Antonio. Austin Energy, one of the project partners, had deployed 239 utility-operated publicly accessible charging stations in the TRC region by 2012. The utility company is the recipient of the U.S. Department of Energy funding for this initiative. The TRC region is projected to have 4,259 PEVs in 2015 and 17,336 in 2020.\n\nPecan Street demonstration project \nThis demonstration project is run by the Pecan Street Inc., a University of Texas based research consortium of research and industry partners focused on developing and testing advanced technology, business model, and customer behavior surrounding energy management systems. The project is supported by a  smart grid demonstration grant from the U.S. Department of Energy and more than  in matching funds from the project partners. The demonstration project began in 2010 and is taken place with volunteer residents at the Mueller neighborhood, a planned green community in Austin. The Pecan Street hosts an electric vehicle research program and provides incentives to participants with rebates of  and  to lease or purchase a PEV that is in addition to the federal tax credits. Through the research program, Pecan Street is studying grid load and monitoring home energy use through management equipment. As a result of the incentive program, Mueller has more plug-in electric vehicles per capita than any other U.S. neighborhood.\n\nGeneral Motors is a sponsor of the Pecan Street demonstration and is supporting the project to learn the charging patterns of plug-in electric car owners, and to study how a residential fleet of electric vehicles might strain the electric grid if all owners try to charge them at the same, which is what the preliminary monitoring found when the plug-in cars return home in the evening. , the community had nearly 60 Chevrolet Volt owners alone thanks to GM's commitment to match the federal government's  rebate incentive, which halves the purchase price of the Volt.\n\nWashington \n\nThe state set a goal to have 50,000 electric or other clean vehicles on the road by 2020. , there were 30,701 battery-powered and plug-in electric cars registered in Washington. The Seattle metropolitan area concentrated 76% of the state PEV registrations, with 18,154 plug-ins in King County (59%), where the city of Seattle is located, 3,153 in Snohomish County (10.3%), and 2,040 in Pierce County (6.6%). Outside the metro area, Clark County has the largest number of PEV registrations with 1,467 units (4.8%).\n\nWashington was the top selling all-electric car market in the U.S. at the state level in 2013 with a 1.40% market share of new light-vehicle registrations, ahead of California (1.28%). Washington PEV share in 2013 was more than four times the national average share of 0.32%. In the 12 months between April 2013 and March 2014, Seattle-Tacoma metro ranked as the third top selling all-electric car metropolitan market with a 1.83% market share of total new light-vehicle sales, only behind San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose (3.33%) and Atlanta (2.15%).\n\nIncentives\n\nNew passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles that operate exclusively on electricity, hydrogen, natural gas, or propane are exempt from state motor vehicle sales and use taxes. Qualified vehicles must also meet the California motor vehicle emissions standards, and comply with the rules of the Washington Department of Ecology. The initial sales tax exemption expired on July 1, 2015. The sales tax exemption was renewed on July 1, 2015, for four years, but the incentive was limited to new plug-in cars that cost less than . The approved cap excludes what legislators considered as luxury cars such as Tesla Motors and BMW i electric models. The same legislations that extended the incentives through 2019, raised the annual registration renewal fee for plug-in car owners from  to . That annual fee is designed to make electric vehicle drivers contribute toward highway maintenance in lieu of the gas taxes PEVs do not pay.\n\nIn April 2016 governor Jay Inslee signed legislation to provide up to about  off the purchase or lease of a new car all-electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid with at least  of all-electric range \u2013 such as the Chevrolet Volt and the BMW i3 REx. The new law also raises the previous purchase price cap to , which will allow buyers of the Chevrolet Bolt EV, the next generation Nissan Leaf, and the Tesla Model 3 \u2013 all with  of electric range \u2013 to be eligible for the incentive. The new law goes into effect on July 1, 2016. Under the updatede scheme, the sales tax exemption applies to the first  of the selling price of a qualifying new plug-in electric car, which translates into a tax savings between  to  for plug-in car buyers depending on where the dealer is located within the state, as the sales tax vary by county. The tax exemption could expire before July 2019 if sales of electric vehicles accelerate because legislators established that the tax break should end the month after 7,500 qualifying vehicles are sold in the state. The state Department of Licensing was directed to start a tally beginning with PEV registrations since July 15, 2015. , the state sales tax is 6.5%, and increases up to 9.8% depending on the county rate.\n\nPuget Sound Energy (PSE) provides a  rebate to the first 5,000 qualified customers for the purchase and installation of Level 2 electric vehicle charging station (EVSE). Eligible applicants must be PSE residential electric schedule 7 customers, must be the registered owner of an electric vehicle, and must install the charging station within a specified timeframe. PSE expects the rebate program to remain available until November 1, 2016, depending on available funds.\n\nSales by model \n\n, there were 43 highway legal plug-in cars available in the American market for retail sales, 15 all-electric cars and 28 plug-in hybrids, plus several models of electric motorcycles, utility vans and neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs). , sales were concentrated to a few models, with the top 10 best selling plug-in cars accounting for about 84% of total sales during the first eleven months of 2018. Car manufacturers are offering plug-in electric cars in the U.S. for retail customers under 21 brands or marques: Audi, BMW, Cadillac, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Kia, Mercedes-Benz, MINI, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Porsche, Smart, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo.\n\n, only the Chevrolet Volt, Nissan Leaf, Tesla's Model S and Model X, BMW i3, Mitsubishi i, Porsche Panamera S E-Hybrid, Cadillac ELR, and Ford's C-Max and Fusion Energi plug-in hybrids were available nationwide. Several models, such as the Toyota RAV4, Fiat 500e, Honda Fit EV, and Chevrolet Spark EV, are compliance cars sold in limited markets, mainly California, available in order to raise an automaker's fleet average fuel economy to satisfy regulator requirements.\n\n, the top selling plug-in car manufacturers in the American market are Tesla with about 269,000 units delivered, GM with 203,941, Nissan with 126,875 units, Ford with 111,715, Toyota with 93,011 and the BMW Group with 79,679 plug-in electric cars.\n\nTop selling models \n\nThe Nissan Leaf was the U.S. top selling plug-in car in 2011 (9,674), and the Chevrolet Volt topped sales in 2012 (23,461). Again in 2013, sales were led by the Chevrolet Volt with 23,094 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 22,610 cars, and the Tesla Model S with about 18,000 units. In 2013 the Model S was the top selling car in the American full-size luxury sedan category, ahead of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (13,303), the top selling car in the category in 2012. In 2014 the Leaf took the sales lead, with 30,200 units sold, with the Volt ranking second with 18,805, followed by the Model S with 16,689 units.\n\nThe Tesla Model S, with 25,202 units delivered, was the top selling plug-in car in 2015, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,269 units, and the Volt with 15,393. Again in 2016, the Model S was the best selling plug-in car with about 29,156 units delivered, followed by the Volt with 24,739, and the Model X with about 18,028. For the third consecutive year, the Tesla Model S was the top selling plug-in car with about 26,500 units sold in 2017, followed by the Chevrolet Bolt (23,297), Tesla Model X (~21,700).\n\nSales in 2018 were led by the Tesla Model 3 with an estimated 139,782 units delivered, the first time a plug-in car sold more than 100 thousand units in a single year. Ranking next were the Toyota Prius Prime (27,595), Tesla Model X (~26,100), Tesla Model S (~25,745), and the Honda Clarity PHEV (18,602).\n\nThe following table presents cumulative sales of the all-time top 10 best-selling highway-capable plug-in electric cars launched in the American market since 2008, with sales through March 2019.\n\nNeighborhood electric vehicles \n\nLow-Speed Vehicles (LSVs) are defined as \"four-wheeled motor vehicles whose top speed is  to be used in residential areas, planned communities, industrial sites, and other areas with low density traffic, and low-speed zones.\"\nLSVs, more commonly known as neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs), were defined in 1998 by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 500, which required safety features such as windshields and seat belts, but not doors or side walls.\n\nSince 1998 Global Electric Motorcars (GEM), the market leader in North America, has sold more than 50,000 GEM battery-electric vehicles worldwide .\n\nModern production timeline \n\nThis is a list of all highway-capable plug-in electric vehicles available for retail customers in the U.S. for sale or leasing since the early 1990s.\n\n1990-2003 \nChrysler TEVan (1993-1995)\nGeneral Motors EV1 (1996-2003)\nToyota RAV4 EV (1997-2003)\nHonda EV Plus (1997-1999)\nNissan Altra (1998-2001)\nDodge Caravan EPIC (1999 to 2001)\nFord TH!NK City (1999-2003)\n\n2008-2019 \n2008\n Tesla Roadster (production ended in 2011)\n\n2009\n Mini E (demonstration program ended in 2011)\n\n2010\nChevrolet Volt (replaced by second generation in 2015)\nNissan Leaf (replaced by second generation in 2017)\nNavistar eStar utility van\n\n2011\nTh!nk City (no longer in production)\nSmart ED 2nd gen (available for leasing only)\nWheego Whip LiFe (no longer in production)\nFisker Karma (no longer in production)\nAzure Transit Connect Electric delivery van (no longer in production)\nMitsubishi i (Mitsubishi i MiEV in the rest of the world)\nSmith Newton delivery truck\n\n2012\nBMW ActiveE (demonstration program ended in 2014)\nCoda (no longer in production)\nFord Focus Electric  (limited production)\nToyota Prius PHV (production ended in 2015)\nBoulder DV-500 delivery truck\nAmp Electric Vehicles (SUV and light truck conversions)\nTesla Model S\nHonda Fit EV (limited production)\nToyota RAV4 EV (2nd gen)  (limited production)\nFord C-Max Energi (production ended in 2018)\n\n2013\nHonda Accord Plug-in Hybrid\nFord Fusion Energi\nScion iQ EV (limited production available only for carsharing fleets, not for retail customers)\nSmart electric drive 3rd gen (available with battery leasing option)\nChevrolet Spark EV (limited production)\nFiat 500e (limited production)\nPorsche Panamera S E-Hybrid\nCadillac ELR (limited production)\n\n2014\nBMW i3\nPorsche 918 Spyder (limited edition)\nMercedes-Benz B-Class Electric Drive\nBMW i8\nVolkswagen e-Golf\nKia Soul EV\nPorsche Cayenne S E-Hybrid\n\n2015\nMercedes-Benz S 500 Plug-in Hybrid\nVolvo XC 90 PHEV\nTesla Model X\nBollor\u00e9 Bluecar (available only for the BlueIndy carsharing fleet)\nChevrolet Volt (second generation) (production ended in 2019)\nBMW X5 xDrive40e\nHyundai Sonata PHEV\nAudi A3 Sportback e-tron\n\n2016\nBMW 330e iPerformance\nMercedes-Benz GLE 550e Plug-in Hybrid\nToyota Prius Prime (second generation Prius PHEV)\nChevrolet Bolt EV\nBMW 740e iPerformance\nMercedes-Benz C 350e Plug-in Hybrid\n\n2017\nChrysler Pacifica Hybrid\nBMW 530e iPerformance\nTesla Model 3\nKia Optima PHEV\nHonda Clarity Electric\nHonda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid\nVolvo XC60 Plug-in Hybrid\nMini Cooper S E ALL4\nHyundai Ioniq Electric\nCadillac CT6 Plug-in Hybrid\nVolvo S90 T8 Plug-in Hybrid\nMitsubishi Outlander P-HEV\nNissan Leaf (second generation)\n\n2018\nHyundai Ioniq Plug-in\nMercedes-Benz GLC 350e 4MATIC\nKarma Revero (updated version of the Fisker Karma) \nJaguar I-Pace\n\n2019\nHyundai Kona\nSubaru Crosstrek Plug-in Hybrid\nKia e-Niro\nAudi e-tron\n\nFuture cars (2019\u20132022) \n\nThe following is a list of electric cars and plug-in hybrids with market launch scheduled up to 2022.\n\nFord Mustang Mach-E\nVolkswagen ID.3\nHonda e\nMercedes-Benz E 350e Plug-in Hybrid\nAudi Q7 e-tron Quattro\nMercedes-Benz EQC\nBMW iX3\nPorsche Taycan\nTesla Roadster second generation\nTesla Model Y\nFisker eMotion\nRivian R1T pickup truck\nBentley Continental Plug-In Hybrid\nAston Martin RapidE\nVolvo XC40 Electric\nByton M-Byte\nPolestar 2\nVolkswagen I.D. Crozz\n\nU.S. electric vehicle organizations \nCalCars (The California Cars Initiative)\nDrive Oregon\nElectric Auto Association (EAA) (North America)\nElectric Auto Association of Northern Nevada\nElectric Auto Association Silicon Valley\nElectric Car Society\nHumboldt Electric Vehicle Association\nNEDRA National Electric Drive Racing Association\nOregon Electric Vehicle Association\nPlug In America\nPHEV Research Center\nProject EVIE\nRechargeIT (Google.org)\nSan Francisco BayLEAFs\nSeattle Electric Vehicle Association\nWorld Electric Vehicle Association\n\nSee also \n\n CalCars\n Plug In America\n Electric car use by country\n Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles\n Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States\n List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles\n List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles available in the United States\n New energy vehicles in China\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Canada\n Plug-in electric vehicles in California\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe\n Plug-in electric vehicles in France\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Germany\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Japan\n Plug-in electric vehicles in the Netherlands\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway\n Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden\n Plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom\n Plug-in hybrids in New York\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n18 Hurdles Electrified Vehicles Are Having To Overcome, HybridCARS, May 2016.\n2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report, Oak Ridge National Laboratory\n 2013 ZEV Action Plan: A roadmap toward 1.5 million zero-emission vehicles on California roadways by 2025, Office of the Governor of California, February 2013.\n AAA Electric Vehicle webpage (American Automobile Association)\n A Guide to the Lessons Learned from the Clean Cities Community Electric Vehicle Readiness Projects, Clean Cities, U.S. Department of Energy, January 2013.\n California: Beyond cars? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Tom Turrentine, August 2014.\n Clean Car Calculator (Institute for Energy Efficiency)\n Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy, December 2013.\n Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave, Union of Concerned Scientists, November 2015.\n Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Analysis of U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle-Fuel Pathways: A Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Economic Assessment of Current (2015) and Future (2025-2030) Technologies (includes estimated cost of avoided GHG emissions from BEVs and PHEVs in the U.S.), Argonne National Laboratory, June 2016.\n Driving Cleaner - More Electric Vehicles Mean Less Pollution,  Environment North Carolina Research & Policy Center, June 2014.\n Early Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales: Trends, Forecasts, and Determinants, Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, July 2012\nEffects of Federal Tax Credits for the Purchase of Electric Vehicles Congressional Budget Office, September 2012\n Effects of Regional Temperature on Electric Vehicle Efficiency, Range, and Emissions in the United States, Tugce Yuksel and Jeremy Michalek, Carnegie Mellon University. 2015\n eGallon Calculator: Compare the costs of driving with electricity, U.S. Department of Energy\n Electric drive vehicle sales figures (U.S. Market) - EV sales, Electric Drive Transportation Association \n Electric drive vehicle sales 2012->now, animation\n Electric Vehicles and Public Charging Infrastructure: Impediments and Opportunities for Success in the United States, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, July 2013\n Electric Vehicle Guide, Sierra Club\n Electric Vehicle Paradise: How Hawai'i Can Lead the World in Deployment, Center for Law, Energy and the Environment at the University of California, Berkeley, September 2013\n Electric Vehicle Sales Analysis, Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, August 2013\nElectric Vehicle Timeline: Electric Cars, Plug-In Hybrids, and Fuel Cell Vehicles (1900-2014), Union of Concerned Scientists\nEmissions Associated with Electric Vehicle Charging: Impact of Electricity Generation Mix, Charging Infrastructure Availability, and Vehicle Type, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, April 2016.\n EPA Green Vehicle Guide\n EV Driver Survey Dashboard, California's Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP)\n EV Everywhere Grand Challenge Blueprint, U.S. Department of Energy, January 2013.\n Evaluating the Impact of High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Access on Plug-In Vehicles (PEVs) Purchasing and Usage in California, University of California, Davis, Working Paper UCD-ITS-WP-14-01, 2014\nExploring the Impact of the Federal Tax Credit on the Plug-In Vehicle Market, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2016.\n Fact Sheet: Plug-in Electric Vehicles (2014), Environmental and Energy Study Institute, June 2014.\nFederal Tax Credits For Plug-In Hybrids, Electric Cars: What You Need To Know, The Washington Post, August 2014.\n Global EV Outlook - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020, International Energy Agency (IEA), April 2013\nHow Clean is Your Electric Vehicle?, Union of Concerned Scientists on-line tool to calculate carbon emissions for a given plug-in car model according to the corresponding U.S. ZIP code.\n Influence of driving patterns on life cycle cost and emissions of hybrid and plug-in electric vehicle powertrains, Carnegie Mellon Vehicle Electrification Group\nLeading Edge of Electric Vehicle Market Development in the United States: An Analysis of California Cities, International Council on Clean Transportation, White Paper, September 2016.\n Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2014 (See Chapter 7), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 2014.\nLight Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates, Argonne National Laboratory\n List of vehicles eligible for California's single occupant carpool lane stickers\n List of U.S. Electric Vehicle and EVSE Incentives by State, September 2014\nModel Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, August 2014 (see pp.\u00a033\u201336 for plug-in electric models available).\n New Car Dealers and Retail Innovation in California\u2019s Plug-In Electric Vehicle Market. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, Working Paper UCD-ITS-WP-14-04, 2014.\n Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment: Interim Report (2013), Transportation Research Board, U.S. National Research Council\n Plug-In Electric Vehicles: A Case Study of Seven Markets (Norway, Netherlands, California, United States, France, Japan, and Germany), UC Davis, October 2014.\n Plug-In Electric Vehicle Handbook for Workplace Charging Hosts, Clean Cities, U.S. Department of Energy, August 2013 \n Plug-in Electric Vehicles: the First Three Years (of the post-modern electric-vehicle era) Dec 2010 \u2014 Nov 2013,  Luskin Center for Innovation, UCLA, December 2013\n Qualified Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicles (IRC 30D), Internal Revenue Service (IRS), June 2014\n Roadmap to Climate-Friendly Cars: 2013, Climate Central, August 2013.\n State of the Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market, Electrification Coalition, July 2013.\n Supporting the Plug-In Electric Vehicle Market - Best Practices from State Programs, Georgetown Climate Center, December 2014.\n The Great Debate -- All-Electric Cars vs. Plug-In Hybrids, April 2014.\n Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2014) - including BEVs and PHEVs\n U.S. PEV Sales by Model, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy\n\nUnited States\nUnited States\nCategory:Road transportation in the United States"}
-{"text": "New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame\n\nThe New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame is an organisation commemorating New Zealand's greatest sporting triumphs. It was inaugurated as part of the New Zealand sesquicentenary celebrations in 1990. Some 160 members have been inducted into the Hall of Fame since its inception representing a wide variety of sports. Inductions are held regularly every second year.\n\nSince 1999, it has been located in Dunedin, in the city's Railway Station building, where a museum is sited displaying mementos of New Zealand's sporting achievements. Prior to this time the Hall of Fame was based in Wellington. The current chief executive of the Hall of Fame is sports writer Ron Palenski.\n\nInductees\nThe following individuals and teams have been inducted into the New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame:\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:New Zealand sports trophies and awards\nHall\nCategory:All-sports halls of fame\nCategory:International Sports Heritage Association\nCategory:Awards established in 1990\nCategory:Sports museums in New Zealand\nCategory:Museums in Dunedin\nCategory:Sport in Dunedin\nSports\nCategory:1990 establishments in New Zealand"}
-{"text": "Crambus sibirica\n\nCrambus sibirica is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Sergei Alph\u00e9raky in 1897. It is found in the Russian Far East and Japan.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Crambini\nCategory:Moths described in 1897\nCategory:Moths of Russia\nCategory:Moths of Japan"}
-{"text": "36th Blue Dragon Film Awards\n\nThe 36th Blue Dragon Film Awards ceremony was held on November 26, 2015 at Kyung Hee University's Peace Palace Hall in Seoul. It was broadcast on SBS and hosted by Kim Hye-soo and Yoo Jun-sang.\n\nNominations and winners\nComplete list of nominees and winners\n\n(Winners denoted in bold)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2015 film awards\nCategory:Blue Dragon Film Awards\nBlue"}
-{"text": "Thomas W. Fleming House (Fairmont, West Virginia)\n\nThomas W. Fleming House, also known as the Clubhouse of the Women's Club of Fairmont, is a historic home located at Fairmont, Marion County, West Virginia.  It was built in 1901, and is a 2 1/2-story, \"U\"-shaped, stucco masonry building in a Colonial Revival / Beaux-Arts style.  It has a rectangular central block that is joined at the rear by two short wings. It features rounded, glass-enclosed entrance solarium. It became the clubhouse of the Fairmont Woman's Club in 1938. Its builder, Thomas W. Fleming (1846-1937), served two terms as mayor of Fairmont and was elected to the House of Delegates in 1905.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWoman`s Club of Fairmont website\n\nCategory:Beaux-Arts architecture in West Virginia\nCategory:Women's club buildings\nCategory:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia\nCategory:Colonial Revival architecture in West Virginia\nCategory:Houses completed in 1901\nCategory:Houses in Marion County, West Virginia\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Marion County, West Virginia"}
-{"text": "Pygarctia haematodes\n\nPygarctia haematodes is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1921. It is found in Mexico.\n\nReferences\n\nArctiidae genus list at Butterflies and Moths of the World of the Natural History Museum\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1921\nCategory:Phaegopterina"}
-{"text": "Jersey Flegg\n\nHarry \"Jersey\" Flegg (6 April 1878 in Bolton, Lancashire23 August 1960 in North Sydney, New South Wales) was an English-Australian rugby league identity. Both a player and administrator, he was a leading figure in the birth of the sport in Australia.\n\nFlegg emigrated to Australia at an early age. He received his nickname 'Jersey' while still at school, after a meeting with the New South Wales (NSW) Governor of the time, Lord Jersey, who had bright red hair, similar to his own.\n\nPlaying career\n'Jersey' played rugby football for the Adelphi club and represented New South Wales in the sport before moving to the new rebel code in rugby league's start up season \u2013 1908.\n\n'Jersey' played a leading role in the establishment of the Eastern Suburbs club, he chaired the founding meeting, was one of that club's two delegates to the New South Wales Rugby Football League (NSWRFL) as well as being a club selector. A front row forward with a reputation as a solid defender, Flegg captained the side in its inaugural season, including the club's first match and the NSWRFL's first premiership decider against neighbouring Sydney club and traditional rival, South Sydney. Flegg was also selected in a Sydney-based representative team during that first season. However, it is in administration that 'Jersey' is best remembered.\n\nAdministrative career\nIn 1909, Flegg was made a New South Wales and Australian selector and in 1929 he was appointed to the position of president of the NSWRFL. In 1941 he became chairman of the Australian Rugby League Board of Control. At the time of his death in 1960, aged 82, he was still serving in these roles.\n\nA life member of the Australian, British and French Rugby Leagues, Flegg received further recognition when in 1961 the H. Jersey Flegg Cup was introduced. His contribution to rugby league extended over half a century and during his tenure at the head of the game's administration, rugby league prospered, cementing itself as the dominant football code throughout the Australian states of New South Wales and Queensland.\n\nHenry \"Jersey\" Flegg has been allocated Eastern Suburbs player Number 1.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nJersey Flegg at the Online Dictionary of Australian Biographies\nHenry \"Jersey\" Flegg biography at Sport Australia Hall of Fame\n Gary Lester, The Story of Australian Rugby League\n Sean Fagan, The Rugby Rebellion\n Alan Whiticker & Glen Hudson, The Encyclopedia of Rugby League Players\n\nCategory:1878 births\nCategory:People from Bolton\nCategory:English emigrants to Australia\nCategory:Australian rugby league players\nCategory:Sydney Roosters players\nCategory:1960 deaths\nCategory:Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees\nCategory:Australian rugby league administrators\nCategory:Rugby league props"}
-{"text": "Monument of States\n\nThe Monument of States was conceived as a symbol of American unity after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and is located at 300 E. Monument Avenue in Kissimmee, Florida. It was built by volunteers, with donations of stone that came from around the world, including a rock from President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was the brainchild of Charles W. Bressler-Pettis, who also hoped it would become a unique tourist attraction for the city.\n\nConception and design\nWhen the United States came under attack from the Empire of Japan on December 7, 1941, Charles W. Bressler-Pettis was a retired physician living in Florida, and was president of the Kissimmee All-States Tourist club that catered to senior citizens. He had served in both the Royal Army Medical Corps and the United States Army during World War I. Pettis devised an idea to erect a unique monument in Kissimmee that he hoped would inspire American solidarity in response to the attack. As a promoter of local tourism, Pettis was also looking to draw visitors to Kissimmee with a unique attraction. He enlisted his friend J. C. Fisher to work with him on designing a monument that would contain a rock from each state. The result of Pettis's collaboration with Fisher was a step-pyramid weighing an estimated 100,000 pounds and reinforced with 3 \u00bd tons of steel rails. At the top sits an American eagle and a flag of the United States, resting on a blue concrete orb.\n\nSpeculation has been offered by the National Park Service and others that it is possible Pettis might have been influenced by the Fireplace of States in Bemidji, Minnesota. Built by the Works Progress Administration in 1934\u201335, the Bemidji fireplace was constructed with stones from each of the then 48 states (Alaska and Hawaii were considered territories at the time of the monument's construction and world not become states until 1959 and 1960 respectively).\n\nConstruction\n\nThe Florida monument was built entirely through volunteer labor, mostly the senior citizens of the travel club. Governors of each state received letters from Pettis asking for rock donations to build the monument. Local government and civic organizations, as well as area businesses and individual residents, donated time and materials, including 507 donations of one bag of cement each. Those in Kissimmee who contributed in any manner have their names inscribed on the adjacent sidewalk. Pettis had amassed a collection of thousands of rocks in his travels and donated many of them to the project. President Franklin D. Roosevelt donated a rock from his estate in New York. By the time of its 1943 completion and dedication by Florida's United States Senator Claude Pepper, it was composed of 1,500 stones and objects donated from all over the world.\n\nWhen Pettis died in 1954, Kissimmee changed its regulations on burials to permit a portion of his remains to be sealed inside the work. A plaque honoring Pettis was placed on the monument.\n\nRestoration and NRHP\nAs tourism was drawn away by the 1971 opening of Walt Disney World in Orlando, the Kissimmee monument fell into neglect and disrepair.\nOn March 28, 1993, the city of Kissimmee had a re-dedication of the monument and sealed a time capsule within it. The American Automobile Association stepped in to help restore it in 2001.\n\nThe monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 8, 2015.\n\nCitations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1943 establishments in Florida\nCategory:1943 sculptures\nCategory:Attack on Pearl Harbor\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Kissimmee, Florida\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Osceola County, Florida\nCategory:Outdoor sculptures in Florida\nFlorida"}
-{"text": "Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics \u2013 Men's 50 metre freestyle S5\n\nThe men's 50 metre freestyle S5 event at the 2012 Paralympic Games took place on 30 August, at the London Aquatics Centre.\n\nTwo heats were held, each with eight swimmers. The swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.\n\nHeats\n\nHeat 1\n\nHeat 2\n\nFinal\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Swimming at the 2012 Summer Paralympics"}
-{"text": "Mavi, East Azerbaijan\n\nMavi (, also Romanized as M\u0101v\u012b and Movi) is a village in Kaghazkonan-e Shomali Rural District, Kaghazkonan District, Meyaneh County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 91, in 32 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Meyaneh County"}
-{"text": "David Thomas (field hockey)\n\nDavid Thomas (born 27 June 1927) was a British field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1927 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:British male field hockey players\nCategory:Olympic field hockey players of Great Britain\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 1956 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Pontypridd"}
-{"text": "2013 Grand Prix GSB\n\nThe 2013 Grand Prix GSB was a one-day women's cycle race in the Grand Prix GSB series held in El Salvador on March 7, 2013. It ran from Plaza El Salvador del Mundo (The Savior of the World Plaza) in San Salvador City  to Juay\u00faa over  and has an UCI rating of 1.1. The race was won by the Brazilian  Clemilda Fernandes Silva, beating the Be Pink pairing of Alena Amialiusik and Noemi Cantele.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2013 in Salvadoran sport\nCategory:2013 in women's road cycling\nCategory:Grand Prix GSB"}
-{"text": "Tal\u00ed\u0159e nad Velk\u00fdm Mal\u00edkovem\n\nTal\u00ed\u0159e nad Velk\u00fdm Mal\u00edkovem is a 1977 Czechoslovak science fiction comedy film directed by Jaromil Jire\u0161. The film starred Josef Kemr.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1977 films\nCategory:1970s science fiction comedy films\nCategory:Czech-language films\nCategory:Czechoslovak films\nCategory:Czechoslovak science fiction films\nCategory:Films directed by Jaromil Jire\u0161\nCategory:Czech films\nCategory:Czech science fiction films"}
-{"text": "Taboth\n\nTaboth is a village in southern Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Attoutou, Jacqueville Department, Grands-Ponts Region, Lagunes District. The village is on the south shore of \u00c9bri\u00e9 Lagoon.\n\nTaboth was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Former communes of Ivory Coast\nCategory:Populated places in Lagunes District\nCategory:Populated places in Grands-Ponts"}
-{"text": "The 2nd term Chief Executive of Hong Kong\n\nThe 2nd term Chief Executive of Hong Kong relates to the period of governance of Hong Kong following the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong, between 1 July 2002 and 30 June 2007. There were two Chief Executives of Hong Kong during this period:\n\nthe second administration of Tung Chee-Hwa, who occupied the post from 1 July 2002 until his resignation on 12 March 2005;\nthe first administration of Donald Tsang, who was elected on 25 June 2005 to fill the position vacated by Tung.\n\nCategory:Hong Kong Government"}
-{"text": "The College of New Jersey\n\nThe College of New Jersey (TCNJ) is a public university in Ewing, New Jersey. TCNJ was established in 1855 as the New Jersey State Normal School. The institution was the first normal school in the state of New Jersey and the fifth in the United States. Originally located in Trenton proper, the college was moved to its present location in adjacent Ewing Township during the early to mid-1930s. Since its inception, TCNJ has undergone several name changes, the most recent being the 1996 change to its current name from Trenton State College.\n\nTCNJ is a selective institution, with a stated mission to keep New Jersey's most talented students in-state for higher education.  TCNJ aims to combine the best practices of private institutions with a public mission, resulting in an innovative and unique model for undergraduate education. The college encourages free inquiry and open exchange, offering a wide range of learning opportunities in its classrooms, laboratories and studios throughout the campus, as well as at various off-campus locations.\n\nThe institution is organized into seven schools, all of which offer bachelor's degree programs and several of which offer targeted master's degree programs. Emphasis is placed on liberal arts education via the college's general education requirements. Much of TCNJ is built in Georgian colonial architecture style on 289 tree-lined acres.\n\nHistory\n\nThe College of New Jersey was established on February 9, 1855 by an act of the New Jersey Legislature mandating the creation of a state normal school, making the New Jersey State Normal School the first teacher training institution in New Jersey and the ninth in the United States. Prior to this, then-Governor Rodman McCamley Price had actively promoted the notion of founding a training institute for New Jersey's teachers and helped to mobilize support among influential state leaders: \n\nFor the first 73 years, the school was located in Trenton on Clinton Avenue. Beginning in 1925, the institution offered its first four-year baccalaureate degrees, and engaged on a transitional program of expansion. In 1928, a suburban tract of 210 acres (0.8\u00a0km\u00b2) was purchased in Ewing Township, New Jersey and preparations were underway to relocate the College. The first building erected on the new campus was Green Hall, built in traditional Georgian colonial style. The majority of buildings now on campus reflect Green Hall's architecture. In 1996, in a move spearheaded by Harold Eickhoff, The College of New Jersey adopted its current name.\n\nPrograms in graduate study were instituted in 1947, followed by accreditation from various national associations in the 1950s. The enactment of the Higher Education Act of 1966 paved the way for TCNJ to become a comprehensive institution by expanding its degree programs into a variety of fields aside from the education of teachers. By 1972, 70 percent of entering students were selecting non-education majors.\n\n Names\n 1855 \u2014 New Jersey State Normal School\n 1908 \u2014 New Jersey State Normal School in Trenton\n 1929 \u2014 New Jersey State Teachers College and State Normal School at Trenton\n 1937 \u2014 New Jersey State Teachers College at Trenton\n 1958 \u2014 Trenton State College\n 1996 \u2014 The College of New Jersey\n\nAcademics\n\nPrograms\n\nMore than 50 liberal arts and professional programs are offered through the College's seven schools: Arts and Communication; Business; Culture and Society; Education; Engineering; Nursing, Health & Exercise Science; and Science.\n\nThe College of New Jersey offers degrees in over 50 liberal arts and professional programs. TCNJ also offers a 7-year combined B.S./M.D. (Bachelor of Science/Doctor of Medicine) program for graduating high school students in conjunction with University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Admission into this program is highly selective. This program offers guaranteed admission to UMDNJ upon completion of three years of undergraduate study at TCNJ and the maintenance of a minimum GPA (currently set at 3.5).\n\nThese programs are organized into one of seven schools:\n School of Arts and Communication\n School of Business\n School of Humanities and Social Sciences\n School of Education\n School of Engineering\n School of Nursing, Health & Exercise Science\n School of Science\n\nGlobal programs\nThe College of New Jersey offers graduate programs in Education at a number of international locations. Currently students can complete a State of New Jersey Teacher Certification and earn a Master of Education degree while studying in Bangkok, Thailand; Majorca, Spain; or Johannesburg, South Africa. In addition to this, all TCNJ students are encouraged to study abroad after completing a year's worth of credits from the school. The student must also be in good academic standing. The TCNJ Center for Global Engagement works together with TCNJ faculty to offer undergraduate students a wide variety of programs, from short-term, faculty-led study abroad programs to semester- and year-long programs in dozens of countries. More than 400 students in 2012\u20132013 studied at universities in over twenty countries on six continents.\n\nTCNJ also hosts Institute for ESL & American Studies, a language and culture immersion that brings international students to campus from all over the world to develop their English language skill and American culture. Students in this program earn 12 credits in the fall or spring semesters and 8 credits in the summer that can be transferred anywhere, learn in small classes of no more than 8 students, and take trips to New York City and Philadelphia. Graduate students can also take part in a non-credit seminar on teaching in American universities. Full-time TCNJ students have the chance to live with this cohort during the program, work with them as conversation partners, and help them learn to navigate campus life.\n\nRankings\nAccording to U.S. News & World Report\u2019s regional annual rankings, TCNJ is #4 in Northern Regional Universities category. In terms of regional universities for the North, for both public and private institutions, TCNJ ranked 4th in 2018.\n\nSince the 1990s, incoming students are required to participate in the TCNJ First Year Experience, a large component of the liberal arts curriculum at TCNJ.\n\nNearly two-thirds (64%) of TCNJ students who apply to medical school are accepted. Many top corporations also recruit TCNJ graduates. Other barometers of student success include the 100% pass-rate of education majors taking the state teacher preparation test and the 85 percent three-year pass rate for nursing students going for their license. TCNJ has a 95% freshman retention rate. The College has an 85% graduation rate.\n\nCampus life\n\nResidence halls\n\nFirst-year students at TCNJ are either given a room assignment in Travers/Wolfe Tower, Centennial Hall, or any empty rooms in the Allen/Brewster/Ely Complex. Second-year students live in New Residence, Allen Hall, Brewster Hall, Ely Hall, Norsworthy Hall, Eickhoff Hall, Cromwell Hall and Decker Hall. There are currently plans to construct another building specifically for second-year housing. Upperclassmen typically live in Townhouses South, East or West, or in one of the two newly constructed apartment complexes; Phelps Hall and Hausdoerffer Hall. Upperclassmen may also live in one of the various College Houses that surrounds the campus. While 95 percent of first-year students live on campus, only 50 percent of upperclassmen live on campus, instead choosing to live in homes and apartments surrounding the College.\n\nCampus Town\nIn 2013 groundbreaking began for The Campus Town complex. Consisting of seven buildings \u2014 Campus Town Clock Tower, apartments and recreation space \u2014 Campus Town was built by PRC Campus Centers LLC on 12 acres of property located on campus and it has 80,000 square feet of commercial space.\n\nThe Campus Town complex has space to house 446 juniors and seniors in one-, two- and four-bedroom apartments. Each apartment has a living room/dining area, separate bedrooms, one or two bathrooms depending upon the unit, a full kitchen with a dishwasher and a full-sized washer and dryer. The complex has 500 parking spots.\n\nThe Campus Town complex houses an 11,500-square-foot fitness center that replaced the college\u2019s 4,000-square-foot gym. The apartments and the fitness center are only open to the students, but the complex\u2019s retail stores will be open to the public. Barnes & Noble is an anchor tenant, with a brand-new 14,000-square-foot store and leasing is underway with many others, including a yogurt shop, sushi restaurant, convenience store and brewpub.\n\nDining\n\nThere are currently ten Sodexo operated dining facilities on the TCNJ campus as well as a convenience store and bookstore (where convenience store-like food and beverages are sold). Eickhoff hall houses The Atrium at Eickhoff, the main dining hall, where students pay a door price and have access to buffet style food, along with The 1855 Room, a staff/faculty dining room, and the convenience store. TDubs, the late night dining hall, is located between the Travers and Wolfe towers.\n\nA caf\u00e9 serving Starbucks coffee is located on the main level of Gitenstein Library. Sandwiches, bagels, and other items are served in addition to beverages. A similar caf\u00e9, the STEM Forum Cafe, is located in the newly-constructed STEM Forum Complex, opened in Fall 2017. Coffee and grab n' go items are served here. In the Education Building is the Education Cafe, serving a variety of coffee, sandwiches, and baked desserts.\n\nThe Brower Student Center is home to three different dining facilities. Fresh Pride Cafe is located near one of the main entrances and is the smallest of the three. Because there are various couches and tables of the students center surrounding it, it does not have seating of its own. Traditions is a restaurant and bar, where students can sit down to order meals from servers. Alcoholic beverages are served. Also within the Traditions is a stage where bands perform on various nights. The last dining facility is the student center food court and is colloquially referred to as \"The Lion's Den\". Students can get food and other items at various stations, which they then bring to one of the registers to purchase.\n\nEntrepreneurship\nIn the mid-2000s, TCNJ began to put a more concentrated effort on student entrepreneurship. Administrative resources were put toward counselling and workshops for students. The Mayo Business Plan Competition in April 2012 saw numerous student groups competing for $12,000 to launch their start-up businesses. The school has also held entrepreneurship events for local high school students.\n\nStudent life\n\nNearby metropolitan areas such as Philadelphia and New York City are an hour and a half or less away by train. Surveys of the student population indicate, however, that 80% of residential students remain on-campus for at least 3 weekends per month. TCNJ also has over 180 student organizations managed by the Office of Student Activities and Leadership Development. The Signal has been the college's newspaper since 1885 and wins awards almost annually. The Lion's Eye is the literary magazine on campus, distributed each semester and funded by the Student Activity Fee. Lions Television (LTV), founded in the spring of 2008, is TCNJ's first television network.\n\nCampus attempts at providing non-alcohol-related social events for students are numerous, including both on and off-campus activities such as musical and comedic performances. The College Union Board (CUB) sponsors visits by celebrities as well as movie showings, all of which are funded by the Student Finance Board. To help kick off each new fall semester, \"LollaNoBooza\" is held. This is a large carnival-like affair meant to be an alternative to a night of partying. In April 2011, the College Union Board, Student Finance Board, and Student Government held their first annual Spring Carnival entitled \"fun.ival\" (fun.ival was named after live performers, fun.).\n\nGreek life has a foothold at TCNJ, with roughly 25% of the student population belonging to a fraternity or sorority. The Greek organizations are governed by the Inter-Greek Council, whose purpose is to unite the members of the Greek community in spirit of mutual interest. It organizes and governs activities, highlights goals and opens lines of communication between the members of the organizations and the rest of the campus community.  In order to join any Greek organization, students must have at least one semester's worth of TCNJ credits and be in good academic standing with a GPA of at least 2.2. The Inter-Greek Council recognizes 30 organizations; 16 sororities, 12 fraternities, and 3 coed organizations. \n\nThe recognized Greek organizations at TCNJ are:\n\nFamous Alumni: John Turner, member of Delta Zeta.\n\nBrower Student Center\n\nThe Brower Student Center (BSC) is the student center on the campus. The BSC was originally built in 1976 and has continued to serve the students through the present day. The Brower Student Center seeks to provide on-campus activities for all the students of TCNJ as well as maintain partnerships within the community that accentuate the student and community experience. A game room is also located in the student center, complete with multiple pool tables, TVs with wiis connected, ping pong and other games.\n\nThe building is home to all of the student organizations on campus, as well as the dining facilities that are run by Sodexo Incorporated and a campus bookstore. All recognized student organizations have an office or cubicle, or at least a meeting area. Most of these are located on the second level, but there are a handful located elsewhere. The student-run newspaper, for example, has both its business office and production room in the basement.\n\nThe building was named after former president Clayton R. Brower, who served as president during the time that TCNJ was referred to as Trenton State College. His wife, Dorothy Brower, was an active volunteer in the surrounding community.\n\nRenovations for the new Brower Student Center began in April 2015 and are expected to be finished in 2017.\n\nMuseums and exhibits\n\nThe College of New Jersey is home to the David Sarnoff Museum, formerly located at Princeton Junction. The collection detailing the life of NBC founder David Sarnoff is now located in Roscoe L. West Hall. Various art exhibits can be found in galleries at the Art and IMM building. The exhibits feature the work of student artists, professional artists and local artists. The exhibits are updated regularly.\n\nCampus Media\n\nPublications \nThe Signal has been The College of New Jersey's student-run newspaper since 1855. It has won numerous awards, and has placed first many times in the General Excellence category (the highest category) for collegiate news publications at the New Jersey Press Association awards. The Signal is run almost entirely out of their office located on Forcina Hall's second floor.\n\nTCNJ Magazine is another publication, covering both current campus life and alumni affairs. The Perspective, an openly left-leaning student news booklet, is the school's newest publication having been first published in 2009. The Perspective received funding from the Student Finance Board, but so far has no established publishing schedule (as opposed to other campus publications). On the literary side, The Lion's Eye and The Siren are both student-made magazines filled with poetry, prose and artwork by students. The Seal was TCNJ's yearbook since its first publication in 1911. However following the 2017 edition, the publication and student organization were discontinued due to low demand and incumbent debt.\n\nRadio \nWTSR (91.3 FM) is the college's non-commercial radio station which services Mercer County and Bucks County, Pennsylvania while also broadcasting over the internet. The station began in 1958 as WTSC, but was approved for an FM licence in the fall of 1965. The station is fully student run and enlists the help of both students and community volunteers. The station offers traditional dayside programming while also offering a variety of specialty programming that consists of shows featuring folk/world, synth-pop, modern rock, metal, reggae, oldies, gospel, and more.\n\nTelevision \nLions Television (abbreviated 'LTV') has been the student run television station on campus since 2008. Its studio and office are located in Kendall Hall and its content can be viewed online or on campus televisions on channel 2-2. The station board includes six producers (sports, news, music, comedy, pop culture and game show) who film, direct and edit content both in studio and around the school's campus.\n\nAthletics\n\nThe College of New Jersey has 22 varsity teams and 18 club teams, including multiple programs that have achieved national recognition and success. Its varsity teams are members of the New Jersey Athletic Conference (NJAC) and compete in Division III of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The college's mascot is \"Roscoe the Lion.\"\n\nTCNJ's varsity teams are the top combined first- and second-place finishers of all 424 Division III schools in the nation over more than 25 years.\n\nThe women's lacrosse team has played in the championship game 16 out of 20 possible times, winning 11 (though the 1992 title was later vacated) and qualifying for the NCAA tournament 21 consecutive times through 2005, highlighted by a 93\u20131 record from 1991 to 1996. The women's field hockey team has won 10 Division III crowns in 14 championship appearances (both twice as many as any other school).\n\nThe TCNJ wrestling team has placed in the top 20 nationally for 30 consecutive years, including 5 national championships (1979, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1987), 5 runner-up finishes, and numerous finishes in the top 5.\n\nThe track and field teams have also dominated the New Jersey Athletic Conference. Since the NJAC title was first contested in 1997, TCNJ has won the title \u2014 both indoor and outdoor \u2014 each year.\n\nThe main athletic facility, Lions Stadium, holds 6,000 spectators and is home to the football, field hockey, lacrosse, and intramural teams. The stadium opened in the fall of 1984 and featured the first North American installation of AstroTurf's vertical-drainage system. This system prevents the \"duck-pond effect\" commonly seen with other artificial surfaces. In 2008, reports indicated that the turf contained higher-than-acceptable levels of lead and was subsequently removed. Now, the stadium is furnished with Tiger Turf, which is the first installation of the Trophy Turf in the United States. The stadium has hosted multiple NCAA tournaments and championship games, as well as the annual Special Olympics New Jersey and the annual USSBA Central Jersey Regional marching band competition.\n\nThe school's club ice hockey team have found success as a member of multiple American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) conferences since the group's creation in 1977. The team currently plays in the Colonial State College Hockey Conference where it began play as a founding member in 2014, has won four conference championships (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020), and earned bids to the ACHA Southeast Regional Tournament. Prior to this as a member of the Great Northeast Collegiate Hockey Conference the team won two conference titles in 2012 and 2014.\n\nMen's sports\nBaseball\nBasketball\nCross country\nFootball\nSoccer\nSwimming and diving\nTennis\nTrack and field\nWrestling\n\nWomen's sports\nBasketball\nCross country\nField hockey\nLacrosse\nSoccer\nSoftball\nSwimming and diving\nTennis\nTrack and field\n\nClub sports\nBaseball\nBasketball (women)\nBowling\nCrew\nCheerleading\nIce hockey\nLacrosse (men and women)\nRugby (men and women)\nSoccer (men and women)\nSoftball\nSwimming\nTennis\nUltimate frisbee\nUnified sports (Special Olympics and TCNJ students)\nVolleyball (men and women)\n\nNotable alumni\n\nPolitics and government\n Christopher J. Brown, Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2012 to 2016, representing the 8th legislative district.\n Jim Florio (B.A., 1962), Governor of New Jersey, 1990\u20131994.\n Joe Howarth (B.S.), politician who has represented the 8th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly since 2016.\n Dick LaRossa, Republican Party politician who served two terms in the New Jersey Senate, from 1994 to 2000, where he represented the 15th Legislative District.\n Gerald Luongo (B.A., M.A.), Republican Party politician who has served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1998 to 2000.\n Joseph R. Malone, Republican Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 1993 until 2012, representing the 30th legislative district.\n Joseph A. Mussomeli (B.A., 1975), is an American diplomat. Current Ambassador to Slovenia as well as former Ambassador to Cambodia and the Philippines.\n Verlina Reynolds-Jackson, politician who represents the 15th Legislative District in the New Jersey General Assembly.\n Christopher Smith (B.S., 1975), United States Congressman representing New Jersey's 4th congressional district.\n William A. Stevens, jurist and Republican Party politician who served as President of the New Jersey Senate and New Jersey Attorney General.\n Connie Wagner, politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2008 to 2013, where she represented the 38th Legislative District.\n Madaline A. Williams, first African American woman elected to the New Jersey Legislature.\n\nArts and entertainment\n\n Holly Black (B.A. in English, 1994), author of The Spiderwick Chronicles series: Valiant: A Modern Tale of Faerie; Tithe: A Modern Faerie Tale; and Ironside: A Modern Faery's Tale, among others.\n Jay Black, stand-up comic and screenwriter,\n Sheila Callaghan (B.A. in English, 1995), award-winning playwright and screenwriter.\n Stephen Dadaian, electric and classical guitarist.\n Jeff Feuerzeig, film director and screenwriter best known for The Devil and Daniel Johnston.\n Tom Kraeutler, home improvement broadcast journalist and author.\n Geraldine Clinton Little, poet\n The Lucas Bros, comedians, writers, actors best known for 22 Jump Street, Arrested Development and Lucas Bros Moving Co. \n Adam Mamawala, stand-up comic\n Tom Scharpling, producer and radio host.\n Richard Sterban (born 1943), member of The Oak Ridge Boys.\n Ty Treadway, One Life to Live soap star and host of Soap Talk on Soapnet cable channel.\n Michael Vega, actor\n\nSports\n Terry Bradway, General Manager of the New York Jets from 2001\u20132006.\n Melanie Balcomb, Head Women's Basketball Coach at Vanderbilt University.\n Greg Grant, former NBA player.\n Eric Hamilton, American football coach.\n Gene Hart (B.A., 1952), Hockey Hall of Fame broadcaster and former play-by-play voice of the Philadelphia Flyers.\n Tom McCarthy, radio play-by-play voice of the Philadelphia Phillies.\n\nOthers\nLori Alhadeff, activist\nDavid L. Richards, Associate Professor of Political Science and Human Rights at the University of Connecticut.\n Richard A. Swanson, organizational theorist and Distinguished Research Professor of Human Resource Development and the Sam Lindsey Chair at the University of Texas at Tyler, known for his synthesis work on the financial research related to human resource development.\n Geralyn Wolf (M.A., 1971), Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Rhode Island.\n Julianna White, holds the title of Miss New Jersey USA 2011.\nAndrew Rausa, (B.S.A.), works for the Advertising & Privacy Counsel for Facebook and was named in Forbes 30 Under 30 for Law & Policy in 2017.\nKevin Gabauer, co-founder of Fat Shack, a late-night food company that was featured on Shark Tank.\nTom Armenti, co-founder of Fat Shack, a late-night food company that was featured on Shark Tank.\n\nNotable faculty\n\n Juda Bennett \u2013 English \nCelia Chazelle \u2013 History\n Roy A. Clouser \u2013 Philosophy\n Ellen G. Friedman \u2013 English and Women's & Gender Studies\n James A. Graham \u2013 Psychology\n Jean Graham \u2013 English\n Nancy Hingston \u2013 Mathematics\n Xinru Liu \u2013 History\n Catie Rosemurgy \u2013 Creative Writing\n Jess Row \u2013 English\n Donna Shaw \u2013 Journalism\n\nSee also\n\nList of American state universities\nTrenton Computer Festival\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n TCNJ Athletics website\n\n \nCategory:American Association of State Colleges and Universities\nCategory:Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1855\nCategory:Ewing Township, New Jersey\nCategory:Universities and colleges in Mercer County, New Jersey"}
-{"text": "Artem Ivanov (draughts player)\n\nArtem Ivanov (born April 5, 1988) is a Ukrainian player in the International draughts and draughts-64. He won European  championship 2015 in rapid, many times champion of Ukraine in International draughts and draughts-64. International Grandmaster (GMI).\n\nWorld Championship\n\nInternational draughts\n 2013 (11 place)\n 2015 (4 place)\n 2017 (12 place)\n\nEuropean Championship\n\nInternational draughts\n 2008 (18 place)\n 2010 (14 place)\n 2012 (12 place)\n 2014 (14 place)\n\nExternal links\nPfofile FMJD\nPfofile KNDB\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1988 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ukrainian draughts players\nCategory:International draughts players"}
-{"text": "Plessis-Barbuise\n\nPlessis-Barbuise  is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Aube department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Aube\nCategory:Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia"}
-{"text": "Badia, South Tyrol\n\nBadia (;  ) is a comune (municipality) in South Tyrol, northern Italy. It is one of the five Ladin-speaking communities of the Val Badia which is part of the Ladinia region.\n\nGeography\n\nThe municipal area stretches on the Gran Ega river in the southern, upper part of the Val Badia (Abteital). It is surrounded by the steep limestone peaks of the scenic Dolomites mountain range. Part of the comune lies in Alta Badia, a ski resort at the top end of the Val Badia valley.\n\nBadia is accessible by road from La Val (Wengen) in the north, located about half-way down to the Puster Valley at Bruneck. In the south, the valley road leads up to three mountain passes: Valparola Pass, connecting Badia with Cortina d\u2019Ampezzo, Campolongo Pass linking the neighbouring comune of Corvara with the Arabba ski resort, and Gardena Pass leading to Val Gardena (Gr\u00f6den). All pass roads may be temporarily closed during harsh winter conditions.\n\nNeighbouring municipalities\nThe following communities neighbour Badia: Cortina d'Ampezzo, Corvara, Mareo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana, San Martin de Tor, La Val and S\u00eblva.\n\nFrazioni\nThe municipality of Badia contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) La Ila (La Villa, Stern), San Ciascian (San Cassiano, St. Kassian), and Badia proper consisting of Pedraces (Pedratsches) and San Lin\u00eart (San Leonardo, St. Leonhard) west and east of the Gran Ega river.\n\nHistory\n\nSince the 12th century, the valley estates belonged to the possessions held by the Benedictine nunnery of Sonnenburg near St. Lorenzen, hence the name Abtei (\"abbey\") first mentioned in a 1325 deed. The nuns had received the lands from the Aribonid counts, who formerly ruled as count palatines in Bavaria. A first parish church was erected in 1347.\n\nWhile the Puster Valley in the south was held by the Counts of G\u00f6rz at Lienz, the Ladin language and culture in the Val Badia, due to the remote location, have been preserved up to today. Upon the extinction of the House of G\u00f6rz in 1500, the estates were inherited by the Austrian House of Habsburg. The Sonnenburg monastery was secularised by order of Emperor Joseph II in 1785. The valley road, originally a bridle path, was rebuilt from 1885 onwards and opened in 1892.\n\nCoat of arms\nThe emblem is that of the Winkler von Colz zu Rubatsch noble family which, in the 16th and 17th century, had property and the castle at La Ila. The shield is party per fess, at the top is represented a sable steinbock, holding with the front hoofs a red broken branch on an or background. The lower part is divided into three, with vertex at the top, alternating gules and argent with a rose in the center; every rose has the central petal in or. The emblem was granted in 1967.\n\nPopulation\n\nLinguistic distribution\nAccording to the 2011 census, 94.07% of the population speak Ladin, 4.17% Italian and 1.76%  German as first language.\n\nMain sights\n\nA pilgrimage church, the Church of the Holy Cross, is located beneath the steep slopes of the Sas dla Crusc massif near the birthplace of Saint Josef Freinademetz. It was consecrated in 1484, the adjacent refuge was erected in 1718.\n\nThe parish church of San \u0106iascian, dedicated to Saint Cassian of Imola, was consecrated in 1782. Nearby the small Museum Ladin Ursus ladinicus cover the Ladin history of the area and exhibits the skeleton of a cave bear, living here in the glacial period more than 90,000 years ago.\n\nNatural areas\nThe  massifs in the east and south are part of the Fanes-Sennes-Prags Nature Park, with the notable summit of Sas dla Crusc rising up to 2,907 m (9,537\u00a0ft); the chains in the west belong to the Puez-Geisler Nature Park. Badia is also near the mountains of Lagazuoi (2,778 m), Conturines (3,064 m), La Varela (3,055 m), L'Ciaval (Kreuzkofel) (2,907 m) and Gardenaccia (2,500 m).\n\nNotable people\n Micur\u00e0 de R\u00fc (1789\u20131847), born in R\u00fc near San \u0106iascian, Ladin linguist.\n Joseph Freinademetz (1852\u20131908), born in the hamlet of Oies, Catholic saint and missionary to China.\n\nEconomy\nAs in other Ladin-speaking communities in South Tyrol, tourism is the most important contributor to Badia's economy. Around 69% of the population work in the service sector, around 21% work in production, and around 10% work in agriculture, however most of these hold other jobs as well and farm on the side.\n\nSport\n\nMaratona dles Dolomites\nThe start of the annual single-day seven mountain passes crossing Maratona dles Dolomites bicycle race is every year in La Ila.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n (Ladin)  Homepage of the municipality\n\nCategory:Municipalities of South Tyrol"}
-{"text": "Buffalo Church\n\nBuffalo Church is a historic Methodist church located near Palestine, Wirt County, West Virginia. It was built between 1884 and 1886, and is a one-story, oblong log structure with exterior weatherboarding of beech wood and interior finish of wood boards on walls and ceiling.  It is painted white on the inside and outside.  Also on the property is the church cemetery, and three outbuildings: two pit toilets and a storage building that were constructed by workers associated with the Work Projects Administration.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia\nCategory:Methodist churches in West Virginia\nCategory:Churches completed in 1886\nCategory:19th-century Methodist church buildings in the United States\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Wirt County, West Virginia\nCategory:Works Progress Administration in West Virginia\nCategory:Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Wirt County, West Virginia\nCategory:Wooden churches in West Virginia\nCategory:Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia"}
-{"text": "Vakalopoulos\n\nVakalopoulos is a Greek surname. Notable people with the name include:\n\n Apostolos Vakalopoulos (1909\u20132000), Greek historian\n Michalis Vakalopoulos (born 1990), Dutch-Greek footballer\n Pagonis Vakalopoulos (born 1965), Greek footballer\n\nCategory:Greek-language surnames\nCategory:Surnames"}
-{"text": "1878 and 1879 United States House of Representatives elections\n\nElections to the United States House of Representatives were held in 1878 and 1879 for Representatives to the 46th United States Congress. These elections occurred in the middle of President Rutherford B. Hayes's term.\n\nWith a sour economy as the nation's pressing issue, both major parties lost seats to the new Greenback Party, which was established to promote the long-term use of paper money as a solution to stop enormous economic fluctuations.  The Democratic Party remained the largest party, but lost its majority.  However, it allied with several independent politicians and was able to remain in power.  Notable freshmen included James B. Weaver, who would later run for president as the Greenback candidate in 1880 and the Populist candidate in 1892.  This was the fourth and last recorded House election where both major parties lost seats at the same time.\n\nElection summaries\n\nElection dates \n\nIn 1845, Congress set a uniform nationwide date for choosing presidential electors.  This Act of Congress did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of state governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well.  In 1878\u201379, there were still 7 states with earlier election dates, and 1 state with a later election date:\n\n Early elections (1878):\n June 3 Oregon\n September 3 Vermont\n September 9 Maine\n October 7 Indiana\n October 8 Iowa, Ohio, West Virginia\n Late election (1879):\n September 3, 1879 California\n\nCalifornia's elections were the last time a state held congressional general elections after November.\n\nAlabama\n\nArkansas\n\nCalifornia\n\nColorado \n\nPatterson successfully contested the election and was seated March 4, 1877.\n\nConnecticut\n\nDelaware\n\nFlorida \n\nIn the  the difference between the two candidates, in the initial returns, was just 22 votes. Bisbee challenged Hull's election, and  Bisbee challenged Hull's electionwas eventually awarded the seat on January 22, 1881.\n\nGeorgia\n\nIllinois \n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n|- valign=bottom\n! District\n! Incumbent\n! Party\n! Firstelected\n! Result\n! Candidates\n\n|-\n| \n| William Aldrich\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Carter Harrison, Sr.\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.to run for MayorRepublican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Lorenzo Brentano\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Lost re-nominationRepublican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William Lathrop\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Horatio C. Burchard\n|  | Republican\n| 1869\n|  | Lost re-nominationRepublican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Thomas J. Henderson\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Philip C. Hayes\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Greenbury L. Fort\n|  | Republican\n| 1872\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Thomas A. Boyd\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Benjamin F. Marsh\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Robert M. Knapp\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Lost re-nominationDemocratic hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William M. Springer\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Thomas F. Tipton\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Democratic gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Joseph G. Cannon\n|  | Republican\n| 1872\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| John R. Eden\n|  | Democratic\n| 1872\n|  | Lost re-nominationGreenback gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William A. J. Sparks\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William R. Morrison\n|  | Democratic\n| 1862\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William Hartzell\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Richard W. Townshend\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|}\n\n Indiana \n\nIn the , Gilbert De La Matyr was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.\n\n Iowa \n\nIn the , James B. Weaver was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.\n\nIn the , Edward H. Gillette was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.\n\n Kansas \n\n Kentucky \n\n Louisiana \n\n Maine \n\nIn the , George W. Ladd was also endorsed by the state Democratic Party.\n\n Maryland \n\nIn the , William Quigley was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\n Massachusetts \n\nIn the , Nathan Clark was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nIn the , Edward H. Lathrop was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\n Michigan \n\n Minnesota \n\nIn the , William Meighan was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nIn the , Ignatius L. Donnelly was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\n Mississippi \n\n Missouri \n\nIn the , T. J. Fagg was also endorsed by the state Republican Party.\n\n Nebraska \n\nIn the  District, J. W. Davis was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\n Nevada \n\n New Hampshire \n\n New Jersey \n\nIn the , Hezekiah B. Smith was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\n New York \n\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n|- valign=bottom\n! District\n! Incumbent\n! Party\n! Firstelected\n! Result\n! Candidates\n\n|-\n| \n| James W. Covert\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William D. Veeder\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Independent Democratic gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Simeon B. Chittenden\n|  | Republican\n| 1874 \n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Archibald M. Bliss\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Nicholas Muller\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Samuel S. Cox\n|  | Democratic\n| 1873 \n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Anthony Eickhoff\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Anson G. McCook\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Fernando Wood\n|  | Democratic\n| 1866\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Abram Hewitt\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Independent Democratic gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Benjamin A. Willis\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Clarkson Nott Potter\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| John H. Ketcham\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| George M. Beebe\n|  | Democratic\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain'.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Stephen L. Mayham\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Democratic hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| colspan=3 | Vacant\n|  | Democratic incumbent Terence J. Quinn died June 18, 1878.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Martin I. Townsend\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Andrew Williams\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Amaziah B. James\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| John H. Starin\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Solomon Bundy\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| George A. Bagley\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William J. Bacon\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| William H. Baker\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Frank Hiscock\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| John H. Camp\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Elbridge G. Lapham\n|  | Republican\n| 1874\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Jeremiah W. Dwight\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n| Incumbent re-elected.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| John N. Hungerford\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Elizur K. Hart\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Charles B. Benedict\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican gain.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| Daniel N. Lockwood\n|  | Democratic\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent lost re-election.New member elected.Republican gain'.\n| nowrap | \n\n|-\n| \n| George W. Patterson\n|  | Republican\n| 1876\n|  | Incumbent retired.New member elected.Republican hold.\n| nowrap | \n\n|}\n\nIn the , Daniel O'Reilly was also endorsed by the state Republican Party.\n\nIn the , Thomas Burke was also endorsed by the \"Anti-Tammany\" faction of the state Democratic Party.\n\nIn the , Samuel S. Cox was endorsed by the state Greenback Party, and Maurice S. D'Vries was endorsed by the \"Anti-Tammany\"'' faction of the state Democratic Party.\n\nIn the , Lawrence Jerome was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nIn the , James O'Brien was also endorsed by the state Republican Party. For the purposes of simplicity he is listed as having been elected an Independent Democrat.\n\nIn the , John Spriggs was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nIn the , John Weiting was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nIn the , David Pierpont was also endorsed by the state Greenback Party.\n\nSouth Carolina \n\nSouth Carolina was one state rampant with voter fraud, particularly through the use of tissue ballots, thin ballots hidden in the normal ballot, typically 10 to 20 at a time.  The almost statewide exclusion of Republicans as Commissioners of Elections, and the ensuing appointment of nearly all Democratic Managers of Elections, allowed to Democratic Managers to perpetrate this scheme.  When the votes were counted and more votes than voters were found, the Managers removed and destroyed the Republican ballots resulting in the complete takeover of the state.\n\nSee also \n 1878 and 1879 United States Senate elections\n 45th United States Congress\n 46th United States Congress\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n Office of the Historian (Office of Art & Archives, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives)"}
-{"text": "Idavine\n\nIdavine is a heritage-listed detached house at 2 Burnett Street, West Ipswich, City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. It was built . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.\n\nHistory \nIdavine, a residence at 2 Burnett Street, West Ipswich, is a timber house for which existing evidence indicates a construction date during the Federation Period.\n\nThe allotment on which this residence is situated was first alienated in 1855 as allotment 100, parish of Ipswich, county Stanley ({{convert|1|rood|32.5|sqperch), by Henry Mort at a cost of . Mort was a pastoralist and company director as well as a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council between 1881 and 1900. The allotment appears to have remained unoccupied during the 11 years of Mort's ownership.\n\nIn August 1866, the title to allotment 100 was transferred to William Berry, an Ipswich district farmer. Although extant records indicate Berry was a farmer by occupation, it is known that he was also a land owner and was referred to in his death documents as a freeholder. Between 1852 and 1854 he purchased three town lots in Cleveland, Brisbane, and in 1855 was the owner of the property, adjacent to 2 Burnett Street, at 1 Burnett Street (allotment 101). Berry resided in a modest timber cottage at 1 Burnett Street until  when he built a brick house and Ipswich Municipal Council Valuation Registers indicate he utilized allotment 100 (2 Burnett Street) as his garden. By 1870, Berry had also acquired Lots 98 and 99 next to 2 Burnett Street, and the area became generally known as Berry's Hill.\n\nDespite Berry's real estate interests in Burnett Street, allotment 100 remained unimproved during his ownership. In 1886 title to the land was transferred to August Knopke and it appears that Knopke erected a timber house on the property -88 as his residence, as indicated in the Ipswich Municipal Council Valuation Register for 1888.\n\nNo documentary evidence exists to definitively date the residence which is now located at 2 Burnett Street, however the overall form of the house, ascertained through site inspection, suggests it was built in the Federation period, possibly after the turn of the century. It is unlikely that the current house was constructed by August Knopke and the link between the name \"Idavine\" and its owner in 1913, Ida Retschlag (n\u00e9e Boettcher), may be significant.\n\nRetschlag remained as the registered owner of the property until 1918 when it passed into the hands of Sophia Helena Lewis, daughter of Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Runge & Wilhelmine Charlotte Runge. The property remained in the Lewis-Runge family for the next 60 years and it was reputedly during this period that the house was at one-time used as flats. It is significant to note that following the establishment of an immigration incentive scheme in Germany during the late 19th century, German emigrants formed close communities in many Queensland towns and the association of this house with German owners from 1886 onwards is symptomatic of their influential presence in the Ipswich area.\n\nSince the mid-1970s the property has passed between several owners and remains a well-preserved example of the architectural style of its era.\n\nDescription \n\nIdavine is located on a compact lot facing Burnett Street to its north-east. It sits atop a hill approximately  from the Ipswich town center. The house is situated approximately  from the front fence line at its narrowest point and  at its widest. The eastern face of the building is approximately  from the side boundary, and the western face is approximately  from the boundary at the narrowest point. The front verandah provides the visitor with an uninterrupted vista along Limestone Street, the approach route from the town centre.\n\nThe house is timber-framed and externally clad on its exposed faces in chamferboards. All its original timber stumps have been replaced with concrete ones. While the timber floor framing appeared to be in good condition, it was noted that a number of steel bearers had been introduced. Painted timber battens screen the gaps between each exterior concrete stump. The building has two gable projections on the front facade. The smaller of the two sits above the verandah, while the other incorporates a triple window. The main roof is short-ridged and slopes continuously to the edge of the verandah. Where the kitchen abuts the dining room, the main roof is joined to another short-ridged roof sloping at right angles to it. The entire roof is of corrugated galvanized iron with recently installed vents in each ridge.\n\nThe bargeboards to the verandah gable are shaped and rounded at each end, with a star pattern cut out from the resulting panel of timber. The triangular gable infill is made of decorated timber. A similarly ornate infill panel adorns the other larger gable. It projects approximately  from the wall below and is supported by carved timber brackets. A double set is located either side of the triple window below. A finial projects from the gable's ridge.\n\nEntry to the verandah is gained via stairs at right angles to the gable projection and through a set of double lattice doors. Its open edge is decorated with tapering, chamfered timber posts. Between each post is an arched frieze panel in-filled with timber battens and divided by a carved timber drop. The ends of the arched friezes rest on timber capitals. The open edge is also decorated with cast iron baluster panels and balusters beneath a timber handrail. The panels display a cornucopia design motif featuring two horns, one filled with fruit and the other with vegetables. Below the symmetrically curved horns are bunches of wheat and another plant. Located centrally at the bottom of the panel, where the ends of each bunch cross, is a horseshoe. The balustrading pattern matches one registered in Victoria on 7 April 1892 by J Cochrane & G Scott.\n\nThe combined effect of the cast iron balustrading and the decorative timberwork to the verandah is to give the house a strong street presence. This is despite the fact that these elements are hidden somewhat by foliage. The cast iron balustrading and handrail continues for almost the entire length of the eastern face of the house; however part of the verandah is enclosed with windows.\n\nThe framing is exposed on the exterior face of the building adjoining the verandah. This wall is single skin, vertically-jointed tongue and groove boarding. Exposed framing is found elsewhere facing the kitchen and sleep-out areas. A tripartite, double-hung sash window opens from the verandah into the current living room. A casement window opens between the sleep-out and verandah. The front door, consisting of one side panel and a pivoting glass fanlight, also opens off the verandah. Next to the front door is fixed a timber plaque on which the name \"Idavine\" is painted in gold. It was in place when the current owners took possession of the property in 2001.\n\nThe front door opens onto a hall with an approximately  high ceiling. The ceilings in all rooms, except the kitchen, laundry and sleep-out (enclosed verandah), are this height. The hall is divided in two by an arched doorway, on either side of which are fixed glass panels. The walls are lined with vertically-jointed tongue and groove boarding, as are all other walls in the house. In the hall are located the only skirting boards to be found in the house. The floor is polished timber boarding, as are all others excluding those in the bathroom, ensuite, kitchen and laundry. The ceilings in both segments of the hallway are pressed metal, as are the cornices. There are further pressed metal ceilings in the living room, kitchen and main bedroom. All other ceilings, excluding those in the sleep-out and verandah, which are sheeted, are lined with vertically-jointed tongue and groove boarding.\n\nSix rooms open off the hallway, two to the left, three to the right and one to the rear. Above each doorway (all fitted with timber doors) is a decorated frieze panel, except above the rear door where there is a pivoted fanlight. The rooms to the left are the current living and dining rooms, which are joined by a large, rectangular shaped opening. Its shape and the difference in ceiling finishes in each room suggest that this was an amendment to the original plan. Both rooms have doorways onto the sleep-out that feature frieze panels. The living room's pressed metal ceiling incorporates a border and concave cornice. In the centre is located a single square featuring a cherub. In the rear wall of the dining room there is an unusual shaped opening. Above a long rectangular servery is centered a square fixed glass panel. This panel's head height matches those of the doors, as does its width. Therefore, it could have been a door at some point. The framing for the hallway walls is exposed in the rooms opening off it.\n\nThe majority of rooms with windows opening through the western and southern facades of the house have skillion hoods. Those that do not are sheltered by the overhang of the ensuite's skillion roof. The hoods feature flat, galvanized iron roofs, timber battens to each side and carved timber brackets. All windows are double-hung sashes, except three opening off the ensuite, which are casement.\n\nThe last room to open to the right off the hallway has a picture rail fixed at a height of approximately . In its western wall a door opens into an ensuite. This was built after an application was made by the current owners to the Heritage Branch in November 2001. The ensuite fills in what had been a small entry verandah accessed by a short flight of stairs. The stairs remain, as does the lattice door that once opened into the verandah. One of the ensuite's three casement windows has been covered, although it is visible on the exterior. The door between the bedroom and ensuite has a fixed glass panel above and a timber threshold.\n\nIn plan, the kitchen is \"L\" shaped and one enters from the hallway at its corner. Three more rooms open off this space. The first is currently (2003) a main bedroom, the second is the main bathroom, and the third room is a small laundry. A bank of timber, casement windows line the external wall of the kitchen, and open onto a patio, which is recent and roofed with clear PVC sheeting. Both doors accessing these rooms from the kitchen have timber thresholds. The main bathroom has a tiled floor from the later part of the twentieth century. Its walls are lined with vertically-jointed tongue and groove, and pine boarding divided by a picture rail at door head height. The bedroom's only window is divided into three parts.\n\nThe ceiling to the kitchen slopes to match that found in the sleep-out and verandah areas. In the south-west corner of the house, where the kitchen opens into the sleep-out, there are two windows. One is fixed glass and visible on the rear facade. The other window can only be seen from inside the toilet, which has been added to the building, possibly when it was used as flats. Taking the evidence of the slope in the ceilings and the location of timber thresholds, fixed glass panels above doors, and exposed framing, it is likely that the kitchen space was open at some point.\n\nGrounds \nThe front fence consists of painted timber frame and palings atop a low, stepped brick wall. The pedestrian and driveway entry gates are made of white, painted tubular steel. A brick pathway leads from the pedestrian gate to the entry stairs. A large palm tree shelters part of the front facade, extending the height of the house's western gable end. There is some small to medium size shrubbery situated within the zone of the front setback.\n\nWhen moving around the exterior of the house, it becomes clear that a number of level changes occur on the lot. In general terms, a continuous step divides the eastern and western sides of the lot. The western area is flat and allows cars to be driven along the driveway and under the rear of the house. A step of approximately  runs perpendicular from the rear boundary and meets the underside of the house where the patio has been attached. It moves underneath the house and the difference in level is dissipated toward the front boundary. The eastern half of the yard is also largely flat. Adjoining the verandah are three established trees and some low planting. A large brick BBQ sits against the eastern fence at the point where the patio stairs empty out.\n\nHeritage listing \nIdavine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.\n\nIdavine at 2 Burnett Street is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places insofar as it is a representative example of Federation-style residential architecture in a precinct of Ipswich containing historically significant timber and brick houses. Its long association with German owners from 1886 onwards is also indicative of the influential presence of German emigrants in Queensland following the well-planned immigration scheme established in Germany during the late 19th century.\n\nThe place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.\n\nIdavine at 2 Burnett Street is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places insofar as it is a representative example of Federation-style residential architecture in a precinct of Ipswich containing historically significant timber and brick houses.\n\nThe place is important because of its aesthetic significance.\n\nIt is also important because of its aesthetic significance, which contributes to the overall historical character of the Burnett Street precinct. As a whole, the streetscape of Ipswich abounds with significant examples of early Queensland housing and architecture and this residence remains an important and well-preserved example of Federation housing in the area. Its well-maintained state also gives it individual aesthetic value, with many of its original internal and external features intact.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Queensland Heritage Register\nCategory:West Ipswich, Queensland\nCategory:Houses in Queensland\nCategory:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register"}
-{"text": "Nataliya Grygoryeva (hurdler)\n\nNataliya Grigoryeva (, n\u00e9e Dorofeyeva on 3 December 1962) is a retired athlete who specialized in the 100 metres hurdles. She represented the Soviet Union and Ukraine, and holds the Ukrainian record.\n\nCareer\nGrigoryeva was born in Ishimbay in today's Bashkortostan, and represented the club Spartak in Kharkiv. She finished fourth at the 1988 Olympic Games, won the gold medal at the 1990 Goodwill Games, and won the bronze medal at the 1991 World Championships. She was caught for doping around this point in her career.\n\nShe also competed at the 1990 European Championships,\n the 1996 Olympic Games and the 1997 World Indoor Championships without reaching the final.\n\nHer personal best time was 12.39 seconds, achieved in July 1991 in Kiev. This is the current Ukrainian record, even though she achieved it whilst representing the Soviet Union. As of 2015, this time still ranks her in the top 10 on the world all-time list. In the 60 metres hurdles she had a personal best time of 7.85 seconds, achieved in February 1990 in Chelyabinsk.\n\nAchievements\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1962 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Ishimbay\nCategory:Soviet female hurdlers\nCategory:Ukrainian female hurdlers\nCategory:Ukrainian people of Russian descent\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Ukraine\nCategory:Doping cases in athletics\nCategory:Ukrainian sportspeople in doping cases\nCategory:World Athletics Championships medalists\nCategory:Goodwill Games medalists in athletics"}
-{"text": "Redoutable-class submarine (1928)\n\nThe Redoutable-class submarines were a group of 31 submarines built between 1924 and 1937 for the French Navy. Most of the class saw service during the Second World War. The class is also known in French as the Classe 1 500 tonnes, and they were designated as \"First Class submarines\", or \"large submarine cruisers\". They are known as the Redoutable class in reference to the lead boat , in service from 1931 to 1942. The class is divided into two sub-class series, Type I, known as Le Redoutable and Type II, Pascal.\n\nModern submarines when they were designed, they quickly became outdated, and were approaching obsolescence by the beginning of the Second World War. The conditions of the Armistice of 22 June 1940 prevented the Vichy government from carrying out a modernization programme. 24 out of the 29 units that served in the war were lost. Used in the defence of the Second French colonial empire under the Vichy regime, submarines of the class saw action against Allied offensives at the Battles of Dakar, Libreville and Madagascar. Many of the submarines of the class came under Allied control after the Allied landings in North Africa. Few however saw much further active service after this due to a period of refitting and alterations done in the United States between February 1943 and March 1945. One exception was , which took part in the liberation of Corsica. The surviving submarines were largely used for training purposes after the war, with the last of them being disarmed in 1952.\n\nDevelopment\n\nContext \n\nThe Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 sought to prevent a future naval arms race by imposing limits on the number and size of certain types of warships that each great power could possess. France sought to expand its submarine forces \u2013 which were not limited by the treaty \u2013 as an essential tool to defend its coastline and empire. The 1100-ton s, designed in 1922, was the initial attempt to meet these requirements; however, the speed of the submarines was notably insufficient and the design overall was considered inferior to the last German submarines launched in 1918.\n\nThe design for the Requin class's successor was commissioned from general engineer of maritime engineering L\u00e9on Roquebert. Roquebert was tasked with creating a \"grand cruiser\" type of submarine, with the role of carrying out surveillance of an adversary's bases, destroying their communications by attacking their ships, while protecting French colonies. They were operate with a surface squadron and provide clearance of enemy vessels for it.\n\nConstruction of the Type I project submarines, starting with , was approved by the superior council of the navy on 1 July 1924. The building programme was expanded the following year with the Type II submarines. Together with the submarine cruiser , the Redoutable-class submarines constituted the elite of the French submarine fleet.\n\nCharacteristics\n long, with a beam of  and a draught of , the Redoutable-class submarines could dive up to , although several, such as  reached depths of  while diving.\n The submarines had a surfaced displacement of  and a submerged displacement of . Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two  diesel motors for the Redoutable sub-class, while the Pascal variant boats had , while the submarines from  onwards had , with a maximum speed of . Motors were built by the Swiss manufacturer Sulzer, with the exception of , , Archim\u00e8de, , , , ,  and , which were propelled with Schneider motors. The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed them to attain speeds of \n while submerged. Designated as \"grand cruise submarines\" (), their surfaced range was  at , and  at , with a submerged range of  at . Radio communication was through wireless antenna.\n\nThe Redoutable-class submarines had significant firepower. They were equipped with eleven torpedo tubes: four  tubes in fixed positions in the bow, an orientable platform for three 550\u00a0mm tubes behind the conning tower, and another orientable platform on the stern composed of two 550\u00a0mm and two  tubes. The 550\u00a0mm torpedoes were intended for use against large ships, with the 400\u00a0mm torpedoes for smaller boats. Torpedoes were propelled by compressed air at a speed of , exploding on impact. Torpedoes left a trail on the surface, which allowed the target to see and avoid the torpedo, as well as trace the torpedo back to its origin. The submarines were also fitted with a  deck gun, mounted in front of the conning tower and from 1929, dual anti-aerial  machine guns.\n\nThe Redoutable-class submarines had a quick diving speed, submerging in between 30 and 40 seconds. They had a reputation of handling well while at sea, both at the surface and while diving. Their motors were relatively noisy, as was auxiliary propulsion while submerged, and this constituted the principal criticism of these submarines, despite their reliability. Their speed and powerful armament was balanced against their ability to detect targets, which was essentially by visual sight. They were equipped with three periscopes \u2013 an attack periscope, a surveillance periscope, and an auxiliary periscope \u2013 and a hydrophone for passive sonar.\n\nHistory\n\nConstruction and early service \n\nThe large construction program made it necessary to contract work out to private shipyards, such as those at Caen or on the Loire, as well as the various naval bases. The construction orders were spread over six annual tranches. Small technical alterations were made to the design between orders, utilizing experience gained from previous batches. This did not prevent delays in delivery, which for some orders lasted up to two years and generated design disparities. This absence of standardization had consequences for the maintenance of the submarines, particularly during the Second World War. Laid down on 1 July 1925, the first submarine, Redoutable, was launched on 24 February 1928, and placed in service by 10 July 1931. The 31st and last of the series to be laid down, , entered service on 1 January 1937.  and  were the last to enter service, on 1 January 1939, because of mounting delays at Cherbourg.\n\nThe submarines underwent substantial modifications throughout the 1930s, particularly regarding navigational abilities. They conducted training patrols and port visits in the Antilles, along the African coast or in Indochina. Two were lost in accidents before the Second World War:  sank during trials off the Normandy coast on 7 July 1932, while  was lost off Indochina on 15 June 1939.\n\nSecond World War\n\nFirst actions \n\nAt the beginning of Second World War, the Pascal-type vessels were divided between the First Navy Squadron at Brest and the Second Squadron at Toulon. They were assigned to operate with their respective squadrons, attack or capture enemy ships, and protect the Franco-British lines of communication. Two Redoutable-type boats were based at Cherbourg. Designed in 1920s, they were still reliable boats, but were becoming obsolete. They were vulnerable to attacks: their submerged propulsion systems were sensitive to bombardment, their maximum diving depth was limited and became insufficient during the conflict, and their underwater sound systems were weak. They formed 40% of the French submarine fleet, composed of a total of 77 naval vessels.\n\nBetween September 1939 and June 1940, the French submarines patrolled in the Northern seas and the Atlantic, particularly off the neutral ports of Spain, the Canary Islands, and the Azores, where part of the German merchant marine had sought refuge, and were suspected of supporting German U-boats. Unlike the German submarine force, French officers were ordered to respect the terms of the London Naval Treaty: the submarines had to announce their presence to merchant ships prior to an attack, and could only fire on the ship when the crew had evacuated it. These precautionary measures reduced the effectiveness of the French submarine force. Redoutable encountered a merchant vessel sailing without lights during the night of 1 November. The vessel refused to comply with a request from the submarine to stop, so the submarine fired warning shots with her 100\u00a0mm deck gun. The merchant vessel returned fire. Redoutable then received a message from the British cargo ship Egba, which was reporting that she was under attack by a \"U-boat\". Realising that the merchant ship she was firing on was a British one, Redoutable ceased the attack.\n\nIn December 1939, , , Redoutable, and  were sent into the Atlantic to search for the German tanker , which had been supplying the German cruiser . Altmark, carrying prisoners taken from ships attacked by the German cruiser, evaded detection and sailed towards Norway, where it was eventually captured by British ships in the Altmark incident. During the winter of 1939\u20131940, Achille, Casabianca, Pasteur, and  escorted three Allied convoys from Halifax, Nova Scotia to the United Kingdom. They were relieved in February by  and Sidi-Ferruch, and then, in April, by Archim\u00e8de and Ajax.\n\nItaly declared war on France on 10 June 1940. Fresnel, , Redoutable, and  patrolled along the Tunisian coast to prevent an Italian landing, while Centaure and Pascal conducted surveillance operations south of Sardinia. Archim\u00e8de participated in Operation Vado. With the German advance in June, the port of Cherbourg and the arsenal of Brest were evacuated, ships principally heading towards Casablanca and Dakar. On 18 June Agosta, Achille, Ouessant and Pasteur were scuttled in the port of Brest, having being prevented from putting to sea.\n\nBy the time the armistice was signed on 22 June 1940, not one of the 29 Redoutable class had sunk any German or Italian ships. Only Poncelet had had any success, her crew having boarded the merchant vessel Chemnitz and sailed her to Casablanca. The cause of this lack of success was the utilization of the submarines as escorteurs and squadron eclaireurs, instead of as chasseurs, in strict adherence to the terms of the Treaty of London, coupled with problems associated with the age and obsolescence of the vessels.\n\nVichy service\n\nThe conditions of the armistice envisaged the return of French naval vessels to their home ports to be disarmed; however, the British attack on Mers-el-K\u00e9bir on 3 July convinced the Germans to cancel this plan. The French lost two Redoutable-class submarines during the Battle of Dakar on 23 and 24 September; on 23 September  was sunk by two British destroyers after having tried to torpedo  unsuccessfully; on 24 September Ajax was fired upon by several destroyers escorting the British squadron and was consequently scuttled after the crew abandoned ship. In the both cases, the crews were rescued by the British. On 25 September B\u00e9v\u00e9ziers, under the command of Capitaine de corvette Lancelot, attacked and damaged the battleship , which was out of service for almost nine months.\n\nOn 28 October the French naval forces were re-constituted under Vichy government control, under the direction of the German and Italian armistice commissions. Only the Second Submarine Division, consisting of Casabianca, Sfax, B\u00e9v\u00e9ziers and Sidi-Ferruch, based in Casablanca, and the four submarines sent to Madagascar, , ,  and  remained armed. The remainder of the Redoutable class were to be placed under guard at Toulon. Those submarines on active service were relieved one after the other in pairs by units from Toulon, in order to conduct necessary repairs and refits. Defective parts were replaced; however the terms of the armistice prevented upgrades to extend their fighting capabilities.\n\nPoncelet was sunk on 7 November 1940 during the battle of Libreville by a British sloop. The submarine launched one torpedo against , which the sloop avoided. Severely damaged, Poncelet surfaced and the crew was ordered to evacuate by the French commanding officer. However, Commandant Bertrand de Sausssine du Pont de Gault preferred to remain on board and went down with the submarine. Following the attacks of Mers el-K\u00e9bir, Dakar and Libreville, the Redoutable-class submarines were redeployed to Toulon, Casablanca, Dakar, Djibouti, Madagascar and Indochina to defend the French colonies. Sfax was accidentally sunk by the  with the replenishment ship Rh\u00f4ne on 19 December, while they were en route to Dakar to reinforce the fleet based there.\n\nIn October 1941, a convoy of four French cargo ships en route towards Dakar was captured by the British. As a reprisal, the French sent\n and Le H\u00e9ros to attack British commerce off the coast of South Africa. On 15 November Le Glorieux unsuccessfully attacked a cargo vessel off Port Elizabeth. Two days later, Le H\u00e9ros sank the cargo vessel Thode Fagelund off East London, Eastern Cape.\n\nOn 31 July 1941, the Japanese invaded French Indochina, where they seized P\u00e9gase, which was returning from a mission. Concerned about a possible Japanese attack on Madagascar, which would compromise the security of the supply lines to India, the British led an attack on Diego-Suarez, the principal French base, beginning on 5 May 1942. During the attack, three Redoutable-class submarines were sunk: B\u00e9v\u00e9ziers, and Le H\u00e9ros by Fairey Swordfish and Monge by destroyers. Monge, after having launched one torpedo at the  , was spotted, fired upon by three destroyers and sunk.\n\nThe French fleet endured significant losses in the autumn of 1942 during Operation Torch and the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon. In one month, eleven naval vessels were lost by being sunk or scuttled, in addition to the three submarines sunk during the Battle of Madagascar in May 1942. French forces in North Africa were taken by surprise when the Allied landings began on the morning of 8 November. At Casablanca, the Le Tonnant,  and Sidi-Ferruch came under heavy attack from American aircraft. The commander of Le Tonnant, Lieutenant de vaissau Paumier, was killed, and the commander of Sidi-Ferruch, Capitaine de corvette Laroze, was wounded. On 9 November Le Tonnant launched her last torpedoes against the aircraft carrier , but the carrier evaded them. Le Tonnant was ordered to head to Toulon, but realising that this was impossible, her captain had the crew disembark off C\u00e1diz, and then scuttled the submarine. Despite the ceasefire proclaimed on 11 November, Le Conqu\u00e9rant and Sidi-Ferruch were sunk by American aircraft on 13 November. At Oran, the submarines Act\u00e9on and Fresnel put to sea on the night of 8 November. Act\u00e9on was sunk a couple of hours later by depth charges from the British destroyer . Fresnel attacked the cruiser , which avoided the torpedoes. Pursued and under attack for the next three days, Fresnel managed evade her attackers and returned to Toulon on 13 November.\n\nOn 9 November a number of the French submarines at Toulon, Casabianca, Redoutable, Glorieux, Pascal and  received authorization from the German and Italian armistice commissions to undergo rearming. On 11 November the Germans enacted Case Anton and moved their forces into the Vichy-controlled area of France. French Navy personnel had to decide between their oath of fidelity to Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain, and their desire to join the Allies in Algeria. Admirals Andr\u00e9 Marquis, maritime prefect of Toulon, and Jean de Laborde, commander-in-chief of the Toulon squadron, ordered preparations to defend Toulon against an Anglo-American assault, having the Germans' assurance that Toulon would not be occupied. At the same time, they put in place the necessary orders and counter-measures that would ensure the scuttling of the entire fleet, to keep it out of foreign hands, while conforming to an order from Admiral Fran\u00e7ois Darlan dated 24 June 1940. Towards 0430 on 27 November a German force arrived at the arsenal gate, with orders to secure control of the French fleet. The alarm was raised and Admiral de Laborde ordered the immediate scuttling of all naval vessels present at Toulon, based on an order given by another French admiral on 11 November 1942.\n\nNine Redoutable-class submarines were at Toulon: Fresnel, , Vengeur, and L'Espoir were in dry docks and the Casabianca, Le Glorieux, Redoutable, Henri Poincare, and Pascal were afloat in the northern bunkers of Mourillon. The last three were not ready for sea and only Le Glorieux and Casabianca had installed their new batteries as well a full load of fuel. As soon as the first shots were fired, the commanders of Le Glorieux and Casabianca moved away from the docks and navigated their submarines towards the exits of the port on electric motors, accompanied by the 600-ton submarine , the   and the Requin-class Marsouin, while under fire from the Germans. Unable to reach the sea, Redoutable, Henri Poincar\u00e9, Pascal and Fresnel were scuttled by opening the hatches. Ach\u00e9ron, Vengeur and L'Espoir were sunk by flooding their dry docks. They were later dismantled and scrapped at Toulon or the Italian port of La Spezia, or utilized as floats.\n\nAlready having put to sea from Brest on 17 June 1940, the commander of Casabianca had to choose between scuttling his boat in deep waters or sailing to an Allied port to continue the war. Casabianca sailed to Algiers, reaching there on 30 November and joining the Allied forces. Le Glorieux arrived at Oran the same day after a brief stop at Valencia.\n\nService with the Allies \n\nBy the end of 1942, the last six \"grand patrol submarines\" \u2013  Archim\u00e8de, Casabianca, Le Centaure Le Glorieux, and Prot\u00e9e \u2013 were in Africa. Prot\u00e9e, which had been serving with the naval squadron as part of   with the British fleet at Alexandria since the armistice in 1940, joined the French fleet in June 1942. The submarines from Africa were assigned to the 8th British Submarine Squadron, then from November 1943, the 10th Squadron. The captured P\u00e9gase was commissioned by the Japanese and stationed in Saigon, and then disarmed on 1 January 1944.\n\nBecause of their capabilities, the French submarines were principally used by the Allies for missions involving information gathering, and the loading or unloading of personnel or material. Casabianca, the only operational Redoutable-class submarine during most of 1943, carried out seven of these types of missions between December 1942 and September 1943, principally off Italian-occupied Corsica. On 1 July 1943 she landed resistance leader  and 13 tons of material at the beach at Saleccia. On 13 September Casabianca landed 109 men of the  and their equipment at Ajaccio. Between June and July she also carried out several unsuccessful attacks on the 10,000-ton merchant vessel Champagne.\n\nProt\u00e9e sailed to Algiers via Oran in November. On her first mission from Algiers she unsuccessfully attacked a German cargo ship. At some point between 18 and 25 December she struck a mine off Marseilles and was lost with all hands. It was assumed for some time that Prot\u00e9e had been sunk in an engagement with a German ship while surfaced. However, in 1995 Henri-Germain Delauze, aboard Remora 2000, dived on Prot\u00e9es wreck and confirmed United States Navy suspicions from the 1950s that Prot\u00e9e had been sunk by a mine. There was also no record of an engagement with a German vessel listed in German archives. On 22 December 1943 Casabianca sank a submarine chaser between Cape C\u00e9pet and Cape Sici\u00e9. A couple of days later Casabianca torpedoed and damaged the cargo ship Ghisone, which was able to sail to Toulon. On 9 June 1944, Casabianca attacked a German submarine chaser with her deck gun and torpedoes off Cape Camarat, but was unable to seriously damage the vessel. Casabianca gained the nickname \"ghost submarine\" () from the Germans, and was allowed by the 8th Submarine Squadron to fly the Jolly Roger in 1943.\n\nIn December 1942 an accord was reached between U.S. and French authorities for the transfer, one by one, of the Redoutable-class submarines to the United States for refitting and modernization, given that their design was by now almost twenty years old. The motors were overhauled, the batteries changed, and the pressure hulls and diving auxiliaries reinforced. The ballasts were also reworked to improve the range of the boats. Efforts were made to improve the soundproofing the submarines. The submarines were equipped with radar, underwater sound systems, better performing asdic, bathythermographs and other capabilities. The living conditions were improved with the installation of air conditioning and a refrigerator. The conning tower was modified, with the removal of various navigational features, which were replaced with an anti-aerial armament. The telescopic masts were also removed. Archim\u00e8de left Dakar on 8 February 1943 and sailed to Philadelphia, where she remained for almost a year. Work began in May at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, but was complicated by the lack of blueprints and schematics. As well as this, the four surviving submarines used two different types of motor \u2013 an issue which caused problems for the American engineers. However, they were impressed by the modern fabrication of the nearly twenty year old boats. Alterations to Archim\u00e8de were completed on 19 February 1944, and she was replaced in the shipyard by Le Glorieux until July, then Le Centaure from 2 June to 18 December and finally Casabianca from 2 August 1944 to 30 March 1945. The last two refits were less through than the first. Argo was deemed in too poor condition for a complete overhaul, and was transferred for use as a training boat for American submariners.\n\nAfter returning from the United States, Archim\u00e8de carried out surveillance missions and intelligence operations between March and August 1944. In April and June the boat landed and embarked several assets on the Spanish coast. On 12 May she mistaken for a German U-boat and was attacked by three British aircraft. Archim\u00e8de escaped after submerging . During the night of 13 and 14 July Archim\u00e8de was spotted by a Wassermann radar off Cape Dramont and chased by three anti-submarine patrol boats for three hours. On 16 July Archim\u00e8de located a small German convoy and fired four torpedoes against an aviso which was saved by its draught, which was less than the running depth of the French mechanically launched torpedoes. On 10 August the submarines left the French coast in anticipation of Operation Dragoon. By now the submarine war in the Mediterranean was largely over. By the time the French submarines were operating there German traffic had drastically reduced, and there were few targets for them.\n\nAfter the return of Casabianca and Argo to the Mediterranean during the spring of 1945, the five Redoutable-class submarines passed the remainder of the war carrying out training exercises at Oran, while awaiting a transfer to the Pacific. The surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945 meant this never took place. Of the twenty-nine submarines active in 1939, twenty-four had been sunk or scuttled during the war. For their service Casabianca received the Resistance Medal with rosette and the fourrag\u00e8re of the Legion of Honour, while Le Glorieux received the Resistance Medal.\n\nPost-war \n\nP\u00e9gase was disarmed in Saigon by the Japanese on 1 January 1944, then scuttled on 9 March 1945. The boat was refloated in September; however, she was put up for disposal in 1950 without ever having entered service again. The following year she was beached on the Bassac sandbank in the Mekong Delta to serve as a seamark. By now obsolete, Argo was disarmed in April 1946.\n\nThe four remaining Redoutable-class submarines served as training vessels for new submarine crews, and for destroyers exercising underwater detection. Casabianca and Le Centaure carried out a cruise along the African coast and returned to Brest in January 1947. The scheduled large refitting for the two submarines was cancelled in June and were both placed in special reserve on 1 December 1947, before being disarmed; Casabianca on 12 February 1952 and Le Centaure on 19 June.\n\nArchim\u00e8de and Le Glorieux spent six months being refitted at Cherbourg from January 1946. Their equipment was inspected, and then repaired or replaced. Following their trials, they were based at Brest in January 1947, then carried out a four-month cruise off Africa in company with U-2518, a former German Type XXI submarine transferred to the French Navy in order to assess her capabilities. From 1947 to 1949 the two Redoutable-class submarines conducted training exercises at Brest, then at Toulon. Archim\u00e8de was placed in special reserve on 31 August 1949, then disarmed on 19 February 1952. Le Glorieux was used for the filming of  in 1949, and was then placed in reserve. The last Redoutable-class submarine was disarmed on 27 October 1952.\n\nThe Redoutable-class submarines were replaced in the French Navy by German U-boats, such as U-2518, which became , or British S-class submarines. The first submarines developed in France after the Second World War were the Narval class, which entered service in 1957. The four Redoutable-class submarines had been scrapped by 1956. In 1953, the conning tower of Casabianca was installed as a commemorative monument in the courtyard palace of the former governors of Bastia. The monument became increasingly dilapidated, and an identical replica was forged in 2002 and placed in the Saint-Nicolas Square in Bastia on October 2003.\n\nList of Redoutable-class submarines\n\nSuccesses\n\nSee also\n Georges Cabanier\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n battleships-cruisers.co.uk\n\n \nCategory:Submarine classes"}
-{"text": "Southeast Alaska Discovery Center\n\nThe Southeast Alaska Discovery Center is a visitor center in Ketchikan, Alaska, operated by the United States Forest Service as part of the Tongass National Forest. The center provides interpretive exhibits and activities about the ecology, economy and culture of Southeast Alaska and its temperate rainforest ecosystems.\n\nDesign \nThe building was designed by Jones & Jones Architects and Landscape Architects, led by the team of Grant Jones and noted indigenous architect Johnpaul Jones.\n\nExhibits \nThe Discovery Center has four main exhibit halls, focusing respectively on the coastal rainforest ecosystem, Alaska Native cultures, other ecosystems of Southeast Alaska, and modern human uses of natural resources. Additionally, there is an exhibit honoring Elizabeth Peratrovich, a Tlingit civil rights leader, for whom the center's theater is named.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska\nCategory:Government buildings in Alaska\nCategory:Ketchikan, Alaska\nCategory:Natural history museums in Alaska\nCategory:Tongass National Forest\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Ketchikan Gateway Borough, Alaska\nCategory:Visitor centers in the United States\nCategory:United States Forest Service architecture\nCategory:1995 establishments in Alaska"}
-{"text": "King Haakon VII Freedom Medal\n\nKing Haakon VII's Medal of Liberty () was established on 18 May 1945. The medal is awarded to Norwegian or foreign military or civilian personnel for significant service to Norway during World War II. This service need not have been in direct contact with the enemy.\n\nDescription of the Medal\n\n The medal is bronze, circular and suspended from the ribbon by a stylised bronze ribbon folded at both ends.\n The obverse bears the monogram of King Haakon VII over a letter V symbolising victory. This is surrounded by a circle of beads, outside of which is written ALT FOR NORGE 1940-1945 (ALL FOR NORWAY 1940-1945)\n The reverse is plain apart from a wreath of oak leaves, tied with a ribbon at the base.\n The ribbon is plain dark blue. When ribbons only are worn, the ribbon bears the King's monogram in bronze.\n\nSee also\n King Haakon VIIs Freedom Cross\n Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Awards established in 1945\nCategory:1945 establishments in Norway\nCategory:Military awards and decorations of Norway"}
-{"text": "Union Party (Lebanon)\n\nThe Union party (ar: Hizb el ittihad) is a Lebanese political party based in Bekaa but with presence in most of the Lebanese areas and led by former minister Abdelrahim Mourad. The party's ideology is Nasserism, it is officially secular.\n\nThe party is strongly allied with Syria and the March 8 Alliance with big support from Iran, Syria and previously Qatar.\nYet this party has now a major reformist movement since 3 years led by Hassan Shalha an Arab icon in the political and media scene with more than 30 years of professional dedication.\n\nExternal links\n https://web.archive.org/web/20110226201231/http://www.itti7ad.org/\n\nCategory:Arab nationalism in Lebanon\nCategory:Nasserist political parties\nCategory:Nationalist parties in Lebanon\nCategory:Political parties with year of establishment missing\nCategory:Secularism in Lebanon\nCategory:Socialist parties in Lebanon"}
-{"text": "Zubieta\n\nZubieta is a town and municipality located in the province and  autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n ZUBIETA in the Bernardo Estorn\u00e9s Lasa - Au\u00f1amendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) \n\nCategory:Municipalities in Navarre\nCategory:Populated places in Navarre"}
-{"text": "Louisville Downs\n\nLouisville Downs was a half-mile Standardbred harness race track located in Louisville, Kentucky, United States. It opened in 1966 and held over 3,400 days of harness racing until it was sold to Churchill Downs Inc. in 1991. Louisville Downs was built and managed by William H. King, a Louisville entrepreneur and promoter, who was the first to offer wagering by phone (\u201cCall-a-Bet\u201d) and full card simulcast wagering to television viewers. The track is now the site of Derby City Gaming, a historical racing parlor opened in 2018.\n\nHistory \nKing was a well-known promoter of entertainment events in Louisville. Prior to launching Louisville Downs, he had gained local renown for presenting sport, boat and vacation shows and events at the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center. One of his most significant promotions was of 18-year-old Cassius Clay\u2019s first professional fight on October 29, 1960 versus Tunney Hunsaker at Fairgrounds Coliseum.\n\nIn 1965, King and a group of investors which included Raymond Kolowich, R. Victor Mosley and Fred Somes, formed Louisville Downs, Inc. to purchase an 80-acre plot at 4520 Poplar Level Road on the southwestern edge of Louisville, Kentucky. King led the development of Louisville Downs, designed by architect John H. Menges of Thayer-Menges and Associates of New Castle, Pennsylvania and constructed by Maintream Corporation based in Pittsburgh, PA. Construction was begun in September of 1965 and completed in June, 1966.\n\nOfficers and directors of Louisville Downs, Inc. at the time of its launch included King (President and General Manager), Kolowich (Chairman of the Board), Peter Miller, Fred Somes, Jr. Jack Drees, John H. Menges and Chris Duvall.\n\nFacilities and track \nCalled \u201cone of the most innovative and progressive Standardbred racing venues in the country,\" Louisville Downs seated 4,621 total, with a 2,954-seat glass-enclosed grandstand topped with an iconic peppermint-striped roof. Seating also included a 300-seat clubhouse, 400-seat dining terrace, 860 railbird box seats and 107 royal box seats. The stables included eight 60-stall barns and three paddock buildings with 40 stalls. The 1/2 mile track had a limestone base topped with 4\u201d of limestone dust, new to harness racing at the time.\n\nLouisville Downs held its first race on July 14, 1966, opening a 51-night meeting that ran through September 10, 1966. Opening night drew 3,490 fans betting $102,098 on ten races. Charming Lad won the first race, paying $14, and Honor Time was the length winner, paying $3.60. Ten years later, Louisville Downs began its most successful period, with an average daily attendance of over 3,000 fans and over $220,000 in wagers.\n\nKing, whom the Courier-Journal once called the \u201ctrack\u2019s longtime marketing mastermind,\u201d continued to hone his promotional expertise for Louisville Downs through various crowd-drawing promotions, including Quarter Night (Parking, admission, hot dogs, beer and soft drinks all 25c), giveaways and cash drawings. In March, 1981, King created a dial-in betting system called Call-A-Bet, the first \nadvance-deposit wagering system in the country, and in 1988 instituted full-card simulcast racing. In 1978, Louisville Downs hosted its first run of the Kentucky Pacing Derby, part of the Triple Crown for 2-year-old pacers. The race was held each September and attracted the best 2-year-old pacers in the world, including Niatross, the first pacer to break the 1:50 time barrier.\n\nOther events \nKing brought non-harness racing spectators to Louisville Downs by hosting additional sport and music events. American Motorcycle Association held its Half-Mile Grand National Championship races there from 1967 until 1991. One of Louisville's first Fourth of July fireworks shows set to music was held at Louisville Downs in 1976, with a water skiing show held on the large infield lake. Some of the musical talents who appeared at Louisville Downs were:\n The Guess Who, May 1974\n Beach Boys, May 1974\n Sha Na Na, July 1974\n Three Dog Night, July 1975\n Earl Scruggs and Emmylou Harris, July 1976\n\nSale to Churchill Downs \nHarness racing ended at Louisville Downs in 1991, when Churchill Downs Inc. purchased the 87-acre site for $6 million, using the grandstand for simulcast racing and racetrack for training thoroughbreds. The grandstand was razed in 2015. In September 2018, Churchill Downs opened Derby City Gaming, a historical racing facility, at the site. Harness racing may return to the former Louisville Downs site; in September 2018, Churchill Downs and Keeneland Association filed an application with the Kentucky Horse Racing Commission to hold 10 days of harness meets in 2019.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1966 establishments in Kentucky\nCategory:Churchill Downs Incorporated\nCategory:Defunct horse racing venues in the United States\nCategory:Horse racing venues in Kentucky\nCategory:Sports venues completed in 1966"}
-{"text": ".32 ACP\n\n.32 ACP (Automatic Colt Pistol, also known as the .32 Automatic) is a centerfire pistol cartridge. It is a semi-rimmed, straight-walled cartridge developed by firearms designer John Browning, initially for use in the FN M1900 semi-automatic pistol. It was introduced in 1899 by Fabrique Nationale, and is also known as the 7.65\u00d717mmSR Browning or 7.65\u00a0mm Browning Short.\n\nHistory\nJohn Browning engineered a number of modern semi-automatic pistol mechanisms and cartridges.  As his first pistol cartridge, the .32 ACP needed a straight wall for reliable blowback operation as well as a small rim for reliable feeding from a box magazine.  The cartridge headspaces on the rim.  The cartridge was a success and was adopted by dozens of countries and countless governmental agencies.\n\nWhen the .32 ACP cartridge was introduced, it was immediately popular and was available in several blowback automatic pistols of the day, including the Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless, the Savage Model 1907 automatic pistol, the Ruby pistol and the Browning Model 1910 automatic pistol. The popularity of the .32 ACP in the early half of the 20th century cannot be overstated\u2014especially in Europe. Firearms expert Geoffrey Boothroyd of the UK informed author Ian Fleming, his countryman, that James Bond's side arm should be a Walther PPK chambered in .32 ACP. A significant factor in recommending this round was its near universal availability throughout the world in the 1950s.\n\nThe .32 ACP has been chambered in more handguns than any other cartridge. Between 1899 and 1909, Fabrique Nationale produced 500,000 guns chambered for .32 ACP.\n\nAdolf Hitler was believed to have committed suicide with his personal .32 ACP Walther PPK, by aiming it at his right temple and pulling the trigger while simultaneously biting down on a cyanide capsule.\n\nHeckler & Koch produced the HK 4, their first handgun, in 1967. Twelve-thousand HK 4 pistols were produced in .32 ACP for the German police and other government agencies.\n\nA handful of long guns have been chambered in .32 ACP, including the Tirmax and Dreyse carbines as well as the AR-15-style Armi Jager AP-74.\n\nDesign\nThe .32 ACP was intended for blowback semi-automatic pistols which lacked a breech locking mechanism. It was John Pedersen with the Remington Model 51 that delivered a true locked breech for the .32 ACP cartridge. The relatively low power and light bullet of the cartridge allowed Browning to incorporate a practical blowback mechanism in a small Pocket Size Pistol. It is still used today primarily in compact, inexpensive pistols, unless the pistol is used for ISSF competition where the cost then escalates. Cartridges in .32 ACP are also sometimes used in caliber conversion sleeves, also known as supplemental chambers, for providing an alternative pistol caliber carbine function in .30-caliber hunting and service rifles.\n\nSome comparison of the \".32 Automatic\" as defined by SAAMI and the \"7.65 Browning\" as defined by CIP may be useful.  Although some of the cartridge measurements differ by as much as 0.16mm, the names are considered to be synonymous.  However, the maximum average pressure - as measured by a transducer on the test barrel - is  according to SAAMI, while CIP allows up to .  This may explain why the cartridges from European manufacturers tend to chronograph at higher muzzle velocities compared to those from American manufacturers.\n\nPerformance\n\nThe .32 ACP is compact and light. While some believe it has marginal stopping power, it has been used effectively by military and police worldwide for the past century. Although .32 ACP handguns were traditionally made of steel, they have been produced in lightweight polymers since the 1990s. Their light weight, very low recoil and very good accuracy relative to larger caliber pistols make them suitable for concealed carry use. Some popular pistols chambered in .32 ACP are the Walther PP and the Walther PPK as well as the FEG PA-63, which is a clone of the Walther PP.\n\nIt offers more velocity and energy than the .32 S&W, which was a popular round for pocket defensive revolvers at the time of the .32 ACP's development. Although of lighter bullet weight, the .32 ACP also compares favorably to the .32 S&W Long in performance. Some European 73 grain .32 ACP loads provide similar performance to the .32 H&R Magnum 77 grain lead flat point and 90 grain lead semiwadcutter.\n\nEven though the .32 ACP is capable of killing small game, most handguns chambered for this round utilize fixed sights and are designed for use against human-sized targets at fairly close range, which greatly limits their utility as hunting handguns.\n\nThe .32 ACP is one of the most common calibers used in veterinary \"humane killers\", such as the Greener Humane Killer. Given that a .22 LR can penetrate bone, the higher power .32 ACP can easily penetrate an animal skull with a muzzle-contact shot. As a result, the round is suited this purpose, even for fully grown horses and bulls.\n\nIn Europe, where the round is commonly known as the 7.65\u00a0mm Browning, and features different rimsizing from the American .32 ACPs, the .32 ACP has always been more widely accepted than it has in America, having a long history of use by civilians and police/security forces, along with limited issue by the military forces. During the second half of the 20th century, several European countries developed firearms for police chambered in 9\u00d718mm Makarov while chambering the same pistol for civilians in .32 ACP and .380 ACP. Examples include the Vz. 82/CZ-83 from Czechoslovakia, FEG PA-63/AP 765 from Hungary, SIG Sauer P230 from Switzerland, and P-83 Wanad from Poland.\n\nToday the cartridge has an increased popularity in the United States due to modern compact concealed carry pistols chambered for it, such as the Kel-Tec P-32, Beretta Tomcat, Seecamp LWS 32 and North American Arms Guardian .32. This increase in popularity has led many ammunition manufacturers to develop new loads for the cartridge to increase performance.\n\nHowever, these subcompact guns typically have barrel lengths around 2.5\". The traditional steel guns chambered for .32 ACP have barrel lengths around 3.5\". Different barrel lengths can have a significant effect on bullet performance with longer barrels providing higher muzzle velocity and energy. For example, a Cor-Bon 60 grain .32 ACP JHP has 130\u00a0foot pounds of energy when fired out of a 2.5\" barrel and 165\u00a0foot pounds of energy when fired out of a 3.5\" barrel. The shorter barrel length can also reduce the range of a bullet.\n\nSynonyms\n\n 32 Auto (typical designation in America)\n 32 Rimless Smokeless (Used on early pistols chambered for it)\n 7.65\u00a0mm Browning (typical designation in Europe)\n 32 Browning Auto\n 7.65\u00d717mm\n 7.65\u00d717mm Browning SR (SR = Semi-Rimmed)\n 7.65 Walther\n\nProminent firearms chambered in .32 ACP\n\n Astra A-60\n Bayard 1908\n Beretta 1915\n Beretta M1935\n Beretta Model 70\n Beretta Model 81 and 82\n Beretta Model 90\n Beretta 3032 Tomcat\n Bersa 84 (Lusber)\n Bersa Thunder 32\n Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless\n CZ-27 (Vz. 27)\n CZ-50\n CZ-70\n CZ-83\n CZ \u0160korpion Vz. 61 Machine pistol\n Dreyse M1907\n Erma KGP-68A \"Baby Luger\"\n F\u00c9G 37M Pistol\n F\u00c9G AP 765 Pistol\n F\u00c9G Frommer Stop\n FN M1900\n FN Model 1910 and 1910/22\n Hamada Type pistol\n Heckler & Koch HK 4 P11\n Heckler & Koch HK P7K3\n Kel-Tec P-32\n Llama Bufalo/Danton/Llama I/Llama X-A\n MAB Model D\n Mauser HSc\n Mauser Model 1914\n Mauser Model 1934\n Ortgies Semi-Automatic Pistol\n Radom P-83 Wanad\n Remington 51\n Romanian Pistol Carpa\u021bi Md. 1974\n Ruby\n Sauer 38H\n Savage Model 1907\n Seecamp LWS 32\n SIG Sauer P230\n Star Izarra\n Star Model 1914/1919\n Star SIS\n Steyr-Pieper Model 1908/34\n Taurus Millennium PT132\n Taurus TCP 732\n Walther PP\n Walther PPK\n Webley & Scott M1905-M1908\n Welrod\n Zastava M70\n\nSee also\n .32 NAA\n List of handgun cartridges\n Table of handgun and rifle cartridges\n 7 mm caliber for other cartridges of similar diameter (7.0 - 7.99\u00a0mm diameter)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Is The .32 Mission Feasible?\n Ballistics 101 .32 ACP Ballistics Chart\n Ballistics By The Inch .32 ACP Results\n Brass Fetcher .32 ACP Gelatin Tests\n Golden Loki .32 ACP Gelatin Tests (Archived)\n Mouse Gun Addict Ammo Tests\n\n32 ACP\nCategory:.32 ACP firearms\nCategory:Colt cartridges"}
-{"text": "Martin MS\n\nThe Martin MS-1 was an experimental scout biplane ordered by the United States Navy and was intended to operate from a submarine. It first flew in 1923 and the type was used for tests until 1926 when the project was cancelled.\n\nDevelopment\nFollowing World War I, the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics conducted studies concerning the possibility of submarine-borne observation and scouting aircraft. After surfacing, this plane should be rolled out and quickly assembled. It was planned to launch the seaplane by ballasting the submarine until the deck was awash. The Navy ordered two types of aircraft, the Martin MS-1, constructed of wood and fabric, and the all-metal Cox-Klemin XS. The MS-1 first flew from Lake Erie in early 1923.\n\nOperational history\nThe submarine S-1 became the experimental platform for the operation of scout seaplanes late in 1923. The MS-1 and the Cox-Klemin XS were used for the trials, mounted in a cylindrical pod behind the conning tower. The first successful attempt was made on 5 November 1923. The first full cycle of surfacing, assembly, launching, retrieving, disassembly, and submergence took place on 28 July 1926, on the Thames River at New London, Connecticut using the XS-2.\n\nA total of six Martin MS-1s were built, with all six still being listed with the U.S. Navy as late as 1926. After further trials during 1926, all the experimental aircraft were scrapped.\n\nVariants\n\nMS-1\nsix built (BuNo A6521-A6526).\n\nOperators\n\n United States Navy\n\nSpecifications\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n The MS-1 on USS S-1\n Aeroweb\n MS-1 photos\n\nMS\nCategory:1920s United States military reconnaissance aircraft\nCategory:Floatplanes\nCategory:Single-engined tractor aircraft\nCategory:Biplanes\nCategory:Submarine-borne aircraft\nCategory:Aircraft first flown in 1923"}
-{"text": "Atlas Suisse\n\nThe Atlas Suisse (French for Swiss Atlas; also known as the Meyer-Weiss-Atlas), by Johann Rudolf Meyer and Johann Heinrich Weiss, is the oldest map series based upon scientific survey and covering the whole of Switzerland.  It was published between 1786 and 1802.\n\nIn 1786, the industrialist Johann Rudolf Meyer, who came from Aarau, decided to create a map of Switzerland at his own expense.  For that purpose, he engaged a geometer, Johann Heinrich Weiss of Strasbourg.  The foundations for Meyer's map were baseline measurements by the scientist Johann Georg Tralles and landscape relief modelling by Joachim Eugen M\u00fcller, after which Weiss drew the map.\n\nThe result of this work appeared between 1796 and 1802, and included 16 sheets and an overview map. The 16 sheets measure  x , and depict Switzerland at a scale of approximately 1:120,000. Until the appearance of Dufour Map (1845-1865), the Atlas Suisse was the map series with the most accurate coverage of Switzerland.\n\nReferences \n Kl\u00f6ti, Thomas: Das Probeblatt zum \u00abAtlas Suisse\u00bb (1796). In: Cartographica Helvetica Vol 16 (1997) pp. 23\u201330 Full text\n\nExternal links\nHistorical map series of the Canton of Aargau - Meyer Atlas Suisse 1802  - navigable online (remainder of Switzerland also available).\nOld maps of Switzerland - Atlas Suisse  - The two Meyer-Weiss-Atlas sheets of the Canton of Bern online.\n\nCategory:Map series\nCategory:Map series of Switzerland"}
-{"text": "C Max\n\nC Max is the maximum security division of Pretoria Central Prison (or as it is now known, the Kgosi Mampuru II Management Area), located within the City of Tshwane in central Pretoria, in South Africa. It is run by the South African Department of Correctional Services.\n\nDescription\nThe division is specifically designed for violent and disruptive prisoners who have been classified as dangerous in terms of the South African Criminal Procedure Act. Prisoners are kept in solitary confinement for 23 hours of each day out and specialized equipment, such as electric shields, are used by the prison guards. It consists of two rows of fifty cells each.\n\nPrison escape\nIn November 2006, Annanias Mathe became the first person to escape from C Max. Mathe, who had extensive military training gained during the Mozambique civil war, is reported to have escaped by covering his body in Vaseline and squeezing through his tiny cell window . Mathe had been detained on more than 50 charges, including murder, rape, armed robbery and hijacking. He was recaptured two weeks after his escape following a large manhunt.\n\nNotable inmates\n\nMoses Sithole - Serial killer and rapist\nSipho Thwala - Serial killer\nAnnanias Mathe - Notorious serial rapist and robber\nEugene de Kock - Torturer and assassin\nClive Derby-Lewis - Assassin\nJanusz Walu\u015b - Assassin\nRadovan Krej\u010d\u00ed\u0159 - Organized crime boss\n\nSee also\n\nKgosi Mampuru II Management Area\nSupermax prison\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Prisons in South Africa"}
-{"text": "Jibe (band)\n\nJIBE is an alternative rock band from Dallas, Texas best known for their song \"Yesterday\u2019s Gone\" from their 2003 album Uprising.  Initially active from 1994 to 2004, they reformed in 2015 and released their fourth studio album Epic Tales of Human Nature in 2017.\n\nBand history\nJibe began in late 1993 after friends Joe Grah and Toby Bittenbender met bassist Sean Robinson while working at Guitar Center in Dallas, Texas.  Drummer Ben Jeffries joined the other members upon moving to Dallas in February 1994. Jibe played their first show at a club called \u201cThe Basement\u201d in Dallas in April 1994.  The group soon became known for their energetic and intense live shows and relentless touring schedule, playing well over a thousand concerts in their first five years.\nJibe released their first album, a live concert recorded at Trees in Dallas, in 1994.  The self-titled LP Jibe followed in 1996.\n\nThe band received their first taste of success in 2000 with their single \"I\u2019ll Meet You Halfway\" from their second studio album In My Head, which reached the #1 spot on college radio stations in Texas and Louisiana.  Although compared by the press to classic rock acts such as James Gang and Led Zeppelin, the band cited contemporaries such as U2, Pearl Jam, and Jane\u2019s Addiction as the primary influences on their developing sound.\n\nIn 2003 Jibe released their third album Uprising.  The single \"Yesterday\u2019s Gone\" received significant national airplay and spent nine weeks in the top 30 on the national rock chart, peaking at #26.  The song soared to #1 at radio stations in Dallas, Austin, and Shreveport, and reached the top 10 at dozens of stations across Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana and made the top 20 in several other markets nationwide. \"Yesterday\u2019s Gone\" charted at #71 on Radio & Records year-end list of the top 100 rock tracks of 2003 and was chosen by the Dallas Cowboys as the music bed for their 2003 season. The song \"Hypocrite\" was also featured in an episode of the tv series One Tree Hill. Uprising was also a critical success, earning awards for alternative album of the year, male vocalist of the year, producer of the year, and song of the year at the 2003 KEGL local show awards.\n\nJibe quickly found themselves in high demand as an opening act for popular nationally touring post-grunge rock acts of the day such as Creed, Staind, Sevendust, Shinedown, Seether, Saliva, Ours, Oleander, Lit, Blue October, and Our Lady Peace.  Jibe toured with Nickelback, Jerry Cantrell, Josh Todd, Kings of Leon and Marilyn Manson and established themselves as one of the premier rock bands in the Dallas scene.\n\nBreakup and hiatus\nAfter playing over 2,500 concerts, Jibe suddenly broke up in June 2004, much to the dismay of their fans.  According to the Dallas Observer, the band seemed to be \u201cperpetually perched on fame\u2019s doorstep\u201d and after the success of their most recent album, by all accounts were \u201con their way up\u201d.  According to Jibe frontman Joe Grah, one night he simply got in his car and drove to Los Angeles and didn\u2019t tell anyone for three days.   During his time in Jibe, Grah had become addicted to drugs and alcohol and believes that if he hadn\u2019t left Dallas and broken up the band, he probably would have died.\n\nAfter leaving Jibe, singer Joe Grah joined the band Loser in Los Angeles, which also featured guitarist John 5.  Loser was signed to Island Records and released the album Just Like You in 2006.  Following the dissolution of Loser, Grah fronted the bands South of Earth and I Am The Wolf.  He also formed the electronic rock project Dead Girls Don\u2019t Lie.\n\nBen Jeffries drummed for the band The Feds from 2004 to 2008 before leaving the band to attend college.\n\nToby Bittenbender joined  Zayra Alvarez\u2019s backing band and played on her 2006 album Ruleta. Later he played with Dallas rock band Overscene.\n\nCorey Tatro played bass in the metal band DownLo, and also plays lead guitar in the Whiskey River Ramblers.\n\nLegacy\nJibe\u2019s reputation in the Dallas scene has become legendary. The legacy of the band is inextricably tied to the pinnacle of the Deep Ellum music scene of the 1990s and early 2000s.  Along with other prominent Dallas bands such as Tripping Daisy, The Toadies, Drowning Pool, Flickerstick, Edgewater, Old 97's, Slow Roosevelt and Reverend Horton Heat, Jibe are revered as standard-bearers of a bygone era when rock fans packed the clubs of Deep Ellum.\n\nReunion\nJibe played their first concert in eleven years on September 25, 2015 at Gas Monkey Bar N' Grill in Dallas.  The show was free, but required tickets which could be reserved at Dallas rock radio station KDGE\u2019s website.  The tickets sold out in less than ten hours, and the concert was moved to a larger venue, where tickets again sold out.  In 2016 the band wrote and recorded a new album, Epic Tales of Human Nature with producer Matt Noveskey and mixer Toby Wright.  The first single from the album ,\"We've Only Just Begun\", was released November 8, 2016. The full album was released to fans who pre-ordered on June 9, 2017 and had a wider release on October 6, 2017. Along with the new album, Jibe also released a collection of B-sides and rarities. The second single from the album, \"Release\" soon followed, and proved to be a radio hit, peaking at #42 on the mediabase active rock chart in March of 2018. With Jibe's resurgence in full swing, the band joined Theory of a Deadman on a gulf coast tour in the summer of 2018, and headlined their own west coast tour in August. On September 26, Jibe opened for Slash at the House of Blues in Houston. Jibe was invited to join Candlebox's Fall 2018 tour, but had to cancel after Joe Grah was seriously injured in a head-on collision while riding his motorcycle in Hollywood on October 8, 2018. Grah made a full recovery, and wrote new songs throughout 2019, but Jibe has not played a live show since the accident.\n\nBand members\nCurrent\n Joe Grah \u2013 lead vocals (1993\u20132004, 2015-present)\n Toby Bittenbender \u2013 guitars (1993\u20132004, 2015-present)\n Corey Tatro \u2013 bass (1998\u20132004, 2015-present)\n Todd Harwell \u2013 drums (2017\u2013present)\n\nFormer\n Sean Robinson \u2013 bass (1993-1998)\n Ben Jeffries  \u2013  drums (1993-2004, 2015-2017)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums\n Jibe (1996)\n In My Head (2000)\n Uprising (2003)\n Epic Tales of Human Nature (2017)\n\nLive albums\n Live at Trees (1994)\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1994\nCategory:1994 establishments in Texas\nCategory:Musical groups disestablished in 2004\nCategory:Musical groups from Dallas\nCategory:Alternative rock groups from Texas\nCategory:American post-grunge musical groups\nCategory:Rock music groups from Texas"}
-{"text": "Engines of Creation\n\nEngines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is a 1986 molecular nanotechnology book written by K. Eric Drexler with a foreword by Marvin Minsky. An updated version was released in 2007.   The book has been translated into Japanese, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian, and Chinese.\n\nSynopsis\nThe book features nanotechnology, which Richard Feynman had discussed in his 1959 speech There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom.  Drexler imagines a world where the entire Library of Congress can fit on a chip the size of a sugar cube and where universal assemblers, tiny machines that can build objects atom by atom, will be used for everything from medicinal robots that help clear capillaries to environmental scrubbers that clear pollutants from the air.  In the book, Drexler proposes the gray goo scenario\u2014one prediction of what might happen if molecular nanotechnology were used to build uncontrollable self-replicating machines.\n\nTopics also include hypertext as developed by Project Xanadu and life extension. Drexler takes a Malthusian view of exponential growth within limits to growth. He also promotes space advocacy arguing that, because the universe is essentially infinite, life can escape the limits to growth defined by Earth.  Drexler supports a form of the Fermi paradox, arguing that as there is no evidence of alien civilizations, \"Thus for now, and perhaps forever, we can make plans for our future without concern for limits imposed by other civilizations.\"\n\nNanosystems (1992)\nDrexler's 1992 book, Nanosystems: molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation is a technical treatment of similar material. Nanosystems addresses chemical, thermodynamic, and other constraints on nanotechnology and manufacturing.\n\nEngines of Creation 2.0 (2007)\nAn updated version of the book, Engines of Creation 2.0, which includes more recent papers and publications, was published as a free ebook on February 8, 2007.\n\nReception\nThe book and the theories it presents have been the subject of some controversy. Scientists such as Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley and renowned chemist George M. Whitesides have been particularly critical. Smalley has engaged in open debate with Drexler, attacking the views presented for what he considered both the dubious nature of the science behind them, and the misleading effect on the public's view of nanotechnology.\n\nSee also\nThe Limits to Growth, 1972 report\n Planetary boundaries\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFull text of version 1.0 (1986)\nFull text in Italian: MOTORI DI CREAZIONE - L'era prossima della nanotecnologia\nFull text in Chinese: \u521b\u9020\u7684\u53d1\u52a8\u673a\nDrexler's personal website and digital archive\nBiography of K. Eric Drexler\n\"Engines of Creation \u2013 Nanotechnology Will Save Us\" Synopsis by Dan Geddes\n\nCategory:1986 non-fiction books\nCategory:1986 in the environment\nCategory:Nanotechnology books\nCategory:Futurology books"}
-{"text": "Armonicus Cuatro\n\nArmonicus Cuatro is a group of four vocalists from Mexico: Mario Iv\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez, Lourdes Ambriz, Nurani Huet and Mart\u00edn Luna which mostly specializes in European medieval, Renaissance and Baroque music. All four are established musicians in their own right, with Mart\u00ednez also known as an actor in film and Mexican television.  The group has performed widely in Mexico at music and cultural festivals such as the Festival Internacional Cervantino as well as in Europe.\n\nMembers\nArmonicus Cuatro consists of four recognized Mexican singers: tenor Mario Iv\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez, soprano Lourdes Ambriz, mezzo-soprano Nurani Huet and baritone Mart\u00edn Luna. The artists created the group in order to promote works primarily for voice based on the works of early and classical music.\n\nMario Iv\u00e1n Mart\u00ednez comes from a family of artists, with mother actress Margarita Isabel and father television announcer Mario Ivan Martinez Ortega along with other relatives who are actors, producers, directors and technicians in radio, cinema, television and theater. He studied theater and music in Mexico City, Los Angeles and England. He was a member of the Coro Convivium Musicum which specialized in the works of Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms and Orff. As a member of the Ars Nova Singers, he participated in music festivals in Mexico, South America and Europe, appearing on four albums. He has also worked with the National Symphonic Orchestra, the OFUNAM, Horacio Franco and Alberto Cruzprieto. With lute player Antonio Corona, he recorded an album called M\u00fasic en la Obra y el Tiempo de Shakespeare.\n\nMart\u00ednez is also a professional storyteller. As such, he has adapted texts by Shakespeare, Francisco de Quevedo and Marguerite Yourcenar into modern Spanish. He also presented the monologue Legends of Ancient Mexico in London and Mexico City, based on texts on Nahua culture by Patrick Johansson, as part of a project sponsored by The Anglo Mexican Foundation. As an actor, he appeared in a work called 1822, el ano que fuimos Imperio about the short reign of Agustin de Iturbide as well as the film Like Water for Chocolate and Cronos, and telenovelas such as La Antorcha Encendida. He also works with the National Theatre Company of Mexico and Televisa.\n\nLourdes Ambriz\u2019s career has mostly been associated with chamber, renaissance and contemporary music. She has worked with directors such as Charles Bruck, Eve Queler, Lukas Foss, Enrique Ricci, Miguel Roa and Eduardo Mata and collaborated with singers such as Pl\u00e1cido Domingo, Guillermo Sarabia, Justino D\u00edaz, Francisco Araiza, Ram\u00f3n Vargas, Francisco Araiza and Fernando de la Mora. She has performed solo at with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, the San Francisco Symphony the Prague Opera Orchestra and the Opera of M\u00e1laga.  She has been a member of groups such as Arditti Quartet, Ars Nova, Streghe, Kair\u00f3s and La D\u00e9cima Musa. She has recorded four albums including Cuerpo del verano along with recordings of operas such as Aura by Lavita, The Visitors by Ch\u00e1vez, Montezuma by Graun, El Coyote y el Conejo by Rascado as well as pieces by Hilda Paredes and Victor Rasgado. She has toured Europe, the Americas, North Africa and the Middle East and participated in the Festival Internacional Cervantino, the Festival de M\u00e9xico, the Festival de Sinaloa as well as festivals in South America, North Africa and the Middle East.\n\nNurani Huet is a mezzo-soprano who studied at the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City and later at the Royal Conservatory of The Hague in the Netherlands, specializing in the medieval, renaissance and Baroque periods. Since graduating, she has performed with various vocal/instrumental groups such as the Baroque Ensamble of the Koninklijk Conservatorium at The Hague, the Coro Mexicano de Canto Gregorio Melos Glorie, the Opus 6 Vocal Sextet, the Le Streghe Female Cuartet of Contemporary Music and the Capella Baroque Ensemble. As a soloist, her work has mostly concentrated on Italian, English and German Baroque pieces as well as oratory, lied and contemporary music. In addition to Armonicus Cuatro, she is also a member of the La Spiritata Instrumental Group of Early Music and the Coro de Madrigalistas at the Palacio de Bellas Artes.\n\nMartin Luna is a baritone who received his training at the Instituto Cardenal Miranda. As a soloist, his repertory has including works such as Magnificat (J.S. Bach); Misa en do mayor KV 317 Kr\u00f6nungsmesse y Requiem (W. A. Mozart); Requiem (G. Faur\u00e9); Liebeslieder and Ein Deutsches Requiem (J. Brahms); The Messiah (G. F. H\u00e4ndel); Misse solennelle de Sainte-C\u00e9cile (CH. Gounod); Les sept paroles du Christ (Dubois) and the Ninth Choral Symphony (Beethoven). He has performed in many of Mexico\u2019s major theaters and has sung under directors Alfredo Silipigni, Enrique Patr\u00f3n de Rueda, Guido Maria Guida, Enrique Ricci, Eduardo D\u00edaz Mu\u00f1oz, Jos\u00e9 Luis Castillo, Juan Trigos and Jos\u00e9 Guadalupe Flores. He was a member of the Ars Nova group with whom he recorded Love Songs of Renaissance Europe.\n\nRepertoire\nThe group is described as a theatrical opera ensemble, which specializes in the vocalizations, music and literature of the Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque periods, from Italy, New Spain, Elizabethan England and the Spanish Siglo de Oro. However, they also perform works from the 19th century as well as some modern compositions. It includes music by Juan del Encina, Antonio de Cabez\u00f3n, Francis Pilkington, Thomas Morley, Thomas Ford, Tom\u00e1s Luis de Victoria, Jacobus Clemens and Clemen Janequin. It also includes the reading of texts by authors such as Miguel de Cervantes, Francisco de Quevedo and Lope de Vega along with popular poetry from the 16th and 17th centuries.\n\nPerformances\nAs a group, the four musicians have appeared in various places in Mexico and have collaborated with a number of instrumentalists. In Mexico, they have performed at the Ciclo de M\u00fasica Antigua at the Palacio de Bellas Artes, and held an entire concert dedicated to Baroque composer Henry Purcell at the Museo Nacional del Virreinato as part of the Festival de M\u00fasica Antigua. At the Cathedral of Durango, they performed a concert called Aires y diretes del Siglo de Oro as part of the Festival de M\u00fasica Virreinal.  They performed at the Festival Internacional Cervantino Barroco in San Cristobal de las Casas in 2008, as well as the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Guanajuato in 2011. For instrumental backup, they often work with keyboardist Karina Pe\u00f1a,  and lute and vihuela player Antonio Corona.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Mixed early music groups\nCategory:Musical groups from Mexico City"}
-{"text": "Jack Bonnyman\n\nJohn \"Jack\" Bonnyman (born 1920) is a former rugby league footballer who played for Canterbury-Bankstown and New South Wales.\n\nCareer\nBonnyman started his career at the Central-Newcastle Rugby League club. He was all set to join St. George Dragons, but changed his mind at the last minute and joined Canterbury-Bankstown.\n\nHe went on to play 5 seasons with Canterbury-Bankstown between 1940-1945. Bonnyman captained the Berries in their 24-14 loss to the Eastern Suburbs in the 1940 premiership final, although he did score a nice try during the match.\n\nSuccess followed two years later when he played half-back in the victorious 1942 Grand Final Canterbury team that defeated the St. George Dragons 11-9.\n\nHe finished his career at Picton in the late 1940s.\n\nRepresentative career\nBonnyman represented Country Firsts in 1938 and New South Wales in 1939 - all before joining Canterbury-Bankstown in 1940.\n\nAccolades\nHe is recognized as Canterbury Bankstown player No. 64.\n\nBonnyman was selected in the 70th Anniversary Berries to Bulldogs Team of Champions.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBulldogs profile\n\nCategory:Possibly living people\nCategory:Rugby league players\nCategory:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players\nCategory:1920 births\nCategory:Place of birth missing\nCategory:Rugby league players from New South Wales\nCategory:New South Wales rugby league team players"}
-{"text": "John Wright (cricketer, born 1935)\n\nJohn Vaughan Wright (born 31 December 1935) is a former English cricketer.  Wright was a right-handed batsman.  He was born at Colchester, Essex.\n\nWright made his first-class debut for Essex in the 1962 County Championship against Northamptonshire.  He played one further first-class match during that season against Warwickshire, before playing 2 further first-class matches in 1967 against Middlesex and the touring Pakistanis.  In his 4 first-class matches he scored 60 runs at a batting average of 10.00, with a high score of 40.  In the field he took 2 catches.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1935 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Colchester\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Essex cricketers"}
-{"text": "Mexican Riviera\n\nThe Mexican Riviera refers collectively to twenty cities and lagoons lying on the western coast of Mexico. Although there are long distances between these cities, they are often collectively referred to as the Mexican Riviera because of their many oceanfront resorts and their popularity among tourists. Cruise ships often visit three or four of these destinations on their longer cruises. In a 2005 interview Stanley McDonald, the founder of Princess Cruises, mentioned:\n\nThe call of the \"Mexican Riviera\" was coined by Princess Cruise Line. Now everyone refers to it as the Mexican Riviera. I believe that it really spoke to the quality and beauty of what people would see down there. We all know the French Riviera -- the Mexican Riviera was something we had in the western hemisphere.\n\nSome of the many areas that are considered part of the Mexican Riviera, listed in order from north to south:\n\nEnsenada, Baja California \nCabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur \nMazatl\u00e1n, Sinaloa \n San Blas, Nayarit \nPuerto Vallarta, Jalisco \nManzanillo, Colima \nThe Ixtapa resort near Zihuatanejo, Guerrero \nAcapulco, Guerrero \n Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca\n Huatulco\n Salina Cruz, Oaxaca \n\nOther areas include other ports in the states of Oaxaca and Nayarit.\n\nIn 2011, Carnival Cruise Lines, Disney Cruise Line and Norwegian Cruise Line all dropped Mazatlan port calls from their itineraries, citing concerns over an increase in drug gang turf war there. Royal Caribbean dramatically scaled back its presence in all of the Mexican Riviera that same year, canceling 15 cruises that were scheduled to sail through the region in 2011. The cruise line cited economic reasons for its decision.\n\nRiviera in Italian means simply \"coastline\". The word by itself often refers to either the French Riviera or the Italian Riviera. Riviera may be also applied to any coastline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists.\n\nSee also\nRiviera (disambiguation)\nRiviera Maya\nRiviera Nayarit\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n.\n.\n.\nCategory:Tourism in Mexico\nCategory:Acapulco\nCategory:Puerto Vallarta"}
-{"text": "2011 Rai Open \u2013 Singles\n\nFilippo Volandri was the defending champion but decided not to participate.\nThomas Schoorel won the title, defeating Martin Kli\u017ean 7\u20135, 1\u20136, 6\u20133 in the final.\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop Half\n{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3\n| RD1=First Round\n| RD2=Second Round\n| RD3=Quarterfinals\n| RD4=Semifinals\n\n| RD1-seed01=1\n| RD1-team01= A Haider-Maurer\n| RD1-score01-1=6\n| RD1-score01-2=2\n| RD1-score01-3=6\n| RD1-seed02=\u00a0\n| RD1-team02= U Ignatik\n| RD1-score02-1=3\n| RD1-score02-2=6\n| RD1-score02-3=4\n\n| RD1-seed03=\u00a0\n| RD1-team03= I Klec\n| RD1-score03-1=7\n| RD1-score03-2=4\n| RD1-score03-3=6\n| RD1-seed04=\u00a0\n| RD1-team04= D Mu\u00f1oz-De La Nava\n| RD1-score04-1=63\n| RD1-score04-2=6\n| RD1-score04-3=3\n\n| RD1-seed05=\u00a0\n| RD1-team05= B Knittel\n| RD1-score05-1=3\n| RD1-score05-2=2\n| RD1-score05-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed06=\u00a0\n| RD1-team06= A Gensse\n| RD1-score06-1=6\n| RD1-score06-2=6\n| RD1-score06-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed07=\u00a0\n| RD1-team07= M Kli\u017ean\n| RD1-score07-1=4\n| RD1-score07-2=6\n| RD1-score07-3=6\n| RD1-seed08=7\n| RD1-team08= S Greul\n| RD1-score08-1=6\n| RD1-score08-2=2\n| RD1-score08-3=0\n\n| RD1-seed09=3\n| RD1-team09= M \u0130lhan\n| RD1-score09-1=6\n| RD1-score09-2=7\n| RD1-score09-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed10=\u00a0\n| RD1-team10= P Polansky\n| RD1-score10-1=3\n| RD1-score10-2=5\n| RD1-score10-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed11=\u00a0\n| RD1-team11= I Navarro\n| RD1-score11-1=4\n| RD1-score11-2=4\n| RD1-score11-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed12=\u00a0\n| RD1-team12= G Olaso\n| RD1-score12-1=6\n| RD1-score12-2=6\n| RD1-score12-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed13=WC\n| RD1-team13= A Giannessi\n| RD1-score13-1=2\n| RD1-score13-2=63\n| RD1-score13-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed14=\u00a0\n| RD1-team14= A Ungur\n| RD1-score14-1=6\n| RD1-score14-2=7\n| RD1-score14-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed15=WC\n| RD1-team15= G Naso\n| RD1-score15-1=2\n| RD1-score15-2=3\n| RD1-score15-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed16=6\n| RD1-team16= I Min\u00e1\u0159\n| RD1-score16-1=6\n| RD1-score16-2=6\n| RD1-score16-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD2-seed01=1\n| RD2-team01=\n\nBottom Half\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n Qualifying Draw\n\nRai Open - Singles\n2011 Singles"}
-{"text": "The Kingdom Keepers\n\nThe Kingdom Keepers is a series of children's novels written by American author Ridley Pearson. The New York Times Bestselling series is published through Disney Editions and Disney Hyperion, and the first book was released on August 29, 2005. Its plot follows the adventures of five teens who, by day, are holographic hosts in the Disney Theme Parks. By night, they battle Disney villains to keep them from taking control of the parks, the Disney entertainment empire, and the world. The series' franchise also includes several other elements such as an online game and an interactive educational tour provided for school groups through Disney's Youth Education Series.\n\nSynopsis\n\nDisney after Dark \nFive young teens, Finn, Willa, Charlene, Maybeck, and Philby, have been selected to serve as holographic theme park guides, Disney Hosts Interactives (DHI), in Walt Disney World. Thanks to a glitch in the DHI technology they find a man transported into Magic Kingdom each night which is called the crossover and pitted in a war against various Disney villains called the Overtakers, led by Maleficent from Sleeping Beauty, to save both Walt Disney World and the world at large. They are helped by an original Disney Imagineer Wayne, who tells them about a riddle called \"The Stonecutter's Quill\". They go to different attractions, and realize that the riddle refers to the first pen that Walt Disney ever owned. Once they find the pen, Finn realizes that he can defeat Maleficent with the pen.\n\nDisney at Dawn \nThings have been relatively quiet for the past few months, until things go wrong at DHI day at Magic Kingdom. The Overtakers are back, and this time the stakes are even higher. A group of Fairlies, or Fairly Humans are a group of people who have special powers. One of these Fairlies, named Jess has gone missing. Her sister, Amanda has recruited the help of the Keepers to help her find Jess. The group searches for clues to her disappearance while also trying to keep the Overtakers at bay in Disney's Animal Kingdom, where the Overtakers have gained control of the computer servers with the intent to wreak havoc. It's a race against time when the Keepers realize that the Overtakers also control the DHI server, which means that if the hosts fall asleep they could stay asleep forever. The Keepers must find Jess and destroy the Overtakers' server, all before falling asleep.\n\nDisney in Shadow \nAfter Wayne, their friend, mentor, and head Imagineer, disappeared during the events at Animal Kingdom, Finn, Philby, Willa, Charlene, and Maybeck suspect the worst. The Overtakers would like nothing more than to eliminate Wayne, or worse, to use his power to their own ends. Their search takes the Keepers, plus Amanda and Jess, into Hollywood Studios and Epcot, where they must fight through puzzles, giant snakes, and deal with Maleficent and her friends while discovering new truths about themselves that lead to more than they could discover.\n\nPower Play \nFor the five teens who modeled as Disney Hologram Imaging hosts, life is beginning to settle down when an intriguing video arrives to Philby's computer at school. It's a call for action: the Overtakers seem to be plotting to attempt a rescue of two of their leaders, both of whom the Disney Imagineers have hidden away somewhere following a violent encounter in Epcot.\n\nShell Game \nSpring Break for the Keepers means a DHI cruise from Florida through the Panama canal to Los Angeles, with stops in exotic locations including Castaway Key, Disney's private island. However, for the Keepers the vacation may not be as much of a break as they'd hoped. With an ongoing battle for Walt Disney World's engineering base back home and Overtakers aboard the ship plotting something catastrophic, the Keepers are in a battle for their lives and the lives of the guests aboard the ship.\n\nDark Passage \nThe five Kingdom Keepers and their core friends have uncovered a startling truth: Maleficent and the Overtakers are plotting a catastrophic event that could have repercussions far beyond the world of Disney. They started on the Disney Dream ship.\n\nThe Insider \nThe Keepers have enjoyed three years of relative quiet, but as they get ready to graduate high school, the Overtakers, and a nightmare they left buried in an ancient temple in Mexico, are rising again. This time they are headed to Disneyland, the park where it all began. The Overtakers are done playing games, and the Keepers are in more danger than ever. The only one who may be able to save the kingdom is none other than Disney's most beloved icon, but he has been missing for years and time is running out.\n\nThe Fairlies \nA related spin off book that follows and delves more in depth into the world and life of a Fairlie, namely: Jess and Amanda\n\nThe Syndrome: A Kingdom Keepers Adventure \nWritten with Brooke Muschott (as Jess) and Elizabeth Hagenlocher (as Mattie)\nWhen Amanda travels east to Orlando on a hunch, she is met with the worst news possible. Kingdom Keeper Finn Whitman is missing. Calling on her own gift (telekinesis) her sister Jess' ability to dream the future, and their fellow Fairlie Mattie Weaver's unexplained ability to read minds through physical contact, the three gifted girls must navigate treachery, deception, and the stubborn, unwilling parents of the missing Keepers if they're going to save their friends.\n\nUnforeseen \nThis is an ebook novella focusing on the Fairlie sisters. It picks up after Kingdom Keepers VI: Dark Passage and leads up to Book VII: The Insider. Unforeseen opens with Jess dreaming of \u201ccracks\u201d in Disneyland. As Jess and Amanda set out to find answers, she encounters an old man with secrets, a young Imagineer-in-training whose future Jess wants to see, and a treasured wonderland about to shatter.\n\nThe Return (sequel) \nThe author of the Kingdom Keepers series, Ridley Pearson, wrote a sequel trilogy called The Return. The theme that Pearson had wanted to explore was a fictional Imagineering school and the origins of the Overtakers, the books' villains. A suggestion came from a father and son fan for King Arthur's Carousel allowing time travel and the lead character using it to go back to Disneyland opening day. Pearson was granted access to the Disney Archives to research Disneyland opening day.\n\nDisney Lands\n\nIn the first book, the Keepers are about to go off to college, while the Fairlie sisters are attending the Disney School of Imagineering. Finn is the only one who believes there is something else left to do, that Walt's pen is not where it needs to be in the past and tries to follow Wayne's final clues. When he crosses over into Disneyland, he suffers memory loss and has Walt's pen drawn on his arm.\n\nWhile the Keepers try to figure out what's going on, the sisters, Amanda and Jess, help them by stealing classified documents from the Disney archives in the basement of their dorm building. However, the two show signs of growing apart, as neither can fully tell the other what they know. With the help of some new friends, they find out about something called the Legacy of Secrets and a disgruntled Disney employee from sixty years ago.\n\nThe Keepers finally connect the dots and figure out that the music box in Walt's apartment opens an anomaly on a horse on King Arthur Carrousel, making the person on it time travel. They find out it can be controlled and that they are needed in the past. After some trial runs, they leave as DHIs, not giving anyone a clue as to their whereabouts.\n\nLegacy of Secrets\n\nIn the second book, the Keepers have successfully arrived at Disneyland's Opening Day in 1955, there to track down Walt's pen and ensure that it is in the right place in the future. Compared to earlier missions, this seems a simple task, especially with the help of their old mentor Wayne, a teen worker at the park in 1955. But they face problems: although the Overtakers do not yet exist, there is a group of regular people who want to stop them and use Walt's magic against him.\n\nIn the present, the Fairlie sisters have figured out their friends' fate, and are determined to help however possible. They decide to find out more about the Legacy of Secrets, still as dangerous in the present as in 1955. Setting off on their own mission, they find out that the present Legacy is connected to the barracks in Baltimore from which they escaped, after being tested for their abilities. Putting the pieces together, they find that in the present, the Legacy is going to unleash the Fairlies on Disney and destroy it themselves, having previously put their resources behind the Overtakers.\n\nAfter solving a puzzle Walt created for his family to find the pen, the Keepers show down with the Legacy's head, Amery Hollingsworth, who Amanda and Jess have managed to warn them about. Hollingsworth wants to use the pen and its magical ink to create the Overtakers that the Keepers battled in the present. Walt Disney himself shows up, warned by Wayne, and has Hollingsworth and his accomplices thrown out of the park. He promises the Keepers that he will make sure the pen goes to the right place.\n\nIn the present, Tia Dalma has been shown concocting a strange brew. She has apparently secretly reorganized the Overtakers, who attack in full force when the sisters and their friends (Tim Walters, Emily Fredrikson, and Nick Perkins) show up in Disneyland to receive Philby's phone, which the Imagineers can wire to Return the Keepers to the present. The sisters need the Keepers to stay in the past a little longer, to combat the Legacy and prevent the origin of the Overtakers. Tia Dalma has resurrected Maleficent, whom Finn killed in Mexico three years ago, and she is physically deformed, but more powerful than ever. A weakened Amanda climbs onto the activated carrousel and travels to 1955 to escape and to warn the Keepers, leaving Jess in the present. Jess gives the package to the Imagineers and tells them to write the information on her arms, in case Amanda's memory was affected, and start the music box for her.\n\nDisney at Last!\n\nIn the third book, Amery Hollingsworth in 1955 journeys to the Louisiana swamps to hire a witch doctor (a man known as the Traveler) to help him create the Overtakers, the Disney villains. In the present, the Fairlies show up at Disneyland and begin to cause chaos.\n\nFinn and the other Keepers, now joined in the past by Amanda and Jess, have decided to make use of the fact that they cannot yet return home and stop Hollingsworth from creating the Overtakers, though they don't know his plan. Charlene and Amanda track a suspicious pair of teen \"Cast Members\" to a secret room in the walls of Sleeping Beauty Castle and are almost caught. Using one of Jess' dreams, they get help from Marty Sklar, who has heard stories about graveyard vandalisms outside the park that go along with Jess' dream of a graveyard and the Traveler. When they go to the graveyard, they are attacked by zombies one night; the next, they uncover the recently removed coffins and find that certain bones have been removed from the bodies. Chased by ghosts and more zombies under the Traveler's control, they flee.\n\nMattie Weaver, Amanda and Jess' Fairlie friend, is working in the present to uncover the details of the impending Fairlie attack, which will be controlled by Amery Hollingsworth, Jr. As Joe Garlington, a head Imagineer, rallies the other Disney characters to their cause, she infiltrates a group of Fairlies hiding out backstage in the Tower of Terror. She gets made into a DHI, to more easily communicate with Imagineers when held captive. Zeke (Ezekiel or Ebsy) Hollingsworth leads a strike with Nick Perkins and select characters to free her, but she resists, deciding she will be of more use on the inside. Zeke is captured.\n\nThe Keepers send Finn and Amanda to investigate another lead from Marty: a mannequin of Pinocchio in a workshop on property, which would match Jess' dream of a Pinocchio animation cel being burned. They find the mannequin shaped exactly to fit a projected cel from the movie, and then narrowly escape a fan that blows at tornado speeds. To follow up, the whole group helps break into the mannequin company that Disney ordered from, and escaping police, find that Amery Hollingsworth is also a customer. They trace the address to the old abandoned hotel where Finn went exploring and which is home to Amanda and Jess' DSI dorm in the present. Meanwhile, Hollingsworth and the Traveler break into a morgue and steal more bones.\n\nMattie continues to unravel the Fairlies' orders. She manages to connect with them and convinces a couple of them that they are still prisoners, though they're outside Barracks 14's walls, and that they should revolt against their holders. They're not only tools, but also fallback, the Fairlies will be the ones who go to prison for ruining Disneyland, not the Barracks masters or Hollingsworth, Jr. They decide that when the signal comes on the day of the attack, it will determine whether to follow the plan or revolt.\n\nThe Keepers have been staking out the hotel and the funeral home connected to the morgue investigation. Charlene and Maybeck find Legacy members unloading mannequins into the hotel, and Finn and Amanda arrive to stop them. They witness a ritual where the Traveler burns the bones and the animation cel, does some chanting, shapes a mannequin to fit a projection from the cartoon or movie, and brings it to life as an Overtaker witch in the theater of the hotel, using early Fairlies he enchanted to project emotion and knowledge into it. Willa and Jess narrowly escape death at the funeral home and Jess finds out about the bones, and she and Willa go to the hotel to help. They defeat the Traveler and Fairlies and a halfway-formed Maleficent and destroy them, but in the process Finn is crushed between two enchanted tables, sacrificing himself to kill Hollingsworth.\n\nThough the Fairlies decide to revolt, the attack proceeds anyway, with fireworks launching out of control across Disneyland in daytime. Mattie and Nick try to stop the attack, supported by Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters. The Fairlies defeat their holders and Mattie and Nick find Tia Dalma at the top of the Matterhorn, with resurrected Maleficent directing the fireworks. (It's supposed that the Traveler is actually the Devil and Tia Dalma, his offspring, is the Grim Reaper.) Using their electricity, they destroy both Maleficent and Tia Dalma.\n\nThe Keepers return to the present with a dead Finn, but upon returning their memories are off. Finn comes back to life, as do Dillard and Wayne. The book ends with the Keepers tearfully saying goodbye to this era of their life.\n\nCharacters \n\n Finn Whitman \u2013 One of the most important DHIs. Finn is the main character in the story.\n Dell Philby \u2013 The master computer geek, his intelligence is the greatest among the crew.\n Charlene Turner \u2013 A star gymnast and athlete with a cheerleader body, Charlene's got both the brains and the brawn.\n Terrence Maybeck \u2013 The artistic member of the DHIs, Maybeck can be hot-tempered and impulsive.\n Willa Angelo \u2013 With brains to rival Philby's, Willa is also very good with a bow and arrow.\n Amanda Lockhart - Finn's Girlfriend; a Fairlie with an ability to move things with her mind; later gets turned into a DHI.\n Jessica Lockhart - Amanda's sister; a Fairlie with an ability to dream the future; later gets turned into a DHI.\n\nBackground\n\nAbout 2002, Ridley Pearson and his family went to Disney World for the first time with humorist Dave Barry. Pearson indicated to Wendy Lefkon, Disney Publishing Worldwide editorial director, that he found that each attraction and ride \u201ctells a story, with a beginning, a middle, and the end.\u201d Lefkon responded with an offer to write a teen thriller novel in a Disney park setting. Pearson then requested full access in off hours, which Disney would not grant. Based on his writing process of hands on and site research, Pearson turned down the offer. A month later, he was granted full access during off hours. Pearson had finished the first of the series' novel in 2004 before the publication of his co-written book, Peter and the Starcatchers, with Barry. A five book series was layout by Pearson. The first book in the series, Disney after Dark, was released August 29, 2005. With Disney After Dark selling well, Hyperion wanted to expand the series to 10 novels, however Pearson felt he could only stretch out the series to 7 books. With needing to move the story to Disneyland, the story in book 5 jumps to Disney Magic cruise ship which was being reposition to California.\n\nThe fourth book in the series, Power Play, came out in April 2011 and made the New York Times Bestseller Children's Series the week of April 24, 2011. With the last book, Kingdom Keepers VII: The Insider, Pearson crowdsourced some 200 out of 600 pages, with fans voting online for which direction the book would take.\n\nDuring the tour for the final book in the series, Pearson announced a new sequel trilogy for this fictional world, called The Return.  On March 31, 2015, the first book in the trilogy follow-up series was released. Pearson was thinking of a series called Kingdom Keepers International, taking the main characters away from the parks and going international.\n\nPublishing \nOriginal series:\n Disney after Dark (August 29, 2005) Disney Editions audiobook (August 1, 2005) Brilliance Audio, read by Gary Littman \nDisney at Dawn (August 26, 2008)\nDisney in Shadow (April 6, 2010)\nPower Play (April 5, 2011) DisneyHyperion, on the New York Times Bestseller Children\u2019s Series the week of April 24, 2011\nShell Game (April 3, 2012)\nDark Passage (April 2, 2013)\nThe Insider (April 1, 2014)\n\nThe Fairlies:\n The Syndrome : Finders Keepers, Losers Sleepers A Kingdom Keeper Adventures\n Unforeseen  A Kingdom Keeper Novella\n\nThe Return:\n Disney Lands (March 31, 2015)\n Legacy of Secrets\n Disney At Last\n\nMedia\n\nKingdom Keepers Online \nOn April 6, 2010 Disney released an online game entitled Kingdom Keepers Online. The game is collaborative, as all players control one of five selectable characters through 2,500 levels. Each level is procedurally generated and gameplay is action based.\n\nKingdom Keepers Insider \nOn March 24, 2013 Disney and interactive tech company Coliloquy launched Kingdom Keepers Insider, a website and mobile app that enables readers to interact with Pearson and impact how the final book in the series will be written. Users can vote on elements such as potential plot points and may also submit ideas for character dialogue. The site features other elements such as chapter outlines posted by Pearson.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n Video interview with Ridley Pearson about Kingdom Keepers 3\n Radio interview with Ridley Pearson\n http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/21415849-unforeseen\n\nCategory:Disney Publishing franchises\nCategory:21st-century American novels\nCategory:Young adult novel series\nCategory:Young adult fantasy novels\nCategory:American young adult novels\nCategory:American thriller novels\nCategory:Disney Publishing Worldwide\n \nCategory:Novels set in amusement parks"}
-{"text": "Anadara kagoshimensis\n\nAnadara kagoshimensis is an ark clam in the family Arcidae. It can be found in shallow water in temperate parts of the west Pacific Ocean and is cultivated in China, Japan, and Korea for human consumption. It is known as maohan in China and mogai in Japan.\n\nDescription\nAnadara subcrenata has a white or cream coloured, thick, oval shell and superficially resembles a cockle. The left valve is slightly more concave than the right one, and there are 31 to 35 deeply indented ribs. The thin brown periostracum layer that covers the shell flakes off in strands. When harvested for human consumption, the length of Anadara subcrenata is usually in the range .\n\nDistribution and habitat\nAnadara subcrenata is found around the coasts of Japan and South Korea, buried in soft sediments in the subtidal zone. It favours mud or muddy sand. Some authorities maintain that the larvae, known as spats, need some hard materials such as stones and shells on which to attach themselves by their byssal threads. Other authorities  claim that the larvae do not need hard substrates on which to settle. Anadara subcrenata is tolerant of low salinities and favours waters in the range 29\u201332 ppt. While the larvae are planktonic, they have a preference for even lower salinities of between 24.6 and 30 ppt and tend to congregate in estuarine waters with this degree of salinity. The clam thrives in waters varying in temperature between 5\u00a0\u00b0C and 28\u00a0\u00b0C. It also tolerates the low dissolved oxygen levels of tidal waters sweeping in over mud flats. It may be aided in this by the haemoglobin and erythrocytes found in its blood.\n\nBiology\nAnadara subcrenata becomes mature at a length of about . Individual clams are either male or female and spawning takes place between June and September. Fertilisation is external and the larvae form part of the zooplankton, drifting with the currents.\n\nAnadara species do not have long siphons but normally lie in the sediment with their posterior end level with the surface or in a slight depression in the mud. The feeding habits of Anadara subcrenata have not been researched but are likely to be similar to those of the closely related Anadara granosa. That clam is thought to filter particles out of the water with its gills but also to feed on detritus and microorganisms in the sediment. This ability to live and feed in muddy substrates enables members of the genus Anadara to exploit a niche habitat that other bivalves tend to avoid. Predators that feed on Anadara subcrenata include the mallard, (Anas platyrhynchos), the tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), blue crabs (Portunus pelagicus), predatory snails and the common octopus. The newly settled larvae are preyed upon by the Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), eels and other fish as well as starfish, drills and blue crabs.\n\nAquaculture\nAnadara subcrenata is a fast-growing species, attaining a length of about  in one year and  in two. It is cultured in shallow areas of water in South Korea  and in Japan. The main spat collection centre in Japan is a very shallow lagoon with a muddy bottom, Nakanoume, in Shimane Prefecture. Specially designed, long collecting devices are made of wire and palm fibre and the spat settles on these over an attachment period of 3 to 4 days. The collectors, each of which may have nearly 100,000 spats settled on it, are transported to nursery beds where they are laid on bamboo poles. Here the spats continue to grow, relatively free from seabed predators. The large number of spats that fall off during transport are seeded on the substrate at the rate of 15,000 to 30,000 per square metre. Predation and other causes of mortality reduce these to 5,500 to 6,000 per square metre in 6 months. When the juveniles have grown to about  long they are moved to beds reserved for adults, from whence they are harvested a year later.\n\nConsumption\nThe clam, known as maohan () in Chinese, is considered a delicacy in China, especially the Shanghai region, where it is commonly eaten nearly raw after being boiled for a very short time. In 1988, an outbreak of hepatitis A in Shanghai was associated with the consumption of inadequately cooked Anadara subcrenata. 290,000 people were affected and there were 9 deaths. The Shanghai municipal government banned the sale of the clams after the outbreak.\n\nReferences\n\nsubcrenata\nCategory:Molluscs described in 1869"}
-{"text": "Land reform in North Vietnam\n\nLand reform in North Vietnam (Vietnamese: C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ea1i mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam) can be understood as an agrarian reform in northern Vietnam throughout different periods, but in many cases it only refers to the one within the regime of Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) in the 1950s. The reform was one of the most important economic and political programs launched by the Viet Minh government during the years 1953-1956.\n\nBackground \nThe project of land reform in North Vietnam was a product of the interplay of complex internal and external factors. On 9 March 1945, several years after occupation in Indochina, Japan instigated a military coup, overthrew the French administration in Indochina and established a puppet indigenous government headed by Tran Trong Kim. However, five months later, Japan unconditionally surrendered. Taking the political vacuum, Viet Minh seized power by launching a nationwide revolution, and founded the DRV in Hanoi in September 2.\n\nSoon after that, Vietnam saw an influx of foreign power. The Kuomintang Chinese armies accepted the surrender of Japan in Vietnam North of the 16th parallel, with the British in the south. Both of them negotiated and facilitated the French return. After negotiations between the Viet Minh and the French broke down, the war between them started from late 1946 until 1954; this is called the First Indochina war (1946-1954).\n\nIn the whole of the 1940s, the Viet Minh fought solely against the French army. In terms of military capability, the Viet Minh was in a position of clear-cut disadvantage; this did not change until the establishment and involvement of the People's Republic of China\n\nDuring this period of time, the DRV government was dominated by the Viet Minh who were popular among the indigenous political force; its domestic policy was to unite all possible forces for a resistance war. It also embraced peasants, workers, students and some merchants and intellectuals. On 11 November 1945, the ICP declared its dissolution, aiming at downplaying the role of communist ideology by dissolving and forcing the ICP underground in order to garner more support from the masses.\n\nIn October 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) established the People's Republic of China by winning its political rivalry with the KMT, which had a major impact on the political landscape of the region in general and Vietnam in particular.\n\nFrom the CCP's perspective, the Chinese revolutionary model was intended to be exported to the Asian countries, Vietnam included. Moreover, the increasing influence in its southern periphery was also for national defense and security. From the perspective of the DRV, communist China was a good ally who shared the same ideology and similar approaches to complete communist revolution. They were glad to conduct a binary revolution at the same time: externally anti-colonialism and internally anti-feudalism. Thus Ho Chi Minh pled proactively for Chinese aid After establishing formal diplomatic relations with the PRC in early 1950, Luo Guibo became the first Chinese ambassador to the DRV, and Chinese aid also flooded into the DRV, the most significant of which was the Chinese advisory group, which was later sent to North Vietnam in the same year.\n\nBasically, Chinese advisory groups had a double mission. The most important one was to provide advice on military affairs. After winning victories in a series of military campaigns with considerable help from August 1950 onward, the DRV not only gradually turned around the war situation but also expanded its controlled areas. This conducive environment facilitated the DRV to carry out its land reform plan.\n\nAs a government dominated by the communists, land reform was an integral part of its revolution. After its first trial failed in the 1930s, Vietnamese communists never had a real chance to carry it out, even during a long time after the foundation of the DRV. For the sake of war, communist slogans were even diminished. Instead, they needed support from landowners and landlords. However, Chinese assistance outweighed domestic support from feudal classes and communism was re-emphasized. The Indochinese party was divided along national lines and the Vietnamese Worker's party (VWP) was officially formed in early 1951. Simultaneously, land reform was put on its agenda. More comprehensive and stricter land policies were formulated, and class struggle was emphasized as inseparable from the military struggle for the first time.\n\nOn the other hand, the French and American-sponsored Quoc Gia Viet Nam (the State of Vietnam) emerged and was recognized by western powers. Particularly after the Bao Dai interval, the DRV faced a competent rival regime which contested its monopolistic representation of the Vietnamese people. In this situation, Truong Chinh in his report to the party Congress in 1951 pointed out that as soon as the Bao Dai regime was set up, the landlord class aligned itself with the State of Vietnam.\n\nExcepting international and domestic political factors, as Bernard B. Fall pointed out, land reform was also necessary for economic reasons. 90 percent of the population lived by agriculture, but the problem was the enormous population pressure put upon the relatively small fertile areas. In the Red River delta, 9 million people were crowded into an area of 5790 square miles. The majority of population under the DRV were peasants but did not have land to till, which was an unjust situation.\n\nAfter the end of WWII in Indochina, people suffered a lot from famine and lack of sufficient food due to continuous conflict. Improving their welfare would consolidate the Viet Minh's regime by garnering more support. Collective ownership as a palliative to landlessness has been a century-old practice throughout Vietnam and as for individuals, they were deprived of rice fields and had to turn to support from communal land.\n\nIn Vietnam, there is a saying called \u201cPh\u00e9p Vua Thua L\u1ec7 L\u00e0ng\u201d, literally meaning that the emperor is secondary to village customs and implicitly indicating that national rule at the village level was giving way to autonomous rule by village itself. This was also true for the DRV government; their influence st the grass roots level was relatively weak. Land reform served as a good way to cement its power at the grass roots level.\n\nImplementation \nLand reform in North Vietnam was a grand project. At the beginning, it was a relatively mild campaign; later on, it was radicalized and caused serious effects. When the top leaders notices the side effects, they tried to rectify the caused errors.\n\nPre-1953 communist land policy in DRV\n\nSocial revolution is part of revolution led by the Communist Party. However, for a long time, the regime failed to grasp the essential tasks of Vietnamese national democratic revolution and placed too much emphasis on unity with landlords in the interest of national resistance, and did not pay much attention to the peasant and land issues. What they did was to adopt a middle way: landlords agreed to decrease the land rent and the peasants still needed to pay rent but with a lower rate. The land rent reduction was formulated in July 1949.\n\nAlso, all pre-1953 policy had failed in breaking through the landlord's economic and political power and in serving the interests of the peasants. According to VWP's mouthpiece Nhan Dan, even landlords were allowed to join the party, which somehow dominated the party chapters in many areas.\nDRV gradually abandoned its former policy toward landlords and peasants. From 14 to 23 November 1953, VWP organized a national conference, in this meeting, anti-feudalism was put much emphasis on. The most important change was that a new approach was adopted, which was mass mobilization for class struggle.\n\nLand reform constituted two successive campaigns: land rent reduction campaign (1953-1954) and land reform campaign proper (1954-1956). The first campaign included eights waves and the second had five waves. According to Hoang Van Chi who was a former member of DRV and fled to South Vietnam in the mid-1950s, these two campaigns had but one purpose, namely the liquidation of the landowning class and the subsequent establishment of a proletarian dictatorship in the countryside. The only notable difference between them was the degree of violence and the nature of the wealth confiscated.\n\nLand Rent Reduction Campaign\n\nAfter being trained by Chinese, through the local party-cell, Vietnamese cadres were sent to the village and lived with a few landless peasants. They practiced the \u201cThree Together System\u201d, namely, worked together, ate together and lived together. By doing so for two to three months, they had amassed much information of the peasants and that village, and also arouse awareness of social class by posing questions to the peasants like why they were poor.\n\nAfter this survey by professionally trained cadres, the reduction campaign officially began, and there were six successive stages. The first stage was to classify population during which peasants were categorized according to their possession, this was followed by classification of landlords. Theoretically speaking, there were three classes of landlords: traitorous; ordinary; resistance and \u201cdemocratic personalities\u201d. Those landlords, if found not comply with rent reduction decree, would be arrested. In this case, they had to pay back the excess land rent within time limit, this is the third stage of extortion of money and valuables. The fourth stage is crime revelation, the peasants were made to attend a special course and taught how to publicly reveal crimes of landlords, and they would have a role of denouncing crimes in the front of a number of people in the fifth stage, but the problem was that they denounced for appearing faithful and obedient to the party, so they may denounce as much as they can rather than considered the reality.\n\nOn 12 April 1953, a special people's tribunal court, composed of peasants who knew nothing about law, was formed according to decree 150/SL. Sentences varied from the death penalty to years\u2019 hard labor, for this point, the most well-known case was Nguyen Thi Nam, a patriotic landlord who joined the resistance war against the French but was sentenced to death.\n\nThe label of landlord is dangerous. According to Hoang's memoir, as soon as a man was defined as landlord, he and his family were isolated from their fellow human beings and nobody was permitted to talk to them or even have any contact with them. This policy of isolation even caused a number of deaths.\n\nLand Reform Campaign Proper\n\nIn the year of 1953, a series of decrees and laws on land reform were released. VWP central committee assessed the possibility of moving on to the last phase of land revolution: redistribution of agricultural land, which was followed by the most crucial land reform law publicized on 19 December 1953, which can be regarded as the platform for land reform. Very soon after the law was passed in national congress, the experimental wave of land reform took place between December 1953 and March 1954 in Thai Nguyen province. This experiment was fruitful according to the official, and a Central Land Reform Committee was established on 15 March 1954 which was headed by Pham Van Dong.\n\nLand reform then expanded to larger areas by five waves (see the table below).\n\nCompared to the prior campaign, land reform campaign proper was carried out more violently and in larger areas especially after the Geneva Conference because the VWP leaders realized that the Geneva Agreement was impossible to be implemented; and feared that Diem's \u201cMarch North\u201d may start a fire at its backyard. Five times the number of landlords than the first campaign was fixed by the party, thus it provoked increased internal conflict. According to Hoang, the DRV authorities never stated the number of dispossessed landlords in any of their official publications. Expropriation was occasional during the first campaign but it was universally practiced during the second. As soon as the confiscation ceremony was over, an exhibition of the confiscated personal belongings of the landlord was organized, and in doing so, class awareness was intentionally provoked by illustrating the sharp contrast in living standards between peasants and landlords. However, this is not the end, the next big question was the apportionment of land and other properties. Normal practice should distribute them among peasants, however, it lacked accurate information.\n\nChinese Involvement \nDue to the traditionally close connection between China and Vietnam in general, and the enormous tie between Chinese and Vietnamese communists since 1949 in particular, right from the early 1950s onward, communist China's influence over DRV increased dramatically. There were three kinds of Chinese advisory groups in North Vietnam providing assistance in the aspect of military, politics and logistics. Chinese military advisory group was headed firstly by Wei Guoqing (July 1950- May 1951) providing directly consultation to the top commander of DRV. Chinese political advisory group was headed by Luo Guibo. Land reform was part of political issue, and Luo played a big role in it. Under political advisory group, a financial team was established in early 1951 to help North Vietnam formulate regulations on how to collect tax and rice.\n\nSince 1953, for facilitating mass mobilization and rent reduction campaign, more than 100 North Vietnamese cadres was sent to China to participate training class. Later on in spring 1953, a particular institution exclusively in charge of helping DRV to conduct land reform was called the Land Reform and Party Consolidation Section which was headed by Zhang Dequn. According to his memoir, more land reform specialists of Chinese cadres was responsible for training. Similar to Chinese experience, social organizations such as peasant, youth, and women's league were established. Cadres were trained to practice Vietnamese version of Chinese \u201cthree together system\u201d (\u4e09\u5171, san gong) while peasants were mobilized and encouraged to \u201cpour out grievances suffering from landlords and French collaborators\u201d (\u8bc9\u82e6, su ku).\n\nFor the case of North Vietnam, some soldier was also affected due to their family background, and among the army, there were some degree of dissatisfaction. Considering this and from Chinese experience, Chinese advisors proposed to carry out a land reform education campaign among DRV's army. On February 1953, Luo Guibo sent a report to the Chinese leadership proposing a political consolidation campaign (\u6574\u519b, zheng jun) in order to make them aware of class distinction.\nOn December 1953, the third National Congress passed land reform law which put forward route of land reform: step by step wipe out feudal system by relying on poor peasants, uniting middle and rich peasants.\n\nThe Chinese pattern of land reform in DRV was successful in meeting the need of the poor peasants for land and thus increased the prestige of the new Communist authorities. However, it also produced significant negative consequences for the party due to that Mao's pattern of land reform emphasized the excessive class struggle and repression. This was an important reason for the later Vietnamese criticism of the Chinese model.\n\nRepression \nExecutions and imprisonment of persons classified as \"landlords\" or enemies of the state were contemplated from the beginning of the land reform program. A Politburo document dated 4 May 1953 said that executions were \"fixed in principle at the ratio of one per one thousand people of the total population.\" That ratio would indicate that communist Vietnam contemplated the execution of about 15,000 \"reactionaries and evil landlords\" in carrying out the program. On July 9, 1953, the first landlord executed was the woman , who had in fact been an active supporter of the Vietnamese Communist resistance.\n\nThe scale of the ensuing repression has proved difficult and controversial to quantify, with estimates of the number of executions ranging from 800 to 200,000. Testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. A Saigon communique put the figure at 32,000 executions (12,000 party members and 20,000 others), based on the testimony of an ex-party member involved in the campaign. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. Economist Vo Nhan Tri reported uncovering a document in the central party archives which put the number of wrongful executions at 15,000. From discussions with party cadres, Vo Nhan Tri concluded that the overall number of deaths was considerably higher than this figure. According to the Vietnam Institute for Economics, 172,008 individuals were designated as landlords and rich peasants, of whom 71.66% were mistakenly categorized. Although it is impossible to know how many of them were executed, this suggests that the scale of errors committed \"was undeniably dramatic.\"\n\n\"Rectification of errors\" \n\nAs soon as the reform was completed by 1956 and the so-called peasants\u2019 authority well-established in the villages, the party quite unexpectedly admitted to having made many serious mistakes during the reform when the \u201cmasses\u201d had been \u201cgiven a free hand\u201d. VWP developed a campaign called \"Rectification of Errors\" from January 1957 till mid-1957. This campaign was divided into three phases. The first phase was a crash operation to survey the damage done and release from prison incorrectly classified peasants and falsely accused cadres. The second phase, more deliberate and the real heart of the campaign, was divided into two steps. Step I was the re-classification of peasants, and step II was the restitution of property erroneously expropriated or else making suitable compensation. The third phase of the mistakes correction was to be a review, inventory and concentrated re-indoctrination of local personnel.\n\nSignificance \nAs one of the most important events of DRV in the 1950s, as well as the first radical political campaigns of Vietnamese communists as an exclusive power-holder, this program has produced much controversial effect on North Vietnamese society, the regime itself, as well as relations between peasants and the DRV regime.\n\nThe reform also reached very considerable ends in terms of economic and social transformation. Economically speaking, collective ownership prevailed and the rural population was more or less equal. From the perspective of social transformation, it radically changed the traditional pattern of village: formerly, the landlords played a leading role in the village affairs but now they were eliminated and replaced by peasants. However, partly due to the land reform and other radical campaigns, nearly one million North Vietnamese moved to the South.\n\nBecause of the use of violence and excessive emphasis over class struggle, land reform in the 1950s caused much negative impact. For this reason, it is still a sensitive topic even today. It also constitutes a considerable part of oversea Vietnamese political dissents criticizing today's communist party of Vietnam and its dependence on China.\n\nThe aims of the reform were military, economic, political and social, the most important of which, until the decisive victory at Dien Bien Phu in May 1954, was the military objective. Ho Chi Minh once listed in 1956 achievements of land reform, nearly ten million peasants had received land; tens of thousands of new cadres had been trained in the countryside. The organization of the Party, the administration and peasants\u2019 associations in the communes have been readjusted.\n\nThe Viet Minh regime gained its control over the grass village and its ability to influence and mobilize the mass was consolidated. Land reform is an agrarian project but also a political campaign. Through mass mobilization and classification, anti-revolutionary and reactionary enemies were suppressed economically and politically.\n\nThis had a nearly profound impact for wars in the latter years. One, this paved the way for the socialist construction in the North, which could provide southern communists with logistical support. Two, the reform can be regarded as a preparatory step for a large-scale war. The regime opened the door to enlightenment by completely altering the existing patterns of production; but also provided the masses with an ideology which would modify their attitude to work even before the economic conditions were fundamentally changed.\n\nSee also \n Land reform in South Vietnam\n Mass killings under communist regimes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n\nBernard B. Fall, The Two Vietnams: A Political and Military Analysis (London: Pall Mall Press, 2nd rev. ed., 1967)\nThe History of the Vietnamese Economy (2005), Vol. 2, edited by Dang Phong of the Institute of Economy, Vietnamese Institute of Social Sciences.\nGittinger, J. Price, \"Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam\", Far Eastern Survey'', Vol. 29, No. 8, 1957, p.\u00a0118\n\nCategory:History of Vietnam\nCategory:Political repression in Vietnam\nVietnam\nCategory:Reform in Vietnam"}
-{"text": "Grawemeyer Award (Music Composition)\n\nThe Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition () is an annual prize instituted by Henry Charles Grawemeyer, industrialist and entrepreneur, at the University of Louisville in 1984. The award was first given in 1985.  Subsequently, the Grawemeyer Award was expanded to other categories: Ideas Improving World Order (instituted in 1988), Education (1989), Religion (1990) and Psychology (2000). The prize fund was initially an endowment of US$9\u00a0million from the Grawemeyer Foundation.  The initial awards were for $150\u00a0000 each, increasing to $200\u00a0000 for the year 2000 awards.  After the economic crash of 2008, the prize was reduced to $100,000.\n\nThe selection process includes three panels of judges. The first is a panel of faculty from the University of Louisville, who hosts and maintains the perpetuity of the award. The second is a panel of music professionals, often involving conductors, performers, and composers (most frequently the previous winner). The final decision is made by a lay committee of new music enthusiasts who are highly knowledgeable about the state of new music. This final committee of amateurs makes the final prize determination because Grawemeyer insisted that great ideas are not exclusively the domain of academic experts.\n\nThe award has most often been awarded to large-scale works, such as symphonies, concerti, and operas.  Only two Award-winning pieces (Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti's \u00c9tudes, for piano; and Sebastian Currier's Static, for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and piano) do not require a conductor in performance.\n\nOnly two years have seen no prize awarded.  In 1988, the second panel, consisting of professional musicians (which that year included previous winner Harrison Birtwistle) determined that no work was deserving of the award.  In 1999, the awarding of the prize was moved from the fall semester to the spring semester due to the University of Louisville's bicentennial celebrations, which meant that that year's winner (Thomas Ad\u00e8s) was given the prize in the spring of 2000 rather than the fall of 1999.  The prize has been awarded in the spring each year since.\n\nRecipients of the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition\n\nCategory:American music awards\nCategory:Classical music awards\nCategory:Contemporary classical music\nCategory:Awards established in 1984\nCategory:University of Louisville"}
-{"text": "Hose's frog\n\n__NOTOC__\n\nHose's frog (Odorrana hosii, often misspelled as O. hosei) is a true frog species with a wide range in Southeast Asia. This species was named after zoologist Charles Hose.\n\nIts closest living relatives appear to be O. chloronota which occurs to the north of Hose's frog's range, as well as O. livida and O. morafkai with a more limited range in Myanmar and Vietnam, respectively; these four appear to form a close-knit group wherein the northern species are barely closer to each other than Hose's frog is to any of them. Also quite closely related is O. megatympanum, another Vietnamese endemic.\n\nDescription\nThis frog has a robust body with long, slender legs; males measure 50\u201360\u00a0mm, females 85\u2013100\u00a0mm. The dorsal are dark green with brown sides, the ventral are pale, the limbs are marked with dark crossbars. Its finger- and toe-tips bear grooved discs. \nThis frog also have many varians of dorsal colour. Including full green, full brown, green with brown dots, and brown with green dots.\nIts call heard like \"cit\" of rats.\nIts tadpoles apparently lack suctorial discs.\n\nDistribution and ecology\nHose's frog has been recorded from the Malay Peninsula south of the Kra Isthmus, on Phuket, Tioman, Borneo, the Batu Islands, Sumatra, Simeulue, Bangka Island, Belitung and Java. It lives in and along clear, swift streams and rivers in rainforest up to 1,700 meters ASL. Though declining in recent times due to deforestation, it is still widely distributed and plentiful, and there is evidence that it is more tolerant of pollution and will morer readily accept secondary forest than many other frogs in the region. It is therefore listed as a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN.\n\nEggs are probably deposited in water in a way roughly similar to other true frogs. But the eggs inside their gelatinous outer layer are cream-coloured without a dark hemisphere, indicating a specialised oviposition site.\n\nFootnotes\n\nFurther reading\n (1966): The Systematics and Zoogeography of the Amphibia of Borneo. Fieldiana Zool. 52: 1\u2013402.\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\nAmphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia \u2013 Odorrana hosii\n\nCategory:Fauna of Brunei\nCategory:Amphibians of Indonesia\nCategory:Amphibians of Malaysia\nCategory:Amphibians of Thailand\nCategory:Amphibians described in 1891\nCategory:Odorrana"}
-{"text": "Vladimir Sasimovich\n\nVladimir Nikolayevich Sasimovich (, ; born 14 September 1968) is a retired javelin thrower who represented the USSR and later Belarus.\n\nHis personal best was 87.40 metres, achieved in June 1995 in Kuortane. He was suspended by the IAAF from August 2004 to August 2006.\n\nSeasonal bests by year\n1986 - 78.84\n1991 - 87.08\n1992 - 78.40\n1993 - 84.28\n1994 - 83.14\n1995 - 87.40\n1997 - 77.84\n1998 - 79.68\n1999 - 81.64\n2000 - 84.42\n2001 - 76.68\n2003 - 79.57\n2004 - 78.55\n\nAchievements\n\nSee also\nList of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences\n\nExternal links\n\nsports-reference\n\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Belarusian male javelin throwers\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Belarus\nCategory:World Athletics Championships medalists"}
-{"text": "Ute Scheiffele\n\nUte Scheiffele, n\u00e9e G\u00e4hler (born 12 February 1941), is a German luger who competed in the 1960s for East and West Germany. She was born in Oybin, Sachsen, East Germany. She never won any medals on World, European or Olympic games with the best result fourth in the 1963 World Championship in Imst, Austria. In 1964 she fled to Bavaria and started for West Germany at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble.\n\nCareer\nScheiffele participated in four world championships in the single luge class:\n\nFor East Germany:\n1962 in Krynica Poland finished 24th\n1963 in Imst Austria finished 4th\nFor West Germany:\n1965 in Davos Switzerland finished 8th\n1967 in Hammarstrand Sweden finished 13th\n\nShe also participated in 1967 European Championship in K\u00f6nigssee, West Germany, finishing 14th in the single luge class.\n\nDefection\nShe was selected to participate in 1964 Olympic Games in Innsbruck for East Germany, but defected to West Germany on 10 February 1964 before any race. The ZOV exhibition about East German sports refugees describes her escape: \"As Eastern German sports functionaries had spread the wrong information that Austria extradited refugees to their home country, she didn't dare to contact the authorities for help. G\u00e4hler, hidden under a blanket, was smuggled to Bavaria in the car of a Western German colleague ...\" G\u00e4hler soon found a job as secretary in Ulm and attended the sports center in Rottach-Egern to continue her training.\n\nAt the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, she originally finished 11th in the women's singles event, but was awarded 8th place upon the disqualifications of the East German team of Ortrun Enderlein (who finished first), Anna-Maria M\u00fcller (second), and Angela Kn\u00f6sel (fourth) when the East Germans were discovered to have illegally heated their luge's runners.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nUte Scheiffele's profile at Sports Reference.com\n\nCategory:1941 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:German female lugers\nCategory:Lugers at the 1968 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Olympic lugers of West Germany"}
-{"text": "Zombie Night (2013 film)\n\nZombie Night is a 2013 American zombie horror film directed by John Gulager (Feast, Piranha 3DD), written by Keith Allan and Delondra Williams from a story by Richard Schenkman, and starring Anthony Michael Hall, Daryl Hannah, Jennifer Taylor, Alan Ruck, and Shirley Jones.\n\nPlot \nIn a small California town, two families must survive a zombie attack until sunrise.\n\nCast \n Anthony Michael Hall as Patrick\n Daryl Hannah as Birdy\n Jennifer Taylor as Karin\n Alan Ruck as Joseph\n Rachel G. Fox as Tracie Jackson\n Shirley Jones as Nana\n Tia Robinson as Janice\n Daniel Ross as Perry\n Zoe Canner as Irina\n Daniel Moorehead as Dizzy\n Rogelio T. Ramos as Officer Lopez\n\nProduction \nDirector John Gulager used amputees to portray zombies.  He cited special effects as one of the highlights of a zombie film.\n\nRelease \nZombie Night premiered on Syfy on October 26, 2013, and it was released on DVD on December 10, 2013.\n\nReception \nMichael Storey of the Arkansas Democrat-Gazette called it a sub-par zombie film that lacks humor or camp.  Brian Lowry of Variety called it \"a brain-dead exploitation pic\" that is \"an almost comically amateurish effort\".  Andrew Dowler of Now wrote, \"Zombie Night brings enough energy, skill and gore to its basic Night Of The Living Dead story to provide light entertainment on a chilly night.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:2013 television films\nCategory:2013 horror films\nCategory:2010s independent films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Horror television films\nCategory:American zombie films\nCategory:Syfy original films\nCategory:The Asylum films\nCategory:2013 films\nCategory:Films directed by John Gulager\nCategory:American television films"}
-{"text": "Online social entertainment\n\nOnline social entertainment blends entertaining interactive functionality and content including live video streaming, video chat communications,  multi-player gaming, music and videos streaming, with social networking service such as social graph management, forums, reviews, ratings, and geo-location options. It is the foundation for a more immersive, interactive, enriching and engaging content consumption experience through social channels. Social entertainment is distinct from social networking websites in that the former is based fundamentally on immersive engaging experiences with functionality, content and people, while the latter is based primarily on building and maintaining relationships with other users. Typically, social entertainment is defined by the individual sites dedicated to a particular type of entertainment experience incorporating basic social networking services.\n\nWithin the realm of social entertainment, online content is tightly intertwined with social features. These interactions around the content create a highly personalized experience for users which, in turn, drives a virtuous cycle of ongoing consumer engagement for service providers. In this sense, social entertainment refines the paradigm established by social networks, in which interactions with others are central and reasons for interacting with them are secondary.\n\nTypes of services \nA social entertainment service is an online service, platform or website which links back to social networking websites to help connect users and has begun to facilitate audience acquisition.  While these websites may not yet be recognized as entertainment companies, they are leading the way in terms of adding value to the consumer experience of entertainment online.  The majority of users polled in both the UK and US felt that social networking websites provide better value than music, gaming and television companies alone. Due to this shift in audience interaction, traditional media companies are acquiring social components to stay competitive.\n\nThe main types of services offering social entertainment are split into two categories: live platforms and packaged Internet platforms. The main differentiating factor between these categories is that one offers their experience through an exclusive real-time online experience and the latter has broadened the user experience by the inclusion of mobile platforms.\n\nLive platforms \nThese services may also create an interactive experience that is fundamental to a dynamic online social environment.  The level of audience interaction with a social networking service or social graphic continues to make an impact on the entertainment in which these audiences partake. Some examples for this type of online social entertainment service are also big platforms like Twitch and Youtube and others like Cisco Eos, Woo Media, IMVU, and Hi5.\n\nPackaged Internet platforms \nA hallmark of social entertainment is that it can also be accessible across connected mobile device platforms. Social entertainment providers who prioritize development of mobile applications for a range operating systems (iOS and Android in particular) and display sizes will be best equipped to meet user expectations of anywhere, anytime access and to exceed expectations of a deep, rich content experience. Examples of these packaged social entertainment platforms are MySpace and Warner Bros.\n\nHistory \nThe evolution of the online social entertainment experience is ongoing, and the social networking service span a wide variety of content types and genres and a diverse array of social experiences.\n\nAs an evolution of social networks online, social entertainment websites have grown exponentially. In 2010, Edelman released a study revealing that seventy-three percent of 18- to 24-year-olds in the US and 61 percent in the UK see social networks as a form of entertainment. Fifty percent (US) and 56 percent (UK) of respondents aged 35\u201349 also consider social networking websites to be a main source of entertainment.\n\nOnline vs. traditional media \nOnline entertainment is a growing industry which is replacing traditional media. Within the past decade, video renting companies have shutdown due to services such as Netflix making video rental more convenient. Similarly, cable and satellite television companies are experiencing similar situations. In March 2017, YouTube announced their new service YouTube TV. The news prompted the discussion as to how the service would compare to traditional cable and satellite. When referencing the stock market, companies that provide cable or satellite services have been to shown to have decreasing share prices while companies such as Netflix have shown substantial growth.\n\nSee also\n\nDistributed social network\nGeosocial networking\nMobile social network\nPersonal network\nSocial identity\nSocial network\nSocial network aggregation\nSocial software\nUser profile\nVirtual community\nWeb 2.0\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Social networking services"}
-{"text": "Winston's War\n\nWinston's War is a 2003 novel by Michael Dobbs that presents a fictional account of the struggle of Winston Churchill to combat the appeasement policies of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain.\n\nPlot summary\nThe story starts with Chamberlain's 1938 triumphant return to 10 Downing Street, a public hero after the signing of the Munich Agreement with Adolf Hitler, declaring \"peace in our time.\" The story ends with the fall of the Chamberlain Government, and the appointment of Churchill as Prime Minister.\n\nChurchill, relegated to the periphery of British politics by the late 1930s, lashes out against appeasement despite having almost no support from fellow parliamentarians or the British press.  The novel includes many of the momentous historical personages of the day: Chamberlain, the ailing and pacifist Prime Minister; Churchill, the political outcast, whose pugnacity created opprobrium in the public eye; Joseph Kennedy, the U.S. Ambassador to the Court of St. James's; Guy Burgess, an alcoholic BBC journalist of later Cold War infamy; the machiavellian newspaper mogul Max Aitken (Lord Beaverbrook), and the stuttering and insecure King George VI, who personally detests Churchill and tries to persuade his good friend, Lord Halifax, to take the reins of leadership.\n\nWinston's War is the first in a series of novels by Dobbs about Churchill's wartime leadership. The sequel Never Surrender continues the storyline over the first few weeks of Churchill's premiership.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2003 British novels\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill\nCategory:World War II novels\nCategory:Novels by Michael Dobbs\nCategory:HarperCollins books\nCategory:Cultural depictions of George VI"}
-{"text": "Flicka 2\n\nFlicka 2 is a 2010 American direct-to-DVD family film and sequel to Flicka (2006). The movie is about a city girl who finds herself in the country not by choice and befriends a horse. Neither girl or horse are wanted; and they find a common bond. The film stars Patrick Warburton,  Tammin Sursok and Clint Black.\n\nPlot\nAfter the death of her mother, Carrie McLaughlin (Tammin Sursok) has been living with her grandmother in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When her grandmother needs to go to a nursing home, Carrie has to move in with her father Hank (Patrick Warburton), a rancher in Wyoming, whom she hasn't seen since she was a baby.\n\nInitially reluctant to adapt to country living, Carrie soon meets Flicka, a beautiful black Mustang that previously had belonged to Carrie's cousin Katy (Alison Lohman), who asked Hank to look after Flicka when her father sold their own ranch. Flicka is wild and dangerous and, according to the ranchers, longs for Katy. However, when Carrie is attacked by a rattlesnake, Flicka saves her and the two form a bond. Carrie also meets Jake (Reilly Dolman), an attractive ranch hand hoping to become a country singer, and Amy Walker (Emily Tennant), the proud and arrogant daughter of a neighbour. Although Jake and Carrie take an immediate liking to each other, there is instant animosity between Carrie and Amy, mainly because Amy also likes Jake.\n\nWhen Carrie disobeys her father's rules regarding visits to the nearest town, Hank decides to punish Carrie by temporarily relocating Flicka to the farm of one of his ranch hands, Toby (Clint Black). After a midnight visit by Carrie, Flicka tries to follow Carrie home to Hank's ranch, but accidentally ends up on the ranch belonging to Amy's father HD Walker (Ted Whittall). Upon entering the Walker ranch, Flicka damages a fence and releases some of HD's prize cows. At Amy's request, HD asks for Flicka as payment for the damage, threatening to turn it into a lawsuit if Hank refuses. Amy then starts training with Flicka for a championship, but performs poorly during the actual competition because of Flicka's fear of the crowd and camera flashes from the audience. HD and Amy decide to have Flicka slaughtered the next day, but Carrie frees the horse during the night and sets her free to join a nearby herd of Mustangs.\n\nOne year later, Carrie, Hank, and Toby are riding in the mountains when they encounter the same herd of Mustangs, including Flicka and her newborn foal.\n\nCast\n Patrick Warburton as Hank McLaughlin\n Tammin Sursok as Carrie McLaughlin\n Clint Black as Toby\n Emily Tennant as Amy Walker\n Reilly Dolman as Jake\n Ted Whittall as HD Walker\n Craig Stanghetta as Pete\n Dwayne Wiley as Tucker\n\nSoundtrack \n\n Musical Score by:\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2010 direct-to-video films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Direct-to-video sequel films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:20th Century Fox direct-to-video films\nCategory:Films directed by Michael Damian\nCategory:Country music films\nCategory:Fictional horses\nCategory:Films about horses\nCategory:Films based on American novels\nCategory:American sequel films\nCategory:Films shot in British Columbia\nCategory:Films set in Wyoming"}
-{"text": "Fiennes Barrett-Lennard\n\nSir Fiennes Cecil Arthur Barrett-Lennard (2 April 1880 \u2013 26 January 1963) was a British colonial judge and soldier.\n\nFamily\nBarrett-Lennard was the son of Captain Thomas George Barrett-Lennard and Edith Mackenzie. He married Winifrede Mignon Berlyn in 1916. They had one son, Hugh, who subsequently inherited the Barrett-Lennard baronetcy.\n\nCareer\nBarret-Lennard was appointed as one of the Puisne Judges of the Supreme Court of the Gold Coast (later Ghana) in 1913. He was subsequently a judge in the Straits Settlement. He was appointed Chief Justice of Jamaica in 1925 and was knighted the following year. As Chief Justice, in 1929, he ordered the confiscation of the property of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) which had been founded by black activist, Marcus Garvey.  He retired in 1932 and after retiring, he claimed his retirement was forced on him by ill health that resulted from having been poisoned. He returned to London, becoming a lecturer at Birkbeck College and wrote a paper on colonial law published in the Transactions of the Grotius Society.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1880 births\nCategory:1963 deaths\nCategory:Knights Bachelor\nCategory:Chief Justices of Jamaica\nCategory:Jamaican knights\nCategory:Colony of Jamaica judges"}
-{"text": "Markiny\n\nMarkiny  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bartoszyce, within Bartoszyce County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland, close to the border with the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia.\n\nGeography\nIt lies approximately  north-west of Bartoszyce and  north of the regional capital Olsztyn.\n\nHistory\nBefore 1945 the area was part of Germany (East Prussia).\n\nNotable people\nFriedrich von Berg (1866\u20131939), politician\n\nReferences\n\nMarkiny"}
-{"text": "Sig Libowitz\n\nSig Libowitz is an American lawyer, actor, film executive, writer and producer.\nLibowitz is notable for writing, producing, and acting in a film, The Response, which he wrote after reading the actual transcripts from the Guantanamo detainees' Combatant Status Review Tribunals.\n\nLibowitz was a Vice President of Acquisitions and Co-Productions at Paramount Pictures.  Prior to that, he was an executive at Film Four and Good Machine, where he oversaw production of the Academy Award-nominated film, In The Bedroom, starring Sissy Spacek, Tom Wilkinson and Marissa Tomei. As an actor, Libowitz had recurring roles in The Sopranos and Law & Order.\n\nThe Response has screened at the Pentagon, U.S. Congress, Department of Justice, Westpoint and numerous universities including Harvard, UCLA and Columbia. The Response was shortlisted for the 2010 Academy Award (Best Live Action Short) and won the 2009 ABA Award as Best of the Year in Drama and Literature. Previous ABA winners include To Kill a Mockingbird, Twelve Angry Men, and Judgment at Nuremberg.\n\nOne of Libowitz's professors at law school distributed the Guantanamo transcripts to the class. Libowitz decided the transcript could be turned into a script.\n\nPeter Riegert, Kate Mulgrew star as the two other JAG officers on the Tribunal.  Aasif Mandvi stars as the detainee.\n\nLibowitz graduated from the University of Maryland School of Law in 2007, and currently works for the law firm Venable LLP.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American lawyers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Mick van Buren\n\nMick van Buren (born 24 August 1992) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a striker for Eredivisie side ADO Den Haag, on loan from Fortuna Liga club Slavia Prague.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Ridderkerk, Netherlands, van Buren joined Excelsior from SV Slikkerveer as a teenager. Aside from a brief spell at Feyenoord, he played for the Dutch club until the summer of 2013. During his time with SBV Excelsior, he scored 13 goals in 27 appearances in the Dutch Eerste Divisie.\n\nvan Buren's performances caught the attention of Esbjerg fB. On 4 July 2013, he became new manager Niels Frederiksen's first signing, joining on a free transfer and agreeing a three-year long contract with the defending Danish Cup champions.\n\nSlavia Prague\nIn July 2016 van Buren moved to Czech First League club Slavia Prague.\nDuring a pre-season friendly, Van Buren scored a hat trick against OGC Nice. It took him 14 league games to score a goal for Slavia, eventually scoring twice in their 4\u20130 home win against Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav on 27 August 2017.\nOn 9 May 2018 he played as Slavia Prague won the 2017-18 Czech Cup final against Jablonec.\n\nOn 22 November 2018, van Buren signed a new contract with Slavia until the summer of 2021.\n\nPersonal life\nBorn in Ridderkerk, he was raised at local side Slikkerveer. His father Leo van Buren was also a professional footballer and he is a grandson of former Dutch international player Theo Laseroms.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nHonours\nSlavia Prague\n Czech First League: 2018\u201319\n Czech Cup: 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Mick van Buren on Esbjerg fB\n \n Danmarks Radio player profile\n\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Ridderkerk\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Dutch footballers\nCategory:SBV Excelsior players\nCategory:Eredivisie players\nCategory:Eerste Divisie players\nCategory:Esbjerg fB players\nCategory:Danish Superliga players\nCategory:SK Slavia Prague players\nCategory:ADO Den Haag players\nCategory:Dutch expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Denmark\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic\nCategory:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Denmark\nCategory:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the Czech Republic"}
-{"text": "Hersilia (spider)\n\nHersilia, also known as long-spinnered bark spiders and two-tailed spiders, is a genus of tree trunk spiders that was first described by Jean Victoire Audouin in 1826. Their nicknames are a reference to their greatly enlarged spinnerets.\n\nMales can grow up to  long, and females can grow up to . They are found in Africa, Asia, and Australasia, on tree trunks, in gardens, or in jungle fringes.\n\nSpecies\nThe revisions by Baehr & Baehr and Rheims & Brescovit revealed 26 species in southeast Asia.\n\n it contains seventy-eight species:\nH. albicomis Simon, 1887 \u2013 Ghana, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria\nH. albinota Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 China\nH. albomaculata Wang & Yin, 1985 \u2013 China\nH. aldabrensis Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Seychelles (Aldabra), Comoros\nH. alluaudi Berland, 1920 \u2013 Congo, Tanzania\nH. arborea Lawrence, 1928 \u2013 Namibia, Zimbabwe, South Africa\nH. asiatica Song & Zheng, 1982 \u2013 China, Thailand, Laos, Taiwan\nH. australiensis Baehr & Baehr, 1987 \u2013 Australia (Northern Territory)\nH. baforti Benoit, 1967 \u2013 Congo, Uganda\nH. baliensis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Laos, Bali\nH. bifurcata Baehr & Baehr, 1998 \u2013 Australia (Northern Territory)\nH. bubi Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Equatorial Guinea, Uganda\nH. carobi Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Ivory Coast\nH. caudata Audouin, 1826 (type) \u2013 Cape Verde Is., West Africa to China\nH. clarki Benoit, 1967 \u2013 Zimbabwe\nH. clypealis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Thailand\nH. deelemanae Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Indonesia (Sumatra)\nH. eloetsensis Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Madagascar\nH. facialis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Indonesia (Sumatra)\nH. feai Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Myanmar\nH. flagellifera Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Laos, Indonesia (Sumatra)\nH. furcata Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Congo\nH. hildebrandti Karsch, 1878 \u2013 Tanzania\nH. igiti Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Rwanda\nH. impressifrons Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Borneo\nH. incompta Benoit, 1971 \u2013 Ivory Coast\nH. insulana Strand, 1907 \u2013 Madagascar\nH. jajat Rheims & Brescovit, 2004 \u2013 Borneo\nH. kerekot Rheims & Brescovit, 2004 \u2013 Borneo\nH. kinabaluensis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Borneo\nH. lelabah Rheims & Brescovit, 2004 \u2013 Borneo\nH. longbottomi Baehr & Baehr, 1998 \u2013 Australia (Western Australia)\nH. longivulva Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2010 \u2013 India\nH. madagascariensis (Wunderlich, 2004) \u2013 Madagascar, Comoros\nH. madang Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 New Guinea\nH. mainae Baehr & Baehr, 1995 \u2013 Australia (Western Australia)\nH. martensi Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Nepal, Thailand\nH. mboszi Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Cameroon, Ivory Coast\nH. mimbi Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Australia (Western Australia)\nH. mjoebergi Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Indonesia (Sumatra)\nH. moheliensis Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Comoros\nH. montana Chen, 2007 \u2013 Taiwan\nH. mowomogbe Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Cameroon, Congo\nH. nentwigi Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Indonesia (Java, Sumatra, Krakatau)\nH. nepalensis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Nepal\nH. novaeguineae Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 New Guinea\nH. occidentalis Simon, 1907 \u2013 West, Central, East Africa\nH. okinawaensis Tanikawa, 1999 \u2013 Japan\nH. orvakalensis Javed, Foord & Tampal, 2010 \u2013 India\nH. pectinata Thorell, 1895 \u2013 Myanmar, Indonesia (Borneo), Philippines\nH. pungwensis Tucker, 1920 \u2013 Zimbabwe\nH. sagitta Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, South Africa\nH. savignyi Lucas, 1836 \u2013 Sri Lanka, India to Philippines\nH. scrupulosa Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Kenya\nH. selempoi Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Kenya\nH. sericea Pocock, 1898 \u2013 East, Southern Africa\nH. serrata Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2011 \u2013 Thailand\nH. setifrons Lawrence, 1928 \u2013 Angola, Namibia, South Africa\nH. sigillata Benoit, 1967 \u2013 Gabon, Ivory Coast, Congo, Uganda\nH. simplicipalpis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Thailand\nH. striata Wang & Yin, 1985 \u2013 India, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra)\nH. sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) \u2013 India, Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo)\nH. sundaica Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Thailand, Indonesia (Lombok, Sumbawa)\nH. taita Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Kenya\nH. taiwanensis Chen, 2007 \u2013 Taiwan\nH. talebii Mirshamsi, Zamani & Marusik, 2016 \u2013 Iran\nH. tamatavensis Foord & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006 \u2013 Madagascar\nH. tenuifurcata Baehr & Baehr, 1998 \u2013 Australia (Western Australia)\nH. thailandica Dankittipakul & Singtripop, 2011 \u2013 Thailand\nH. tibialis Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 India, Sri Lanka\nH. vanmoli Benoit, 1971 \u2013 Ivory Coast, Togo\nH. vicina Baehr & Baehr, 1993 \u2013 Thailand\nH. vinsoni Lucas, 1869 \u2013 Madagascar\nH. wellswebberae Baehr & Baehr, 1998 \u2013 Australia (Northern Territory)\nH. wraniki Rheims, Brescovit & van Harten, 2004 \u2013 Yemen (mainland, Socotra)\nH. xieae Yin, 2012 \u2013 China\nH. yaeyamaensis Tanikawa, 1999 \u2013 Japan\nH. yunnanensis Wang, Song & Qiu, 1993 \u2013 China\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Pictures of male and female Hersilia sp.\n\nCategory:Araneomorphae genera\nCategory:Hersiliidae\nCategory:Spiders described in 1826\nCategory:Spiders of Africa\nCategory:Spiders of Asia\nCategory:Spiders of Oceania\nCategory:Taxa named by Jean Victoire Audouin"}
-{"text": "Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes\n\nThe Asahi Hai Futurity Stakes (\u671d\u65e5\u676f\u30d5\u30e5\u30fc\u30c1\u30e5\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30c6\u30fc\u30af\u30b9) is a one mile turf stakes race for thoroughbred colts two years old. It is considered the de facto year-end championship for Japanese thoroughbred racing in the two-year-olds division.\n\nThis race had been held in Nakayama Racecourse. From 2014, the race is moved to Hanshin Racecourse near Osaka.\n\nWinners since 1984\n\nSee also\n Horse racing in Japan\n List of Japanese flat horse races\n\nReferences\nRacing Post: \n, , , , , , , , ,  \n , , , , , , , , ,\n\nExternal links \n Horse Racing in Japan\n\nCategory:Flat horse races for two-year-olds\nCategory:Horse races in Japan\nCategory:Turf races in Japan"}
-{"text": "Scopula protecta\n\nScopula protecta is a moth of the  family Geometridae. It is found on Madagascar.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1956\nprotecta\nCategory:Moths of Madagascar"}
-{"text": "When I'm Gone (Eminem song)\n\n\"When I'm Gone\" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits compilation album Curtain Call: The Hits (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.\n\n\"When I'm Gone\" received mostly positive reviews from music critics. The song charted at number eight on the United States Billboard Hot 100, number 22 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, number four on the UK Singles Chart and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the latter being the only country where it peaked at number one.\n\nBackground\n\u201cWhen I\u2019m Gone\u201d was written in 2003 and released in 2005 by Shady Records, on the album Curtain Call: The Hits. It was thought at the time that this album would mark the beginning of an extended musical hiatus for Eminem, who had said \"I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don't know where my career is going...This is the reason that we called it Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing. We don't know.\"\n\nThe song's lyrics pertain to Eminem's life as a celebrity musician interfering with his family. Eminem uses imagery to evoke a feeling of sadness about his family falling apart.\n\nThe music video for the song was directed by Anthony Mandler. Tarick Salmaci, from the TV show The Contender, makes an appearance in the video with his wife.\n\nCritical reception\nAllMusic wrote a mixed to positive overview: \"There's the closing \"When I'm Gone,\" a sentimental chapter in the Eminem domestic psychodrama that bears the unmistakable suggestion that Em is going away for a while. While it's not up to the standard of \"Mockingbird,\" it is more fully realized than the two other new cuts here...\" Pitchfork considered: \"When I'm Gone\" is an all desolate placeholder\u2014lesser version of Eminem songs that already piss me off. \"Gone\" is the worst offender, yet another love letter from Em to daughter Hailie, it, like Encore's \"Mockingbird\", is heavy-handed and saccharine.\"\n\nIGN also panned the single: \"The latter, however, is another prime example of the beat dragging Eminem down. The sluggish, lumbering bump causes his lyrics to stumble and sound forced in their delivery. The heartfelt storyline would have been better served drenched in some warm, fuzzy, but ultimately mournful soul instead.\" NME called this song disappointing. Sputnik Music wrote a mixed review: \"Eminem gives a powerful vocal performance, with some rather touching lyrics and a nice chorus. However, much like much of his previous work on Encore, it gets bogged down in a repetitive and boring beat.\" Rolling Stone agreed.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video starts with Eminem rapping on a podium about his life at a small gathering. He's at an open house where he completely ignores his daughter's creations but before he can see the error of his actions, it is too late. As he watches her walk away, he raps \"Then turn right around in that song and tell her you love her/And put hands on her mother, who's a spitting image of her\", feeling remorse for writing songs about being violent towards Kim, who is Hailie's mother, and wonders how he could be a good parent.\n\nThen, he is confronted by his daughter piling boxes in front of the door to prevent him from leaving. He convinces his daughter to let him go but she insists to give him a necklace with her picture. He then finds himself in a hotel room and then on a stage where he raps. At the end of his performance on the stage, he finds his daughter has followed him and tells him of the divorce.\n\nAfterwards, Eminem goes backstage as the \"bad\" Slim Shady and looks in a mirror. He then punches it as a way of \"killing\" Slim Shady, a reference to his debut EP as the character.  He then finds himself back at home playing with his daughters on the swing. The video ends with him being applauded at the podium.\n\nThe video features his daughter Hailie Jade Mathers and an actress as his ex-wife Kim Mathers, from whom Eminem was divorced when the song was released. Kim's daughter Whitney Laine Scott, whom Eminem thinks of as his own daughter, is also featured as herself towards the end of the video. She is the younger girl on the swing, at the moment in the lyrics when he says, \"Hailie just smiles and winks at her little sister\".\n\nTrack listing\nDigital download\n\nUK CD single\n\nGerman CD single\n\nNotes\n signifies an additional producer.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:2005 singles\nCategory:Eminem songs\nCategory:Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler\nCategory:Number-one singles in Australia\nCategory:UK R&B Singles Chart number-one singles\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Eminem\nCategory:Shady Records singles\nCategory:Aftermath Entertainment singles\nCategory:Interscope Records singles\nCategory:Songs written by Luis Resto (musician)\nCategory:Songs about parenthood"}
-{"text": "Varga (astrology)\n\nThe term Varga (Sanskrit , 'set, division') in Indian astrology (Jyotisha) refers to the division of a zodiacal sign (r\u0101\u015bi) into parts. Each such fractional part of a sign, known as an , has a source of influence associated with it, so that these sources of influence come to be associated with collections of regions around the zodiac.\n\nThere are sixteen varga, or divisional, charts used in Jyotisha. These vargas form the basis of a unique system of finding the auspiciousness or inauspiciousness of planets.\n\nOverview\n\nHindu astrology divides the zodiac into several types of segments; these subtle divisions or divisional charts are called Vargas and are said to be the various micro-zodiacs created within the natural macro-zodiac, the Horoscope.\n\nThe particular location of planets in the Varga charts materially influences the results of planets constituting a yoga. The two sets of vargas that are commonly used are \u2013 a) the Shadvarga i.e. the six-fold division of sign namely, the Rasi or sign, the Hora, the Drekkena or decanate, the Navamsa, the Dwadasamsa and the Trimsamsa, and b) the Saptavarga i.e. the seven-fold division, by tagging the Saptamsa to the Shadvargas. Some follow the Dasavargas or the ten-fold division, and in his B\u1e5bhat Par\u0101\u015bara Hor\u0101\u015b\u0101stra, Parasara speaks about the Shodasvarga or the sixteen-fold division of a rasi. Planets become more auspicious if they are in same zodiac sign in shodasa varga or 16 divisional charts. Accordingly, the status thus acquired by planets stands graded for easy identification etc. When a planet acquires two out of sixteen such  vargas(divisional charts) or divisions then it is known to have gained the status called the Parijatamsa or Bhedakamsa, when three vargas are gained then the Uttamamsa or Kusumamsa or Vyanjanamsa, four \u2013 the Gopuramsa or Naagpushpamsa or Kimshukamsa or Chaamaramsa, five \u2013 the Simhasanamsa or Kundakamsa or Chhatramsa, six \u2013 the Parvatamsa or Keralamsa or Kundalamsa, seven \u2013 the Devalokamsa or Kalpavrkshamsa or Mukatamsa, eight \u2013 the Kumkumamsa or Brahmalokamsa or Chandanvanamsa, nine \u2013 the Iravatamsa or Poornachandramsa, ten \u2013 the Vyshnavamsa or Shridham or Ucchaishrvamsa, eleven \u2013 the Saivamsa Dhanvantriamsa, twelve \u2013 the Bhaswadamsa or Suryakantamsa, thirteen \u2013 the Vaisheshikamsa or Vidrumamsa, fourteen \u2013 the Indrasanamsa, fifteen \u2013 the Golokamsa, and sixteen \u2013 the Shrivallabhamsa (B\u1e5bhat Par\u0101\u015bara Hor\u0101\u015b\u0101stra Slokas 42-51) (Sarvartha Chintamani St.32-35).\n\nDivisional charts\nThe B\u1e5bhat Par\u0101\u015bara Hor\u0101\u015b\u0101stra defines sixteen divisional schemes, each named according to the denominator of the fraction specific to the division. Thus, the integral fraction is division by 1, which yields, trivially, 12 regions of the zodiac corresponding to the 12 signs themselves: perforce this varga scheme is named r\u0101\u015bi. Similarly, a divisor of 2 defines 24 regions; the name hor\u0101, derived from the word \u0905\u0939\u094b-\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 (aho-r\u0101tra) meaning day-night by removing the first \u0905 (a) and last sounds \u0924\u094d\u0930 (tra) {Reference: Saravali by Kalyanaverma (Sanskrit Classic)}, is etymologically related to the analogous 24 hours in a day. The divisor of 3 defining 36 regions, named drekkana, is similarly related to the Decans of Chaldean horology.\n\nFour other vargas are attributed to Jaimini:\n\nBesides R\u0101shi (D-1), Navamsha (D-9), Drekana (D-3), Dasamsa (D-10), Trimsamsa (D-30) and Sashtiamsa (D-60) are considered significant divisional charts.\n\nImplication\n\nA planet situated in any one rasi i.e. sign, by itself constitutes a yoga or an ava-yoga owing to the relationship it establishes with the rasi-lord and other bhava-lords with reference to the Lagna and each other, but its mere occupation need not necessarily produce the results assigned for its such occupation. No planet acts alone, it becomes an active participant by having established an unavoidable relationship with one or more other planets; its assigned results are influenced by the rasi and the vargas gained, that is, according to the varga-wise status gained by it and the associating planets. The failure of the yogas to give the expected results can also be due to the varga-wise weak status of the dispositors of the yoga-forming planets rather than the weakness of these planets. The Sun situated in the 9th house from the lagna but not in an inimical sign or navamsa gives wealth, sons, friends and piety even though it makes one antagonistic towards father and wife and not experience happiness. However, the Sun as the lagna-lord exalted in the 9th makes the person and his father fortunate, have many brothers and friends, intelligent, adept, influential and renowned; in case the exalted Sun in the 9th is in its own navamsa or in vargottama but aspected by a friendly planet, he will enjoy Raja yoga.\n\nJanardan Harji in his Mansagari states that if at the time of birth any planet occupies a friendly sign or its own sign or is in its exaltation sign in a trikonabhava (trine) then that planet having gained many favourable vargas gives its assigned good results in full. One such planet makes one wealthy, and two adept, successful and renowned. In the section devoted to arishtas and arishtabhanga of Chapter IV he reiterates that if at birth a strong (varga-wise) Mercury or Venus or Jupiter is situated in a kendrasthana from the lagna even if combined with an evil planet, it will single-handedly soon destroy all arishtas, and that the Moon situated in the 8th house from the lagna in a drekkena owned by Jupiter, Venus or Mercury will confer a long lease of life.\n\nParasara states that the Moon in mutual aspect with Venus gives rise to Raja yoga; the person born with the Moon in Vargottma navamsa or in Goparamsa aspected by all strong planets will be a ruler even if lowly-born, three planets aspecting such Moon will make a person born in a royal family a king. A Raja yoga arises if the birth ascendant or hora-lagna or ghati-lagna is occupied by one or more planets occupying their exaltation, own or moola-trikona rasi, navamsa or drekkena; a person will certainly become a ruler if the concerned lagna equipped with unobstructed argala is occupied by Jupiter, Venus or the Moon (B\u1e5bhat Par\u0101\u015bara Hor\u0101\u015b\u0101stra XXXV.14-16, 37). If the lord of a kendrasthana and a trikonabhava combining having gained favourable vargas give rise to Raja yoga; having gained Uttamamsa they will make a person a very wealthy ruler, if in Gopuramsa that person will be honoured by other rulers and if in Simhasanamsa the person will be a great ever-victorious ruling a large kingdom (B\u1e5bhat Par\u0101\u015bara Hor\u0101\u015b\u0101stra XXXVI.18-20).\n\nVenkatesa in his Sarvartha Chintamani (Slokas I.29 & 112) explains that planets occupying the cruel Shashtiamsas (1/60th division of a sign) produce evil results, planets in good Shashtiamsas, and which planets are also occupying good vargas or divisions become powerful to confer good results and that planets in exaltation, in friendly signs, own navamsas, own rasis, drekkenas, shodasmsas and trimsamsas possess Sthanabala and exercise the most favourable influence.\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n\nCategory:Technical factors of Hindu astrology"}
-{"text": "John Darley\n\nJohn Darley is the name of:\n\nJohn Darley (bishop) - was a 19th-century Irish Anglican Bishop\nJohn Darley (politician) - is an Australian politician\nJohn G. Darley  (1910-1990) - was an American social psychologist at the University of Minnesota. He is the father of John M. Darley.\nJohn M. Darley (b. 1938) - is an American social psychologist at Princeton University. He is the son of John G. Darley"}
-{"text": "Australian Outback Spectacular\n\nThe Australian Outback Spectacular is an Australiana dinner and show package featuring many Australian animals, songs and bush tucker. The show is located between Warner Bros. Movie World and Wet'n'Wild Water World at Oxenford on the Gold Coast.\n\nSee also\n\nVillage Roadshow Theme Parks\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Village Roadshow Theme Parks\nCategory:Tourist attractions on the Gold Coast, Queensland\nCategory:Dinner theatre\nCategory:Australian-themed retailers\nCategory:Theme restaurants\nCategory:Restaurants in Queensland\nCategory:Horse showing and exhibition\nCategory:Australian outback"}
-{"text": "1893 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship\n\nThe 1893 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the seventh staging of Ireland's premier Gaelic football knock-out competition. Wexford were the champions.\n\nResults\n\nLeinster\n\nKilkenny refused to take the field for the second half in protest at rough play by the Wexford team. Wexford were awarded the Leinster title.\n\nMunster\n\nAll-Ireland Final\n\nChampionship statistics\n\nMiscellaneous\n Wexford win their first of both All Ireland and Leinster titles.\n Connacht and Ulster counties withdraw until 1899.\n\nReferences\n\nAll-Ireland Senior Football Championship"}
-{"text": "Stonehenge, Jamaica\n\nStonehenge is a town in northwest Jamaica.\n\nNamesake \nThere is another town in Jamaica with the same name.\n\nTransport \nIt was served by a railway station on the national railway system.\n\nEducation \nOrange Hill All Age School is just west of the crossroad. As of 2010 the school has three teachers and about 70 students.\n\nSee also \n Railway stations in Jamaica\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Jamaica"}
-{"text": "Black Shirt (film)\n\nBlack Shirt (Italian: ) is a 1933 Italian drama film directed by Giovacchino Forzano. The film was made by the Istituto Luce as a propaganda work to commemorate the tenth anniversary of Mussolini's Fascist regime. It portrays events in Italy from the beginning of the First World War to the coming to power of Mussolini and the transformation of the country since. It combines elements of normal fiction films, documentary and futurist influences.\n\nThe film The Old Guard, released the following year, is also set in the period leading up to the March on Rome.\n\nCast\n Enrico Marroni as Il marinaio  \n Antonietta Mecale as La moglie del fabbro  \n Enrico Da Rosa as Il fabbro  \n Guido Petri as Il suocero  \n Lamberto Patacconi as Il figlio a 4 anni \n Pino Locchi as Il figlio a 8 anni  \n Vinicio Sofia as Il sovversivo  \n Renato Tofone as Don Venanzio, il parroco \n Avelio Bandoni as Un combattente \n Leo Bartoli  as Un combattente  \n Annibale Betrone as Il sindaco  \n Luisella Ciocca as Una popalana romana  \n Attila Della Spora  as Un combattente  \n Giovanni Ferrari as Un combattente  \n Loris Gizzi as Un acceso sovversivo \n Anna Konopleff\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Brunetta, Gian Piero. The History of Italian Cinema: A Guide to Italian Film from Its Origins to the Twenty-first Century.  Princeton University Press, 2009.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1933 films\nCategory:1930s drama films\nCategory:Italian drama films\nCategory:Italian films\nCategory:Italian-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Giovacchino Forzano\nCategory:Films set in the 1910s\nCategory:Films set in the 1920s\nCategory:Italian black-and-white films\nCategory:Films about fascists"}
-{"text": "Scott City, Atchison County, Missouri\n\nScott City is an extinct town in Atchison County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The GNIS classifies it as a populated place, but the precise location of the town site is unknown. \n\nScott City had the name of its founder, Margaret Scott. A variant name was North Star. A post office called North Star was established in 1857, and remained in operation until 1874.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ghost towns in Missouri\nCategory:Former populated places in Atchison County, Missouri\nCategory:1857 establishments in Missouri"}
-{"text": "77th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF\n\nThe 77th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War. The 77th Battalion was authorized on 10 July 1915 and embarked for Great Britain on 19 June 1916. It provided reinforcements for the Canadian Corps until 22 September 1916, when its personnel were absorbed by the 47th Battalion (British Columbia), CEF and the 73rd Battalion (Royal Highlanders of Canada), CEF. The battalion was then disbanded.\n\nThe 77th Battalion recruited in Ottawa, Ontario and district and was mobilized at Ottawa.\n\nThe 77th Battalion was commanded by Lt.-Col. D.R. Street, 19 June 1916 \u2013 13 September 1916.\n\nThe 77th Battalion was awarded the battle honour THE GREAT WAR 1916.\n\nThe 77th Battalion (Ottawa), CEF, is perpetuated by The Governor General's Foot Guards.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nCanadian Expeditionary Force 1914-1919 by Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, CD, Queen's Printer, Ottawa, Ontario, 1962\n\nCategory:Military history of Canada\n077\nCategory:Military history of Ontario"}
-{"text": "Billy Bremner (disambiguation)\n\nBilly Bremner (1942\u20131997) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Leeds United and Scotland in the 1960s and 1970s.\n\nBilly Bremner may also refer to:\n\nBilly Bremner (musician) (born 1946), Scottish guitarist\nBilly Bremner (Australian footballer) (1872\u20131957), Australian rules footballer\n\nSee also\nBill Bremner (1879\u20131961), New Zealand lawn bowls player"}
-{"text": "DLR Smartfish\n\nSmartfish is a proposed two seat experimental aircraft design by Konrad Schafroth which uses a lifting body configuration.\n\nThere are a few working model examples of the Smartfish. A fuel cell-powered model has been built in collaboration with German Aerospace Center (DLR) and, according to the factory, flew in April 2007.\n\nUnlike most aircraft designs, the Smartfish is modeled after the Tuna species of fish. This makes the plane fly steadily without error-prone slats, spoilers or flaps. The projected range of the aircraft is 8000\u00a0km at about Mach 0.9. \n\nA proposal for a hybrid airship based on the Smartfish's geometry has also been published.\n\nSee also\n Hydrogen planes\n Hyfish\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Smartfish Homepage\n DLR model\n\nCategory:2000s international experimental aircraft\nCategory:Hydrogen-powered aircraft\nCategory:Lifting bodies"}
-{"text": "Goure\n\nGoure (fr. Gour\u00e9) is a town in southeastern Niger, Zinder Region, Goure Department, of which it is the seat.\n\nSituation\nSituated on the main all-weather east\u2013west highway in Southern Niger, it is about 170\u00a0km east of regional capital, Zinder, on the route east to Diffa, N'Guigmi, and the Lake Chad area along Niger's border with Chad.  Around 40\u00a0km to the north of Goure are the Koutous hills, which form the first foothills of the Termit Massif.  These hills also mark the northeastern boundary of Hausa settlement in Niger, with the desert and hills to the north sparsely populated by seasonal nomadic encampments, and the area to the east populated by a majority of settled Kanouri ethnic groups and Toubou pastoralists.\n\nAgriculture and environment\nThe surrounding land is mostly dry grass Sahel dotted with acacia trees, with green patches formed by kouris (seasonal watercourses with underground water) and cuvettes (natural depressions which retain seasonal rain water.  Farming is dominated by millet production.  \n\nThe area around Goure is particularly threatened by desertification, and was in 2005 designated at the very northeastern edge of Nigerien farm land able to support its population. The area has thus become a centre for international anti-desertification efforts, where experiments by local and foreign organisations promote the use of windbreaks and scrub grids to fix soil and stop the influx of dunes.\n\nThe agricultural region around Goure was devastated at several points since independence, with major droughts in the early 1970s, the mid 1980s, and locust-induced crop loss famine in 1977 and 2005.\n\nPopulation\nThe town has grown since the 1960s, with its importance as a weighstation on Niger's primary east\u2013west highway.  In 1970, the town had a population of 2,124, 7,612 in 1977, 8,951 in 1985, and a population of 13,422 by 2001. Goure also has a landing strip, with ICAO Code DRZG.\n\nReferences\n\n Population figures from citypopulation.de, citing (2001) Institut National de la Statistique du Niger.\n James Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ \u2013 London (1979)  p.\u00a0153\n Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850\u20131960. Cambridge University Press (1983)  p.\u00a0133\u2013140\n Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006)  pp.\u00a0223\u2013224\n\nCategory:Communes of Niger\nCategory:Populated places in Niger"}
-{"text": "Tijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge\n\nTijuana Slough National Wildlife Refuge is located in the most southwestern corner of the contiguous United States. As a National Wildlife Refuge, it is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. It was established in 1980.\n\nThe refuge forms the northern part of the Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve, one of 22 National Estuarine Research Reserves created nationwide to enhance scientific and public understanding of estuaries, and thereby contribute to improved estuarine management.  It is also part of the San Diego National Wildlife Refuge Complex.\n\nDescription \nThe slough is one of southern California's largest remaining salt marshes without a road or railroad trestle running through it. This important salt marsh is surrounded by San Diego County and Tijuana, Mexico, with a population of 4.3 million people. Within this international bioregion, the refuge maintains essential habitats for many migrating shorebirds and waterfowl along the Pacific Flyway.\n\nTijuana Slough provides critical habitat for the federally listed endangered California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni), light-footed rail (Rallus obsoletus levipes) and least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus), as well as the salt marsh bird's-beak (Cordylanthus maritimus maritimus), an endangered plant species. Designated as a Globally Important Bird Area by the American Bird Conservancy, over 370 species of birds have been sighted on the refuge.\n\nThe refuge's habitat and wildlife management programs focus on the recovery of endangered species through research, habitat restoration, and environmental education.\n\nSee also\n Tijuana River Estuary\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Wildlife Refuges in California\nCategory:Marshes of California\nCategory:Protected areas of San Diego County, California\nCategory:South Bay (San Diego County)\nCategory:Landforms of San Diego County, California\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1980\nCategory:1980 establishments in California"}
-{"text": "Hu Di\n\nHu Di (; 1905 \u2013 September 1935) was a Chinese filmmaker and Communist secret agent during the Republic of China era. After the Kuomintang (KMT) began its suppression of the Communists in 1927, Hu worked as a mole in the Kuomintang secret service, together with Qian Zhuangfei and Li Kenong. Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai called them \"the three most distinguished intelligence workers of the Party.\" Hu was executed in September 1935 by the renegade Communist commander Zhang Guotao during the Long March.\n\nLife and career\nHu was born Hu Baichang () in 1905 in Shucheng County, Anhui Province. He also used the names Hu Beifeng () and Hu Ma ().\n\nIn 1923, he was admitted to China University in Beijing, where he befriended Qian Zhuangfei and his wife Zhang Wenhua. In 1925, the three secretly joined the Communist Party of China, and they worked closely together. They established the Guanghua Film Company, using filmmaking as a cover for their underground activities. After the KMT's April 1927 massacre of the Communists in Shanghai, and the execution of Communist leader Li Dazhao in Beijing, the three moved to Shanghai, where Hu found work at the Shanghai Film Company. He met the experienced Communist underground worker Li Kenong and introduced him to Qian.\n\nIn 1929, Qian successfully infiltrated the KMT's secret service and was appointed the chief coordinator of the central intelligence headquarters in Nanjing, in charge of recruiting more special agents. This created opportunities for Hu Di and Li Kenong to join the KMT secret service as moles. Hu was made the chief of the KMT's Tianjin secret service unit, disguised as the Great Wall News Agency, while Li ran the Shanghai unit, ostensibly the Broadcast News Service. Their intelligence reports helped the Red Army in the Jiangxi Soviet thwart the first two of Chiang Kai-shek's Encirclement Campaigns.\n\nOn 24 April 1931, Gu Shunzhang, Zhou Enlai's security chief and head of the Communist Party's dreaded Red Brigade, was arrested in Wuhan while on a mission to assassinate Chiang Kai-shek. To save himself, Gu defected to the KMT, and disclosed his extensive knowledge about Communist organizations. Qian Zhuangfei intercepted a telegram sent by the Wuhan police to the Nanjing headquarters, and delivered the message to Li Kenong in Shanghai, who in turned informed Zhou Enlai and telegraphed Hu Di, who immediately boarded a foreign ship and left Tianjin for Shanghai. In August 1931, Hu Di and Qian Zhuangfei left Shanghai for the Jiangxi Soviet, the Communist base area in Jiangxi Province.\n\nDeath and legacy\nIn 1934, the Communists were forced to evacuate the Jiangxi base area and begin the Long March. In June 1935, the Red Army arrived in Sichuan Province, where the commanders Zhu De and Zhang Guotao disagreed on the direction to continue. Zhu wanted to go north to Yan'an but Zhang ordered his soldiers to head south. Hu Di opposed Zhang's move. In revenge, Zhang labelled Hu a KMT spy and had him executed in September.\n\nZhou Enlai later called Qian Zhuangfei, Li Kenong, and Hu Di \"the three most distinguished intelligence workers of the Party,\" and said that he and other Communist leaders owed their lives to them. Li, the sole survivor of the three who lived to see the founding of the People's Republic of China, was awarded the military rank of general (shang jiang) in 1955, despite having no combat experience.\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nCategory:1905 births\nCategory:1935 deaths\nCategory:Chinese communists\nCategory:People from Lu'an\nCategory:Chinese spies\nCategory:People of the Chinese Civil War"}
-{"text": "William Reeves\n\nWilliam, Bill or Billy Reeves may refer to:\n\nWilliam Reeves (animator) (born 1959), Canadian animator and technical director\nWilliam Reeves (bishop) (1815\u20131892), Church of Ireland bishop and antiquarian\n\nWilliam Reeves (cricketer) (1881\u20131962), Australian cricketer\nWilliam Reeves (finance) (born 1963/64), co-founder of BlueCrest Capital Management\nWilliam Reeves (journalist) (1825\u20131891), father of William Pember Reeves\nBill Reeves (1875\u20131944), English cricketer\nBill Reeves (basketball) (1904\u20131983), American professional basketball player\nBill Reeves (footballer) (1888\u20131940), Australian rules footballer\nBilly Reeves (born 1965), British songwriter and broadcaster\nBilly Reeves (footballer) (born 1996), English soccer player\nWilliam Conrad Reeves (1838\u20131902), lawyer, academic and legal figure on the island of Barbados\nWilliam Pember Reeves (1857\u20131932), New Zealand statesman, historian and poet\n\nSee also \nWilliam Reeve (1757\u20131815), English theatre composer and organist"}
-{"text": "Bhaiyalal Rajwade\n\nBhaiyalal Rajwade is an Indian politician who was a Bharatiya Janata Party Member of the Legislative Assembly from the Baikunthpur Vidhan Sabha constituency in the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh in India.\nAnd the bhaiya lal rajwade is the minister of the state government of Chhattisgarh.\nAnd his ministries are following:\nLabour,\nSports,\nPublic Grievance,\nYouth Welfare of Chhattisgarh.\n\nIn the 2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, Rajwade defeated Indian National Congress candidate Bedanti Tivari. Rajwade had defeated Tivari in the 2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election as well. In the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election, 2003, he had lost to Congress candidate Dr. Ram Chandra Singh Dev.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Members of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Baikunthpur, Koriya\nCategory:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Sherman Township\n\nSherman Township may refer to:\n\nArkansas\n Sherman Township, Johnson County, Arkansas\n\nIllinois\n Sherman Township, Mason County, Illinois\n\nIowa\n Sherman Township, Calhoun County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Hardin County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Jasper County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Kossuth County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Monona County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Montgomery County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Pocahontas County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Sioux County, Iowa, in Sioux County, Iowa\n Sherman Township, Story County, Iowa\n\nKansas\n Sherman Township, Clay County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Crawford County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Decatur County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Dickinson County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Ellsworth County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Grant County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Leavenworth County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Ottawa County, Kansas, in Ottawa County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Pottawatomie County, Kansas, in Pottawatomie County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Riley County, Kansas, in Riley County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas\n Sherman Township, Washington County, Kansas, in Washington County, Kansas\n\nMichigan\n Sherman Township, Gladwin County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Huron County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Iosco County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Isabella County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Mason County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Newaygo County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, Osceola County, Michigan\n Sherman Township, St. Joseph County, Michigan\n\nMinnesota\n Sherman Township, Redwood County, Minnesota\n\nMissouri\n Sherman Township, Cass County, Missouri\n Sherman Township, Dallas County, Missouri\n Sherman Township, DeKalb County, Missouri\n Sherman Township, Harrison County, Missouri\n Sherman Township, Putnam County, Missouri\n\nNebraska\n Sherman Township, Antelope County, Nebraska\n Sherman Township, Cuming County, Nebraska\n Sherman Township, Gage County, Nebraska\n Sherman Township, Kearney County, Nebraska\n Sherman Township, Platte County, Nebraska\n\nNorth Dakota\n Sherman Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota\n\nOhio\n Sherman Township, Huron County, Ohio\n\nOklahoma\n Sherman Township, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma\n\nSouth Dakota\n Sherman Township, Brookings County, South Dakota\n Sherman Township, Corson County, South Dakota\n Sherman Township, Faulk County, South Dakota\n\nSee also\n\nSherman (disambiguation)\n\nCategory:Township name disambiguation pages"}
-{"text": "Engineering geology\n\nEngineering geology is the application of the geology to engineering study for the purpose of assuring that the geological factors regarding  the location, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering works are recognized and accounted for. Engineering geologists provide geological and geotechnical recommendations, analysis, and design associated with human development and various types of structures.  The realm of the engineering geologist is essentially in the area of earth-structure interactions, or investigation of how the earth or earth processes impact human made structures and human activities.\n\nEngineering geology studies may be performed during the planning, environmental impact analysis, civil or structural engineering design, value engineering and construction phases of public and private works projects, and during post-construction and forensic phases of projects. Works completed by engineering geologists include; geological hazard assessments, geotechnical, material properties, landslide and slope stability, erosion, flooding, dewatering, and seismic investigations, etc.  Engineering geology studies are performed by a geologist or engineering geologist that is educated, trained and has obtained experience related to the recognition and interpretation of natural processes, the understanding of how these processes impact human made structures (and vice versa), and knowledge of methods by which to mitigate hazards resulting from adverse natural or human made conditions.  The principal objective of the engineering geologist is the protection of life and property against damage caused by various geological conditions.\n\nThe practice of engineering geology is also very closely related to the practice of geological engineering and geotechnical engineering. If there is a difference in the content of the disciplines, it mainly lies in the training or experience of the practitioner.\n\nHistory\nAlthough the study of geology has been around for centuries, at least in its modern form, the science and practice of engineering geology only commenced as a recognized discipline until the late 19th and early 20th centuries.  The first book titled Engineering Geology was published in 1880 by William Penning.  In the early 20th century Charles Berkey, an American trained geologist who was considered the first American engineering geologist, worked on several water-supply projects for New York City, then later worked on the Hoover Dam and a multitude of other engineering projects.  The first American engineering geology textbook was written in 1914 by Ries and Watson. In 1921 Reginald W. Brock, the first Dean of Applied Science at the University of British Columbia, started the first undergraduate and graduate degree programs in Geological Engineering, noting that students with an engineering foundation made first-class practising geologists. In 1925, Karl Terzaghi, an Austrian trained engineer and geologist, published the first text in Soil Mechanics (in German).  Terzaghi is known as the parent of soil mechanics, but also had a great interest in geology; Terzaghi considered soil mechanics to be a sub-discipline of engineering geology.  In 1929, Terzaghi, along with Redlich and Kampe, published their own Engineering Geology text (also in German).\n\nThe need for geologist on engineering works gained worldwide attention in 1928 with the failure of the St. Francis Dam in California and the death of 426 people.  More engineering failures which occurred the following years also prompted the requirement for engineering geologists to work on large engineering projects.\n\nIn 1951, one of the earliest definitions of the \"Engineering geologist\" or \"Professional Engineering Geologist\" was provided by the Executive Committee of the Division on Engineering Geology of the Geological Society of America.\n\nThe practice\nOne of the most important roles as an engineering geologist is the interpretation of landforms and earth processes to identify potential geologic and related man-made hazards that may have a great impact on civil structures and human development. The background in geology provides the engineering geologist with an understanding of how the earth works, which is crucial minimizing earth related hazards.  Most engineering geologists also have graduate degrees where they have gained specialized education and training in soil mechanics, rock mechanics, geotechnics, groundwater, hydrology, and civil design.  These two aspects of the engineering geologists' education provide them with a unique ability to understand and mitigate for hazards associated with earth-structure interactions.\n\nScope of studies\nEngineering geology investigation and studies may be performed:\nfor residential, commercial and industrial developments;\nfor governmental and military installations;\nfor public works such as a stormwater drainage system, power plant, wind turbine, transmission line, sewage treatment plant, water treatment plant, pipeline (aqueduct, sewer, outfall), tunnel, trenchless construction, canal, dam, reservoir, building foundation, railroad, transit, highway, bridge, seismic retrofit, power generation facility, airport and park;\nfor mine and quarry developments, mine tailing dam, mine reclamation and mine tunneling;\nfor wetland and habitat restoration programs;\nfor government, commercial, or industrial hazardous waste remediation sites;\nfor coastal engineering, sand replenishment, bluff or sea cliff stability, harbor, pier and waterfront development;\nfor offshore outfall, drilling platform and sub-sea pipeline, sub-sea cable; and\nfor other types of facilities.\n\nGeohazards and adverse geological conditions\nTypical geologic hazards or other adverse conditions evaluated and mitigated by an engineering geologist include:\nfault rupture on seismically active faults;\nseismic and earthquake hazards (ground shaking, liquefaction, lurching, lateral spreading, tsunami and seiche events);\nlandslide, mudflow, rockfall, debris flow, and avalanche hazards;\nunstable slopes and slope stability;\nerosion;\nslaking and heave of geologic formations, such as frost heaving;\nground subsidence (such as due to ground water withdrawal, sinkhole collapse, cave collapse, decomposition of organic soils, and tectonic movement);\nvolcanic hazards (volcanic eruptions, hot springs, pyroclastic flows, debris flow, debris avalanche, gas emissions, volcanic earthquakes);\nnon-rippable or marginally rippable rock requiring heavy ripping or blasting;\nweak and collapsible soils, foundation bearing failures;\nshallow ground water/seepage; and\nother types of geologic constraints.\n\nAn engineering geologist or geophysicist may be called upon to evaluate the excavatability (i.e. rippability) of earth (rock) materials to assess the need for pre-blasting during earthwork construction, as well as associated impacts due to vibration during blasting on projects.\n\nSoil and rock mechanics\n\nSoil mechanics is a discipline that applies principles of engineering mechanics, e.g. kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, and mechanics of material, to predict the mechanical behaviour of soils.  Rock mechanics is the theoretical and applied science of the mechanical behaviour of rock and rock masses; it is that branch of mechanics concerned with the response of rock and rock masses to the force-fields of their physical environment. The fundamental processes are all related to the behaviour of porous media.  Together, soil and rock mechanics are the basis for solving many engineering geology problems.\n\nMethods and reporting\nThe methods used by engineering geologists in their studies include\ngeologic field mapping of geologic structures, geologic formations, soil units and hazards;\nthe review of geologic literature, geologic maps, geotechnical reports, engineering plans, environmental reports, stereoscopic aerial photographs, remote sensing data, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, topographic maps and satellite imagery;\nthe excavation, sampling and logging of earth/rock materials in drilled borings, backhoe test pits and trenches, fault trenching, and bulldozer pits;\ngeophysical surveys (such as seismic refraction traverses, resistivity surveys, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, magnetometer surveys, electromagnetic surveys, high-resolution sub-bottom profiling, and other geophysical methods);\ndeformation monitoring as the systematic measurement and tracking of the alteration in the shape or dimensions of an object as a result of the application of stress to it manually or with an automatic deformation monitoring system; and\nother methods.\nThe fieldwork is typically culminated in analysis of the data and the preparation of an engineering geologic report, geotechnical report or design brief, fault hazard or seismic hazard report, geophysical report, ground water resource report or hydrogeologic report. The engineering geology report can also be prepared in conjunction with a geotechnical report, but commonly provides the same geotechnical analysis and design recommendations that would be presented in a geotechnical report. An engineering geology report describes the objectives, methodology, references cited, tests performed, findings and recommendations for development and detailed design of engineering works. Engineering geologists also provide geologic data on topographic maps, aerial photographs, geologic maps, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, or other map bases.\n\nSee also\n\n Earthquake engineering\n Geoprofessions\n Geotechnics\n Geotechnical engineering\n Geotechnical investigation\n Hydrogeology\n Important publications in engineering geology\n Mining engineering\n Petroleum engineering\n\nReferences\n\nEngineering geology \n Brock, 1923, The Education of a Geologist: Economic Geology, v. 18, pp.\u00a0595\u2013597.\n Bates and Jackson, 1980, Glossary of Geology: American Geological Institute.\n Gonz\u00e1lez de Vallejo, L. and Ferrer, M., 2011. \"Geological Engineering\". CRC Press, 678 pp. \n Kiersh, 1991, The Heritage of Engineering Geology: The First Hundred Years: Geological Society of America; Centennial Special Volume 3\n Legget, Robert F., editor, 1982, Geology under cities:  Geological Society of America; Reviews in Engineering Geology, volume V, 131 pages; contains nine articles by separate authors for these cities:  Washington, DC; Boston; Chicago; Edmonton; Kansas City; New Orleans; New York City; Toronto; and Twin Cities, Minnesota.\n Legget, Robert F., and Karrow, Paul F., 1983, Handbook of geology in civil engineering:  McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1,340 pages, 50 chapters, five appendices, 771 illustrations.  \n Price, David George, Engineering Geology: Principles and Practice, Springer, 2008 \n Prof. D. Venkat Reddy, NIT-Karnataka, Engineering Geology, Vikas Publishers, 2010 \n Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment\n\nGeological modelling \n Wang H. F., Theory of Linear Poroelasticity with Applications to Geomechanics and Hydrogeology, Princeton Press, (2000).\n Waltham T., Foundations of Engineering Geology, 2nd Edition, Taylor & Francis, (2001).\n\nCategory:Geotechnical engineering"}
-{"text": "Marc Messier\n\nMarc Messier, M.S.C. (born August 16, 1947) is a Canadian actor and filmmaker.\n\nBackground\nBorn in Granby, Quebec, Messier's 45-year acting career included the participation in several well-known films and television series.\n\nAfter finishing his studies and developed his acting skills in college, he played in various theatrical shows across the province of Quebec plays including \"Broue\". It was in 1972, that he debuted his acting career in La Vie R\u00eav\u00e9e and would make his first appearance in a television series in 1974 in Avec le temps.\n\nMessier's most extensive role was in the two-decade old television series Lance et Compte in which he played the role of Marc Gagnon, an all-star hockey player for the fictional NHL team of the Quebec National, a copycat version of the defunct Quebec Nordiques (now Colorado Avalanche). After his retirement, Gagnon went on to coach the team during two separate; the first starting during the second season and again during the fourth season of the  called : Lance et Compte : Nouvelle generation. Messier played the role of Gagnon for the series six seasons from 1986 to the latest one in 2015 called Lance et Compte : La finale.\n\nMessier also played the role of Bob in all four chapters of the popular Quebec film Les Boys, the story of a hockey team from a senior's league.\n\nHe also played roles in other important films such as Jesus of Montreal and Le Sphinx and television series such as Les Voisins, La Petite Vie, Omert\u00e0 and Urgence.\n\nIn addition to playing a role in the film Le Sphinx which played in 1995, he also co-produced it with Les Boys producer Louis Saia. Messier played in several other movies that was produced by Saia during his lengthy career.\n\nSelected filmography\n\nCinema\n\nTV\n\nAwards\nMessier's most productive year was in 1988 in which he won two Gemini awards for best lead male role and best male supporting role for his participation in Lance et Compte and Les Voisins. His role in Les Boys also gave nominations for best male actor in the Jutras awards in 1999 and 2002.\n\nMessier was awarded with the Meritorious Service Cross with the Canada Day honours list of 2017. The citation reads \"Having earned a Guinness World Record in 2006 for the longest-running theatrical play with the same cast, Michel C\u00f4t\u00e9, Marcel Gauthier and Marc Messier are undisputed ambassadors of Quebec theatre. With over 3 300 performances of Broue, a one-of-a-kind play reflecting Quebec popular culture, they have made us laugh and have introduced an entire generation to the wonderful world of theatre.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Biography of Marc Messier\n \n\nCategory:1947 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Male actors from Quebec\nCategory:Canadian male film actors\nCategory:Canadian male television actors\nCategory:French Quebecers\nCategory:People from Granby, Quebec"}
-{"text": "Academia Espa\u00f1ola de la Radio\n\nThe Spanish Academy of Radio Arts and Sciences is an institution which aims to promote radio in Spain and represents the interests of radio professionals as well as providing training to existing and future radio professionals.\n\nThe academy promoted the establishment of the World Radio Day by UNESCO. Its chairman, Jorge \u00c1lvarez, asked UNESCO, in 2008, for this international day of celebration for all broadcasters and radio listeners around the world. Finally, on November 3, 2011, the 36th Conference General of UNESCO unanimously approved the Spanish proposal and designated February 13 as World Radio Day\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n UN Radio has won a well deserved \u201cInternational Academy Award 2014\"\n Message for World Radio Day from the President of the Spanish Radio Academy \n\nCategory:Schools in Spain"}
-{"text": "Saint-Broing-les-Moines\n\nSaint-Broing-les-Moines  is a commune in the C\u00f4te-d'Or department in eastern France.\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the C\u00f4te-d'Or department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of C\u00f4te-d'Or"}
-{"text": "Dungarvan (UK Parliament constituency)\n\nDungarvan was a parliamentary constituency in Ireland, which from 1801 to 1885 returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.\n\nThe constituency was created when the Union of Great Britain and Ireland took effect on 1 January 1801, replacing the earlier Dungarvan constituency in the Parliament of Ireland.\n\nBoundaries\nThis constituency was the Parliamentary borough of Dungarvan in County Waterford. Until the Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act, 1832 (passed alongside the Irish Reform Act 1832) it was coterminous with the manor of Dungarvan, and the franchise was exercised by potwallopers of the town and forty shilling freeholders of the manor. The manor extended far beyond the urban area, including Abbeyside on the east bank of the Colligan River.  Commissioners appointed in 1831 and 1836, to revise Irish parliamentary and municipal borough boundaries respectively, described the old border as \"supposed to contain about 10,000 Statute Acres\" and with an \"ill defined\" boundary. Besides the main portion around the town, the borough included three detached townlands further west (Knockampoor, Canty, and Ballymullala) and excluded 13 small enclaves (one within Dungarvan town and eleven on the east bank of the Colligan, of which nine belonged to the manor of Dromana, including the townlands of Tournore, Clonana and Croughtanaul). Although the 1832 commissioners suggested radical simplification in the boundary, the only change in 1832 was to exclude the detached parts and include the enclosed enclaves to create a single area. This boundary is marked on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland's six-inch map, published a few years later.\n\nMembers of Parliament\n\nElections\n\nElections in the 1840s\n\nSheil was appointed as Master of the Mint, requiring a by-election.\n\nElections in the 1850s\nDue to both ill health and to become a diplomat in Tuscany, Sheil resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.\n\nIn order to enable the withdrawal of an election petition filed by O'Flaherty, Maguire resigned by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.\n\nElections in the 1860s\n\nElections in the 1870s\n\nO'Keefe's death caused a by-election.\n\nElections in the 1880s\n\nSources\nThe Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844-50), 2nd edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)\nParliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801-1922, edited by B.M. Walker (Royal Irish Academy 1978)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Westminster constituencies in County Waterford (historic)\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1801\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1885\nCategory:Dungarvan"}
-{"text": "Camilo Vargas\n\nCamilo Andr\u00e9s Vargas Gil () (9 March 1989) is a Colombian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Club Atlas.\n\nCareer\n\nDeportivo Cali\nAfter being loaned out to Deportivo Cali from July 2016 to July 2017, and later the 2018 season, Deportivo Cali confirmed that they had redeemed the player's purchase option and signed a contract until 2021 with the goalkeeper.\n\nAtlas\nOn 6 July 2019, Vargas was confirmed as a new player of Club Atlas.\n\nInternational career\nSince the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, Vargas has been consistently called up for the Colombia national football team squad by manager Jos\u00e9 Pekerman. However, despite being named for the world cup squad, he made his debut against El Salvador at the Red Bull Arena in New Jersey on 10 October 2014, in which Colombia won the match 3-0.\n\nIn May 2018 he was named in Colombia's preliminary 35 man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nInternational\n\nHonours\nIndependiente Santa Fe\nCategor\u00eda Primera A: 2012-I, 2014-II\nCopa Colombia: 2009\nSuperliga Colombiana: 2013\n\nAtl\u00e9tico Nacional\nCategor\u00eda Primera A: 2015-II\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Bogot\u00e1\nCategory:Colombian footballers\nCategory:Categor\u00eda Primera A players\nCategory:Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n players\nCategory:Liga MX players\nCategory:Independiente Santa Fe footballers\nCategory:Atl\u00e9tico Nacional footballers\nCategory:Argentinos Juniors footballers\nCategory:Deportivo Cali footballers\nCategory:Atlas F.C. footballers\nCategory:Colombia youth international footballers\nCategory:2014 FIFA World Cup players\nCategory:2015 Copa Am\u00e9rica players\nCategory:2018 FIFA World Cup players\nCategory:2019 Copa Am\u00e9rica players\nCategory:Colombia international footballers\nCategory:Colombia under-20 international footballers\nCategory:Colombian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Argentina\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Mexico\nCategory:Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers who have scored"}
-{"text": "Alitalia Flight 404\n\nAlitalia Flight 404 (AZ404/AZA404) was an international passenger flight scheduled to fly from Linate Airport in Milan, Italy, to Zurich Airport in Zurich, Switzerland, which crashed on November 14, 1990. The Douglas DC-9-32, operated by Alitalia, crashed into the woodlands of Weiach as it approached Zurich Airport killing all 46 people on board.\n\nA Swiss investigation concluded that the crash was caused by a short circuit, which led to the failure of the aircraft's NAV receiver. The malfunction went unnoticed by the crew, who likely believed they were on the correct flight path until the crash. Swiss authorities also blamed inadequate Crew Resource Management experienced when the Captain vetoed the First Officer\u2019s attempted go-around, along with the absence of lighting on Stadlerberg Mountain and a known problem with errors in reading the drum pointer altimeter of the aircraft.\n\nThe final report by the Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board requested several major changes and made further recommendations.\n\nAccident \nDuring the approach to runway 14 of Zurich International Airport, the pilot's instrument landing system (ILS) display gave incorrect values due to a faulty receiver. It falsely indicated that the aircraft was about 1,000 feet higher than it actually was, which also prevented the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from reading the situation and sounding a warning. The ILS receiver of the co-pilot was working correctly and displayed the dangerously low approach. Without thoroughly examining which value was correct, the pilot decided to ignore the second device, aborting a go-around maneuver initiated by the co-pilot. Shortly afterward, at 20:11 CET, the plane struck Stadlerberg Mountain at 1,660\u00a0feet, killing all 40 passengers and six crew.\n\nThe aircraft's first impact was with trees on the right side of the aircraft, causing several essential parts on the right side of the aircraft, such as the right-wing flaps and the outer right wing, to detach. As a result, the aircraft produced an asymmetric lift force and began to roll to the right, finally slamming into the mountain in a nearly inverted position.\n\nFirefighters and police were immediately dispatched to the crash site but the fire was so intense that it took an entire day to put out. Eyewitnesses stated that \"the plane was burning like a volcano.\" Linate Airport immediately set up a crisis center to handle the relatives of the victims aboard the flight.\n\nAircraft \n\nThe aircraft involved in the crash was a Douglas DC-9-32, built-in 1974 with serial number 47641 and the registration number I-ATJA. The aircraft was first delivered to Aero Trasporti Italiani, a subsidiary of Alitalia and was transferred to Alitalia in October 1988. According to investigators, the aircraft had accumulated more than 43,400 cycles and also stated that the aircraft had been inspected 10 days prior to the accident.\n\nPassengers and crews \nThe aircraft was carrying 40 passengers and 6 crew members. The crew members consisted of two pilots and four flight attendants, all of whom were Italian citizens. Two Japanese officials from the Oki Electric Industry were also on board and many other passengers were laborers heading home after working in Milan's industrial area. A noted passenger onboard was Italian actor Roberto Mariano.\n\nThe captain was Raffaele Liberti, 47, a veteran of Alitalia with a total flying time of more than 10,000 hours. The co-pilot was Massimo De Fraia, 28, who had less experience in the plane.\n\nInvestigation \nSwiss investigators were informed about the accident one hour after the crash. The investigation involved at least 80 Swiss investigators. Additionally, Italian Interior Minister Vincenzo Scotti sent a team of investigators to the crash site along with the United States' NTSB and FAA. Both the Flight Data Recorder and the Cockpit Voice Recorder were recovered from the crash site.\n\nIn the initial hours after the accident, several witnesses claimed that the aircraft was on fire before it hit Stadlerberg while others claimed that the aircraft had exploded before it impacted terrain. Josef Meier, a spokesman for Swiss air traffic control authorities stated in a news conference that all possible causes, including terrorism, were being evaluated by the investigators.\n\nItalian news media reported that the mountain was covered with cloud and that there was heavy rain in the area, while Swiss investigators claimed that visibility was good during the accident with light showers occurring at the airport.\n\nOn November 16, an official from Swiss investigation team stated that the aircraft was flying at a lower altitude than it should have been: \"The plane was 300 meters (990 feet) too low on its approach, and was slightly off course. [The captain] was not following the radio beacon signals.\" The statement did not say why the plane was too low.\n\nFatal decision \nThe first officer had initiated a go-around but the captain aborted it. Investigators working with McDonnell Douglas concluded that, if the captain had not interrupted the go-around, the disaster would have been averted. Investigators believe that the reason for the bad call was because the captain was completely dissatisfied with the first officer's performance during the flight. As a result, the captain showed a lack of trust in his co-pilot.\n\nStadlerberg Mountain \nAs Stadlerberg Mountain is relatively far from the runway, per International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, obstruction lighting was not required. The 2,090 feet (637 meter) tall mountain could not be seen during the night, and thus could endanger flights. This issue had been discussed between Swissair, Swiss airport authorities, and the Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (FOCA) since 1976. Analysis of the cockpit voice recorder did not give any indications that the crew was looking for the cloud-capped mountain during the approach.\n\nNAV Receiver failure \nRecordings from the black boxes showed that the navigation instrument, the ADI/HSI, had apparently captured the glideslope. At the time when the glide slope was captured, the aircraft was flying about 1,300\u00a0feet below the glide path. Examining the receiver with a microscope, the investigation revealed that during the impact, the glide path indicator had been positioned just above the center \"on glide\" position, which means that the glide path had been captured. Investigators also revealed that all NAV instruments were following the glide path, although the aircraft was flying below the nominal glide path. At the time, investigators didn't find any defects on the instrument.\n\nDetailed examination of the NAV showed that the NAV mode, during its operation in-flight, can lead to a completely false LOC (horizontal alignment) or GS (vertical alignment) indication (\"ON\" indication). A small red flag should have appeared on the indicator when the error occurred, but it did not. McDonnell Douglas provided the investigators a letter, which it had sent six years earlier (August 24, 1984) to every operator of DC-8, DC-9, C-9, and MD-80 aircraft equipped with the faulty NAV receiver, which related to the NAV switching failure mode. McDonnell Douglas had held a seminar about the faulty NAV in 1985 in Long Beach, California and Alitalia had sent three pilots there. However, the message from both the letter and the seminar was not transmitted to Alitalia operating crews. They, including the crew of Flight 404, were unaware of the possible false indication.\n\nCause of NAV Receiver failure \nAccording to McDonnell Douglas, a short circuit or an open circuit in certain models of radio navigation (VOR/ILS) receivers could cause navigation instruments to indicate \"zero deviation.\" Thus, raw data deviation information on the attitude direction indicator, displayed by the flight director bars, and the horizontal situation indicator could center and remain centered with no failure or warning flag in view.\n\nNot only did it fail to warn the pilots about the problem, but this open circuit also prevented the autopilot and the Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) from receiving the proper course and glide path deviation signals, resulting in neither instrument warning about the imminent danger. The autopilot continued to guide the aircraft according to the previously established crew inputs and the GPWS did not sound an alarm since the crew believed that they were on the correct glide path, while in reality, they were not.\n\nAs a crosscheck of the system, the captain and the first officer would normally use two separate VOR/LOC receivers for navigation information. However, due to the absence of a warning flag, the captain and the first officer believed that they were on the right track, and later used the NAV switching function to select the malfunctioning VOR/LOC receiver on both panels.\n\nAltimeter misreading \n\nThe aircraft was equipped with an older \"drum pointer\" altimeter. This type of altimeter has several disadvantages; for instance, in certain pointer positions, the needles partially obscure the readout resulting in the inability to accurately determine altitude.\n\nThe United States Air Force had noted this altimeter design as problematic in several training and safety reports.\n\nIn the previous year, there were several accidents that were caused due to altimeter misreading. NASA research showed that, from a survey of 169 US pilots, 137 pilots said that they had already misread an altimeter at least once, 134 pilots had observed another pilot misreading an altimeter, 85% of the pilots explained that they had noticed that misreading has occurred more than once in the cockpit during their work, and most of the misreading occurred during the approach phase.\n\nThe survey then concluded several things, based on the comments from the pilots:\n \"This altimeter takes more concentration than should be necessary to read accurately.\"\n \"The small drum window is a complication in the instrument and [is] quite small, often requiring a 'double look' and diverting attention from the needle.\"\n \"Misreads always occur at a lower altitude when pilots split attention between more activities.\"\n \"The most stressful situations produced more misreads.\"\n \"A quick look after [being distracted] can induce a reading of 1,000 feet off if the barrel drum is halfway between thousands.\"\n\nInvestigators stated that the crew of Flight 404 might have misread the altimeter. It is plausible that the captain had misread the altimeter, believing that the outer marker height of 2,650\u00a0feet had only been undershot by a small amount. He then intervened the co-pilot's order for a go-around, as he thought that he could attain the correct glide path within a short time with a reduced rate of descent.\n\nAftermath \nReviewing the chain of events, the investigation board made several recommendations in order to avoid similar scenarios. Improved rules for communication among pilot and co-pilot during landing have been implemented, and possibilities of misreading flight altimeters have been pointed out to pilots. Most importantly, new rules prohibit the aborting of a go-around once it has been initiated, regardless of the rank and function of the crew member initiating the go-around. Proper review of decisions and clear communications are part of Crew Resource Management.\n\nSeveral major changes were made after the accident:\n Alitalia added the NAV receiver failure problem to their training and also added the actions that the crew should take in case it happens.\n Swiss aviation authorities added lights to Stadlerberg Mountain.\n McDonnell Douglas revised their training manual to add information about the possibility of NAV failure.\nAdditionally, several recommendations were made:\n NAV equipment which doesn't have monitoring of the output signal should no longer be used.\n The drum pointer altimeter should no longer be used. Authorities asked that this recommendation be implemented with immediate effect.\n The GPWS should operate even in the case of NAV failure.\n\nAlitalia continues to use Flight 404, but now on Rome - Frankfurt route operated with Airbus A320 series.\n\nSee also\n\n Invicta International Airlines Flight 435, a similar crash in 1973 when the crew lost their orientation due to navigational problems.\n Pan Am Flight 812\n Garuda Indonesia Flight 152, another crash on approach where the GPWS didn't sound.\n Crossair Flight 3597, another crash on approach to Zurich\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board\n  Final report on the accident by the official commission (Archive) - Federal Aircraft Accidents Inquiry Board - Original version in German: Pages 53\u201357/57 (PDF Document p.\u00a053-57 of 154) are a summary in French\n ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 I-ATJA Stadlerberg\n ATC recording of Alitalia 404\n\n404\nCategory:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1990\nCategory:Aviation accidents and incidents in Switzerland\nCategory:1990 in Switzerland\nCategory:November 1990 events in Europe"}
-{"text": "Hashim Salah Mohamed\n\nHashim Salah Mohamed (born 15 April 1994) is a Qatari long-distance runner. He competed in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing.\n\nCompetition record\n\nPersonal bests\nOutdoor\n1500 metres \u2013 3:44.61 (Amsterdam 2013)\n3000 metres steeplechase \u2013 8:33.25 (Sollentuna 2015)\nIndoor\n3000 metres \u2013 8:03.27 (Doha 2016)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1994 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Qatari male long-distance runners\nCategory:Qatari male steeplechase runners\nCategory:World Athletics Championships athletes for Qatar\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games competitors for Qatar"}
-{"text": "John Corbet of Sundorne\n\nJohn Corbet (1751\u20131817) of Sundorne, was an English sportsman of the Shropshire landed gentry and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1775 to 1780.\n\nFamily and inheritance\nJohn Corbet was born into the wealthy Corbet family, who trace their ancestry to a Roger Corbet, a Norman who accompanied William I in his conquest of England. Corbet's father, also John Corbet, had inherited Sundorne Estate from his brother Andrew, who died unmarried in 1741.\n\nJohn Corbet's mother, Barbara Letitia Mytton, daughter of John Mytton of Halston, was his father's second wife. Corbet had a brother Andrew Corbet, who rose to Lieutenant Colonel in the Royal Horse Guards, and a sister Mary Elizabeth Corbet, who married Sir John Kynaston Powell, 1st Baronet. Corbet inherited Sundorne Estate after the death of his father in 1759. He matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford on 7 January 1770 aged 18.\n\nPublic life\n\nJohn Corbet  led an active public life in Shrewsbury and throughout Shropshire.  In 1775 he was Treasurer of the Royal Salop Infirmary, he served as Lieutenant Colonel of the Shropshire Militia and in 1793 he was High Sheriff of Shropshire.\n\nCorbet's estate at Sundorne was within several miles of Shrewsbury, which gave him an interest in the constituency. On 17 March 1775, following the death of Lord Clive, he was returned unopposed at a by-election as Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury.  There is no record of his having spoken in Parliament and he did not stand again at the 1780 general election.\n\nWarwickshire Hunt\n\nJohn Corbet was a keen fox hunter and in 1791 he founded the Warwickshire Hunt, with which he hunted almost the whole county of Warwickshire.  Corbet personally covered almost all of the hunt's expenses, requesting only a \u20a45 contribution from each member towards earth stopping.  He established a Hunt Club at the White Lion Inn, Stratford-upon-Avon, where once a fortnight the club's members would meet for a dinner.  During the dinner the first toast was always to \"the King\" and the second to \"the blood of the Trojans\", Trojan being a favourite hound from which most of the hunt's hounds descended.  During the hunting season, the pack was kept at the White Lion, in the summer it returned to Sundorne.\n\nIn John Corbet's time, the Warwickshire hunt was very well supported by the nobility of Warwickshire.  On the first Monday of November of every year, John Peyto-Verney, 14th Baron Willoughby de Broke of Compton Verney would host a dinner for the club's members at the White Lion to mark the beginning of the hunting season.  Other staunch supporters of the hunt included Heneage Finch, 4th Earl of Aylesford, Thomas Scott, 2nd Earl of Clonmell and Henry Greville, 3rd Earl of Warwick.\n\nIn 1810, John Corbet's health began to fail and following the entreaties of his family, he agreed to give away his prized pack of hounds.  In 1811, he sold the pack, at the time consisting of over 70 couples of hounds (140 hounds), for 1,200 guineas to Henry Willoughby, 6th Baron Middleton.  With the cheque for the money, Lord Middleton included a note to Corbet in which he stated he saw the transaction as more of a gift than a purchase.\n\nJohn Corbet was extremely popular throughout Warwickshire, particularly with the farmers whose country he hunted over and to whom he was renowned for his generosity. For many years after his death a print of him, mounted on a white horse with hounds at foot, was found in many houses throughout the county.\n\nFamily and estate\n\nJohn Corbet married twice and had ten children from the two marriages.  His first wife was Emma Elizabeth Leighton, daughter of Sir Charlton Leighton, 3rd Baronet, they married in 1774 and she died in 1797.  His second wife was Anne Pigott, daughter of the Reverend William Pigott, Rector of Edgmond and Chetwynd, they married in 1800.  With his first wife Emma, Corbet had five children:\n Emma Elizabeth Corbet, born 1776, who married Sir Richard Puleton, 1st Baronet in 1798.\n Louisa Corbet, who died in infancy.\n Matilda Corbet, who died in infancy.\n John Kynaston Corbet, born 1790, who died aged 15 on 22 April 1806.\n Jane Elizabeth Corbet, born 1790.\n\nWith his second wife Anne, Corbet had another five children:\n Andrew William Corbet, born 1801, who succeeded his father to Sundorne Estate in 1817. Andrew married Mary Emma Hill in 1823 and died without children in 1856.\n Annabella Corbet, born 1803, who married Sir Theodore Brinckman, 1st Baronet in 1841. Arrabella succeeded her brother Dryden to Sundorne Estate in 1859 and died without children in 1864.\n Dryden Robert Corbet, born 1804, who succeeded his brother Andrew to Sundorne Estate in 1856. Dryden died unmarried in August 1859.\n Vincent Corbet, born 1806, who died unmarried in 1843.\n Kynaston Corbet, born 1808, who died unmarried in May 1859.\n\nUpon the death of Annabella, Sundorne Estate passed to her cousin the Reverend John Dryden Pigott, the son of her mother Anne's brother, who subsequently adopted the surname Pigott-Corbet.\n\nDeath\nOn 19 May 1817 John Corbet died at Mudeford surrounded by his family, having suffered a brain hemorrhage the previous day. His body was returned to Sundorne on 31 May, and on 2 June 1817 he was interned in the family vault in St Mary Magdalene's Church, Battlefield.\n\nA gothic monument, designed by Hugh Owen, Archdeacon of Salop, was erected in the east end of the church bearing his arms together with the arms of his two wives, it bears the inscription:\n\nAn obituary to John Corbet in The Gentleman's Magazine in June 1817 stated of him:\nMr Corbet was a gentleman well known beyond the precincts of his own county, particularly in Warwickshire, where, at his sole expense, he kept a pack of fox hounds for nearly 30 years and where, by his liberal and gentlemanly conduct, he conciliated the respect and esteem of all ranks.  In his own country Mr Corbet will not only be lamented by a numerous tenantry, to whom he was the best of landlords, but also by a large circle of friends and acquaintance, to whom his hospitable doors were always open.  To the poor he was a liberal and unceasing benefactor; and, in every sense of the word, he may truly be said to have kept up the character of the independent country gentleman, firmly attached to our glorious Constitution in Church and State, and always anxiously wishing his powerful interest in the borough of Shrewsbury to tend to its support.\n\nSee also\n Warwickshire Hunt\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1751 births\nCategory:1817 deaths\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies\nCategory:British MPs 1774\u20131780\nCategory:Masters of foxhounds\nCategory:English hunters\nCategory:High Sheriffs of Shropshire"}
-{"text": "List of Ohio Wesleyan University presidents\n\nThis article lists the current and past presidents of Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio.\n\nThe president of Ohio Wesleyan University is the institution's chief administrator and ex officio chair of the Board of Trustees. He is appointed by and is responsible to the other members of the Board, who delegate to him the day-to-day running of the university. Since Wesleyan's beginning, just 15 men have held the title of Ohio Wesleyan University president, while a few have served as interim president. Those who have held the office include lawyers, literary scholars, politicians, businessmen and clergymen.\n\nMark Huddleston was named university president following a meeting of the Ohio Wesleyan Board of Trustees on Saturday morning, June 12, 2004. He succeeded Thomas Courtice, who held office for 10 years before retiring that year. Huddleston's academic specialty is public administration, a field in which he has published widely, focusing on the senior federal career service and a variety of international issues.\n\nHistory\nThe service of Ohio Wesleyan's presidents to the college spans nearly 170 years now. About a quarter of them, in the beginning of the college's history, were appointed by the Methodist church. Early in the beginning of the 20th century that link was severed and the appointment of Arthur Flemming marked the beginning of independent appointment to the position of presidency of the college.\n\nThe Thomson Era\nThe first president Edward Thomson, one of the two founders of the university in 1842. His father, a druggist, influenced Edward toward the study of medicine, which he pursued at the University of Pennsylvania. He retained the post of the presidency until 1860. Thomson was a vocal clergyman and a defender of the rights of women to co-education, on equal terms with men, and engaged in antislavery activity at that time, including many acts of civil disobedience.\n\nOn August 5, 1846, Thomson delivered his inaugural address. He maintained that the college was a product of the liberality of the people of Delaware and that it was fortunate that Ohio Wesleyan was founded in a community divided in religious and political opinions because the friction of a mixed society prevented dogmatism and developed energy and pointed out that the spirit of the college is the spirit of liberty.\n\nAccounts of Thomson focus on his scholarly work and his firm anti-slavery social stance. By the end of the presidency, Thomson had written three books on 18th century Europe and Asia. He helped to give the campus a certain abolitionist tinge of reform, as was the case with Oberlin College, along these lines by stating that the school would not obey the fugitive slave law and would be willing to suffer the extreme penalty in case of need.\n\nMerrick through Welch\nUnder Frederick Merrick's presidency (1860\u20131873), the school focused as much on curriculum expansion as it did on fundraising. Less teacher than some of the others, Merrick's zeal significantly increased the school's coffers, but disappointment followed at the failure of his attempt to abolish fraternities in 1870-1872 and anxiety during the years of the construction of Merrick Hall.\nCharles Payne's presidency lasted between 1876 and 1888. He was an 1856 Wesleyan University alumnus graduate and during his presidency, enrollment in the college increased three times and music education experienced a decided renaissance. While no major buildings were built during his administration, Paynes' fame was strongly related to his reputation of being a disciplinarian.\n\nThe Payne age of transition, was followed by Bashford's era of transformation during 1889-1904. The need of new departments and the value of specialized instruction were recognized. Bashford's aim was to improve the plant and offerings of the college; to make the school's curriculum and buildings on par with its new academic position. The building history during that period included Monnett extensions, University Hall and Slocum Library. Athletics and physical education facilities were established and a start was made for a new gymnasium. Development during the Bashford years meant establishments of departments for natural science (physics, zoology, geology), and new departments of speech, history, French, English and economics. The new ideal of specialization brought an emphasis on professional preparation on the Doctor of Philosophy degree and on travel and study in Europe. Three professional schools were established during his presidency (of Law, of Medicine and of Theology) and the Doric Front was demolished.\n\nDuring the 1920s, under Herbert George Welch's and John W. Hoffman's presidencies chapel service was dropped, sororities came in. Edgar Hall came into use and Selby Stadium was built; Austin Manor and Perkins Observatory was constructed and Stuyvesant Hall was planned.\n\nWenzlau's presidency controversies\n\nThe presidency of Thomas Wenzlau span three decades between 1969-1984. The first challenge for Wenzlau was campus unrest: Wesleyan students took over the ROTC building, demanded its shut-down and eventually eliminated its presence in 1970. Students demanded participation in departmental meetings and faculty committees. The period saw a furthering of the democratic process in the governance of Wesleyan. His presidency witnessed decline in students' test scores, an unusually high attrition rate, lack of adequate research to identify potential major donors and a growing \"party school\" image, leading to a rocky relationship between him and the student body. In 1979-1982, the campus newspaper The Transcript severely criticized Wenzlau's  presidency blaming it for \"severely affecting the reputation of the college\". The exchange between the president and The Transcript led to a Washington Post report on the school that eventually led to the end of Wenzlau's presidency.\n\nWesleyan's reputation on the rebound with Warren\nThe leadership of David Warren increased admission standards for students, engaged students in a \"live-in\" presidency, expanded media exposure and established a National Colloquium, whose objective was to focus on the liberal arts. Warren engaged in forty-one interviews on the ABC and NBC networks.\n\nMark Huddleston to the president\n\nMark Huddleston, was elected after a Board meeting on June 12, 2004. He succeeded Thomas Courtice, who held office for 10 years. Huddleston's specializes in public administration, a field in which he has published widely, focusing on the senior federal career service and a variety of international issues. Before coming to Ohio Wesleyan, Huddleston served in the faculty of the University of Delaware for 24 years, ultimately as the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. Huddleston has been an active consultant for both the U.S. government and international organizations in the past. He worked previously in the Balkans, southern Africa, and central and southeast Asia. He gained international development experience in Bosnia as an advisor on rebuilding financial and administrative infrastructures following the Dayton Accords. He has authored the following books: The Public Administration Workbook, Profiles in Excellence: Conversations with the Best of America's Career Executive Service, The Higher Civil Service in the United States, and The Government's Managers.\n\nUnder Huddleston, Wesleyan continued to undertake construction projects. The Memorial Union Building was renovated in 2001 to accommodate the Economics Department, the Academic Resource Center, the Information Systems department, and the Woltemade Center for Economics, Business and Entrepreneurship. The Conrades-Wetherell Science Center opened in 2004 to provide  of additional space for the science departments.\n\nAn athletic fundraising campaign began in 2005. The campaign is named after Branch Rickey, class of 1904, who broke the racial barrier in professional baseball. It is directed at renovating the facilities used by the 22 varsity teams by adding a new turf facility, new field house and a pool, and a gateway connecting all sports facilities on campus.\n\nIn April 2007, Huddleston accepted a position as president of the University of New Hampshire and left Wesleyan on June 30, 2007, giving him the second shortest presidential reign in Wesleyan's history, behind David Lockmiller, 1959\u20131961. On 29 May 2007, the appointment of current university provost Dr. David O. Robbins as interim president was unanimously endorsed by OWU's Board of Trustees. Dr. Robbins' term as Interim President began on 1 July 2007.\n\nList of presidents\n\nActing and Interim Presidents have included Lorenzo D. McCabe (1873\u201376), William F. Whitlock (1888\u201389), Edward L. Rice (1938\u201339), Clarence E. Ficken (1947\u201348, 1953\u201355), Frank J. Prout (1955\u201357), George W. Burns (1958\u201359), Robert Lisensky (1968\u201369), William C. Louthan (1993\u201394) and David Robbins (2007\u20132008).\n\nFemale College presidents\nOhio Wesleyan Female College had three presidents before merging with Ohio Wesleyan University.\nWilliam Richardson, 1873\u20131877\nNathaniel Clark Burt, 1868\u20131870\nOran Faville, 1853\u20131855\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOWU \u2014 Welcome from the president\n\nCategory:Ohio Wesleyan University\nOhio Wesleyan\n*"}
-{"text": "Nathan Davis\n\nNathan Davis is the name of:\n\nNathan Davis (traveller) (1812\u20131882), British missionary and amateur excavator at Carthage\nNathan Davis (actor) (1917\u20132008), American actor \nNathan Davis (saxophonist) (1937\u20132018), American hard bop jazz multi-instrumentalist who plays the tenor saxophone\nNathan Davis (gridiron football) (born 1974), defensive lineman\nNathan Smith Davis (1817\u20131904), physician instrumental in founding Northwestern University\nNathan Smith Davis, Jr. (1858\u20131920), physician and dean of Northwestern University Medical College\nNathan Davis (basketball), American college basketball coach\nNathan Davis (rugby league) (born 1995), Australian rugby league player\n\nSee also\nNate Davis (disambiguation)\nNathaniel Davis (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "The Clearing (Homeland)\n\n\"The Clearing\" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American television drama series Homeland, and the 19th episode overall.  It originally aired on Showtime on November 11, 2012.\n\nPlot \n\nRoya Hammad (Zuleikha Robinson) intercepts Brody (Damian Lewis) during his morning jog. She tells him they lost a man in the Gettysburg massacre and his role is now more important than ever. Brody is frustrated over her withholding details from him, partially for the benefit of Carrie (Claire Danes), who is listening in.\n\nLater, the Brody family is en route to a political fundraiser hosted by Rex Henning (John Finn), a wealthy potential contributor to Vice President Walden's (Jamey Sheridan) campaign. On the way, Jessica (Morena Baccarin) informs Brody of Mike's (Diego Klattenhoff) suspicion that he really killed Tom Walker. Brody reluctantly admits to being complicit in the killing, framing it as a CIA mission that went awry. After arriving, Brody complains to Carrie about Mike's continued interference. During the fundraiser, Rex and Brody talk privately, where Rex - who has noticed the untoward interest several guests have about Brody's time in captivity - discloses that he served in Vietnam, and compliments Brody on not 'breaking' while in captivity. Rex later announces his full endorsement of a Walden/Brody presidential ticket. Previously, however, Rex admitted to Brody that he dislikes the self-absorbed Walden, and is really interested in when Brody succeeds Walden as president. Brody protests that he is not the man Rex thinks he is.\n\nSaul (Mandy Patinkin) seeks out captured terrorist Aileen Morgan (Marin Ireland), who is in solitary confinement at a maximum security prison. Saul shows her a photo of the man who met with Roya Hammad and asks Aileen if she can identify him. Aileen describes her miserable day-to-day existence at the facility, and asks to be moved to an above-ground cell with a window in return for the information she has. Saul, after encountering resistance from the warden, is able to fulfill this request with help from the attorney general. Aileen gives Saul a name and possible address of the man in the photo.\n\nDuring the fundraiser, Dana (Morgan Saylor) and Finn (Timoth\u00e9e Chalamet) argue over when to confess to the hit-and-run that killed a woman a week earlier. The argument is noticed by Cynthia Walden (Talia Balsam) and Jessica, who ask them what's going on.  Dana bluntly announces \"we killed someone,\" and proceeds to recount the events of the hit-and-run accident. Cynthia's immediate reaction is to cover up the incident to protect their political standing. The Waldens insist that no report be filed with the police. But, neither Brody nor Jessica is satisfied with this. A guilt-ridden Dana is shocked that Finn is glumly indifferent, knowing his parents will get their way, no matter what.\n\nQuinn (Rupert Friend), having discharged himself from the hospital to return to work, sees Brody as the CIA's most valuable lead and encourages Carrie to somehow empower him. After warning Mike off by playing on his love for Jessica, Carrie meets with Brody in a clearing behind Rex's house. They talk about Brody's feeling false in the face of Rex's honest war heroism. Carrie tries to comfort him, which leads to a prolonged kiss. Brody admits to knowing he is being used and manipulated by Carrie, but continues to kiss her. He admits that she makes him \"feel good,\" which is not at all how it should be. He pulls away and leaves.\n\nQuinn and an FBI team storm the house at the address given to them by Aileen, only to find a man she incidentally knew from living in Saudi Arabia. When he is apprised of the situation, a betrayed-feeling Saul can't understand why Aileen would dupe them. He then has a realization and rushes to Aileen in the interrogation cell, finding her in a pool of blood after having cut her own throat using a shard from the reading glasses that Saul had given her. He weeps uncontrollably as she dies, later admitting to Quinn that his emotions were what allowed her to play him.\n\nBrody takes Dana to the police station to report the hit-and-run accident, but they find Carrie waiting for them outside the police station. Carrie commands Brody to not file the report, as it will cause him to fall out of favor with Walden, thus jeopardizing his relationship with Abu Nazir. She threatens that his deal with the CIA will be off if he does so. Dana approaches, and Brody apologetically tells her that they can't report the accident. Dana, believing that her father only cares about the campaign, is disgusted and runs off, while Brody vents his frustration on Carrie: \"This is not okay!  None of this is fucking OK!\"\n\nDeceased\nAileen Morgan: suicide\n\nProduction \nThe episode was written by executive producer Meredith Stiehm, and was directed by John Dahl.\n\nReception\n\nRatings\nThe original American broadcast received 1.91 million viewers, which increased in viewership from the previous episode.\n\nCritical response\nAlan Sepinwall of HitFix called it a \"great, resonant, character-focused episode\", praising Mandy Patinkin's performance, and highlighting the Carrie/Brody meet up as a \"fantastic scene.\"\n\nThe A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff graded it an \"A-,\" crediting Meredith Stiehm's writing and declaring the episode successful in bringing together several disconnected story lines.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \"The Clearing\" at Showtime\n \n \n\nCategory:2012 American television episodes\nCategory:Homeland (season 2) episodes"}
-{"text": "Franco Vescovi\n\nFranco Vescovi (28 January 1930 \u2013 20 February 2006) was an Italian boxer. He competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1930 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:Italian male boxers\nCategory:Olympic boxers of Italy\nCategory:Boxers at the 1952 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Rome"}
-{"text": "Escort for Hire\n\nEscort for Hire is a low budget 1960 British thriller film. It starred June Thorburn, Pete Murray, Noel Trevarthen, Jan Holden and Peter Butterworth.\n\nPlot\nUnemployed actor Steve gets a job with Miss Kennedy's agency as an escort-bodyguard, but ends up being framed for murder after a wealthy client, Miss Elizabeth Quinn, is killed.\n\nCast\nTerry - \tJune Thorburn\nBuzz - \tPete Murray\nSteve - \t Noel Trevarthen\nElizabeth - \tJan Holden\nInspector Bruce - \tPeter Butterworth\nArthur Vickers - \tGuy Middleton\nBarbara - \t Mary Laura Wood\nJack - \tDerek Blomfield\nNadia - \tJill Melford\nEldon Baker - \tPatricia Plunkett\nReceptionist - \t Catherine Ellison\nDetective Sergeant Moore - \tBruce Beeby\nPorter - \tC. Denier Warren\nMarion - \tViola Keats\nTemperance Lady - \tTotti Truman Taylor\n\nCritical reception\nTV Guide wrote, \"this routine British crime melodrama is slightly enhanced by Technicolor.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1960 films\nCategory:1960s thriller films\nCategory:British crime films\nCategory:British films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Godfrey Grayson\nCategory:Films set in London"}
-{"text": "Latin diacritics\n\nLatin diacritics may refer to:\n diacritics of the Latin alphabet\n diacritics used in the Latin language (see )"}
-{"text": "Huincul Formation\n\nThe Huincul Formation is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Early Cenomanian to Late Turonian) age of the Neuqu\u00e9n Basin that outcrops in the Mendoza, R\u00edo Negro and Neuqu\u00e9n Provinces of northern Patagonia, Argentina. It is the second formation in the R\u00edo Limay Subgroup, the oldest subgroup within the Neuqu\u00e9n Group. Formerly that subgroup was treated as a formation, and the Huincul Formation was known as the Huincul Member.\n\nDescription \nThe type locality of the Huincul Formation is near the town of Plaza Huincul in Neuqu\u00e9n Province after which the formation was named by Wichmann in 1929. This formation conformably overlies the Candeleros Formation, and it is in turn overlain by the Lisandro Formation.\n\nThe Huincul Formation is thought to represent an arid environment with ephemeral or seasonal streams. In some areas, it is up to  thick. It is mainly composed of green and yellow sandstones and can easily be differentiated from the overlying Lisandro Formation, which is red in color. The Candeleros Formation, underlying the Huincul, is composed of darker sediments, making all three formations easily distinguishable.\n\nFossil content \n\nFossil bones are rarely found in the Huincul Formation. However, remains of Argentinosaurus huinculensis, one of the largest land animals known, were found in the Huincul Formation, and this species is named after it. One of the largest predators known, Mapusaurus, has also been recovered from a bonebed in this formation.\n\nFossils found in the Huincul Formation include those of dinosaurs:\n several titanosaurian sauropods (including Argentinosaurus and Choconsaurus)\n rebbachisaurid sauropods (including Cathartesaura and Limaysaurus)\n carcharodontosaurid theropods (including Mapusaurus and Taurovenator)\n a neovenatorid theropod (Gualicho)\n a megaraptoran theropod (Aoniraptor)\n several abelisaurid theropods (including Skorpiovenator, Tralkasaurus and Ilokelesia)\n an elaphrosaurine theropod (Huinculsaurus)\n several iguanodonts\n ichnofossils of abelisaurids and hadrosaurids\n\nSee also \n\n List of fossil sites\n List of dinosaur bearing rock formations\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Geologic formations of Argentina\n \nCategory:Cretaceous Argentina\nCategory:Cenomanian Stage\nCategory:Turonian Stage\nCategory:Sandstone formations\nCategory:Fluvial deposits\nCategory:Lacustrine deposits"}
-{"text": "Uniform data access\n\nUniform data access is a computational concept describing an even-ness of connectivity and controllability across numerous target data sources.  \n\nNecessary to fields such as Enterprise Information Integration (EII) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), it is most often used regarding analysis of disparate data types and data sources, which must be rendered into a uniform information representation, and generally must appear homogenous to the analysis tools\u2014when the data being analyzed is typically heterogeneous and widely varying in size, type, and original representation.\nCategory:Data management"}
-{"text": "Walnut (disambiguation)\n\nA walnut is the nut of any tree of the genus Juglans.\n\nWalnut may also refer to:\n\nTrees and fruit\nJuglans regia, the Persian, English, or common walnut, a tree which produces most of the walnuts sold as food\nJuglans,  the genus of trees that produce walnuts\nEndiandra, a genus of trees from south east Asia, Australia and the Pacific\nCoula edulis, African walnut, a tree in the family Olacaceae\n\nTimber\nsee Juglans#Wood\n\nPlaces\n\nUnited States\nWalnut, California, a city\nWalnut, Georgia, a ghost town\nWalnut, Illinois, a village\nWalnut, Indiana, an unincorporated community\nWalnut, Iowa, a city\nWalnut, Kansas, a city\nWalnut, Mississippi, a town\nWalnut, Missouri, an unincorporated community\nWalnut, Nebraska, an unincorporated community\nWalnut, North Carolina, an unincorporated community\nWalnut, Ohio, an unincorporated community\nWalnut Canyon National Monument, Arizona\nWalnut\u2013Locust (SEPTA station), a subway station in Philadelphia\nWalnut River (Kansas) and Little Walnut River, rivers in Kansas\nWalnut Springs, Texas, a city\n\nUnited Kingdom\nWalnut Tree, Milton Keynes, England\n\nOther uses\nPaulie Walnuts, a fictional character from the HBO series The Sopranos\nWalnut elimia, a North American gastropod\nWalnut sauce (also known as walnut paste), a food paste in Persian and Georgian cuisine\nWalnut Whales, a 2002 folk music EP by Joanna Newsom\nWalnut Whip, British confection\n\nSee also\nWalnut Bend (disambiguation)\nWalnut Creek (disambiguation)\nWalnut Grove (disambiguation)\nWalnut Hill (disambiguation)\nWalnut Lake (disambiguation)\nWalnut Park (disambiguation)\nWalnut Street (disambiguation)\nWalnut Township (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "We're All to Blame\n\n\"We're All to Blame\" is a song by Canadian rock band Sum 41. \"We're All to Blame\" was released to radio on August 31, 2004 as the first single from Chuck.\n\nContent\nThe band has stated that the song is about the \"state of the world due to war, people dying, people living in fear, and the power of corporations, amongst other concerns.\" It was written after their trip to the Congo, making it the last song written for Chuck (\"Noots\" was originally going to be track 3 on the album, but was cut right after \"We're All To Blame\" was recorded).\n\nMusic video\nThe video, directed by Marc Klasfeld, is a spoof of Solid Gold and features the Solid Gold dancers. At the end of the video, the announcer says that the next guest is Pain For Pleasure, Sum 41's heavy metal alter ego band.\n\nReception\n\nThe song has received universal critical acclaim. Fox83 of Sputnikmusic called the song an \"impressive approach lyrically\" and said \"If System of a Down's \"Chop Suey!\" had never been released then this could be leaning on originality. Aside from these irritations, 'We're All to Blame' is a great effort, and deserves its place on 'Chuck.'\"\nEntertainment Weekly said \"It may sound heinous on paper, but trust us, the first single, 'We're All To Blame,' is far better than it has a right to be.\" IGN gave a very positive recommendation of the song, saying \"'We're All To Blame' is, bar none, the single best song Sum 41 has ever written and performed. A hard-hitting metal ballad that comments on global greed and its horrible consequences, the song not only stands out on Chuck, but it stands out as the high point of Sum 41's entire catalogue.\"\n\nIn popular media\n\"We're All to Blame\" was used in Toho's Godzilla: Final Wars (2004) during a brief fight scene between Godzilla and Zilla in Sydney.\n\nTrack listing\nWe're All to Blame\nNoots\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2004 singles\nCategory:Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld\nCategory:Sum 41 songs\nCategory:Anti-war songs\nCategory:Protest songs\nCategory:2004 songs\nCategory:Island Records singles\nCategory:Songs written by Deryck Whibley\nCategory:Songs written by Steve Jocz\nCategory:Songs written by Greig Nori"}
-{"text": "2018\u201319 F.C. Motagua season\n\nThe 2018\u201319 season is F.C. Motagua's 72nd season in existence and the club's 53rd consecutive season in the top fight of Honduran football.  As runners-up of both Apertura and Clausura last season, the club is looking for their 16th and 17th league title.  They also competed for the 2018 Honduran Cup and the 2018 CONCACAF League.\n\nOverview\nCoach Diego V\u00e1squez will be leading the team for his 10th consecutive tournament.  Last season, V\u00e1squez reached 200 consecutive games as Motagua's manager, a club's and league record.  The club started the season on 22 July with a shocking 1\u20132 defeat against Las Delicias F.C. in the 2018 Honduran Cup, making this the second time in a row they fall through the first round against a Liga Mayor club at such tournament.  On 1 November 2018, the club lost 2\u20133 on aggregate against C.S. Herediano in the final series of the 2018 CONCACAF League.  This marked the first time in history that the club qualified to a final in a tournament organized by CONCACAF.  With the defeat, Motagua failed to qualify to the 2019 CONCACAF Champions League.  Thanks to their outstanding participation in the first half of the season, coach V\u00e1squez, as well as players Jonathan Rougier, Juan Montes and Rubilio Castillo were nominated at the 2018 CONCACAF Awards.  On 16 December 2018, the club conquered their 16th national title with a 2\u20131 aggregate score over their city rivals Club Deportivo Olimpia in the Apertura final series, a win which gave them the right to qualify to the 2019 CONCACAF League.  For their second year in a row, the club was voted as the best Honduran team according to Uruguayan newspaper El Pa\u00eds.  In the Clausura tournament, Motagua repeated and once again lifted the trophy with a 3\u20132 win on aggregate over their city opponents Olimpia in the final series.\n\nKits\nThe 2018\u201319 home, away and third kits were published on 24 June.  On 5 December, the club released a special retro edition commemorating the 90th anniversary.\n\nPlayers\n\nTransfers in\n\nTransfers out\n\nSquad\n Statistics as of 2 June 2019\n Only league matches into account\n\nGoalkeeper's action\n As of 2 June 2019\n\nInternational caps\n As of 21 June 2019\nThis is a list of players that were playing for Motagua during the 2018\u201319 season and were called to represent Honduras at different international competitions.\n\nResults\nAll times are local CST unless stated otherwise\n\nPreseason and friendlies\n\nApertura\n\nClausura\n\nHonduran Cup\n\nCONCACAF League\n\nBy round\n\nStatistics\n As of 2 June 2019\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:F.C. Motagua seasons\nMotagua\nMotagua"}
-{"text": "Ron Johnson\n\nRon Johnson may refer to:\n\nPolitics\nRon Johnson (Wisconsin politician) (born 1955), Republican United States Senator for Wisconsin\nRon Johnson (Florida politician) (born 1949), Democrat, served in the Florida House of Representatives\nRonald Johnson (Alabama politician) (born 1943), Republican member of the Alabama House of Representatives\nRon Johnson (Ontario politician) (born 1966), Canadian politician\n\nGridiron football\nRon Johnson (running back) (1947-2018), former American football halfback (Cleveland Browns, New York Giants)\nRon Johnson (cornerback) (1956\u20132018), cornerback for the Pittsburgh Steelers\nRon Johnson (defensive end) (born 1979), Shippensburg University player\nRon Johnson (wide receiver, born 1958), American football player\nRon Johnson (wide receiver, born 1980), American football player\nRon Johnson (quarterback) (born c. 1948), Canadian football quarterback\nRonald Johnson (American football) (born 1988), American football wide receiver\n\nOther professions\nRon Johnson (Australian footballer) (born 1938), Australian footballer for Richmond\nRon Johnson (baseball) (born 1956), minor league baseball manager and former Major League coach and player\nRon Johnson (basketball) (1938\u20132015), Former NBA player\nRon Johnson (businessman) (born 1959), American businessman and retail executive\nRon Johnson (speedway rider) (1907\u20131983), Australian motorcycle speedway rider\nRonald Johnson (poet) (1935\u20131998), American poet\nRonald S. Johnson, Missouri State Highway Patrol Captain and a notable figure in the aftermath of the shooting of Michael Brown\nRonny Johnson (born 1962), American-Australian baseball player\n\nOther uses\nRon Johnson Records, a record label\n\nSee also\nRonny Johnsen (born 1969), Norwegian footballer\nRon Johnstone (born 1949), Minister of the Free Presbyterian Church, Northern Ireland\nRob Johnson (disambiguation)\nJon Ronson (born 1967), journalist, documentary filmmaker, radio presenter and author"}
-{"text": "Wrist strap\n\nWrist strap can mean:\n a lanyard worn around the wrist\n a watch strap\n an anti-static wrist strap\n\nSee also \n Wristband\n Wrist brace\n Wrist guard\n Wristlet"}
-{"text": "Ahmad Ajab\n\nAhmad Ajab (; born 13 May 1984) is a Kuwaiti footballer. After starting playing for Al-Sahel he moved to Al-Qadisia in July 2007.\n\nCareer\nAfter moving to his new club, he was quickly crowned as the top scorer in 2007 Kuwaiti Premier League and was called up for the national team where he scored a hat-trick on his debut against Lebanon, he came from the bench after 50 minutes gone and the scoreline was 2\u20130 to Lebanon it finished with his hat-trick 2-3. He is currently in some fierce competition to be the World top scorer and Asia's Best Player of the Year. He helped his team to reach the second round of the AFC champions league.\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Kuwait's goal tally first.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1984 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Kuwaiti footballers\nCategory:Kuwait international footballers\nCategory:Qadsia SC players\nCategory:2011 AFC Asian Cup players\nCategory:Al-Shabab FC (Riyadh) players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Kuwait City\nCategory:Saudi Professional League players\n\nCategory:Association football forwards"}
-{"text": "AB de Villiers\n\nAbraham Benjamin de Villiers (born 17 February 1984), commonly known as AB de Villiers, Mr. 360\u00b0 or simply AB, is a South African cricketer. He is considered as one of the greatest batsmen of all time. He plays for Tshwane Spartans in Mzansi Super League and Royal Challengers Bangalore in the Indian Premier League. In limited overs cricket he is an attacking batsman. He was named as the ICC ODI Player of the Year three times during his 15-year international career. His name was also featured in Wisden Cricketers of the Decade at the end of 2019.\n\nDe Villiers began his international career as a wicket-keeper-batsman, but he has played most often solely as a batsman. He batted at various positions in the batting order, but predominantly in the middle-order. Noted as one of the most innovative and destructive batsmen in the modern era, De Villiers is known for a range of unorthodox shots, particularly behind the wicket-keeper. \n\nHe made his international debut in a Test match against England in 2004 and first played a One Day International (ODI) in early 2005. His debut in Twenty20 International cricket came in 2006. He scored over 8,000 runs in both Test and ODI cricket and is one of the very few batsmen to have a batting average of over fifty in both forms of the game. He holds the record for the fastest ODI century in just 31 balls. He also records the fastest ODI 50 and 150.\n\nDe Villiers captained South Africa in all three formats, although after a series of injuries he stepped down from the Test captaincy. In 2017 he stepped down from captaining the national limited-overs teams and in May 2018 announced his retirement from all forms of international cricket. However, in January 2020 De Villiers expressed his intention to make an international comeback and play for South Africa in the 2020 T20 World Cup.\n\nEarly life\nAbraham Benjamin de Villiers was born in Warmbad, South Africa, and enjoyed what he later described as the \"really relaxed lifestyle up there, where everyone knows everyone\". He was educated at Afrikaanse Ho\u00ebr Seunskool in Pretoria along with teammate Faf du Plessis, returning home at weekends. His father was a doctor who had played rugby union in his youth, and he encouraged his son to play sports and as a child.\n\nCareer\nDe Villiers is a right-handed batsman who accumulated over 8,000 runs in Tests including 22 centuries and 46 fifties. He holds the record for most Test innings without registering a duck (78), before being dismissed for nought against Bangladesh in November 2008. He also holds the second-highest individual score by a South African batsman, with 278 (not out). Until 2012 he was an occasional wicket-keeper for South Africa, although after the retirement of regular Test keeper Mark Boucher and under his own captaincy he has started to regularly keep wicket for the national side in Tests, ODIs and T20Is. He gave up wicket-keeping in 2015 and handed the gloves to debutant Quinton de Kock.\n\nHe holds the records for the fastest 50 (16 balls), 100 (31 balls) and 150 (64 balls) of all time in One Day Internationals by any batsmen, and also holds the fastest hundred by a South African in Tests and the fastest 50 by South African in T20Is. He is a three-time ICC ODI player of the year, winning the award in 2010, 2014 and 2015.\n\nAfter the 2011 Cricket World Cup he succeeded Graeme Smith as captain of the national ODI side, and became Test captain  after the second Test of the home series against England in 2015/16. He stepped down from Test captaincy in December 2016 due to an elbow injury which kept him out of the team for a long period.\n\nInternational career\n\nEarly career\nAfter a spell in the South Africa U19 team, he made his debut for the Titans in 2003/4.\n\nHe made his Test debut as a 20-year-old on 16 December 2004 against England at Port Elizabeth. He made a strong impression opening the batting, but was dropped down the order for the second Test and also handed the wicket-keeping gloves. In this match, he made a match-saving half-century from number seven. However, he found himself at the top of the order again for the final Test of the series.\n\nDespite a good tour of the Caribbean where he scored 178 to help South Africa seal a Test series win, his rapid progress was slowed on the tour of Australia in 2005. Despite playing Shane Warne well and becoming the second-youngest and second-fastest South African to reach 1,000 Test runs after Graeme Pollock, he struggled and made just 152 runs in 6 innings.\n\nHe has been used in a similar fashion to Jonty Rhodes in ODIs, opening the innings, although he currently bats in the middle order. De Villiers gave the selectors a sign by producing his then highest one-day score of 92 not out, which included 12 fours and one six, from 98 balls against India in the 2006 winter series.\n\nDe Villiers had a reputation as an outstanding fielder, typified by a diving run-out of Simon Katich of Australia in 2006, when he dived to stop the ball, and while still lying on his stomach facing away from the stumps, he tossed the ball backwards over his shoulder and effected a direct hit. This has also led people to make further comparisons of him to Jonty Rhodes, who was also one of the finest fielders of his generation. His fielding positions other than wicket-keeper are 1st and 2nd slip and cover.\n\n2007 Cricket World Cup in West Indies\nCompeting in the 2007 Cricket World Cup, AB was in good form in ODIs having scored four 50s during the South Africa vs India/Pakistan (2007) matches.\n\nIn the early stages of the tournament AB's form was poor with three failures including a duck against the Netherlands in a match where his team broke various records for batting, although he scored a 92 in the first round against Australia.\n\nHe made his maiden ODI hundred, 146 from just 130 balls including 5 sixes and 12 fours, in the Super 8 game against West Indies on 10 April 2007. He had to bat with a runner for the latter stages of his innings and found every shot painful due to a combination of cramps, heat exhaustion and dehydration. His innings consisted of a second wicket partnership of 170 with Jacques Kallis and a third wicket partnership of 70 with Herschelle Gibbs. De Villiers' innings helped set up a total of 356/4 from 50 overs.\n\nHis batting during the World Cup was inconsistent as he also failed to score on 4 occasions, itself a record.\n\nGaining attention\nOn 4 April 2008, De Villiers became the first South African to score a double century against India with his top score of 217.\n\nDe Villiers scored an obdurate 174 that helped set up a ten-wicket win for South Africa in the second Test against England at Headingley Carnegie in Leeds in July 2008. This was followed by a 97 at The Oval before he came down the wicket trying to smash Monty Panesar for a boundary and was caught on the fence.\n\nIn the first Test in Perth, De Villiers scored a match-winning century to help South Africa chase down the second-highest-ever fourth innings target of 414 with six wickets in hand. This was South Africa's first Test victory in Australia in 15 years and appeared to go a long way towards tilting world cricket's balance of power after over a decade of Australian dominance. De Villiers also took four diving catches in the course of the match, including one to dismiss Jason Krejza, a stunner at backward point.\n\nDe Villiers only scored 11 runs in the second Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and made another low score in the first innings of the final Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground. In the second innings of that Test though, De Villiers scored a patient half-century as South Africa almost held on for an against-the-odds draw.\n\nDuring ODI series, in the 4th ODI in Adelaide, he played as wicket-keeper after Boucher was ruled out. He then scored 82 not out from 85 balls with 6 fours and a six to win the series and was named the man of the match.\n\nIn the first Test of the return series at the Wanderers Stadium, De Villiers provided lone resistance in the first innings against a bowling attack led by pace bowler, Mitchell Johnson, scoring 104* off 185 balls with 9 fours and 1 six, while his teammates all fell for under 50. But in the second innings he made only 3 off 7.\n\nIn the third Test, after centuries from Ashwell Prince and Jacques Kallis, De Villiers was the third centurion of the innings with a score of 163 off 196 balls with 12 fours and 7 sixes. This knock also tied the record for most sixes in an over as De Villiers, off the bowling of McDonald, hit four consecutive sixes.\n\nIn the following 5-game ODI series, De Villiers played consistently, although starting badly in the first game, scoring only 2 runs. However, he went on to make 36*, 80, 84 and 38 and was named Player of the Series at the conclusion of game 5.\n\nHe was rested for the two-match Twenty20 series against Zimbabwe and because Mark Boucher was injured as well Heino Kuhn donned the keeping gloves. De Villiers returned for the ODI series and also took over the gloves while Boucher was recovering. He did well against Zimbabwe scoring two centuries out of the three ODIs as South Africa comfortably won the three match series 3\u20130.\n\nHis major challenge came against Pakistan for the two Twenty20 matches, where he kept wicket. In the first match, he was out for a second-ball duck off a superb delivery by Shoaib Akhtar. In the second T20I he scored 11 runs. He then participated in the five-match ODI series where South Africa were chasing 203 to win and he scored 51 before he was caught and bowled by Saeed Ajmal. In the second ODI he scored 29 as he was bowled by Shahid Afridi; in the same match, a flamboyant Abdul Razzaq played the greatest innings of his life to lift Pakistan to an unbelievable victory. During the third match, he scored 19 before he was stumped by Zulqarnain Haider. It turned out to be a mistake by the umpire as he had pressed the wrong button. In the fourth match, he missed out on a half-century while on 49 when he gave his wicket to the fielder at point. His good form in the series continued when he scored 61 in the final ODI as South Africa won by 57 runs and the series 3\u20132.\n\nFor his performances in 2009 and 2010, he was named in the World Test XI by the ICC, and was also named in the World ODI XI in 2010.\n\n2011 Cricket World Cup\nAB de Villiers scored two successive centuries in the 2011 World Cup. He became the first South African to score two centuries in a single World Cup and the fifth batsman after Mark Waugh, Saeed Anwar, Rahul Dravid and Matthew Hayden to score two consecutive centuries in a single World Cup tournament. He also became the 16th batsman to score two or more centuries in one World Cup tournament. AB de Villiers' strike rate of 136.73 is the highest among South African batsmen who have scored centuries in World Cup matches. With his third player of the match award in World Cups, De Villiers is joint second with Jacques Kallis on the list of South African players with most match awards in World Cups. Lance Klusener heads the list with five awards.\n\nRising through the ranks\nOn 6 June 2011, then South Africa coach Gary Kirsten announced that AB de Villiers would be South Africa's new limited-overs captain. \"I'm very excited but I'm also inexperienced. But I've learnt a lot the last seven years from an unbelievable captain,\" said De Villiers, who had never captained a team at first-class level. \"It's a big responsibility, but there'll be a fresh look in the side, which is good.\"\n\nIn the 2011\u201312 South African summer, De Villiers featured in the home series against Australia and  against Sri Lanka. In the latter, he scored a century (160 not out) in South Africa's win in the third and deciding Test of the series. He was named the Player of the Series, having scored 353 runs at an average of 117.66. He then led South Africa for his first series since being appointed captain of the One Day International team. In his first match as captain, South Africa inflicted the heaviest defeat in Sri Lanka's history, with a 258-run win in Paarl on 11 January 2012. It was also the largest margin of victory (by runs) in an ODI match between two Test-playing teams. South Africa went on to win the ODI series, and De Villiers was named player of the series, having scored 329 runs at an average of 109.66, including a century (125 not out) in the fifth and final match in Johannesburg. On 10 July, De Villiers was handed full-time wicket-keeping duties after Mark Boucher announced retirement from cricket after suffering eye injuries from a hit from a bail the day before.\n\nOn 4 February 2013, De Villiers equalled Jack Russell's record of 11 dismissals in a match. He also scored an unbeaten 103 off 117 balls in South Africa's second innings of the same match. In the process, he became the first wicket-keeper to score a century and claim 10 dismissals in a Test.\n\nOn 18 March, during the third ODI match of Pakistan's tour of South Africa at Johannesburg, De Villiers and Hashim Amla shared the record for the highest third-wicket partnership in an ODI when they scored 238. De Villiers scored 12 fours and 3 sixes, and a total of 128.\n\nRecord breaking year\nOn 18 January 2015, De Villiers scored both the fastest fifty and the fastest century by a batsman in One Day International cricket, off 16 balls and 31 balls respectively and eventually scoring 149 runs off 44 balls in 59.5 minutes against West Indies.\n\n2015 World Cup\nDe Villiers was one of the top performers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup scoring 482 runs at an average of 96.0 and strike rate of 144.0 during the tournament.\n\nOn 27 February 2015, De Villiers scored 162 runs off 66 balls in a match against the West Indies in Pool B, leading South Africa to their second-highest total in World Cup history (408), at Sydney Cricket Ground. With this feat, he became the record holder for the fastest 50, 100 and 150 in One-Day International history.\n\nUnder the captaincy of De Villiers, South Africa qualified for the semi-finals of the World Cup but lost to New Zealand in the match. De Villiers finished the tournament as the third-highest run-scorer with 482 runs, behind Martin Guptill and Kumar Sangakkara.\n\nAt the end of the tournament, he was ranked number 1 in the ICC batsmen rating in One day International cricket and number 3 in the ICC batsmen rating in Test cricket. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' for the 2015 World Cup by the ICC.\n\n2016\u20132018 and retirement \nOn 6 January 2016, the second Test match between England and South Africa ended in a draw. After the end of the match, Hashim Amla resigned from the captaincy and de Villiers was chosen to captain South Africa for the last two matches.\n\nOn 21 February 2016, de Villiers scored the fastest T20I fifty by a South African, in just 21 balls. He completed the innings with 79 runs in 29 balls and led South Africa to a clean sweep in the T20I series.\n\nOn 18 January 2017, de Villiers ruled himself out from most of the Test matches and ultimately played in December 2017. However, a day before the Test match, Faf du Plessis picked up a viral infection, putting him in doubt for the match. On the morning of the Test, he was ruled out of the fixture, with AB de Villiers replacing him as captain. He also kept wicket during the match, as South Africa's wicket-keeper Quinton de Kock suffered a hamstring injury while batting on day one. He took eight catches in the match and the Test match finished inside two days, with South Africa winning by an innings and 120 runs.\n\nDe Villiers returned for the Indian tour to South Africa in 2018. He stated he had given up wicket-keeping as his back could no longer handle the demand, and Faf du Plessis resumed his role as captain in all forms of the game.\n\nIn the second Test match against Australia, he scored his 22nd Test century with a score of 126 not out off 146 balls in the first innings. His performance helped the team win the match by 6 wickets.\n\nOn 23 May 2018, De Villiers announced his retirement from all forms of international cricket through a video uploaded to Twitter, in which he explained his decision. One of the statements in his monologue was \"I have had my turn, and to be honest, I am tired.\" A few weeks after his announcement about retiring from international cricket, he clarified and said that he will continue playing T20 leagues for a few more years.\n\nIn January 2020, it was rumoured that de Villiers was in talks to make a comeback to the South African T20I side for the 2020 ICC Men's T20 World Cup. De Villiers , as well as South African director of cricket Graeme Smith  and head coach Mark Boucher , confirmed these rumours.\n\nInternational centuries\n\nDe Villiers has scored 22 Test and 25 ODI centuries. He scored his first Test century against England in 2005 and his first ODI century against West Indies in 2007.\n\nDomestic and franchise career\nDomestically de Villiers first played for Northerns, making his debut for the team in the 2003/04 Supersport Series. The team merged with Easterns to form the Titans side which de Villiers then played for in the 2004/05 season. His international duties mean that he has played only occasionally for the side since 2005, making a total of only nine first-class, 20 List A and 24 Twenty20 appearances for the side.\n\nTwenty 20 franchise career\nSince joining the league in its inaugural season, de Villiers has become one of the most successful batsmen in the Indian Premier League (IPL). After oringally playing for Delhi Daredevils, he moved to Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) for US$1.5 million in the league's fourth season. Three of his four Twenty20 centuries have come in the IPL and as of June 2019 he has played in over 150 matches in the league. He has played match-winning innings for RCB and shown some destructive batting against bowlers especially in the death overs.\n\nOther than the IPL, de Villiers has played franchise T20 cricket for Barbados Tridents, Tshwane Spartans, Rangpur Riders and Lahore Qalandars in leagues across the world. Following his retirement from international cricket, his future in T20 franchise leagues was uncertain until he announced in July 2018 that he intended to continue to play in the IPL for \"a few years\".\n\nIn September 2019, he was named in the squad for the Tshwane Spartans team for the 2019 Mzansi Super League tournament.\nFor the 2019 series he represented Middlesex in the Vitality Blast Twenty20, providing both experience and an unbelievable amount of firepower to the squad. During the group stages he had the highest batting average. In October 2019, De Villiers had signed a 1-year deal with the Brisbane Heat in the Big Bash League franchise which is held in Australia during summer.\n\nPlaying style \nHe is sometimes referred to as \"Mr. 360\" due to his ability to play shots all around the wicket, and as \"Superman\" due to his acrobatic fielding. In T20 cricket he is seen as an attacking batsman who plays a range of unconventional shots.\n\nControversies \nDuring the 2019 ICC Cricket World Cup, and following South Africa losing their first three matches in the tournament, details emerged of De Villiers making himself available for selection for the national team squad on the day the squad was to be announced. He was not selected as he had not played any international cricket for his country leading up to the tournament, despite having been prompted to do so by South Africa's coach Ottis Gibson earlier in the year. He has been criticised for his decision to play in franchise leagues rather than for his country.\n\nPersonal life\n\nDe Villiers proposed to his girlfriend, Danielle Swart, at the Taj Mahal in 2012, after five years of dating. The couple got married in March 2013, in Bela-Bela, South Africa. They have two sons.\n\nHe is a devout Christian and has stated that his faith is crucial to his approach to life. He is also an accomplished guitar player and a singer. In 2010, he released a bilingual pop album entitled Maak Jou Drome Waar with his friend and South African singer Ampie du Preez.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1984 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:South Africa One Day International cricketers\nCategory:ACA African XI One Day International cricketers\nCategory:Titans cricketers\nCategory:Northerns cricketers\nCategory:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers\nCategory:South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers\nCategory:Afrikaner people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Pretoria\nCategory:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup\nCategory:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup\nCategory:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup\nCategory:Delhi Capitals cricketers\nCategory:South Africa Test cricket captains\nCategory:Barbados Tridents cricketers\nCategory:South African Christians\nCategory:Rangpur Riders cricketers\nCategory:Lahore Qalandars cricketers\nCategory:Brisbane Heat cricketers"}
-{"text": "Dylan Ragolle\n\nDylan Ragolle (born 11 May 1994) is a Belgian footballer who currently plays for Dender EH.\n\nExternal links\n\nBelgium stats at Belgian FA\n\nCategory:1994 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Belgian footballers\nCategory:K.V. Kortrijk players\nCategory:K.S.V. Roeselare players\nCategory:K Beerschot VA players\nCategory:R. Wallonia Walhain Chaumont-Gistoux players\nCategory:F.C.V. Dender E.H. players\nCategory:People from Tournai\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players"}
-{"text": "Valentina Zimina\n\nValentina Zimina (1 January 1899 \u2013 3 December 1928) was a silent screen actress.\n\nRussian-born, the daughter of a Moscow stage actress, Zimina served with the Women's Battalion of Death for three years. She was in a Siberian prison, from which she escaped and made her way across Asia and onto Hollywood. The rest of her family were killed in the Russian Civil War. She made her screen debut opposite Bessie Love and Warner Baxter in Victor Fleming's A Son of His Father, followed by five more 1920s romantic melodramas. Zimina died of influenza just before her last film was released.\n\nFilmography \n\n The Scarlet Lady (1928)\n The Woman on Trial (1927)\n Many Scrappy Returns (1927)\n Rose of the Tenements (1926)\n La Boh\u00e8me (1926)\n A Son of His Father (1925)\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1891 births\nCategory:1953 deaths\nCategory:American silent film actresses\nCategory:American film actresses\nCategory:Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery\nCategory:Imperial Russian actresses\nCategory:White Russian emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Russian women of World War I\nCategory:20th-century American actresses\nCategory:Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States"}
-{"text": "Jacques Loeb\n\nJacques Loeb (;<ref>\"Loeb\". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.</ref> ; April 7, 1859 \u2013 February 11, 1924) was a German-born American physiologist and biologist.\n\nBiography\n\nJacques Loeb, firstborn son of a Jewish family from the German Eifel region, was educated at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Strasburg (M.D. 1884). He took postgraduate courses at the universities of Strasburg and Berlin, and in 1886 became assistant at the physiological institute of the University of W\u00fcrzburg, remaining there till 1888. In a similar capacity, he then went to Strasburg University. During his vacations he pursued biological researches, at Kiel in 1888, and at Naples in 1889 and 1890.\n\nJacques Loeb first arrived in the United States in 1891 when he accepted a position at Bryn Mawr College, however, they provided insufficient facilities for his work which would later influence his resignation. In 1892, he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, while later becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the \"father of Behaviorism\") attended Loeb's neurology classes at the University of Chicago. In 1902, he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California.\n\nIn 1910, Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout his career, Loeb spent some summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, performing experiments on various marine invertebrates. While there, Jacques Loeb performed his most famous experiment, on artificial parthenogenesis. With this experiment, Loeb was able to cause the sea urchins' eggs to begin embryonic development without sperm. The slight chemical modifications of the water in which the eggs were kept, served as the stimulus for the development to begin. Later in 1918, Loeb established and became the first Editor of the Journal of General Physiology.Jacques Loeb became one of the most famous scientists in America, widely covered in newspapers and magazines, influencing other important individuals in the scientific world such as B.F. Skinner. He was the model for the character of Max Gottlieb in Sinclair Lewis's Pulitzer-winning novel Arrowsmith, the first great work of fiction to idealize and idolize pure science. Mark Twain also wrote an essay titled \"Dr. Loeb's Incredible Discovery\", urging the reader not to support a rigid general consensus, but to instead be open to new scientific advances.\n\nLoeb was nominated many times for the Nobel Prize but never won. \n\nLoeb was an atheist.Stout, Harry S., and D. G. Hart. New Directions in American Religious History. New York: Oxford UP, 1997. Print. Loeb was a forthright atheist...\"\n\nResearch area\nThe main subjects of Loeb's work were:\n\n Animal tropisms and their relation to the instincts of animals\n Heteromorphosis, the replacement of an injured or removed organ by a different organ\n Toxic and antitoxic effects of ions\n Artificial parthenogenesis\n Hybridization of the eggs of sea-urchins by the sperm of starfish\n\nWorks\nAmong Loeb's works the following may be mentioned: \n Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mit dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen, W\u00fcrzburg: Verlag von Georg Hertz, 1890.\n Untersuchungen zur physiologischen Morphologie der Thiere, W\u00fcrzburg: Verlag von Georg Hertz, 1891\u20131892. 2 vols., vol. 1: Ueber Heteromorphose, vol. 2: Organbildung und Wachsthum.\n Einleitung in die vergleichende Gehirnphysiologie und vergleichende Psychologie, Leipzig: J. A. Barth, 1899. English ed., Comparative physiology of the brain and comparative psychology, New York: Putnam, 1900.\n Studies in general physiology, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1905.\n The dynamics of living matter, New York: Columbia University Press, 1906.\n The mechanistic conception of life: biological essays, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1912; reprint, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964.\n Artificial parthenogenesis and fertilization, tr. from German by W. O. Redman King, rev. and ed. by Loeb. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1913.\n The organism as a whole, from a physicochemical viewpoint, New York: Putnam, 1916.\n Forced movements, tropisms, and animal conduct, Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1918.\n Proteins and the theory of colloidal behavior, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1922.The Mechanistic Conception of Life'' is Loeb's most famous and influential work. It contains English translations of some of his previous publications in German.\n\nFamily\nHis younger brother Leo also emigrated to the United States where he became a noted pathologist.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links\n\n Jacques Loeb at The Embryo Project Encyclopedia.\n Loeb Family Tree\n Jacques Loeb at the Jewish Encyclopedia.\n Jacques Loeb at infoplease.com.\nNational Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir\n\nCategory:1859 births\nCategory:1924 deaths\nCategory:Jewish physical chemists\nCategory:People from Mayen\nCategory:People from the Rhine Province\nCategory:German Jews\nCategory:German atheists\nCategory:German emigrants to the United States\nCategory:American people of German-Jewish descent\nCategory:German physiologists\nCategory:American atheists\nCategory:American physiologists\nCategory:University of Chicago faculty\nCategory:Rockefeller University people\nCategory:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences"}
-{"text": "Manzanita, Marin County, California\n\nManzanita (formerly, Manza Waldo and Manzanita Junction) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. Manzanita is also known as the Unincorporated Sausalito Houseboat Community. It is located  south of downtown San Rafael, at an elevation of 16 feet (5 m). It is located near Marin City.\n\nThe community is in area codes 415 and 628. The community was represented by Third District county supervisor Charles McGlashan until his death in May 2011, after which it has been represented by Kate Sears. There are 400 floating dwellings in 5 marinas. The community has a history of being the drug and sex mecca for Marin County, although that era has largely passed.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in California\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Marin County, California\nCategory:Houseboats\nCategory:Populated coastal places in California"}
-{"text": "Niger national football team\n\nThe Niger national football team represents Niger in international association football through the Nigerien Football Federation, a member of Confederation of African Football (CAF). Niger plays in the colors of the flag of Niger, white, green and orange. Their nickname comes from the Dama gazelle, native to Niger, the Hausa name of which is Meyna or M\u00e9nas The Dama appears on their badge in the colors of the national flag.\n\nHistory\nAlthough one of the weaker sides in the strong West Africa region, Niger has produced a couple of noteworthy runs in qualifying tournaments.\n\nOne of their best performances was in the 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in which Niger eliminated Somalia and Togo on the away goals rule, but were beaten by Algeria in the third round where only eight teams were left. Notable players in this run included Jacques Komlan, Hassane Adamou and Moussa Kanfideni.\n\nIn 1990, they set a record by thrashing Mauritania 7\u20131 in continental qualifiers, the highest positive score margin for the Mena.\n\nIn the 2004 African Nations Cup qualifiers, Niger won all their home games (including a win over Guinea) to finish on nine points, just three short of qualification.\n\nThe Niger squad is also plagued by financial concerns, which have caused them to withdraw from international tournaments on more than one occasion. The Nigerien Football Federation would have turned to fundraising to pay for their trip to the 2010 African Cup of Nations in Angola, had they qualified.\n\nOn 10 October 2010, Niger earned a shock 1\u20130 win over Egypt at home in the 2012 African Cup of Nations qualification.\n\nDespite a failed run for AFCON 2010, Niger hosted and won the UEMOA Tournament in November 2010, and followed up with their first ever qualification for the African Nations Championship in February 2011.\n\nAfter home wins over South Africa and Sierra Leone, on 8 October 2011 Niger qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations for the first time in its history, despite losing 3\u20130 in Egypt. Niger, South Africa and Sierra Leone all ended with nine points, but Niger qualified thanks to their superior head-to-head record against their rivals.\n\nAt the 2012 African Cup of Nations, Niger was placed in Group C alongside co-hosts Gabon, Tunisia and Morocco. In their opening match, Niger lost 2\u20130 to Gabon, while against Tunisia in Libreville, Niger trailed 1\u20130 on an early goal from Youssef Msakni in which he dribbled his way through for a fine goal after just four minutes. William N'Gounou, however, then made history by scoring Niger's first ever goal at the African Cup of Nations. A 1\u20131 draw looked likely, but Issam Jem\u00e2a's goal would eliminate Niger from the tournament. In the final match, Niger faced Morocco in a match featuring two sides already eliminated from the tournament. Youn\u00e8s Belhanda scored on an assist from Marouane Chamakh just 11 minutes from time to give Morocco a 1\u20130 victory.\n\nLater in 2012, Niger repeated its success in African Nations Cup qualifiers by beating Guinea in a two-legged series to qualify for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. Guinea won the first match 1\u20130, but Niger won 2\u20130 in the second leg. Goalscorers Mohamed Chikoto and Issoufou Boubacar had sent Niger to another African Cup of Nations tournament.\n\nIn their first match at the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Niger lost 1\u20130 to Mali at the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth. Mali captain Seydou Keita handed his nation the hard-fought victory five minutes before the end of the encounter. Niger then earned their first point ever at the African Cup of nations after holding DR Congo to a 0\u20130 draw. In the third match, Ghana outclassed Niger 3\u20130 to reach the quarter-finals as Group B winners. Niger finished bottom of the group.\n\nOn 22 May 2014, Niger played a friendly match against Ukraine, marking the first ever match against a European nation. Oumarou Bale scored in the 56th minute, cancelling out a 20th-minute goal from Ivan Ordets before Ukraine won on a goal from Taras Stepanenko as the match finished 2\u20131.\n\nCompetitive record\n\nWorld Cup record\n\nAfrica Cup of Nations record\n\nAfrican Nations Championship record\n\nHead-to-head record against other nations\n\nResults and fixtures\n\n2018\n\n2019\n\nPlayers\n\nCurrent squad\nThe following players have been selected for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches against Ivory Coast on 16 November 2019.\n\nCaps and goals updated as of 23 March 2019 after the game against Egypt.\n\nRecent call-ups\nThe following players have been called up for Niger in the last 12 months.\n\nDEC Player refused to join the team after the call-up.\nINJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.\nPRE Preliminary squad.\nRET Player has retired from international football.\nSUS Suspended from the national team.\n\nRecords\n\nPlayers in bold text are still active with Niger.\n\nList of coaches\n\n  Patrice Neveu (1999\u20132000)\n  Jean-Yves Chay (2000)\n  Yeo Martial (2002\u20132003)\n  Bana Tchanile (2006\u20132007)\n  Hamey Amadou (2007\u20132008)\n  Dan Anghelescu (2008)\n  Frederic Costa (2008\u20132009)\n  Harouna Doula Gabde (2009\u20132012)\n  Rolland Courbis (2012)\n  Gernot Rohr (2012\u20132014)\n  Cheick Omar Diabate (2014\u20132015)\n  Fran\u00e7ois Zahoui (2015\u20132019)\n  Jean-Guy Wallemme (2019\u2013present)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Niger Football Federation website\n\n \nCategory:African national association football teams\nFootball"}
-{"text": "Baghdad Bounedjah\n\nBaghdad Bounedjah (, born 24 November 1991) is an Algerian professional footballer. He plays for Qatar Stars League side Al Sadd and the Algeria national team as a striker. Throughout his club career, he has played for Algerian sides RCG Oran and USM El Harrach, and Tunisian side \u00c9toile du Sahel, before joining Qatari club Al Sadd in 2015. In the 2018\u201319 Qatar Stars League season, he scored a league record of 39 goals in one season, and was the world's leading goalscorer during the 2018 calendar year with 58 goals overall.\n\nAt international level, Bounedjah made his senior debut for Algeria in 2014 and has represented his nation at the 2016 Summer Olympics, and two editions of the Africa Cup of Nations. He was a member of the squad that won the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations and scored the winning goal in the final of the competition.\n\nClub career\n\nRCG Oran\nBaghdad started his career in his native city with RCG Oran when he played in the all youth categories until he arrives in senior in 2009 when he played two seasons. In 2011, he joined USM El Harrach.\n\nUSM El Harrach\nIn the summer of 2011, Bounedjah signed a two-year contract with USM El Harrach, joining them from amateur club RCG Oran. On 10 September 2011, he made his professional debut for the club as a starter in the first-round game of the 2011\u201312 Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 against MC Oran, scoring a goal in the 78th minute.\n\n\u00c9toile du Sahel\nIn June 2013, Bounedjah joined with the club of Sousse, \u00c9toile Sportive du Sahel, with which he signed a three-year contract. This transfer will be made official a month later, when his former employer, who disputed this transfer. On 26 September 2013, He made his debut for the team in Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 against US Monastir, also scored his first goal with the club. He quickly became an essential part of the ES Sahel, and finished top scorer in the 2014 Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 in his first year, scoring 14 goals in 23 games. This earned him the extension of his initial three-year contract, an additional year, the link now to the club until June 2017. On 11 August 2013, Bounedjah, won his first title with \u00c9toile du Sahel. The Algerian striker offered the 2013\u201314 Tunisian Cup to his club at the expense of CS Sfaxien, in the final at Rades. In the second season, Bounedjah continued to shine and On 25 September 2014, scored his first hat-trick in Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 against EGS Gafsa in 3\u20130 victory. to finish the Ligue Pro 1 with 11 goals in second place the same thing with \u00c9toile du Sahel where they failed to win the championship, two points behind Club Africain. But again he won the Tunisian Cup for the second time in a row, this time against Stade Gab\u00e8sien and scored Bounedjah a hat-trick. Then continued to shine and this time in the CAF Confederation Cup and thus contributed to the victory of \u00c9toile du Sahel title and achieved at the same time the title of the top scorer.\n\nAl Sadd\n\n2015\u201316 season\nOn 29 April 2015, Algerian striker Baghdad Bounedjah is transferred to Qatar's Al Sadd, but he remained at \u00c9toile du Sahel for a six-month loan period. Indeed, the Qatari club having already reached its quota of foreign players, decided to leave the player on loan to the Sahelian training for the first part of the season before returning to his workforce. During his loan, Bounedjah was seriously injured. Ankle injury which kept him out for nearly three months On 7 March 2016, He made his debut for the team in Qatar Stars League against Al-Gharafa, later Bounedjah scored the winning goal against Al-Kharaitiyat his first goal with the club. and with the end of a difficult season for him and his team participated only in 10 games and scored 7 goals in all competitions.\n\n2016\u201317 season\nIn his second season and On 7 December 2016, Bounedjah scored his first hat-trick in Qatar Stars League against Al-Rayyan in 5\u20130 victory. his 13 goals in Qatar this season. later on 16 February 2017 Bounedjah scored another hat trick this time against Al-Arabi In this match, Bounedjah scored five goals for the first time in his career. At the end of the season, his team failed to win the league title, two points behind Lekhwiya, but achieved the title of the top goalscorer in the Qatari Stars league with 24 goals alongside Lekhwiya's Youssef El-Arabi. With the end of the league, Bounedjah won his first title Qatar Crown Prince Cup after winning the final against El Jaish and also scored a goal. after which Bounedjah achieve his second title by winning the Emir of Qatar Cup against Al-Rayyan. before this final, in the quarter-finals Bounedjah scored a super-hat trick against Al-Kharaitiyat. As a result, Bounedjah finished the season with 30 goals. On 23 May 2017, After his big season he decided to extend his contract, which ends in 2018 For three seasons until 2021 despite the possibility of his professionalism in Europe.\n\n2017\u201318 season\nAt the start of his third season at Al Sadd, the 2017\u201318 campaign On 9 September 2017, First game of the season, first \"hat trick\" and first title for Bounedjah, during the Qatar Super Cup after beating league champion last season, Al-Duhail 4\u20131. with the start of the league Bounedjah was aspiring to win the title and the start was good where he scored in 6 consecutive games until the match against Al-Duhail and defeat 4\u20132, after this game was exposed again, a difficult injury Shin fracture and kept him out for more than two months, This injury prevented him from competing for the title of goal scorer against his opponent last season Youssef El-Arabi, and after returning from injury and only in five matches Bounedjah scored 10 goals in Qatar Stars League including a super-hat trick against Al-Ahli The fourth goal is the 50 in all competitions with Al Sadd. In the AFC Champions League and after a 7-year absence from the group stage Al-Sadd placed its focus on it, as well as Bounedjah Where he was remarkably successful scoring nine goals in eight games, Including four binaries against Al-Wasl back and forth, Persepolis and Al-Ahli in the Round of 16. To finish the season strongly with 28 goals in all competitions.\n\n2018\u201319 season\nOn 5 August 2018, Bounedjah scored a hat-trick in the first game of the season against Al-Kharaitiyat one week later, Bounedjah broke the Qatar Stars League single-game goal record, scoring 7 goals in a 10\u20131 win against Al Arabi. Bounedjah continued his success at the individual level by winning the top scorer of the 2018 AFC Champions League with 13 goals to become the first Algerian and the first player from a Qatari club to achieve this award, The Al-Sadd forward matched the all-time single tournament record held by Muriqui who netted the same tally by the conclusion of Guangzhou Evergrande's 2013 campaign. despite failing to reach the final after a semi-final elimination against Persepolis. And continue to pursue and score goals with the club and the national team and his arrival at the barrier 50 goals in 2018, newspapers in Qatar and Europe spoke about the offer from Olympique Marseille to the Algerian star in the winter transfer. Bounedjah said that, \"if I get an offer from a good club I will leave Al Sadd but if it's the opposite I'll stay here\". On 2 December 2018, Bounedjah scored another hat-trick, his fourth for the season and this time against Al-Gharafa in 8\u20131 victory. On 7 December 2018, Bounedjah set a new top goalscorer record for the Qatar Stars League with 28 goals after just 14 matches, breaking the record previously held by Brazilian striker Clemerson de Ara\u00fajo, who scored 27 goals in 2007\u201308.\n\nBy the end of 2018, Bounedjah managed to beat several stars such as Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi as the world's top scorer after reaching goal 58, including 29 in Qatar Stars League this season, 10 last season in the same competition, 13 in the Champions League and 7 with the Algerian team. Bounedjah is also the first Algerian to have scored a total of 50 goals in a year and far ahead of his teammates in the selection Islam Slimani or Riyad Mahrez and even  who had exceeded 40 goals in 1986 with JS Kabylie. On 28 December 2018, Bounedjah decided to renew his contract until 2024 despite the offers he received from several European clubs. With the start of the new year, Bounedjah won another individual award, this time the best Algerian player of 2018, ahead of his teammates Riyad Mahrez and Yacine Brahimi, The award was conferred by the Brazilian star Roberto Carlos. Bounedjah is the first footballer based outside Europe and Algeria to win the award. On 23 February 2019, Bounedjah scored in the Qatari Classico against Al-Rayyan, bringing his tally with Al Sadd to 100 goal in all competitions, making him the first Algerian player based outside of Europe to claim this accolade with a single club. On 4 April 2019, Bounedjah scored his sixth hat-trick of the season (and 39th goal in total - a league record) against Al-Ahli to lead Al Sadd SC to win their first Qatar Stars League title in six seasons, is also the first league title for Bounedjah in its history.\n\n2019\u201320 season\nAfter the end of the Africa Cup of Nations, Bounedjah cut off his holiday early to prepare for the new league season, which had an early start. On 13 August 2019, Bounedjah and his team qualified to the quarter-finals of the AFC Champions League after winning against rivals Al-Duhail; he registered an assist for Afif in the second leg. After missing two games because of the penalty and in his first Qatar Stars League match against Al-Shahania scoring four goals in a 7\u20131 win. On 11 December, he scored the first goal at the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup and earned the Man of the Match award for his performance in his side's 3\u20131 First Round win over 2019 OFC Champions League winners Hiengh\u00e8ne Sport. He ultimately scored a tournament-high three goals at the tournament as Al-Sadd ended sixth.\n\nInternational career\nIn September 2011, Bounedjah was called by Azzedine A\u00eft Djoudi up to the Algerian Under-23 National Team. He participated with the team in a pair of friendlies against USM Blida and NA Hussein Dey.\n\nOn 4 October 2011, Bounedjah received a surprise call-up to the Algerian National Team from Vahid Halilhod\u017ei\u0107 for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Central African Republic, replacing the injured Rafik Djebbour.\n\nOn 16 November 2011, he was selected as part of Algeria's squad for the 2011 CAF U-23 Championship in Morocco.\n\nBounedjah scored the only goal for Algeria against Senegal in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations Final in Egypt, a match which ended with a 1\u20130 win for Algeria. He was one of only a few Algerian international players who didn't play in Europe.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Algeria's goal tally first.\n\nWith Algeria A'\n\nWith Algeria U23\n\nHonours\n\u00c9toile du Sahel\n Tunisian Cup: 2014, 2015\n CAF Confederation Cup: 2015\n\nAl Sadd\n Qatar Stars League: 2018\u201319\n Qatar Cup: 2017, 2020\n Emir of Qatar Cup: 2017\n Qatari Super Cup: 2017, 2019\n\nAlgeria\n Africa Cup of Nations: 2019\n\nIndividual\n CAF Team of the Year: 2015\n Goal Africa Team of the Year: 2018\n Algerian Footballer of the Year: 2018\n Tunisian Ligue Pro 1 Top Goalscorer: 2013\u201314\n CAF Confederation Cup Top Goalscorer: 2015\n Qatar Stars League Top Goalscorer: 2018\u201319\n Qatar Stars League Team of the Year : 2017\u201318, 2018\u201319 \n AFC Champions League Top Scorer: 2018\n World Top Scorer: 2018\n2019 FIFA Club World Cup  Top Goalscorer\n\nNotes and references\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Footballers from Oran\nCategory:Algerian footballers\nCategory:Algerian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Tunisia\nCategory:Algeria international footballers\nCategory:Algeria under-23 international footballers\nCategory:Algeria youth international footballers\nCategory:Algeria A' international footballers\nCategory:2011 CAF U-23 Championship players\nCategory:Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic footballers of Algeria\nCategory:2017 Africa Cup of Nations players\nCategory:2019 Africa Cup of Nations players\nCategory:Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players\nCategory:Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players\nCategory:RCG Oran players\nCategory:USM El Harrach players\nCategory:\u00c9toile Sportive du Sahel players\nCategory:Al Sadd SC players\nCategory:Qatar Stars League players"}
-{"text": "High Sheriff of Staffordshire\n\nThis is a list of the sheriffs and high sheriffs of Staffordshire.\n\nThe sheriff is the oldest secular office under the Crown. The sheriff was the principal law enforcement officer in the county but over the centuries most of the responsibilities associated with the post have been transferred elsewhere or are now defunct so that its functions are now largely ceremonial. From 1204 to 1344 the High Sheriff of Staffordshire also served as Sheriff of Shropshire.\n\nUnder the provisions of the Local Government Act 1972, on 1 April 1974 the office previously known as sheriff was retitled high sheriff. The high sheriff changes every March.\n\nSheriffs\n\n11th century\n 1086: Robert de Stafford \n 1094: Nicholas de Stafford\n\n12th century\n\n13th century\n\n14th century\n\n15th century\n\n16th century\n\n17th century\n\n18th century\n\n19th century\n\n20th century\n\nHigh sheriffs\n\n20th century\n\n21st century\n\nReferences\n\n London Gazette\n\n \n  History of Staffordshire from British History Online\n\nvolume 2 (1835)\nvolume 3 (1835)\nvolume 4 (1835)\n\n \nStaffordshire\nCategory:Local government in Staffordshire\nCategory:History of Staffordshire\nCategory:Staffordshire-related lists"}
-{"text": "Worcester (UK Parliament constituency)\n\nWorcester is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Since 1885 it has elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election; from 1295 to 1885 it elected two MPs.\n\nBoundaries \n1918\u20131950: The County Borough of Worcester.\n\n1950\u20131983: The County Borough of Worcester, the Borough of Droitwich, and the Rural District of Droitwich.\n\n1983\u20131997: The City of Worcester, and the District of Wychavon wards of Drakes Broughton, Inkberrow, Lenches, Pinvin, Spetchley, and Upton Snodsbury.\n\n1997\u2013present: The City of Worcester.\n\nThe constituency covers the city of Worcester, with (since the 1997 redistribution) exactly the same boundaries as the city.  It borders the Mid Worcestershire constituency to the east, and West Worcestershire to the west.\n\nHistory \nA safe Conservative seat for many years (the Conservatives even narrowly held the seat in the 1945 Labour landslide), Worcester was represented by the high-profile Conservative cabinet minister Peter Walker for three decades, from a by-election in 1961 until he stood down in 1992. Peter Luff held the seat for the Conservatives until 1997, when he moved to the redrawn Mid Worcestershire constituency.\n\nMichael Foster of the Labour Party gained the seat at the 1997 general election.  This can be put down to a combination of Labour's landslide victory nationally, but also to the fact that boundary changes meant the constituency was now solely an urban area; rather than also containing much of the surrounding countryside.\n\nPeter Walker's son, Robin Walker, was elected as the Conservative MP at the 2010 general election. The constituency is marginal and was selected as a \"target\" by the Labour Party in 1997, and by the Conservative Party in 2010.\n\nMany political commentators and journalists look on Worcester as having the demographic statistics which most closely mirror those in the United Kingdom as a whole. As such the term \"Worcester woman\" has come into use as a description for a typical swing voter.\n\nMembers of Parliament \n Constituency created in 1295\n\nMPs 1660\u20131885\n\nMPs since 1885\n\nElections\n\nElections in the 2010s\n\nElections in the 2000s\n\nElections in the 1990s\n\nElections in the 1980s\n\nElections in the 1970s\n\nElections in the 1960s\n\nElections in the 1950s\n\nElections in the 1940s\n\nElections in the 1930s\nGeneral Election 1939/40:\nAnother general election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; \nConservative: Crawford Greene\nLiberal: Richard Fairbairn\nLabour: James Ferguson\n\nElections in the 1920s\n\nElections in the 1910s\n\nElections in the 1900s\n\nElections in the 1890s\n\nElections in the 1880s\n\nElections in the 1870s\n\n \n\n Caused by Sheriff's death.\n\nElections in the 1860s\n\n \n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\n Caused by Laslett's resignation\n\nElections in the 1850s\n\n \n \n\n \n  \n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n\n \n\n Caused by Rufford's resignation.\n\nElections of the 1840s\n\n \n  \n \n\n \n\n \n\n Caused by Wilde's appointment as Attorney-General for England and Wales\n\nSee also \n List of Parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire and Worcestershire\n Worcester woman\n\nNotes and references \n\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in Worcestershire\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in Worcestershire (historic)\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1295"}
-{"text": "Ovadia\n\nOvadia is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:\n\nDvira Ovadia (born 1979), Israeli television personality and interior designer\nMoni Ovadia (born 1946), Italian actor, musician, singer, and theatrical author\nRobert Ovadia, Australian reporter\nOvadia Eli (born 1945), Israeli politician \nOvadia Hedaya (1889\u20131969), Israeli rabbi\nOvadia Yosef (1918 or 1920 \u2013 2013), Iraqi-born former Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Israel\n\nSee also\nObadiah (disambiguation)\n\nCategory:Hebrew masculine given names\nCategory:Hebrew-language surnames"}
-{"text": "Gassen\n\nGassen () is the westernmost of the large islets in Menke\u00f8yane, part of Thousand Islands, a Norwegian archipelago south of Edge\u00f8ya.\n\nReferences \n\n Norwegian Polar Institute Place Names of Svalbard Database\n\nCategory:Islands of Svalbard"}
-{"text": "COLAs (The Shapeshifter)\n\nCOLAs appear in The Shapeshifter series of books by Ali Sparkes. \"COLA\" stands for \"Children Of Limitless Ability,\" a name given in recognition of the children's amazing supernatural powers. There are originally 111 COLAs, including Dax Jones.\n\nThe birth of each COLA was heralded by bizarre weather phenomena, ranging anywhere from heatwaves to localized blizzards in summer. For reasons outlined below, none of the COLAs' mothers survived beyond the child's fourth birthday.\n\nOrigins\nIn Stirring the Storm, Dax uses an alien artifact to travel to another planet, where he learns from his aunt, Hessa, that each COLA child is the result of crossbreeding between aliens and humans:\n\nFor thousands of years, an alliance has existed between 11 alien planets collectively referred to as \"The Quorat\". The inhabitants of each planet possess various supernatural abilities. About fifteen years prior to the events of Stirring the Storm, the Quorat felt it was time to integrate a twelfth planet into their alliance, and after surveying many potential worlds, they eventually chose Earth. However, they realized that the human race was still to closed-minded to communicate with them on a proper level, and that if they were to simply arrive on Earth and introduce themselves, they would be greeted with fear and distrust. Therefore, they decided to send ambassadors to Earth, in order to gradually introduce humanity to some of the powers that they possessed, and broaden the minds of their soon-to-be-allies. To this end, several female inhabitants of each Quorat planet were sent to Earth and settled in Britain (chosen for its isolation as an island and because its people were viewed as being among the most tolerant the world had to offer). These women were referred to as \"Seeders\", and were sent to Earth via an interplanetary 'corridor', activated by a key called a 'cleftonique'. Their arrival resulted in what was referred to as a 'cleftonique aftershock', which disrupted the atmospheric patterns in the vicinity, causing strange weather phenomena. The goal of each Seeder was to find an intelligent human male to marry and mate with, the result of each such union being a COLA child. The birth of these children caused another cleftonique aftershock. However, living on another planet puts one into contact with all sorts of unfamiliar viruses, and prolonged exposure ultimately proves fatal. Females had been chosen because they would be more resistant to such problems, but the physical changes brought about by pregnancy weakened their immune systems. Therefore, all of the Seeder women fell ill and died from various natural illnesses within four years of giving birth. The human father's immunity would be passed on to the child.\n\nDax's Aunt Hessa states that humanity has always possessed certain minor psychic, dowsing, glamour and healing abilities, but that the powers the COLAs inherited from their mothers are expected to grow far beyond anything the Earth has ever seen before. She also claims that the ultimate purpose of the COLAs is to spread across the world and sire or bear gifted children of their own.\n\nPowers\n(several of the below list are only speculations by Gideon Reader who is speculating on Dax's ability, several others were included like slide projector and fax machine, these may be cola powers but cannot be verified as being properly mentioned in the book)\nSeveral examples of Cola powers include:\n\nDowsing\nClairvoyance\nClairaudience\nClairsentience\nMediumship\nGlamour (manifesting as either the ability to vanish from sight or the ability to create illusions)\nSnake charming\nLevitation\nAlchemy\nTelepathy\nEmpathy\nTelekinesis\nPyrokinesis (Mia only)\nRune-reading (mentioned only) \nPalm-reading (mentioned only)\nSoothsaying (mentioned only)\nAstral projection (mentioned only)\nMimicry\nHealing\nShapeshifting (in the case of Dax Jones and wolf only)\nThe ability to temporarily steal the powers of other Colas (in the case of Catherine Reader only)\n\nCategory:Characters in children's literature"}
-{"text": "Nylon Guys\n\nNylon Guys was an American magazine devoted to men. Its coverage focuses on the interests of guys, including art, music, design, technology, fashion and travel. It is published by Nylon (magazine).\n\nHistory\nNylon Guys was founded in 2004 by the original co-creator of Nylon (magazine), Jaclynn Jarrett. It began as a companion publication being included with issues of Nylon (magazine).Nylon Guys was published seasonally, twice a year with a circulation of 110,000 copies.Nylon Guys has featured a variety of celebrity men on their covers, including Jesse Eisenberg, Gerard Way, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Pharrell Williams,  and Michael Pitt.Nylon Guys evolved into an online-only all-digital magazine in 2015. Nylon Guys'' Editor in Chief was Michelle Lee (editor) between 2014 and late 2015.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:American bimonthly magazines\nCategory:American men's magazines\nCategory:Magazines established in 2004\nCategory:Magazines disestablished in 2015\nCategory:Magazines published in New York (state)\nCategory:Men's fashion magazines"}
-{"text": "Scopula confusa\n\nScopula confusa is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1878. It is found in southern Japan and the Russian Far East.\n\nThe wingspan is .\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1878\nCategory:Moths of Japan\nCategory:Moths of Russia\nconfusa\nCategory:Taxa named by Arthur Gardiner Butler"}
-{"text": "Savani Ravindra\n\nSavaniee Ravindrra, or Savani Ravindra, or Savani Ravindra Ghangurde Dhande  () (born 22 July 1989), is a singer in the Marathi music industry.\n\nSchooling \nSavaniee Ravindrra was among the five finalist 2011 IDEA Saregma singers. She is the daughter of Dr. Ravindra Ghangurde and Dr. Vandana Ghangurde who are both singers. \nShe did her schooling from Fergusson College, Pune. She has a strong classical background. \nTrained in Classical Vocals by Pandit Pandharinath Kolhapure.\nShe was trained in ghazal by Ravi Date.\n\nCareer \nAlong with Pandit Hridaynath Mangeshkar, Savani also performed with renowned singers  Suresh Wadkar,Arun Date,Ravindra Sathe, Ravindra Jain, Uttara Kelkar and Shridhar Phadke.\nShe has sung in albums such as \"Aashaye\", \"Canvas\" and \"Ajunahi(Marathi)\"\nShe has sung for the popular music shows Black & White, Ghazal ka safar and gulzar baat pashmine ki.\nShe has sung songs in various films such as Ajab Lagnachi Gajab Gosht and Kuni Ghar Deta Ka Ghar. One of her most famous Marathi songs, \"Tu Mala Mi Tula Gungunu Laglo- Honar Sun Mi Hya Gharchi -Zee Marathi\", is a duet with singer \"Mangesh Borgaonkar\".\nShe has also sung the title song of popular television serial 'Kamala' aired on E-tv Marathi along with Shrirang Bhave. She was also a backing vocalist for the songs sung in the Marathi movie 'Sairat' which gained worldwide fame.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Indian female film singers\nCategory:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants\nCategory:Marathi-language singers\nCategory:Marathi playback singers\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Ratnagiri\nCategory:Women musicians from Maharashtra\nCategory:Singers from Maharashtra\nCategory:21st-century Indian singers\nCategory:21st-century Indian women singers"}
-{"text": "Animal tale\n\nAn animal tale or beast fable generally consists of a short story or poem in which animals talk. It is a traditional form of allegorical writing.\n\nImportant traditions in beast fables are represented by the Panchatantra and Kalila and Dimna (Sanskrit and Arabic originals), Aesop (Greek original), One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights) and separate trickster traditions (West African and Native American). The medieval French cycle of allegories, Roman de Reynart is called a beast-epic, with the recurring figure Reynard the fox.\n\nBeast fables are typically transmitted freely between languages, and often assume pedagogic roles: for example, Latin versions of Aesop were standard as elementary textbook material in the European Middle Ages, and the Uncle Remus stories brought trickster tales into English.  A more recent example, in English literature, was George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, in which various political ideologies were personified as animals, such as the Stalinist Napoleon Pig, and the numerous \"sheep\" that followed his directions without question. In American cinema, there is also the Academy Award-winning film, Zootopia, that serves as a fable about prejudice and stereotypes where the funny animal characters experience both social problems with their species serving as an analogy to racial groups.\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\nJill Mann, From Aesop to Reynard: Beast Literature in Medieval Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.\nJill Mann, Ysengrimus: Text with Translation, Commentary, and Introduction. Leiden: Brill, 1997.\nJan Ziolkowski, Talking animals: medieval Latin beast poetry, 750-1150. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993.\n\nCategory:Fables\nCategory:Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters"}
-{"text": "2013 Buffalo Bandits season\n\nThe Buffalo Bandits are a lacrosse team based in Buffalo, New York playing in the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The 2013 season was their twenty-second season in the NLL.\n\nThe Bandits started the season with a fairly strong 5-3 record, with wins over their division rivals the Toronto Rock and Philadelphia Wings and two wins over the defending champion Rochester Knighthawks. But for the second straight season, the Bandits lost six in a row to put their playoff hopes in jeopardy. They finished the season 6-10 and out of the playoffs for the first time since 2002.\n\nAfter the season, long-time coach Darris Kilgour was fired by the Bandits.\n\nStandings\n\nGame log\nReference:\n\nRoster\n\nTransactions\n\nTrades\n\nEntry Draft\nThe 2012 NLL Entry Draft took place on October 1, 2012. The Bandits made the following selections:\n\nSee also\n2013 NLL season\n\nReferences\n\nBuffalo\nCategory:Buffalo Bandits seasons\nBuffalo Bandits"}
-{"text": "Ards Forest Park\n\nArds Forest Park is a park in County Donegal, Ireland.\n\nHistory and Location \n\nThe forest park is situated on the small Ards Peninsula. It sits on the shores of Sheephaven Bay on the northern coastline of County Donegal, Ireland. It's to be found on the N56 road, between Creeslough and Dunfanaghy. Ards Forest Park was formerly part of the Ards Estate, a country estate purchased by Alexander Stewart in the 1780s. The Ards Estate, centered on Ards House (demolished in the early 1960s), was owned by the Stewart family up until the early 1930s. The last member of the Stewart family to own the estate was Lady Ena Stewart-Bam, who inherited from her grandfather around 1904. She was the wife of Lt. Col. Sir Pieter C. van B. Stewart-Bam, Kt., O.B.E., a South African soldier, politician and businessman whom she married in 1910. Today, the forest park is 481 hectares in area and contains a range of wildlife and plant forms. It also has nature walks, sandy beaches, viewing points as well as a picnic and play area. The forest park is now owned by Coillte, a State body.\n\nArds Coffee Tree\n\nArds Coffee Tree aims to provide a relaxed and friendly snack outlet for all the visitors to Ards Forest Park. Run by locals that have a passion for the visitor experience to the Park. All details can be found on Facebook page or Twitter @ardscoffeetree\n\nSights within the park \n\nArds Forest Park has many features of historical and archaeological interest. The remains of four ringforts and a number of megalithic tombs are to be seen in the park.  Legend has it that these were the beds of Diarmuid and Gr\u00e1inne in their flight from Fionn Mac Cumhaill.  There is also a well called the Ague Well, which is alleged to be holy and have remedial powers; it can be seen on Bealach na hArdaigh walk. On the same walk there is a Mass rock.  Mass was celebrated here in defiance of the Penal Laws. There is also a car park and a children's play area. \n\nJust outside the forest park, at Ballymore on its northern border, is Clondehorky Parish Church, a fine Church of Ireland church built in the Georgian style in the mid-18th-century. The small parish church overlooks the N56 road, being located between Creeslough and Port-na-Blagh. It may have been designed by Micheal Priestly. Directly opposite the church's main gate is Ballymore Arch, built for the Stewart family in the 19th-century to improve access from the church to Ards House, which was several miles distant at the edge of the small Ards Peninsula.\n\nForest walks \n\nArds Forest Park has many signposted forest walks integrating the main features of the park. These include the Ards Heritage Trail, which is around 3.5\u00a0km long, the Nature Trail and the Green Trail, which are both approximately 3\u00a0km long, and the Red Trail, which is 13\u00a0km long, though this walk does give provisions for a shortcut back to the starting point should it be needed.  There are various viewing points on the walks and trails with views of the surrounding countryside.\n\nExternal links\n\n Official County Donegal Portal\n Creeslough Home Page\n Coillte\n\nCategory:Parks in County Donegal\nCategory:Forests and woodlands of the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Mass rocks"}
-{"text": "Silkroad (arts organization)\n\nSilkroad, formerly the Silk Road Project, Inc., is a not-for-profit organization, initiated by the cellist Yo-Yo Ma in 1998, promoting collaboration among artists and institutions, promoting multicultural artistic exchange, and studying the ebb and flow of ideas. The project was first inspired by the cultural traditions of the historical Eurasian Silk Road trade routes and now encompasses a number of artistic, cultural and educational programs focused on connecting people and ideas from around the world. It has been described as an \"arts and educational organization that connects musicians, composers, artists and audiences around the world\" and \"an initiative to promote multicultural artistic collaboration.\"\n\nRecent events\nIn 2009, Silkroad began an educational pilot program for middle-school students in New York City public schools. The program, called Silk Road Connect, focuses on passion-driven education through arts integration and is being developed with help from education experts at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. In July 2012, Silkroad and Harvard Graduate School of Education presented \"The Arts and Passion-Driven Learning,\" an arts education institute that modeled the Silk Road Connect arts integration approach.<ref>[http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/08/inspiring-as-well-as-educating/ Inspiring as well as educating: Musicians, Ed School leaders probe teaching methods that turn 'have to' into 'want to'] \u2014 Harvard Gazette, August 3, 2012.</ref> The program has continued each year since.\n\nIn celebration of its 10th anniversary, Silkroad presented performances and programs by the Silk Road Ensemble in North America, Asia and Europe from 2008 to 2010. Its anniversary season began with the Silk Road Ensemble's performance with Yo-Yo Ma of the United Nations Day Concert in October 2008. Tenth-anniversary activities also included a North American concert tour by the Silk Road Ensemble with Yo-Yo Ma in March 2009, which featured the North American premiere of Layla and Majnun, a chamber arrangement for the Silk Road Ensemble of a traditional Azerbaijani opera.\n\nThe organization has published a book, Along the Silk Road, and commissioned more than 70 new chamber music compositions. Silkroad has also created educational materials entitled \"Silk Road Encounters\" and has partnered with the Stanford Program on International and Cross-Cultural Education (SPICE) to produce Along the Silk Road, a curriculum for students in grades six-10,<ref>New Curriculum Brings Cultural Exchange to Chicago Classrooms]  \u2014 Silk Road Project Newsletter, Summer 2007.</ref> and The Road to Beijing, a documentary made available with related lessons about Beijing in advance of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games.\n\nPartnerships\nSilkroad is affiliated with Harvard University; the organization moved its offices to the Harvard campus in Boston, Massachusetts, in July 2010 at the outset of a renewed five-year affiliation with the University, designed to enable new artistic and cultural opportunities at Harvard and in surrounding communities. Silkroad has been affiliated with both Harvard University and the Rhode Island School of Design in the USA, where the Silk Road Ensemble engaged with faculty and students in annual residencies. Silkroad's partnership with Rhode Island School of Design took place from 2005 through 2010. As part of Silkroad programming, the Silk Road Ensemble has also been involved in short-term residencies at Museum Rietberg in Zurich, Switzerland; The Art Institute of Chicago; University of California, Santa Barbara; Rubin Museum of Art in New York City; Nara National Museum in Nara, Japan; the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts; and the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto.\n\nThe Music of StrangersThe Music of Strangers: Yo-Yo Ma and the Silk Road Ensemble is a documentary film about Silkroad directed by Morgan Neville, who also produced with Caitrin Rogers. The film was released in U.S. theaters starting in June 2016. The Orchard has acquired all worldwide rights to the film with the exception of U.S. domestic television rights, which HBO has acquired.\n\nThe Silk Road Ensemble\n\nThe Silk Road Ensemble is a musical collective and a part of Silkroad. The ensemble is not a fixed group of musicians, but rather a loose collective of as many as 59 musicians, composers, arrangers, visual artists and storytellers from Eurasian cultures.\n\nThe Ensemble has regularly commissioned new works from across a broad musical spectrum, including works by Zhao Jiping and Dmitri Yanov-Yanovsky, and is known for its series of interdisciplinary festivals and residencies presented in North America, Europe, and Asia. They have performed in many locations along the historic Silk Road, including Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, India, the Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan.\n\nThe Ensemble uses various instruments from the Silk Road region, including a pipa, a Chinese short-necked plucked lute; a duduk, an Armenian double reed woodwind; a Shakuhachi, a Japanese bamboo flute; and a morin khuur, a Mongolian horse head fiddle; among many others.\n\nDiscography\nThe Silk Road Ensemble has recorded six CDs. The group's 2009 CD Off the Map was nominated in the Best Classical Crossover Album category at the 53rd Grammy Awards in 2011.\n\n 2001 - Silk Road Journey: When Strangers Meet 2005 - Silk Road Journeys: Beyond the Horizon (released earlier in Japan in 2004 titled Enchantment)\n 2007 - New Impossibilities 2008 - Traditions and Transformations: Sounds of Silk Road Chicago 2009 - Off the Map 2013 - A Playlist Without Borders 2016 - Sing Me Home 2017 - The Vietnam War: A Film By Ken Burns & Lynn Novick [soundtrack\n\nMembers\nIn addition to Ma, performing members of the ensemble include:\n\nSiamak Aghaei - santur/composer\nEdward Arron - cello\nKinan Azmeh - clarinet\nJeffrey Beecher - double bass\nMike Block - cello\nNicholas Cords - viola\nGevorg Dabaghyan - duduk\nSandeep Das - tabla/composer\nJoel Fan - piano\nHaruka Fujii - percussion\nJonathan Gandelsman - violin\nJoseph Gramley - percussion/composer\nBen Haggarty - storyteller\nHe Cui - sheng\nHu Jianbing - sheng, bawu\nRauf Islamov - kamancheh\nColin Jacobsen - violin/composer\nSiamak Jahangiry - ney\nKayhan Kalhor - kamancheh/composer\nKhongorzul Ganbaatar - urtiin duu (long song)\nDong-Won Kim - janggo, vocals/composer\nJi Hyun Kim - kayagum, vocals\nYou-Young Kim - viola\nLi Hui - pipa\nLiu Lin - sanxian\nAli Asgar Mammadov - tar\nMax Mandel - viola\nGulia Mashurova - harp\nKevork Mourad - visual artist\nCristina Pato - Galician bagpipe /composer\nAlim Qasimov - mugham vocals\nFarghana Qasimova - mugham vocals\nBassam Saba - oud, ney/composer\nShane Shanahan - percussion/composer\nMark Suter - percussion/composer\nKojiro Umezaki - shakuhachi/composer\nWu Man - pipa\nWu Tong - sheng, bawu/composer\nBetti Xiang - erhu\nYang Wei - pipa\nDaXun Zhang - double bass\nReylon Yount - yangqin\nJason Duckles - Cello\n\nSilk Road Ensemble composers and arrangers include:\n\nRabih Abou-Khalil\nChristopher Adler\nFranghiz Ali-Zadeh\nJia Daqun\nGabriela Lena Frank\nOsvaldo Golijov\nJeeyoung Kim\nGlenn Kotche\nAngel Lam\nAlisher Latif-Zadeh\nLjova (Lev Zhurbin)\nNurlanbek Nyshanov\nSangidorjiin Sansargereltekh\nVache Sharafyan\nByambasuren Sharav\nGiovanni Sollima\nDmitri Yanov-Yanovsky\nZhao Jiping\nZhao Lin\nEvan Ziporyn\n\nSilk Road Chicago\nSilk Road Chicago was a yearlong, citywide celebration, from June 2006 to June 2007, with special events, performances, and exhibitions that explored cross-cultural discovery and celebrated the artistic legacy of the historic Silk Road. Silk Road Chicago was a partnership among Silkroad, the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and the Chicago Office of Tourism, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, and The Art Institute of Chicago.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSilkroad\nInstruments from the Silk Road\nArtists associated with the Silk Road Ensemble\nSilk Road Chicago\nArticle from The World & I about Yo-Yo Ma's Silk Road Project\nInterview with Yo-Yo Ma about the  Silk Road Project - Weekend America\n\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1998\nCategory:Musical collectives\nCategory:Chamber music groups\nCategory:Grammy Award winners"}
-{"text": "Taxandria floribunda\n\nTaxandria floribunda is a small tree or shrub species that is endemic to an area in southern Western Australia. This plant was previously classified as Agonis floribunda but is now part of the Taxandria genus.\n\nTe erect shrub usually has a single stem and can grow to a height of . It blooms from October to December producing white-pink flowers.\n\nThe species is distinguished from other members of the genera by the flower clusters surrounded by conspicuous and persistent involucral bracts that also surround the fruits.\n\nIt is found on both the upper and lower parts of ranges, in wet depressions, swamps and stony areas in the northern part, in the Stirling Range and around Cranbrook, of the Great Southern region of Western Australia where it grows in sandy, clay or peat soils over quartzite.\n\nFirst formally described as Agonis floribunda by the botanist Nikolai Turczaninow in 1849 as part of the work Decas sexta generum plantarum hucusque, non descriptorum in Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou. The plant was subsequently reclassified to T. linearifolia in a 2007 revision by Wheeler and Marchant into the new genus Taxandria.\n\nReferences\n\nfloribunda\nCategory:Myrtales of Australia\nCategory:Rosids of Western Australia\nCategory:Trees of Australia\nCategory:Trees of Mediterranean climate\nCategory:Plants described in 1849"}
-{"text": "Tom R. Tyler\n\nTom R. Tyler (born March 3, 1950) is a professor of psychology and law at Yale Law School, known for his contributions to understanding why people obey the law.  A 2012 review article on procedural justice by Anthony Bottoms and Justice Tankebe noted that, \"Unquestionably the dominant theoretical approach to legitimacy within these disciplines is that of 'procedural justice,' based especially on the work of Tom Tyler.\".  Professor Tyler has been at New York University since 1997;  in January 2012, he joined the faculty at Yale.\n\nTyler is the author or co-author of 9 books and an editor for 6 others.  His widely cited 1990 book on Why People Obey the Law was republished in 2006 with a new afterword discussing more recent research and changes in his thinking since its initial publication.\n\nTyler and Huo (2002) is based on surveys of people in different ethnic groups to understand their concepts of justice.  They found that minority African-Americans and Hispanics have essentially the same concept of justice as majority whites but different experiences.  They describe two alternative strategies for effective law enforcement:\n\n Deterrence:  effective but inefficient \n Process-based:  efficient and effective\n\nThe difference in efficiency follows, because people who perceive that they may be victimized unfairly by law enforcement are less likely to cooperate.  Tyler and Huo's analyses suggests that biased, unprofessional behavior of police, prosecutors and judges not only produces concerns of injustice, it cripples law enforcement efforts by making it more difficult for police and prosecutors to obtain the evidence needed to convict guilty parties.\n\nTyler and Blader (2000) discussed procedural justice and cooperative behavior and how they impact the performance of more general groups through their effect on social identity and cooperative behavior.\n\nReferences\n\nNotes \n\nCategory:Yale Law School faculty\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1950 births\nCategory:American social psychologists\nCategory:People from Columbus, Ohio\nCategory:Columbia University alumni\nCategory:University of California, Los Angeles alumni"}
-{"text": "Taenarum (town)\n\nTaenarum or Tainaron (\u03a4\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd) or Taenarus or Tainaros (\u03a4\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2) was a town of ancient Laconia, situated at the distance of 40 stadia, or , north of the isthmus of the Taenarian Peninsula (modern day Cape Matapan). A cavern near Tenarus was considered the entrance to the Greek underworld, through which Heracles dragged Cerberus in his 12th labor, and also through which Orpheus led Eurydice back among the living. Through this association the infernal world was often styled \"Tenarus\" among classicist writers.\n\nTaenarum was famous for a green marble much prized in the ancient world, as well as the purple snail that yielded the prized Lacedaemonian Purple dye. It was also famous for valuable marble (), known for its red and black elements.\n\nTaenarum, was also the seat of a bishop; no longer a resident see, it remains a titular see, suffragan of Corinth, in the Roman Catholic Church.\n\nIts site is located near the modern Tainaron.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in ancient Laconia\nCategory:Former populated places in Greece\nCategory:Locations in Greek mythology\nCategory:Catholic titular sees in Europe"}
-{"text": "Bullenhausen\n\nBullenhausen (Low German Bullenhuus) is a district of the municipality Seevetal in the county of Harburg in Lower Saxony.\n\nBullenhausen has a population of 1271 (35 of which own a secondary residence) and it is located at the Elbe southeast of Hamburg. The former independent municipality of Bullenhausen, together with 18 other districts, is a part of Seevetal since the 1 July 1972. On 3 October 1975 the town twinning arrangement with Decatur (Illinois), United States, was officially sealed. Bullenhausen owns a yacht club.\n\nNotable people \n\n Inge Meysel (1910\u20132004) \u2013 actress\n John Olden (1918\u20131965) \u2013 movie director, movie producer and screenwriter\n\nTrivia \n\n Two robinia, each about 250 years old, are located in Bullenhausen\n A two-circuit 380 kV overhead line crosses the Elbe on two 117 m high masts each with a span of 666 meters.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Geography of Lower Saxony"}
-{"text": "Sherrie P. Marshall\n\nSherrie P. Marshall (born August 3, 1953) is an American attorney who served as a Commissioner of the Federal Communications Commission from 1989 to 1993.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Members of the Federal Communications Commission\nCategory:Florida Republicans"}
-{"text": "Marganit Tower\n\nThe Marganit Tower is a skyscraper located in HaKirya, Tel Aviv, Israel. Completed in 1987, the building is  in height, although most of this is due to its \"finger\", a concrete mast with antennas and other transmission equipment. As such, it only has 17 floors. Now Israel's twelfth-tallest building, upon completion it was the country's second-tallest building. It was designed by ASSA Architects.\n\nMarganit Tower is slanted  to the right-hand side, a fact that was discovered in the middle of construction on April 5, 1989. Construction work continued after the checkup and approval of the tower's engineers.\n\nSee also\nList of tallest buildings and structures in Israel\nArchitecture of Israel\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1987\nCategory:Skyscrapers in Tel Aviv\nCategory:Skyscraper office buildings in Israel"}
-{"text": "Hans Alders\n\nJohannes Gerardus Maria \"Hans\" Alders (born 17 December 1952) is a retired Dutch politician Labour Party (PvdA) and businessman. He is the Chairman of the Supervisory board of rail transport company ProRail since 27 June 2014.\n\nDecorations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial\n  J.G.M. (Hans) Alders Parlement & Politiek\n\n \n \n\n \n\n \n\nCategory:1950 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau\nCategory:Dutch corporate directors\nCategory:Dutch chief executives in the healthcare industry\nCategory:Dutch chief executives in the rail transport industry\nCategory:Dutch management consultants\nCategory:Dutch nonprofit directors\nCategory:Dutch nonprofit executives\nCategory:Dutch officials of the United Nations\nCategory:Dutch political consultants\nCategory:Dutch Roman Catholics\nCategory:Dutch trade association executives\nCategory:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion\nCategory:King's and Queen's Commissioners of Groningen\nCategory:Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians\nCategory:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)\nCategory:Ministers of Housing and Spatial Planning of the Netherlands\nCategory:People from Nijmegen\nCategory:People from The Hague\nCategory:20th-century Dutch civil servants\nCategory:20th-century Dutch politicians\nCategory:21st-century Dutch businesspeople\nCategory:21st-century Dutch civil servants\nCategory:21st-century Dutch politicians"}
-{"text": "Great diving beetle\n\nThe great diving beetle (Dytiscus marginalis) is an aquatic diving beetle native to Europe and northern Asia, and is particularly common in England.\nThe great diving beetle, true to its name, is a rather large insect. The larvae can grow up to  in length, while the adults are generally .\n\nThese beetles live in fresh water, either still or slow-running, and seem to prefer water with vegetation. They are dark-coloured (brown to black) on their back and wing cases (elytra) and yellow on their abdomen and legs. The male's wing cases are shiny, while those of the female are finely grooved. A voracious predator, this beetle hunts a wide variety of prey including  small fish. The first two pairs of legs of the male are equipped with numerous suction cups, enabling them to obtain a secure grip while mating, and on their prey. \n\nThey are able fliers, and fly usually at night. They use the reflection of moonlight to locate new water sources. This location method can sometimes cause them to land on wet roads or other hard wet surfaces.\n\nBefore they dive, they collect air bubbles in their wing cases which goes through the spiracles. The jaws of a great diving beetle are strong compared to their body size.\n\nThe beetle reproduces by laying eggs, under water in the mesophyll of an aquatic plant leaf, the incubation period is between 17 and 19 days long.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Dytiscidae\nCategory:Beetles of Europe\nCategory:Beetles described in 1758\nCategory:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus"}
-{"text": "Mogral Puthur\n\nMogral Puthur is a gram panchayat in the Kasaragod District, state of Kerala, India. It is north of the town of Kasaragod, and it consists of two villages (Puthur and Kudlu). The village of Puthur (also called Mogral Puthur) is the northern portion of the roughly circular panchayat, and Kudlu encompasses the southern half. Mogral Puthur has on its west border the Arabian Sea; on the east is the Madhur panchayat; and on the north is the Mogral River (separates Mogral Puthur from the Kumbla and Puthiga panchayats). The total area of this \"second-grade\"  panchayat is roughly 15 square kilometers. The major business centers are: Puthur, Chowki, padinhar and eriyal.\n\nDemographics\nAccording to the 2001 census, the total population of Mogral Puthur was 22,109, up from 14,123 in 1981. Females outnumber males, 51.5 percent to 48.5 percent, as per the 2001 census. It has a scheduled caste population of 1,283. Of the total population, 3,373 were under the age of 6. The panchayat's population density of 1,553 per square kilometer is nearly twice that of Kerala and 4.8 times the national average. In 2001, there were 3,806 households.\n\nMalayalam and Tulu are the major languages spoken in the area.\n\nTopography\nThe Mogral Puthur topography ranges from small hills and slopes to flat plains. The Mogral River, which forms its northern and a large part of the eastern border, supports much of its agriculture. There are several small monsoon-fed rivulets throughout the panchayat. Low-lying areas close to the U-shaped river and its tributaries are very fertile. The land gains elevation in the central part of the panchayat. In the central and eastern parts, there are rich laterite deposits.\n\nTransportation\nMogral Puthur is well-connected by road to Kasaragod, the district headquarters, and to Mangalore, a port city and major regional economic and education hub 43 kilometers to the north. It has a road density of 2 kilometers per square kilometer of land, the second highest in the Kasaragod district. The total length of roads in the panchayat is 28.5 kilometers.\n\nThe coastal National Highway 17, which links Mumbai and Kochi, runs through Mogral Puthur.\n\nBus transport in the area started in 1952, when Poyakkara Bus Service began operating a shuttle from the south side of the Mogral River in Puthur to Thalangara, on the northern bank of Chandragri.\n\nThere was no road link to Mogral Puthur from the northern side until the mid-1960s. Those travelling to Mangalore and other towns and cities in the north for employment and commerce had to go by train, or cross the Mogral River by ferry and then board a bus. When the construction of a bridge over the Mogral River was completed in 1964, connecting Kasaragod to Mangalore by road, it also opened  new economic opportunities for people on both sides of the river.\n\nBroad gauge Indian Railways tracks run almost parallel to the National Highway from north to south.\n\nPassenger and goods trains has crossed the region for more than a century, since the then-Madras Railways opened a railway line between Kasaragod and Kumbla on 17 November 1906. In the early decades of the 20th century, there was a railway station in Kudlu, which was later moved a kilometer south to CPCRI.No trains stop there today.\n\nHistory\nThe Mogral Puthur area was earlier known as just Puthur. The name of Mogral, the adjoining village to the north, was added to its name during the British era following complaints that mail was being re-directed to the town of Puttur, now in Karnataka, located roughly 50 kilometers to the east.\n\nThe village used to house a police outpost before Independence. The first post office was established in Kudlu in 1940.\n\nMogral Puthur was designated as a panchayat in the early 1970s. The first meeting of the newly formed body was held on 8 February 1971. C.M. Abdulla was the first president.\n\nGulf Migration\nLike much of the Malabar region, remittances from Persian Gulf countries form a major source of income for families in the area. Labour migration to the Persian Gulf started in the 1950s and increased rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s. Today, more than a thousand from the Puthur village alone, nearly all of them men, are employed in the Gulf countries.\n\nCommerce and Agriculture\nUntil the 1970s, agriculture and petty trading were the primary economic activities in the area. There were also several fishing families. Men moved to places as far away as Ceylon, Calcutta, Visakhapatnam, Mumbai and Bangalore, as well as the neighbouring regions in Dakshina Kannada and Kodagu, as traders and labourers.\n\nLike most other parts of Kerala, coconut is the most widely cultivated plantation crop in Mogral Puthur. The panchayat is also home to one of the largest coconut and plantation crops research centres in the world. Rice, peas, water melon, cucumber and banana are traditional produce of the area. Peas (known as Mogral peas), water melon and cucumber from here were popular till the 1970s. Apart from these seasonal harvests, Arecanut, mango and jackfruit are also cultivated.\n\nIn the past few decades, the dependence on agriculture has shrunk drastically. A population explosion, a growth in nuclear families and increased remittance flow have resulted in a housing boom, leading to mansions being erected in cultivable lands. The 2001 census figures show that the number of main cultivators in the panchayat has dwindled to 228 and main agricultural laborers to 137.\n\nSeveral people were also employed in sand-mining and transportation. However, in 2005, sand mining was banned following complaints that it was weakening the foundations of the rail bridge nearby and endangering the lives of people in the locality.\n\nIndustry\nKerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Co.Ltd. (KEL), a state government-owned company, has a manufacturing unit in Bedradka, in the eastern part of Mogral Puthur. The unit, which began operations in 1990 with technical know-how from the French Moteurs Leroy Somer, manufactures, among other products, diesel generator sets and general purpose brushless AC generators. Indian Railways is one of its major clients.\n\nThere are a few small-scale and cottage industries in the area. Beedi rolling was a major economic activity in the area in the 1970s and 1980s, providing employment to many women. Though some still practice the craft, as elsewhere in Kerala, the cottage industry has declined considerably in recent years.\n\nThe region's laterite quarries supply much of the bricks for the local construction industry.\n\nThere was a fledgling timber industry on the south bank of the Mogral River in the 1980s.\n\nEducation and Health\nThe literacy rate in Mogral Puthur is 86.31 percent, well above the national average, but below the state average of 94.59.\n\nThe panchayat has two high schools, Mogral Puthur GHSS and Government Technical High School Mogral Puthur, and several primary and upper primary schools.\n\nThe first educational institution in the area was a lower-primary school started in the early part of the 20th century. For many years, it was manned by a lone teacher named Muddan. (Hence, that school was known as \"Muddan's School\".) Later, an upper primary school was established. It operated out of a rented property in Puthur till 1969, when the school moved to its own building. In the late 1970s, it was upgraded to a high school and to a higher secondary in the late 1990s.\n\nThere is one primary health care centre, one family welfare center, four private health dispensaries, and one government ayurveda dispensary.\n\nResearch Institutions\nThe Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, a pioneering establishment, is the largest educational and research organisation in Mogral Puthur. Its predecessor, the Coconut Research Station, was set up in 1916 by the Government of Madras. In 1948, after the Indian independence, the station came under the Indian Central Coconut Committee. CPCRI was founded in 1970 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Today, the institute conducts research in various agricultural fields such as gardening, soil chemistry, plant production, microbiology, plant diseases, cattle rearing and fish culture.\n\nFlora and fauna\nLush green coconut palms cover much of Mogral Puthur. There is a significant patch of mangroves in the three-kilometer stretch of estuary where Mogral River merges with the Arabian Sea. The total area of the estuary is estimated to be 6.12 square kilometer, of which 0.1 kilometer is mangrove area. Two researchers reported sighting six individual Bar-Headed Geese (Anser indicus) on fresh water near the mangroves on 26 January 2009. Bar-Headed Geese, one of the world's highest flying birds, are rarely seen in Kerala.\n\nPlaces of interest\nThe historic Kavu Matha, where Madhvacharya, the founder of the Dvaita philosophy, famously debated Trivikrama Panditacharya, who was then a proponent of Advaita, is in the panchayat. The eight-day debate (circa early 14th century/late 13th century) was held in the presence of King Jayasimba of Kumbla, and after the debate, the latter embraced Dvaita philosophy and became a disciple of Madhvacharya.\n\nThere are several mosques and temples across the panchayat. Kinnimani Poomani Daivastana (temple) in Bedradka, Doomavati Daivastana at Puthur Kotya and the Chowki, Eriyal, Kottakkunnu and Mogral Puthur jamma masjids are prominent among them.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Suburbs of Kasaragod"}
-{"text": "United Nations Security Council Resolution 1498\n\nUnited Nations Security Council resolution 1498, adopted unanimously on 4 August 2003, after reaffirming resolutions 1464 (2003) and 1479 (2003) on the situation in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), the Council renewed authorisation given to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and French forces operating in the country to assist the peace process for an additional six months.\n\nThe Security Council reaffirmed the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, in addition to the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and co-operation. It was important that the Government of National Reconciliation extended its authority throughout the country and that a disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration programme was implemented.\n\nThe resolution extended the mandate of West African and French forces and requested both to report on the implementation of their mandates. Earlier in 2003, the Council had established the United Nations Mission in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.\n\nSee also\n Ivorian Civil War\n List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1401 to 1500 (2002\u20132003)\n Operation Licorne\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \nText of the Resolution at undocs.org\n\n 1498\n 1498\nCategory:2003 in Ivory Coast\nCategory:August 2003 events"}
-{"text": "Battle of Chalgrove Field\n\nThe Battle of Chalgrove 18 June 1643 of the English Civil War was a meeting engagement, or in 17th century English Civil War terminology a fight, that occurred when a Royalist body of horse (cavalry) commanded by Prince Rupert met a similar sized Parliamentarian mounted force under the command of Major John Gunter. Colonel John Hampden put himself in Captain Richard Crosse's troop and fought as a trooper. Rupert commanded three regiments of his Lifeguard (with a combined strength of about 1,000), while the Parliamentarians fielded three of the Earl of Essex\u2019s troops of horse, over 150 dragoons and 700 \u2013 800 of Essex\u2019s most senior officers (in all about 1,100 mounted men).\n\nIt took place around 09:00 hours on the morning of 18 June 1643 in Chalgrove Field, northeast of Chalgrove in Oxfordshire. It was a Royalist (Cavaliers) victory of such magnitude the Parliamentarian army (Roundheads) was forced to leave Oxfordshire. Among the many senior officers killed at Chalgrove Colonel John Hampden, Essex's second in command, member of the Committee of Safetie and Member of Parliament for Buckinghamshire was the most notable. Hampden's name became synonymous with Chalgrove because 100 years after death his name and reputation for truth and honesty was used as a political exemplar. The supposed exhumation of John Hampden by Lord Nugent in July 1828 ensured that his name endured.\n\nPrelude\nPrior to the battle Prince Rupert\u2019s forces had attacked the village of Chinnor,  killing and capturing the new levies and leaving fire and destruction behind them on their retreat to Oxford.  (See Page 4) Survivors took the alarm to Sir Philip Stapleton in Thame. Sanders and Buller\u2019s Dragoons were sent to Chinnor and Dundasse\u2019s Dragoons were sent out towards Chalgrove. Sanders sent a detachment back to Thame to report to Stapleton. These dragoons followed the Royalists' retreat who were by 7.30am near the village of Aston Rowant two miles from Chinnor.\n\nThe Royalists reported that a body of Parliamentarians were discovered in Aston Rowant, referred to as \"in the village hard upon the left hand of us\", (See Page 5) which Essex confirmed was Major John Gunter, Captain James Sheffield and Captain Richard Crosse\u2019s troops. These 200 troopers were soon joined by Sanders and Buller\u2019s Dragoons and together these 300 men engaged the Royalists in a skirmish around South Weston. (The skirmish that Earl of Essex, by accident or design, confused with the Battle of Chalgrove.) The skirmishers were joined by Colonel John Hampden, Sir Samuel Luke and Col John Dalbier along with Dundasse\u2019s Dragoons. Captain Dundasse sent a detachment back to Stapleton in Thame to report on the number of Royalists and that he had met with the 300 troops under Major John Gunter's command. This detachment would not report to Sir Philip Stapleton until at after 9.30am. NB. Stapleton rounded up those fleeing from the battle. Leaving Thame after 9.30am and riding hard the six miles across country to Chalgrove with the best of horses would take 35 to 40 minutes. This timing marks the duration of the battle and confirms why the casualties on Parliament\u2019s side were so high.\n\nParliament's men \"kept still upon the rear for almost five miles\" following the Royalists up to Clare Crossroads to where the road from Thame meets the Highway to Weston. The skirmishers could see a large body of Parliaments\u2019 men riding with all speed to Clare Crossroads. These 700\u2013800 men were Essex's most senior officers who had been receiving their regiments' pay when the alarm came from Chinnor.\n\n'Prelude to Hyde\u2019s footnote : Manuscript written in June 1643'\n\nEdward Hyde a Member of Parliament in the Short and Long Parliaments was a prolific writer who kept a journal of historic events. Edward Hyde became an advisor to King Charles 1 then followed him to York in May 1642 to become a Privy Counsellor. Civil War was declared 22 August 1642 and after the Battle of Edgehill in October Oxford became the Royalists\u2019 headquarter. April 1643 the Earl of Essex took Reading and in June moved his headquarter to Thame which Edward Hyde recorded.  \nHe was in Oxford attending the King when Prince Rupert, on Col. John Hurry\u2019s advice, decided on an expedition to Chinnor. Edward Hyde would have witnessed 2,000 Royalists marching out over Magdalen Bridge as they set out into the Oxfordshire countryside. He was there on their triumphal return to count the captured Standards and Ensigns being paraded through the streets. There followed 200 prisoners many of note with near 500 horses with all their tack, laden with bounty taken from Chinnor and Chalgrove. Edward Hyde\u2019s account of how Parliament\u2019s most senior officers came to be at Chalgrove without their regiments and then taken prisoner was told by those \u2018best officers\u2019, who earlier had been attending the Earl of Essex collecting their Regiment\u2019s pay. Records show that a pay convoy had arrived in Thame in the early hours of 18 June 1643. \n\nEdmund Ludlow\u2019s Parliamentarian account of their Civil War \u2018Memoirs\u2019, published in 1698, was countered with \u2018The History of the Rebellion and Civil War\u2019 published in 1717. The source material for the History of the Rebellion was taken from Edward Hyde\u2019s manuscripts but clumsily edited to become Tory propaganda. The title page states, \u2018Written by the Right Honourable Edward, Earl of Clarendon\u2019, which gave authority to the publication. The Earl of Clarendon died 1674 but later historians quote \u2018Clarendon\u2019 as \u2018the\u2019 reference when referring to events of the English Civil War.\n \nThe manuscript \u2018Bodl MS Clar 112 Fol 366\u2019 is precisely transcribed in the footnote found in the later 1888 publication of \u2018The History of the Rebellion\u2019. The writers of the 1717 edition reinterpreted the manuscripts adulterated their account with stories for propaganda purposes. They wrote of troops engaging in three encounters marching 60 miles and being back in Oxford twenty two hours later.  This and other fanciful stories held sway for over a hundred years.  \n\nEdward Hyde\u2019s 1643 account of events that describes the battle of Chalgrove concurs with the interpretation found in Oxoniensia Vol 80 pub Dec 2015, pp 27 \u2013 39 \u2018The Military and Political Importance of the Battle of Chalgrove (1643)\u2019.\n \n\u2018The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England\u2019, Vol. III (Pub 1888) edited by W. Dunn Macray, footnote 3 pp 53 \u2013 55 is a faithful transcription of Clarendon\u2019s manuscript. Dunn\u2019s account pp 53 \u2013 61 \u046f\u046f 74 \u2013 81 acknowledges on page 56, footnote 1, that the encounter at West Wickham was on 25 June not 18 June as implied in the 1717 first edition. \n \nClarendon State Papers \u2013 The History of the Rebellion\nBodl. MS.Clar.112 Fol.366 - 367 was accurately transcribed into footnote 3 under\n\nThe Life is here resumed at p.224, for \u00a7\u00a7 75 \u2013 79 ; while the MS. of the Hist. continues as follows :-\n\n\u2018At the same time when the earl of Essex began his march from Reading, (Early June 1643)  colonel Hurry, a Scotchman, who had served in that army from the beginning with great reputation, (as he was an excellent commander of horse,) till the difference that is before spoken of between the English and Scotch officers, (after which he laid down his commission, though, out of respect to the earl of Essex, he stayed some time after with him as a volunteer, and now,) came to the King to Oxford, having before given notice to the earl of Brainford that he meant to do so. He came no sooner thither, than, to give proof that he brought his whole heart with him, he proposed to prince Rupert to wait on him to visit the enemy\u2019s quarters, and being well acquainted with their manner of lying and keeping their guards, undertook to be his guide to a quarter where they least expected : and the prince, willingly consenting to the proposition, drew out a strong party of one thousand horse and dragoons, (350 dragoons commanded by Lord Wentworth & 50 Lieu-Colonel Lisle),  (See Page 3) which he commanded himself, (4/500 musketeers Commanded by Col. Lunsford)  (See Page 2) and marched with colonel Hurry to a town four or five miles beyond the head quarter, (The attack on Postcombe at 3am came before the raid on Chinnor)  (See Page 3) where were a regiment of horse and a regiment of dragoons, and about daybreak fell upon them, and with little resistance, and no loss of his own men, he killed and took the whole party, except some few, who hid themselves in holes or escaped by dark and untrodden paths. (These survivors took the alarm to Thame)  From thence, in his way back, according to purpose, he fell upon another village, where some horse and a regiment of foot were quartered, where he had the same success, and killed and took and dispersed them all. (This is the attack on Postcombe)  (See Page 3) So he having fortunately performed all he had hoped, his highness hastened his retreat as fast as he could to Oxford, having appointed, a regiment of foot to attend him at a pass in the way of security. (This refers to Chiselhampton Bridge)  (See Page 6) But the alarum had passed throughout all the enemy\u2019s quarters ; (Reference to Gunter, Crosse, Sheffield, Sanders and Buller, 300 men, skirmishing at South Western is not mentioned)  (See Page 5) so that before the prince could reach the pass where his foot expected him, he found the enemy\u2019s whole army was drawn out, and a strong party of their horse, almost equal to his own number, so hard pressed him that, being then to enter a lane, they would disorder his rear before he could join with his foot, which were a mile before. He had very little time to deliberate, being even at the entrance into the lane.  (The Prince had entered Upper Marsh Lane at Chalgrove)  If he could have hoped to have retired in safety, he had no reason to venture to fight with a fresh party, excellently armed, and in number equal, his own being harassed and tired with near twenty miles\u2019 march and laden with spoil and prisoners, scarce a soldier without a led horse : (The New Bedfordshire levies dragoons in Chinnor may have lost 3/400 horse.)Note: Essex was desperately short of horse and provisions. His army was diseased, hungry and dressed in rags. Chinnor had that week been reinforced with fresh troops and supplies. Essex lost a complete dragoon regiment including 3/400 horses and these on the retreat to Oxford had 120 prisoners tied to them and were laden with the bounty.  At Chalgrove eighty of Essex\u2019s most senior officers were led away as prisoners on their horses. The gallant and unequal fight left over a 100 dead, it was reported. These overwhelming losses left Essex unable to defend himself and his army from being exposed to total annihilation. To save his army Essex retreated to London. Essex\u2019s army was saved because the King demanded the arsenal of supplies laying in Newark Castle be brought to Oxford.  Queen Henrietta Maria, on receiving the news of Essex defeat at Chalgrove, left Newark Castle to join her King in Oxford to present him with a huge arsenal of arms. Newcastle went north and at Adwalton moor 30th June 1643 wiped out the Fairfax\u2019s Army of the North. The military and political ramifications of Essex\u2019s loss at Chalgrove include the disbanding of the Committee of Safetie in favour of the Committee of Both Kingdoms and the rise of Oliver Cromwell\u2019s power. but the necessity obliged him to stay ; and after a short consideration of the manner of doing it, directing as a convoy as was possible to guard the prisoners, and to hasten with all the unnecessary baggage and led horses, he resolved to keep the ground he had in the plain field, and after a short pause, to charge the party that advanced, lest the body might come up to them. (This scenario can be read in the Late Beat Up) (See Pages 7 - 8) And they came on amain, leaving it only in his election, by meeting them to have the reputation of charging them, or by standing still to be charged by them. Hereupon they quickly engaged in a sharp encounter, the best, fiercest, and longest maintained that hath been by the horse during the war ; (The timing of the battle is found by locating Sir Philip Stapleton)  (See Pages 8 - 9) for the party of Parliament consisted not of the bare regiments and troops which usually marched together , but of prime gentlemen and officers of all their regiments, horse and foot, who being met at the head quarter, upon the alarum, and conceiving it easy to get between prince Rupert and Oxford, and not having their own charges ready to move, joined themselves as volunteers to those who were ready, till their regiment should come up ; (The pay convoy had arrived in the early hours 18 June and officers were with Essex when the alarm came from Chinnor)  and so, the first ranks of horse consisting of such men, the conflict was maintained some time with confidence. In the end, many falling and being hurt on both sides, the prince prevailed, the rebels being totally routed, and pursued till the gross of the army was discovered ; (The battle raged for over an hour)  and then his highness, with the new prisoners he had taken, retired orderly to the pass where his foot and former purchase expected him ; and thence sending colonel Hurry to acquaint the King with the success, who knighted the messenger for his good service, returned, with near 200 prisoners, seven cornets of horse and four ensigns of foot, to Oxford. (By deduction 80 prisoners of quality with their horses were taken from Chalgrove as 120 men were captured at Chinnor.) On the King\u2019s part in this action were lost, besides few common men, no officers of note, but some hurt : on the enemy\u2019s side, many of their best officers, more than in any battle they fought, and amongst them (Mercurius Aulicus reports, \u2018he slew above an hundred dead in the place)''  (which made the names of the rest less inquired after by the one and less lamented by the other) colonel Hambden (sic), who was shot into the shoulder with a brace of pistol bullets, of which wound, with very sharp pain, he died within ten days, to as great a consternation of all that party as if  their whole army had been defeated and cut off.\u2019\n\nBattle\nThe Royalist vanguard with the foot, dragoons and prisoners were making their way down the ancient bridleway from Golder Hill through Easington. (1612 Map) into the parish of Chalgrove, quoted in the Late Beating Up as, \"His Highness was now making halt in Chalgrove cornfeild:\" (sic) The Royalists were beyond an impenetrable great hedge watching several great Bodyes of Rebels coming from the directions of Easington and Thame, a sweeping arc of 90 degrees, that gave evidence to the Parliamentarian's disorder. Besides this sweeping arc of troopers Prince Rupert noted those who had before skirmished with their rear. (See Pages 5 - 6)\n\nParliament\u2019s men were in turmoil. Officers who were obeyed without question and whose honour was paramount were being ordered into Troops. (viz a fighting unit of around 70 men) Prince Rupert\u2019s Foot with the prisoners were safe his Dragoons guarding their rear as they retreated towards Chiselhampton Bridge. The impenetrable great hedge between the armies ensured that when the Royalists turned from line into column to follow the Foot their flank was safe from attack as they marched away. (See Page 6) The Royalist's retreat took them a 1,000 yards westwards along a track that was bounded by the famous hedge which Prince Rupert jumped.\n\nParliament\u2019s men organised themselves into thirteen troops who \"advanc\u2019t cheerfully: doubling their march for eagerness, and coming up close to us.\" Eight Cornets faced the Royalists with three troops in reserve by Warpsgrove House and two more troops higher up the hill. (See Pages 6 - 7) The eight Cornets had passed through the gap in the great hedge made by the lane that served Warpsgrove. Early into the battle this gap was closed by a troop out of Gen. Percy's regiment trapping those on the Chalgrove side of the great hedge forcing them into an unequal fight of nearly two against one. (See Page 8)\n\nColonel John Dalbier, who brought up Dragoons who lined the hedge, is recorded by the Royalists to have \"called out to his People 'to retreat, least they were hemb\u2019d in by us'.\" (See page 8) Prince Rupert jumped the hedge that parted them and his Lifeguard and his Regiment jumbled over after him and the Rebels\u2019 dragoons that lined the hedge fled. To make his front even with the enemy Rupert called out two troops from the Prince of Wales\u2019 Regiment. Captains Martin and Gardiner's troops of the Prince's own regiment led the charge and endured pistol shot at a distance then again at close range. Prince Rupert with his Lifeguard and those drawn out from the Prince of Wales\u2019 regiment charged swords drawn into the melee. (See pages 7 - 8) At very close range the Royalists picked their targets with Colonel John Urrie reportedly saying, \"that's Hampden, that's Gunter et al\" as each were shot. Hampden may have been the last to escape through the gap in the great hedge before a troop from Percy\u2019s regiment closed the only exit from the Battlefield.\n\nParliament\u2019s eight cornets were routed, a term meaning that the unit was not fighting under the Commander\u2019s orders, it was every man for himself. Parliament\u2019s reserve were blocked from joining their colleagues and watched in horror as the Royalist's reserves, pistols loaded, came in at close range. (See Pages 7 - 8) Those Royalists that had been fighting were taking prisoners of quality and leading them away to Oxford. Eighty such officers from Chalgrove were paraded through the streets of Oxford. It was reported that Rupert \"slew above an hundred dead in the place\" and the number of wounded could have been equally dramatic. Clarendon reported in a footnote, 'If he (Prince Rupert before the Battle) could have hoped to have retired in safety, he had no reason to venture to fight with a fresh party, excellently armed, and in number equal, his being harassed and tired with near twenty miles' march and laden with spoil and prisoners, scarce a soldier without a led horse'  The 80 prisoners with their horse and other loose horses taken after the battle added to the Royalist's bounty taken from Chinnor.\n\nPrince Rupert\u2019s men and horses desperately tired after being in the saddle for 18 hours wanted to finish the action. Parliament\u2019s men were hemmed in, as Dulbiere stated, and were unable to flee the battlefield. The 350-strong Parliamentary reserve added to the battle\u2019s survivors were still a dangerous force should the Royalists decide to walk away. Parliament\u2019s men, \"wholly rowted\", were forced or maybe agreed to be rounded up and chased through the gap in the great hedge. (See page 8) The Reserves in the Close by Warpsgrove House were pursued with the others back again over Golder Hill to Easington, the place of the first encounter. Sir Philip Stapleton who had come from Thame drew the retreaters up into a body. Prince Rupert master of the Battlefield left Chalgrove for Oxford. (See Pages 8 - 9, 13) Prince Rupert received a heroes welcome parading 200 prisoners and booty that included three of Essex\u2019s Colours and another three of Sir Samuel Luke\u2019s and one Colonel Melves\u2019 Dragoons in addition to four foot regiments\u2019 colours.\n\nAftermath\nThe Battle of Chalgrove was not a battle on such a grand scale as Naseby or Marston Moor although the outcome of Chalgrove was as equally profound. Essex\u2019s diseased army after Chalgrove was leaderless, poorly supplied and unable to defend itself. Essex removed his army from Oxfordshire to London not to return to battle order until September. Queen Henrietta Maria was waiting in Newark Castle with a large shipment of arms and supplies for the King in Oxford. On receiving the news of Essex\u2019s defeat the convoy made ready and left Newark on 27 June 1643. The Earl of Newcastle relieved of his duty to protect the Queen went north to find Lord Fairfax\u2019s Army of the North. On 30 June 1643 at the Battle of Adwalton Moor Fairfax\u2019s army was destroyed.  (See Page 225)Before the Queen got to Oxford the Royalists won the Battle of Lansdown on 5 July and Devizes on 13 July. The port and town of Bristol were taken by the Royalists 26 July. (See pages 259 - 261)The politics following Chalgrove became extremely bitter with accusations against Essex\u2019s competence. (See page 235) It has been conjectured that Oliver Cromwell\u2019s star began to rise because of Essex\u2019s disastrous defeat at Chalgrove, and that this was when the Self-Denying Ordinance and the New Model Army were conceived.\n\nHampden retired to Thame where he died six days later.\n\nAfter Chalgrove, Colonel Hurry led another raid a week later which swept around Essex's army and plundered Wycombe. (See Page 15) This led to sharp criticism of Essex in London, and he offered his resignation, which was refused.\n\nMyths and legends\n\nDeath of John Hampden\nThere was disagreement over the manner of Hampden's death between Lord Denman who favoured the exploding pistol theory and Dr. Grace who attended 22 July 1828 an examination of the exhumed body with Mr Norris a local surgeon. On 28 July 1828 'The Times'   printed Lord Nugent's account of the exhumation. On 9 August 1828 Dr Grace wrote to Richard Cumberland at the Exchequer with a full account of this examination. Prof. John Adair wrote in his 1976 biography of Hampden, (Page 236) 'The two balls bit deep into the flesh behind the shoulder blade.' dismissing unequivocally the myth of the exploding pistol that was expounded after Hampden's supposed exhumation 21 July 1828.  John Adair wrote in History Today, October 1979, 'The Death of John Hampden', in which he which favoured the exploding pistol theory. D Lester and G Blackshaw's book, 'The Controversy of John Hampden's Death' (2000) has on the rear cover Prof John Adair's review in which he states, 'Now at Last.... we have a really thorough and satisfactory account...'. The book reveals who wrote the story of the exploding pistol and why 107 years later the Earl of Buckinghamshire gave permission to exhume John Hampden. Detractors stated that the authors of 'The Controversy dismissed the evidence of an exhumation that took place in July 1828, partly on the grounds that there was no conclusive proof that the body exhumed was that of Hampden, and even if it were that of Hampden, the development of forensic science was in its infancy and misinterpretation of the evidence was all too likely (indeed the authors accuse some of those involved in the exhumation of lying about what they found). The lead lined coffin had remained airtight for 231 years and had it not been so the body would have completely decomposed. Quote from Nugent's account in 'The Times', 'Here a singular scene presented itself. The worm of corruption was busily employed, ..... upon which we discovered a number of maggots and small red worms on the feed with great activity...'; really after 231 years! \"The lines, '.....Colonel Hampden put himself in Captain Cross his troop, where he charged with much courage, and was unfortunately shot through the shoulder'; [were] written by the Earl of Essex to Parliament while Hampden was not only still alive, but expected to live\".  There were too many witnesses to the event of Hampden's wounding and had it been that Hampden's pistol had exploded and Essex had given a false account even while John Hampden was alive the truth would have been promptly published.\n\nA description of the church and tombs entitled 'Hampden Magna' was written between 1663 and 1675, while Mr. John Yates was rector, this recorded the names and location of the graves and monuments, and indirectly refers to the location of John Hampden's tomb. (See pages 20 & 21) Comparing 'The Times' narrative to 'Hampden Magna' reveals that it was William Hampden who was exhumed, not Col. John Hampden. (See location of graves Pages 24 & 25)\n\nSiting of Battlefield and Monument\nGeorge Nugent-Grenville, 2nd Baron Nugent commonly known as Lord Nugent erected John Hampden\u2019s Monument said to be close to the battlefield. The explanation of why the Monument was erected a mile away from where Nugent thought the battle site was located is explained in \"The Military and Political Importance of the Battle of Chalgrove\". Nugent\u2019s economy with the truth has led others to locate the Battle of Chalgrove incorrectly. The argument of whether Chalgrove hosted a skirmish or battle began in 1881. Ordnance Survey\u2019s cartographers came to Chalgrove for the first time in 1880. Reading the legend engraved on John Hampden\u2019s Monument, \u2018Within a few paces of this spot he received the wound of which he died\u2019, placed their crossed swords in the nearest cornfield. Renn Dickson Hampden had donated the plot on which the Monument was erected. Lord Nugent believed the battlefield was over a mile away and having promised his subscribers to erect the Monument where Hampden met his fate had to be economical with the truth. The Aylesbury News, Saturday, 27 May 1843 carried Nugent\u2019s advert \u2018Hampden Celebration on Chalgrove Field'. Later when the OS cartographers came along, in 1880, they believed from the words on the Monument \"within a few places of this spot....\" that the battle took place in the field next to the monument and therefore placed the site of the battle here and called it \"Chalgrove Field\", the name coming from the published articles in the press at the time of the unveiling of the monument. In subsequent revisions of the maps the site of the battle and name \"Chalgrove Field\" have been moved 400 yards northwards into the next field. The latest research as published in Oxoniensia places the battle a further 300 yards north at SU648978.\n\nLegacy of Robert Parslow\nA legend circulated in Watlington of a military chest being left at the Hare and Hounds prior to the Battle and never called for after which allowed one Robert Parslow the landlord to leave a legacy. A plausible explanation is found at Parslow's Military Chest.\n\nToday\nThe area is legally protected being a registered battlefield with English Heritage. It is marked by the Hampden Monument, a stone obelisk erected for the battle's bicentenary in 1843. However, the main focus of the battle was 770 yards north of the monument.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nCategory:1643 in England\nCategory:17th century in Oxfordshire\nCategory:Battles of the English Civil Wars\nCategory:Conflicts in 1643\nCategory:Military history of Oxfordshire\nCategory:Registered historic battlefields in England"}
-{"text": "Mohaupt\n\nMohaupt is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:\n\n  (1854\u20131916), Bohemian composer, pedagogue and author (Ernst Schelmerding)\n Richard Mohaupt (1904\u20131957), German-U.S. composer and Kapellmeister\n Henry Mohaupt (1915\u20132001), Swiss American inventor\n  (born 1942), German Lutheran theologian and politician (CDU)\n Tino Mohaupt (born 1983), German athlete\n Johannes Mohaupt (1898-1973), inventor of the Johannes Mohaupt Theory\n\nSee also\n Mohnhaupt\n Monhaupt\n\nCategory:German-language surnames"}
-{"text": "Sam Fischer\n\nSam Fischer is an Australian Pop-rock singer-songwriter and musician. Fischer released music independently before signing with Sony in 2019. Sony re-released his debut EP Not a Hobby in January 2020.\n\nLife and career\nFischer was born outside of Sydney in 1991. By age 12, he was writing songs. He is classically trainer on saxophone and violin and studied at the Berklee College of Music in the early 2010s. After graduating, he moved to Los Angeles and began working on a solo music career and performing as a backup vocalist with the band Holychild. Fischer's debut release was as a featured artist on Alex Preston's single \"Heartbeats\" in July 2012.\n\nIn 2016, Fischer released his debut solo single \"Lean\" which was followed in 2017 with \"Same Friends\" and \"Getting Older\" as well as being featured on Opia's \"Secrets\". In January 2018, Fischer released his debut extended play, Not a Hobby . In May 2018, Fischer released a second EP titled Sam Fischer (Our Vinyl Sessions), featuring acoustic recordings of \"Getting Older\", \"Same Friends\" and \"Lean\".\n\nIn January 2019, Fischer collaboration with London's Black Saint on \"Everybody Wants You\" which became a dance in mid-2019. In 2019, Fischer was signed by Sony who released \"This City\" in December 2019 and re-released Not a Hobby EP in January 2020. Not a Hobby debuted at number 19 on the Australian Artist Singles Chart on 2 March 2020.\n\nDiscography\n\nExtended plays\n\nSingles\n\nAs lead artist\n\nAs featured artist\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:21st-century Australian singers\nCategory:21st-century male singers\nCategory:Australian pop singers\nCategory:Australian male singer-songwriters\nCategory:Musicians from Sydney"}
-{"text": "Dmitri Turutin\n\nDmitri Grigoryevich Turutin (; born 10 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.\n\nClub career\nHe played in the Russian Football National League for FC Baltika Kaliningrad in 2000.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Kaliningrad\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Russian footballers\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:FC Baltika Kaliningrad players\nCategory:FC Sibir Novosibirsk players\nCategory:FC Dynamo Barnaul players\nCategory:FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk players"}
-{"text": "Acraga ochracea\n\nAcraga ochracea is a moth in the family Dalceridae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in southern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. The habitat consists of tropical premontane moist, subtropical wet, subtropical moist, subtropical dry and warm temperate moist forests.\n\nThe length of the forewings is 9\u201313\u00a0mm for males and 16\u201317\u00a0mm for females. Adults are orange, with the dorsal forewing darker than the hindwing. Adults are on wing year round.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1855\nCategory:Dalceridae"}
-{"text": "Adam Cozad\n\nAdam Cozad is an American screenwriter best known for writing the scripts for Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit and The Legend of Tarzan.\n\nLife and career \nCozad was born and grew up in Chico, California, where he attended Notre Dame School until his tenth grade. He later moved to Texas and went to Trinity University, where he got his major degree in history.\n\nIn 2014, Cozad wrote his first screenplay for the action film Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit, based on the character created by Tom Clancy, which stars Kevin Costner, Chris Pine, Keira Knightley and Kenneth Branagh. \n\nHis second screenplay was for the action adventure film The Legend of Tarzan, which he wrote along with Craig Brewer from their own story, which stars Alexander Skarsg\u00e5rd, Margot Robbie, and Christoph Waltz. \n\nCozad had been hired to write the screenplay for the sequel to Suicide Squad film. He was replaced with James Gunn.\n\nHe also performed a revision of Underwater's script from Brian Duffield.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American male screenwriters\nCategory:Trinity University (Texas) alumni\nCategory:21st-century American writers\nCategory:People from Chico, California\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Screenwriters from California"}
-{"text": "ATM Abdullah\n\nATM Abdullah (Rony) is a Bengali Indian politician from the state of West Bengal. He was a member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly (2011 by election - 2016). He became runner-up in the 2016 Vidhan Sabha Election from Basirhat Uttar Assembly.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:All India Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:West Bengal MLAs 2011\u20132016\nCategory:People from North 24 Parganas district\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:People from Basirhat"}
-{"text": "Majithia Sirdars\n\nThe Majithia Sirdars are a family of Shergill Jat sardars (chiefs) that came from the area of Majitha in the Punjab. The family is divided into three branches.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Indian families\nCategory:People from Amritsar"}
-{"text": "Huafla\n\nHuafla is a village in central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Sinfra, Sinfra Department, Marahou\u00e9 Region, Sassandra-Marahou\u00e9 District.\n\nHuafla was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Former communes of Ivory Coast\nCategory:Populated places in Sassandra-Marahou\u00e9 District\nCategory:Populated places in Marahou\u00e9"}
-{"text": "Eupithecia insignifica\n\nEupithecia insignifica is a moth in the  family Geometridae. It is found in Algeria.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1914\ninsignifica\nCategory:Moths of Africa"}
-{"text": "Bathytoma nonplicata\n\nBathytoma nonplicata is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.\n\nDistribution\nThis extinct marine species was endemic to the Eocene of the United States (Alabama, Louisiana, Texas) in the age range between 48.6 Ma to 37.2 Ma\n\nDescription\nThis species is considered an epifaunal carnivore.\n\nReferences\n\nnonplicata"}
-{"text": "So Cool\n\nSo Cool may refer to:\n\n So Cool (band), a Thai rock band\n So Cool (Sistar album), 2011\n So Cool (Take 6 album), 1998\n\npt:So Cool"}
-{"text": "Aventiola\n\nAventiola is a monotypic moth genus of the family Erebidae described by Staudinger in 1892. Its only species, Aventiola pusilla, was first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1879. It is found in Japan and south-eastern Siberia.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hypeninae\nCategory:Monotypic moth genera"}
-{"text": "Roberto Blanco\n\n[[File:Roberto Blanco 2008.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Roberto Blanco]]\nRoberto Blanco (legal name: Roberto Zerquera Blanco), was born 7 June 1937 in Tunis, Tunisia. Of Afro-Cuban origin, Blanco is a German-speaking Schlager singer and actor.\n\nEarly life\nBlanco is the son of Cuban folklorist and artist Alfonso Zerquera and his wife Mercedes Blanco. He grew up in Beirut and Madrid. When Roberto was two, his mother died. After finishing school he began to study medicine in Madrid, but quit after two semesters.\n\nCareer\nIn 1957, Blanco played a role in the movie Der Stern von Afrika (The Star of Africa). His singing career began with Josephine Baker. In the 1960s, he became a hit star in his own right and appeared in various films \u2013 among them Johannes Mario Simmel penned All People Will Be Brothers and the Erich K\u00e4stner adaptation Three Men in the Snow.\n\nIn 1969, Blanco won the German \"Schlager-Festspiele\" with his song \"Heute so, morgen so\" (Today like this, tomorrow like that). Following that, Blanco recorded a number of hit albums. His music career peaked in 1972 with the song \"Ein bisschen Spass muss sein\" (A little fun must be) and \"Der Puppenspieler von Mexiko\" (The Puppeteer of Mexico). Since then he has appeared on numerous music and variety TV shows, most frequently on ZDF's Hitparade.\n\nSingles\n1957 \u2013 \"Jesebell\"\n1957 \u2013 \"Ob schwarz, ob wei\u00df\"\n1963 \u2013 \"Twistin' mit Monika\"\n1968 \u2013 \"Tschumbala-Bey\"\n1968 \u2013 \"Jennifer\"\n1969 \u2013 \"Heute so, morgen so\"\n1969 \u2013 \"Auf Liebe gibt es keine Garantie\"\n1970 \u2013 \"Auf dem Kurf\u00fcrstendam sagt man \"Liebe\"\"\n1970 \u2013 \"San Bernadino\"\n1971 \u2013 \"Las Vegas\"\n1972 \u2013 \"Ich komm' zur\u00fcck nach Amarillo\"\n1972 \u2013 \"Der Puppenspieler von Mexiko\"\n1972 \u2013 \"Ein bisschen Spa\u00df muss sein\"\n1973 \u2013 \"Ich bin ein gl\u00fccklicher Mann\"\n1973 \u2013 \"Pappi, lauf doch nicht so schnell\"\n1974 \u2013 \"In El Paso\"\n1976 \u2013 \"Bye Bye, Fr\u00e4ulein\"\n1977 \u2013 \"Morgen sind wir reich\"\n1978 \u2013 \"Porompompom\"\n1978 \u2013 \"Hey Mama Ho\"\n1978 \u2013 \"Viva Maria\"\n1978 \u2013 \"Wer trinkt schon gern den Wein allein\"\n1979 \u2013 \"Der Clap Clap Song\"\n1979 \u2013 \"Samba si! Arbeit no!\"\n1979 \u2013 \"Am Tag, als es kein Benzin mehr gab\"\n1980 \u2013 \"Rock 'n' Roll ist gut f\u00fcr die Figur\"\n1981 \u2013 \"Humanaho (Alle Menschen sind Br\u00fcder)\"\n1990 \u2013 \"Resi bring Bier\" (duet with Tony Marshall)\n1992 \u2013 \"Limbo auf Jamaika\" (duet with Tony Marshall)\n1996 \u2013 \"Da ist die T\u00fcr\" (feat. Lotto King Karl)\n1999 \u2013 \"Last Christmas\" (with Frank Luis y su traditional Habana Orchester)\n2001 \u2013 \"Born to Be Alive\" (with The Disco Boys)\n2004 \u2013 \"Ein bisschen Spa\u00df muss sein\" (new version with Captain Jack)\n\nSelected filmography\n The Bloody Vultures of Alaska'' (1973)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1937 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Tunis\nCategory:Spanish emigrants to Germany\nCategory:German male singers\nCategory:German people of Cuban descent\nCategory:Spanish-language singers of Germany"}
-{"text": "Kyle Wren\n\nKyle Patrick Wren (born April 23, 1991) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Sioux City Explorers of the American Association of Independent Professional Baseball. He is the son of former Atlanta Braves' general manager Frank Wren.\n\nAmateur career\nWren attended Landmark Christian School in Fairburn, Georgia, where he played for the school's baseball team. During his career at Landmark, he had a .455 batting average.\n\nIn 2010, Wren enrolled at Georgia Institute of Technology, where he played college baseball for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball team. Wren led the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in hits during his freshman year, and earned the titles of All-ACC and freshman All-American during this first year. Once he became eligible for the 2012 MLB Draft after his sophomore year, the Cincinnati Reds selected Wren in the 30th round. However, he chose not to sign and instead, returned to Georgia Tech for his junior year. Before the start of the season, the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association named Wren a preseason All-American. As a junior, Wren had a .360 batting average, and again led the ACC in hits. Following his junior year, Wren was drafted in the 8th round by the Atlanta Braves.\n\nProfessional career\nBefore the 2013 MLB Draft, Baseball America ranked Wren as the 210th best available prospect.\n\nAtlanta Braves\nThe Atlanta Braves selected Wren in the eighth round, with the 253rd selection. He began his professional career with the Danville Braves of the Rookie-level Appalachian League. After compiling nine hits and stealing three bases in five games for Danville, he was promoted to the Rome Braves of the Class A South Atlantic League. During his tenure with Rome, Wren had a .328 batting average and 32 stolen bases. This resulted in his second promotion, to the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League at the end of the season.\n\nWren split the 2014 season between Lynchburg and the Mississippi Braves of the Double-A Southern League. During the first half of the season, Wren was named to the Carolina League All-Star Team. He and Kyle Waldrop shared most valuable player honors. After the season, Lynchburg named Wren their player of the year. The Braves then assigned Wren to the Arizona Fall League.\n\nMilwaukee Brewers\nThe Braves traded Wren to the Milwaukee Brewers on November 14, 2014, for minor league pitcher Zach Quintana. The Brewers assigned Wren to the Biloxi Shuckers of the Double-A Southern League to start the 2015 season. In June, the Brewers promoted him to the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the Triple-A Pacific Coast League. Overall for the 2015 season, Wren appeared in 136 games, batting .272 with one home run and 39 RBIs.\n\nIn 2016, Wren again split time between the Double-A and Triple-A levels, batting a combined .322 with two home runs and 39 RBIs in 127 games. He spent all of 2017 with the Triple-A Sky Sox, batting .286 with five home runs and 62 RBIs in 128 games. He started 2018 with the Sky Sox, appearing in 47 games and batting .294 with two home runs and 28 RBIs; he was released by the team on June 26.\n\nBoston Red Sox\nOn July 3, 2018, Wren signed with the Boston Red Sox, and was assigned to the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox. He became a free agent after the season.\n\nCincinnati Reds\nOn December 7, 2018, Wren signed a minor league contract with the Cincinnati Reds. He was eventually assigned to Class AAA Louisville and released on May 7, 2019 after hitting .220 in 19 games for the Bats.\n\nSioux City Explorers\nOn May 27, 2019, Wren signed with the Sioux City Explorers of the independent American Association.\n\nPersonal\nWren's twin brother, Colby, also played at Georgia Tech. Their father, Frank, was formerly the general manager of the Braves. , their youngest brother, Jordan, plays minor league baseball for the Greenville Drive.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSoxProspects.com\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from West Palm Beach, Florida\nCategory:Baseball players from Florida\nCategory:Baseball outfielders\nCategory:Biloxi Shuckers players\nCategory:Colorado Springs Sky Sox players\nCategory:Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets baseball players\nCategory:Danville Braves players\nCategory:Rome Braves players\nCategory:Lynchburg Hillcats players\nCategory:Mississippi Braves players\nCategory:Pawtucket Red Sox players\nCategory:People from Peachtree City, Georgia\nCategory:Peoria Javelinas players\nCategory:Tigres del Licey players\nCategory:Twin sportspeople\nCategory:Sioux City Explorers players"}
-{"text": "Dodsworth (novel)\n\nDodsworth is a satirical novel by American writer Sinclair Lewis, first published by Harcourt Brace & Company in March 1929. Its subject, the differences between US and European intellect, manners, and morals, is one that frequently appears in the works of Henry James.\n\nPlot summary\nThe novel is set in the period between late 1925 and late 1927.  Samuel ('Sam') Dodsworth is an ambitious and innovative automobile designer, who builds his fortunes in fictional Zenith, Winnemac. In addition to his success in the business world, he had also succeeded as a young man in winning the hand of Frances 'Fran' Voelker, a beautiful young socialite. While the novel provides the courtship as a backstory, the real story begins upon his retirement. Retiring at the age of fifty as a result of his selling of his successful automobile company (The Revelation Motor Company) to a far larger competitor, he sets out to do what he had always wanted to experience: a leisurely trip to Europe with his wife, with aspirations to visit some manufacturing plants looking for his next challenge. His forty-one-year-old wife, however, motivated by her own vanity and fear of lost youth, is dissatisfied with married life and small town Zenith, and wants to live in Europe permanently as an expatriate, not just visit for a few months. Passing up advancement in his recently sold company, Dodsworth leaves for Europe with Fran. Her motivations upon visiting Europe become quickly known.\n\nIn their extensive travels across Europe, they are soon caught up in vastly different lifestyles. Fran falls in with a crowd of frivolous socialites, while Sam plays more of an independent tourist. 'With his red Baedeker guide book in hand, he visits such well-known tourist attractions as Westminster Abbey, Notre Dame Cathedral, Sanssouci Palace, and the Piazza San Marco. But the historic sites that he sees prove to be far less significant than the American expatriates that he meets on his extensive journeys across Great Britain and continental Europe'  He meets Edith Cortright, an expatriate American widow in Venice, who is everything his wife is not: self-assured, self-confident, unselfish and able to take care of herself. As Sam and Fran follow their own pursuits, their marriage is strained to the breaking point. Both are forced to choose between marriage and the new lifestyles they have pursued.\n\nThe novel includes detailed descriptions of Sam and Fran's tours across Europe. In the beginning, they leave their mid-Western hometown of Zenith, board a steam liner in New York and cross the Atlantic Ocean. Their first stop is England. They visit the sights in London and are invited by Major Clyde Lockert to join a weekend trip to the countryside. Later, after Lockert has made an indecent proposal to Fran, they depart for Paris, where she soon engages in a busy social life and he takes up sightseeing. When Sam decides to go back to America for his college reunion in New Haven, Fran spends the summer months on the lakes near Montreux and Stresa, where she has a romance with Arnold Israel. Once Sam has picked her up in Paris, they agree to continue their travels together, touring France, Italy, Spain, Austria, Hungary and Germany. Their marriage comes to an end when she falls in love with Kurt von Obersdorf in Berlin. Whereas she stays on with her new love, he criss-crosses Europe in an attempt to cope with his new situation. When Sam happens to run into Edith in Venice, she persuades him to accompany her on a visit to a village in the vicinity of Naples. Fran's fianc\u00e9 calls off the marriage, and \nSam joins his former wife on her voyage back to New York. Three days later, he is back on the next ship to meet Edith in Paris.\n\nAdaptations\nThe novel was adapted for the stage in 1934 by Sidney Howard and filmed by producer Samuel Goldwyn in 1936 and directed by William Wyler. It starred Walter Huston, Ruth Chatterton and Mary Astor. A 1995 musical adaptation that was staged in Fort Worth, Texas with Hal Linden and Dee Hoty.\n\nAnalysis\nIn his analysis of the novel, Martin R. Ausmus has described Dodsworth as Lewis' \"most sympathetic yet most savage\", \"most real\" and \"truest picture of the middle class\" of America at the time.  Michael Augspurger has noted the influence of the ideas of Thorstein Veblen in his analysis of the presence of ideas and ideology related to business in the novel.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1929 American novels\nCategory:American novels adapted into films\nCategory:American satirical novels\nCategory:Harcourt (publisher) books\nCategory:Midwestern United States in fiction\nCategory:American novels adapted into plays\nCategory:Novels by Sinclair Lewis\nCategory:Novels set in Europe"}
-{"text": "1934 in art\n\nThe year 1934 in art involved some significant events and new works.\n\nEvents\nApril \u2013 David Low's cartoon character Colonel Blimp first appears in the London Evening Standard.\nApril 10 \u2013 The Just Judges, a panel of the Ghent Altarpiece painted by Jan van Eyck or his brother Hubert between 1430\u201332, is stolen from St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, Belgium. In November, on his deathbed, Ars\u00e8ne Goedertier admits to the theft but most of the panel is never recovered.\nAugust 31 \u2013 John Smiukse destroys the mural Nightmare of 1934 in Tarrytown, New York.\nPublication in the United States of Irving Stone's biographical novel of Vincent van Gogh, Lust for Life.\n\nWorks\n\nEileen Agar \u2013 The Autobiography of an Embryo\nHans Arp \u2013 Human Concretion (Mus\u00e9e National d'Art Moderne, Paris)\nBalthus \u2013 Guitar Lesson\nPaul Cadmus\nConey Island\nThe Fleet's In!\nGreenwich Village Cafeteria\nSalvador Dal\u00ed \u2013 The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used As a Table\nEdwin Dickinson \u2013 Stranded Brig\nAntonio Donghi \u2013 Canzone\nRaoul Dufy \u2013 Regatta at Cowes  (National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.)\nJacob Epstein \u2013 Portrait bust of George Bernard Shaw\nM. C. Escher \u2013 Still Life with Spherical Mirror (lithograph)\nLeo Friedlander \u2013 marble reliefs outside Oregon State Capitol\nCovered Wagon\nLewis and Clark\nLily Furedi \u2013 The Subway\nEdward Hopper \u2013 East Wind Over Weehawken\nPaul Manship \u2013 Prometheus (gilded bronze sculpture, Rockefeller Center, New York City)\nJoan Mir\u00f3 \u2013 Woman\nRonald Moody \u2013 Wohin (carved oak head)\nJos\u00e9 Clemente Orozco \u2013 The Epic of American Civilization (mural, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, 1932-34)\nPablo Picasso \u2013 Minotauromachy\nDiego Rivera \u2013 Man, Controller of the Universe (mural, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City)\nRaphael Soyer \u2013 How Long Since You Wrote to Mother?\n\nExhibitions\nApril - The Unit One group holds its only exhibition, in Cork Street (London), accompanied by a book, Unit 1: the Modern Movement in English Architecture, Painting and Sculpture, edited by Herbert Read.\n\nAwards\nArchibald Prize: Henry Hanke \u2013 Self Portrait\nL\u00e9gion d'honneur: Gen Paul\n\nBirths\nJanuary 18 \u2013 Raymond Briggs, English illustrator\nFebruary 11 \u2013 Mary Quant, English fashion designer\nFebruary 26\nFrank Bowling, Guyanese-born painter\nJos\u00e9 Luis Cuevas, Mexican artist (d. 2017)\nFebruary 27 \u2013 Vincent Fourcade, French interior designer (d. 1992)\nMarch 1 \u2013 Jean-Michel Folon, Belgian sculptor (d. 2005)\nMarch 7 \u2013 Gray Morrow, American comic book artist and book illustrator (d. 2001)\nMarch 20 \u2013 Eric Hebborn, English art forger (d. 1996)\nApril 16 \u2013 Vicar, Chilean comic book artist\nMay 29 \u2013 Jef Geys, Belgian artist (d. 2018) \nJune 15 \u2013 Aron Tager, American-Canadian actor, voice actor and artist\nJune 18 \u2013 Dimitris Mytaras, Greek painter (d. 2017)\nJune 20 \u2013 Rius, Mexican cartoonist\nJuly 11 \u2013 Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer\nJuly 24 \u2013 Lee Friedlander, American photographer\nAugust 14 \u2013 Lucien Clergue, French photographer (d. 2014)\nSeptember 14 \u2013 Kate Millett, American sculptor and feminist activist (d. 2017)\nDecember 28 \u2013 Alasdair Gray, Scottish fiction writer and artist (d. 2019)\ndate unknown\nSheila Hicks, American-born textile artist\nNeil Williams, American painter (d. 1988)\n\nDeaths\n March 23 \u2013 Wenzel Hablik, German painter, graphic artist and designer (b. 1881)\n March 28 \u2013 Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891)\n April 11 \u2013 John Collier, English Pre-Raphaelite painter (b. 1850)\n June 29 \u2013 Adolf Ka\u0161par, Czech painter and illustrator (b. 1877)\n August 17 \u2013 Aleksandr Borisov, Russian Arctic landscape painter (b. 1866)\n September 1 \u2013 Yumeji Takehisa, Japanese poet and painter (b. 1884)\n October 11 \u2013 M. O. Hammond, Canadian photographer (b. 1876)\n October 12 \u2013 Gertrude K\u00e4sebier, American portrait photographer (b. 1852)\n October 17 \u2013 Adolf H\u00f6lzel, German painter of an Impressionism to expressive modernism style (b. 1853)\n November 4 \u2013 Sir Alfred Gilbert, English sculptor (b. 1854)\n December 4 \u2013 Paul-Albert Besnard, French painter (b. 1849)\n December 28 \u2013 Pablo Gargallo, Spanish painter and sculptor (b. 1881)\n date unknown \u2013 Alfred Boucher, French sculptor (b. 1850)\n\nSee also \n 1934 in fine arts of the Soviet Union\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Years of the 20th century in art\nCategory:1930s in art"}
-{"text": "Canada\u2013Madagascar relations\n\nCanada\u2013Madagascar relations are foreign relations between Canada and Madagascar. Both countries are full members of the Francophonie, United Nations and the World Trade Organization.\n\nHistory\nBoth Canada and Madagascar share a common history in the fact that both nations were once part of the French colonial empire. During World War II troops from both nations fought in the Battle of France (May\u2013June 1940). In 1965, Canada recognized and established diplomatic relations with Madagascar, five years after the country obtained independence from France.\n\nIn September 1987, Malagasy President Didier Ratsiraka paid a visit to Canada to attend the 2nd Francophonie summit held in Quebec City and met with Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. In September 1999, Malagasy President Ratsiraka returned to Canada to attend the 8th Summit of the Francophonie held in Moncton and met with Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chr\u00e9tien.\n\nDuring the 2009 Malagasy political crisis which saw the removal of Malagasy President Marc Ravalomanana, Canada condemned the coup and the government crack-down on protesters. Democracy was restored to Madagascar after the election of President Hery Rajaonarimampianina in 2014.  A delegation from the Canada-Africa Parliamentary Association visited Madagascar in March 2014.\n\nIn November 2016, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau paid a visit to Madagascar to attend the 16th Francophonie summit being held in the Malagasy capital of Antananarivo. Prime Minister Trudeau met with President Rajaonarimampianina where they discussed the signing of a Double Taxation Agreement between both nations.\n\nTrade\n\nIn 2017, trade between Canada and Madagascar totaled $115.5 million Canadian dollars. Canada's main exports to Madagascar include: nuclear machine equipment, miscellaneous textile articles, electric machinery and equipment, and dried peas. Madagascar's main exports to Canada include:  titanium ore, spices, vanilla beans, dried fish (other than cod), coffee, and woven apparel. Canadian mining company, Sherritt International, is major investor in Malagasy mines.\n\nDiplomatic missions \n Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.\n Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.\n\nSee also\n Olivier Le Jeune\n Mathieu Razanakolona\n\nReferences\n\n \nMadagascar\nCanada"}
-{"text": "Tors\u00f6 (crater)\n\nTors\u00f6 Crater is a small impact crater in the Argyre quadrangle of Mars, located at 44.29\u00b0 S and 51.18\u00b0 W. It is 15.3\u00a0km in diameter. Its name was approved in 1976 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), and refers to a town in Sweden. Along the rim of Tors\u00f6 Crater, a number of gullies are visible.\n\nSee also \n List of craters on Mars: O-Z\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Impact craters on Mars\nCategory:Argyre quadrangle"}
-{"text": "WAPI\n\nWAPI may refer to:\n\n WAPI (AM), a radio station (1070 AM) licensed to Birmingham, Alabama, United States\n WVTM, a television station (channel 13) licensed to Birmingham, Alabama, United States, which held the call sign WAPI-TV from 1958 to 1980\n WJQX, a radio station (100.5 FM) licensed to Helena, Alabama, which held the call sign WAPI-FM from 2010 to 2013\n Warsteiner Premium Pilsener, a German beer\n Washington Asian Pacific Islander Community Services\n Water Pasteurization Indicator\n WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure, a Chinese national standard for wireless LANs\n Workflow APIs and Interchange Formats, a specification from the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC)\n World Association of Professional Investigators\n Wapi Rural LLG in Papua New Guinea\n WAPI, ICAO code for Mathilda Batlayeri Airport"}
-{"text": "Ennismore\n\nEnnismore is the second solo studio album by the English singer Colin Blunstone of rock band the Zombies. It was originally released in November 1972 on the label Epic. The lead single \"I Don't Believe in Miracles\" peaked at No. 31 on the UK Singles Chart, and \"How Could We Dare to Be Wrong\" peaked No. 45. Ennismore was reissued on CD by Sony in 2003.\n\nAs with Blunstone's 1971 debut album One Year, Ennismore was produced by Rod Argent and Chris White and most of the songs were backed by Argent's band Argent.\n\nCritical reception\n\nRobin Platts of AllMusic retrospectively gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that \"Opinions differ as to which of the two is Blunstone's best album, but both One Year and Ennismore are consistently strong records and are bound to please anyone who has enjoyed Colin's work with the Zombies.\"\n\nTrack listing\n\"I Don't Believe in Miracles\" (Russ Ballard) \u2013 3:03\n\"Quartet: Exclusively for Me\" (Colin Blunstone, David Jones) \u2013 2:30\n\"Quartet: A Sign from Me to You\" (Blunstone) \u2013 3:58\n\"Quartet: Every Sound I Heard\" (Blunstone, David Jones) \u2013 2:26\n\"Quartet: How Wrong Can One Man Be\" (Blunstone) \u2013 2:02\n\"I Want Some More\" (Blunstone) \u2013 3:08\n\"Pay Me Later\" (Blunstone, Phil Dennys) \u2013 2:46\n\"Andorra\" (Rod Argent, Chris White) \u2013 3:18\n\"I've Always Had You\" (Blunstone) \u2013 2:32\n\"Time's Running Out\" (Blunstone) \u2013 2:41\n\"How Could We Dare to Be Wrong\" (Blunstone, Phil Dennys) \u2013 3:24\n\nPersonnel\nColin Blunstone\u00a0\u2013 vocals; guitar\nRod Argent\u00a0\u2013 piano; keyboards\nRuss Ballard\u00a0\u2013 guitar; piano; keyboards\nSteve Bingham\u00a0\u2013 bass guitar\nJim Rodford\u00a0\u2013 bass guitar\nRobert Henrit\u00a0\u2013 drums\nByron Lye Foot\u00a0\u2013 drums\nJim Toomey\u00a0\u2013 drums\nTerry Poole\u00a0\u2013 drums; bass guitar\nPhil Dennys\u00a0\u2013 piano; keyboards\nPete Wingfield\u00a0\u2013 piano; keyboards\nDerek Griffiths\u00a0\u2013 guitar\nMichael Snow\u00a0\u2013 guitar; keyboards\n\nProduction\nRod Argent\u00a0\u2013 producer\nChris White\u00a0\u2013 producer\nPeter Vince\u00a0\u2013 engineer\nSteve Campbell\u00a0\u2013 cover photography\nChris Gunning\u00a0\u2013 string arrangements\nDan Loggins\u00a0\u2013 adviser\nDavid Lowe\u00a0\u2013 photography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1972 albums\nCategory:Colin Blunstone albums\nCategory:Albums recorded at Abbey Road Studios\nCategory:Albums produced by Rod Argent\nCategory:Albums produced by Chris White (musician)\nCategory:Epic Records albums"}
-{"text": "The Boat Race 1935\n\nThe 87th Boat Race took place on 6 April 1935.  Held annually, the Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames.  Umpired by former Oxford rower  Robert Bourne, Cambridge won by four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds.  The record twelfth consecutive victory took the overall record in the event to 46\u201340 in Cambridge's favour.\n\nBackground\n\nThe Boat Race is a side-by-side rowing competition between the University of Oxford (sometimes referred to as the \"Dark Blues\") and the University of Cambridge (sometimes referred to as the \"Light Blues\").  The race was first held in 1829, and since 1845 has taken place on the  Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London.  The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and, as of 2014, broadcast worldwide.  Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions, having won the 1934 race by four and a quarter lengths, and led overall with 45 victories to Oxford's 40 (excluding the \"dead heat\" of 1877).\n\nCambridge's coaches were D. H. E. McCowen (who had rowed in the 1932 race) and, according to the rowing correspondent for The Times, \"two eminent Metropolitan coaches\" in R. A. Nisbet and C. H. Rew. Oxford were coached by Francis Escombe and Peter Haig-Thomas, both of whom previously coached the Light Blues, and former Light Blue rower Kenneth Payne (who rowed for Cambridge in the 1932 and 1934 races).  The race was umpired by former Oxford rower and boat club president Robert Bourne who had stroked the Dark Blues to four consecutive victories between 1909 and 1912, while the finishing judge was C. W. Kent.  Both boats were made by Sims and both crews used Ayling's oars.\n\nThe rowing correspondent for The Times noted that \"neither crew is exceptionally fast\" and suggested that Oxford's heavier crew would out-perform Cambridge, who he claimed \"will be seen at their best in calm conditions\".  As a result of Oxford's practice rows during the period running up to the race, former Dark Blue rower E. P. Evans, writing in The Manchester Guardian, stated \"Cambridge are now at the zenith of their power and are not likely to improve, whilst Oxford are still in the stages of reaching perfection\".\n\nCrews\nThe Oxford crew weighed an average of 12\u00a0st 13\u00a0lb (81.9\u00a0kg),  per rower more than their opponents.  Cambridge saw four participants with Boat Race experience return to the crew, including cox Noel Duckworth.  The Light Blue crew also included a pair of brothers in Annesely and Desmond Kingsford.  Oxford's crew also contained four former Blues, including P. R. S. Bankes and John Couchman, both of whom were rowing in their third consecutive race.  All of the race participants were registered as British.\n\nRace\n\nCambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station, handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford.  The umpire Bourne started the race at 2:48\u00a0p.m. in strong and gusty wind, and rough water. The Light Blues made the quicker start, out-rating Oxford by three strokes within the first minute, and led by half a length.  Thirty seconds later, Cambridge were clear and were further ahead by Craven Steps.  By the end of the Fulham Wall, Duckworth steered directly towards the Surrey shore in an attempt to find shelter from the conditions.  A spurt from the Dark Blues made no difference to the gap and Cambridge passed the Mile Post almost two lengths ahead.  Another spurt from Oxford at Harrods Furniture Depository once again made no impact on the deficit and Cambridge passed below Hammersmith Bridge with a lead of three lengths.\n\nIntelligent steering from C. G. F. Bryan, the Oxford cox, saw the Dark Blues \"hugging the Surrey bank\" to reduce the Cambridge lead to about a length by Chiswick Eyot.  It was short-lived however, as Bryan steered back over towards the Middlesex side of the river, losing his crew a length in doing so and moving into rougher water, and by Chiswick Steps, the Light Blues were four and a half lengths ahead.  Cambridge's stroke Ran Laurie called for a spurt and by the time they passed under Barnes Bridge they were five lengths ahead.  They crossed to the Middlesex side of the river before passing the finishing post with a lead of four and a half lengths in a time of 19 minutes 48 seconds.  It was a record twelfth victory for the Light Blues and took the overall record in the event to 46\u201340 in their favour.  Former Oxford rower E. P. Evans, writing in The Manchester Guardian, stated that Cambridge \"won in the easiest manner possible, having led from start to finish\" and described the race as a \"fiasco\".  The rowing correspondent for The Times suggested that \"never was it so obvious after the first few strokes that there was only one crew in the race ... Oxford's form was too bad to be true.\"\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Official website\n\nCategory:1935 in English sport\nCategory:1935 in rowing\nCategory:The Boat Race\nCategory:April 1935 sports events"}
-{"text": "1992 Tippeligaen\n\nThe 1992 Tippeligaen was the 47th completed season of top division football in Norway. Each team played 22 games with 3 points given for wins and 1 for draws. Number eleven and twelve are relegated. The winners of the two groups of the 1. divisjon are promoted, as well as the winner of a series of play-off matches between the two second placed teams in the two groups of the 1. divisjon and number ten in the Tippeligaen.\n\nThis season was the first of a 13-year-long streak of Rosenborg victories.\n\nTeams and locations\n''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.\n\nLeague table\n\nRelegation play-offs\nThe qualification play-off matches were contested between HamKam (10th in Tippeligaen), Dr\u00f8bak-Frogn (2nd in the 1. divisjon - Group A), and Str\u00f8mmen (2nd in the 1. divisjon - Group B). HamKam won one game and drew one and remained in Tippeligaen.\n\nResults\nMatch 1: Ham-Kam 2\u20131 Dr\u00f8bak/Frogn\nMatch 2: Str\u00f8mmen 4\u20134 Ham-Kam\nMatch 3: Dr\u00f8bak/Frogn 2\u20130 Str\u00f8mmen\n\nResults\n\nSeason statistics\n\nTop scorers\n\nAttendances\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Eliteserien seasons\nNorway\nNorway\n1"}
-{"text": "Chereninup Creek Reserve\n\nChereninup Creek Reserve is an  nature reserve in south-west Western Australia.  It is  west of Esperance,  north-east of Albany and  south-east of Perth.  It is located between the Stirling Range National Park and the Fitzgerald River National Park, on the southern edge of the Wheatbelt, and is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), by which it was purchased in 2003, and forms part of BHA\u2019s Gondwana Link project.\n\nLandscape\nThe reserve comprises undulating country vegetated with woodlands, shrublands and Kwongan heath communities.  Chereninup Creek flows through it.  An area of about 60 ha of the reserve was previously cleared but has since been revegetated.  The flora is very rich with a high diversity of Eucalyptus, Dryandra and Banksia species.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Bush Heritage Australia\n\nCategory:Bush Heritage Australia reserves\nCategory:Nature reserves in Western Australia\nCategory:2003 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Great Southern (Western Australia)"}
-{"text": "Couma macrocarpa\n\nCouma macrocarpa, known by the common names leche caspi, leche huayo, sorva (a name it shares with its smaller relative Couma utilis), and cow tree, is a species of tropical plant native to tropical, humid Central and South America from Belize to Bolivia.\n\nIdeal environmental conditions for Couma macrocarpa are:\n average annual maximum temperature of 25.1\u00a0\u00b0C\n average annual minimum temperature of 17.2\u00a0\u00b0C\n average annual precipitation: 3,419\u00a0mm. (max) and 1,020\u00a0mm (min).\n\nIt is found at variable altitudes from sea level to 1000 metres, in non-flooding areas with good drainage and in soils of good fertility. It adapts well to ultisols and oxisols and can tolerate long dry periods.\n\nIn the Peruvian Amazon it is cultivated for its latex. It is grown in Loreto, San Mart\u00edn, Ucayali, Madre de Dios, Hu\u00e1nuco, and Pasco. The sticky white latex is eaten for treating diarrhea and skin ailments. It is used for patching, sealing and to waterproof canoes. The latex has been harvested for use in plastics and rubber. The fruits are chewy, milky, and sweet-tasting and attract monkeys.\n\nExternal links\n\nUSDA Forest Service Info Sheet: Couma Macrocarpa\n\nmacrocarpa\nCategory:Flora of Central America\nCategory:Flora of South America\nCategory:Plants described in 1891"}
-{"text": "Jim Day (host)\n\nJim Day (born December 30, 1965) is an American television sports broadcaster currently affiliated with Fox Sports Ohio and the Cincinnati Reds of Major League Baseball. Apart from Reds' broadcasts, he is known for Jim's Day Off, an advertising campaign in which he explores the \"must see\" attractions in Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky.\n\nEarly career\nJim Day began his professional career in 1988.\n\nDuring this time, he managed to work his way on-air for a network affiliate in a Top 35 market, while still in college. Day spent 7 years working in many roles at WSYX-TV, Channel 6.\nAfter spending two years away from television while traveling the country with the American Basketball League, Jimmy returned to television.\n\nHe spent five years in Tampa, Florida working for the ABC-affiliate WFTS-TV as the understudy of Ted Koppel. He later went to Ohio to work for Fox Sports Ohio.\n\nHe currently resides in Westerville, Ohio along with his wife.\n\nFSN Ohio\nJim returned to Ohio in 2000 and has been with Fox Sports Ohio ever since. He currently hosts \"Reds Live,\" the pre-game and post-game shows of the Cincinnati Reds.  During the 2011 season, Day filled in as play-by-play announcer for the first time. He also filled in as play-by-play announcer in 2013, 2016, and 2017.  Day has also worked for the News Department of Fox Sports and has covered every major sport for the Network. Recently he served as lead host for \"FSN Live at the BCS Championship\".  Day hosted Musketeers Live 2010-2011 for Fox Sports Ohio broadcasts of Xavier Musketeers men's basketball.  Prior to that he was the host of Blue Jackets live for Columbus Blue Jackets broadcasts on Fox Sports Ohio. Fox Sports Ohio announced for 2014, Day will work all 145 games as sideline reporter and provide reports for pre- and post-game coverage.\n\nAwards\n\nJim began his post-high school career at Bowling Green State University, and finished his degree at Otterbein College where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Communications.  Day is a native of Westerville, Ohio and a Westerville South High School graduate.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Fox Sports Ohio\n\nCategory:American television sports announcers\nCategory:Bowling Green State University alumni\nCategory:Cincinnati Reds broadcasters\nCategory:College basketball announcers in the United States\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Major League Baseball broadcasters\nCategory:National Hockey League broadcasters\nCategory:Otterbein University alumni\nCategory:People from Westerville, Ohio\nCategory:1965 births"}
-{"text": "Bartling\n\nBartling is a surname that may refer to\nCharlie Bartling (1912\u20131998), Australian rules football player\nDoby Bartling (1913\u20131992), American football player and coach\nFriedrich Gottlieb Bartling (1798\u20131875), German botanist\nIrv Bartling (1914\u20131973), American baseball infielder\nJames C. Bartling (1819\u20131906), Canadian sailor, merchant and politician\nJulie Bartling (born 1958), American politician\nSeth M. Bartling (1886\u20131954), Canadian politician"}
-{"text": "Battle of Broadway\n\nBattle of Broadway is a 1938 American comedy film directed by George Marshall and written by Lou Breslow and John Patrick. The film stars Victor McLaglen, Brian Donlevy, Gypsy Rose Lee, Raymond Walburn, Lynn Bari and Jane Darwell. The film was released on April 22, 1938, by 20th Century Fox.\n\nPlot\n\nHomer C. Bundy (Raymond Walburn), the president of the Bundy Steel Company of Bundy, Pennsylvania, sends troublesome employees \"Big\" Ben Wheeler (Victor McLaglen) and \"Chesty\" Webb (Brian Donlevy) to New York City to break up Bundy's son Jack's (Robert Kellard) engagement to suspected gold digger Marjorie Clark (Lynn Bari).  Jack discovers his father's plot, and turns the tables on the brawling steelworkers:  he asks gorgeous Linda Lee (Gypsy Rose Lee)--the object of the competitive Big Ben's and Chesty's amorous pursuits\u2014to pretend she's his fianc\u00e9, to put the boys off the trail.  Trouble ensues when Homer arrives in NYC...and falls for Linda.\n\nCast    \nVictor McLaglen as Big Ben Wheeler\nBrian Donlevy as Chesty Webb\nGypsy Rose Lee as Linda Lee \nRaymond Walburn as Homer C. Bundy\nLynn Bari as Marjorie Clark\nJane Darwell as Mrs. Rogers\nRobert Kellard as Jack Bundy\nSammy Cohen as Turkey\nEsther Muir as Opal Updyke\nEddie Holden as Svenson\nHattie McDaniel as Agatha\nPaul Irving as Professor Halligan\nFrank Moran as Pinky McCann\nAndrew Tombes as Judge Hutchins\n\nReception\nCritical reception for Battle of Broadway upon its initial release was largely positive. In a 1938 review for the film the New York Times stated \"Though it will not be hailed as one of the year's finer historical films and might even be said, despite the riot scenes, to suffer from a ind of timid civilian understatement, the extent of which can only be measured by those who have lived through \"the terror\" - as we of the Times Square area tend to think of it - \"Battle of Broadway\" seems to provoke enough of those tolerant, unanalytical audience guffaws to justify its modestly budgeted existence.\"\n\nDVD Talk gave a favorable review for Battle of Broadway, writing that it was a \"Knockabout farce, energetically handled\" and that \"By the time the movie wraps up with its third or fourth unapologetic big brawl, Battle of Broadway's hard-won rough-and-tumble pose becomes positively endearing.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1938 films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:20th Century Fox films\nCategory:American comedy films\nCategory:1930s comedy films\nCategory:Films directed by George Marshall\nCategory:American black-and-white films"}
-{"text": "Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology\n\nThe Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, sometimes abbreviated JAAD, is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering dermatology. It was established in 1979 and is published by Elsevier on behalf of the American Academy of Dermatology, of which it is the official journal. The editor-in-chief is Dirk Elston (Medical University of South Carolina). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 6.898.\nJAAD has a companion journal focusing on case reports called JAAD Case Reports.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Dermatology journals\nCategory:Monthly journals\nCategory:Elsevier academic journals\nCategory:Publications established in 1979\nCategory:Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United States\nCategory:English-language journals"}
-{"text": "2010 Beijing Superleague Formula round\n\nThe 2010 Beijing Superleague Formula round was a Superleague Formula round  held on October 10, 2010, at the Beijing International Street Circuit, Beijing, China. It was Superleague Formula's second visit to China, after previously visiting the  Ordos International Circuit the week before. It was also the first time the championship raced on a street circuit. It was a non-championship event, after the track failed to gain the required FIA Grade 2 status in order to host a championship event. It was originally scheduled to be the eleventh round of the 2010 Superleague Formula season.\n\nNineteen cars took part including Chinese outfits Beijing Guoan and Team China.\n\nSupport races for the event were from the China Touring Car Championship.\n\nReport\n\nQualifying\n\nRace 1\n\nRace 2\n\nSuper Final\n The race was cancelled due to poor track and weather conditions.\n\nResults\n\nQualifying\n In each group, the top four qualify for the quarter-finals.\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nKnockout stages\n\nGrid\n\nRace 1\n\nRace 2\n\nSuper Final\n\nStandings after the round\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official results from the Superleague Formula website\n Ticket information for the race\n\nBeijing\nSuperleague Formula Beijing"}
-{"text": "Modern Symphony Orchestra\n\nThe Modern Symphony Orchestra (sometimes called the Northern Polytechnic Modern Symphony Orchestra) was a London amateur orchestra that existed from 1931 to 1983.\n\nHistory\nThe Modern Symphony Orchestra was founded by Arthur Dennington, who led several smaller orchestral amateur ensembles in Northern London at that time and combined them in 1931 into a symphony orchestra. The name Modern Symphony Orchestra derived from the fact that the orchestra wanted to play \"modern\" music by contemporary and little known composers, and allow young soloists to perform with the orchestra.\n\nThe orchestra's first concert hall was Islington Town Hall. But owing to the poor acoustics there the orchestra moved to the Polytechnic Theatre in Holloway Road. In 1938 the Modern Symphony Orchestra was officially adopted by the Polytechnic Music Trades School and so became a part of the Northern Polytechnic Institute. Because of the terms of its charter the polytechnic was unable to subsidise the orchestra, but it provided rehearsal space and a theatre in which to perform.\n\nIn accordance with the name of the orchestra, contemporary, unknown or rarely heard compositions were performed regularly from the beginning, programmed alongside well known works. The quality of the orchestral playing and the openness to modern compositions allowed the orchestra to perform world and British premieres after only a few years of existence. The Oboe Concerto by Ruth Gipps, for example, received its world premiere by the Modern Symphony Orchestra on 13 June 1942 (with soloist Marion Brough) and the orchestra gave the British premiere of Stravinsky's 1947 revision of Petrushka. Other first performance in England included Roussel's Suite en fa,, Tibor Harsanyi's La joie de vivre, Alban Berg's Seven Early Songs (with the 1928 orchestral accompaniment) and Frank Martin's Petite symphonie concertante.\n\nIn the 1940s the recognition and reputation of the orchestra rose; as a result Sir Adrian Boult visited the orchestra in 1949 and \"expressed his appreciation at the enterprise and standard of playing shown and gave it as his opinion that the Modern Symphony Orchestra could claim to be one of the best amateur orchestras in the country.\" Boult later became the president of the orchestra and held the position for two decades. In 1952 the music critic of The Times praised the enterprising spirit of Dennington and his orchestra and expressed regret that many professional concerts in London failed to match it. In the post-war era the orchestra received a modest grant from public funds, enabling it to recruit professional players, particularly for complex modern scores.\n\nSoloists who performed with the orchestra ranged from little-known artists to world-renowned performers. The 1949\u201350 concert season saw Frederick Grinke and Norman Walker, \"both of whom offered their services as a tribute to the work of the orchestra.\" Other soloists in the following years included Jean Pougnet, Sophie Wyss, Florence Hooton, Dennis Brain, Tessa Robbins and Eileen Broster. Up-and-coming soloists were engaged: Joyce Hatto performed in 1955 with the orchestra at the beginning of her career, and Howard Shelley played in the 1971\u201372 season at the age of 21. For the Rare Recorded Editions label the orchestra recorded overtures by Auber and Cherubini.\n\nPartly inspired by the Modern Symphony Orchestra's example, Ruth Gipps went on to found the One Rehearsal Orchestra in 1955, renamed in 1963 as the London Repertoire Orchestra and still running today.\n\nNotable performances\n Herbert Murrill: Concerto for cello and orchestra (first public performance on 09. March 1938 with Anthony Pini (cello))\n Harold Brazier: Theme and variations for orchestra (world premiere on 31. January 1942 with the composer conducting)\n Ruth Gipps: Oboe concerto (world premiere on 13. June 1942 with Marion Brough, oboe)\n Joyce Chapman: Nocturne for orchestra (world premiere on 16. October 1943)\n Ruth Gipps: Violin concerto (world premiere on 05.02.1944 with the composer's brother Ernest as soloist and conducted by Arthur Dennington\n Tibor Hars\u00e1nyi: La joie de vivre (English premiere on 19. February 1949)\n Lila Lalauni: Piano concerto No.1 (English premiere on 25. May 1949 with the composer as soloist in her first appearance in England)\n Frank Martin: Symphonie concertante (English premiere on 01. November 1952)\n Jurriaan Andriessen: Concertino for piano and orchestra (English premiere on 21. March 1953)\n Alan Bush: Piano concerto (first public performance on 15. May 1954)\n Kenneth Pakeman: Symphonic poem \"Perelandra\" (world premiere on 26. June 1954)\n Roberto Gerhard: Cancionero de Pedrell (first public performance on 23. October 1954 with Sophie Wyss (soprano))\n Hugo Godron: Concert-suite for piano and strings (English premiere on 23. October 1954 with Ria Groot (piano))\n Dimitri Shostakovich: Holiday Overture (English premiere on 25. May 1957)\n Alan Rawsthorne: Nursery Songs (first public performance in London on 26. April 1958 with Sophie Wyss (soprano))\n Stephen Dodgson: Guitar concerto (English premiere on 04. July 1959 with John Williams (guitar))\n Carl Nielsen: Seven Pieces from the incidental music to \"Aladdin\" (English premiere on 04. July 1959)\n Geoffrey Bush: Concertino for piano and orchestra (first public performance on 11. February 1961 with Eric Parkin (piano))\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:London orchestras"}
-{"text": "Wait (M83 song)\n\n\"Wait\" is a song by French electronic music band M83. The track was released on 5 December 2012 as the fifth single from their sixth studio album, Hurry Up, We're Dreaming (2011).\n\nA music video was made for \"Wait\" and was released on 5 December 2012 that was directed by Fleur & Manu and produced by Jules de Chateleux and Jean Davi. A trilogy was successfully made after they finally made this video together with the other two music videos \"Midnight City\" and \"Reunion\".\n\n\"Wait\" was featured in the film The Fault in Our Stars by Josh Boone, which he requested to be included as one of the songs for the film. And in 2019 was featured in the film  Five Feet Apart.\n\nNorwegian music producer Kygo made a free remix of the song which he released in 2014.\n\nCharts\n\nIn Other Media \nPBS - American Experience: Chasing the Moon\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2011 songs\nCategory:2012 singles\nCategory:M83 (band) songs\nCategory:Mute Records singles\nCategory:Songs written by Morgan Kibby\nCategory:English-language French songs\nCategory:Songs written by Justin Meldal-Johnsen"}
-{"text": "1st Spahi Regiment\n\nThe 1st Spahi Regiment () is an armored regiment of the modern French Army, previously called the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (). It was established in 1914 as a mounted cavalry unit recruited primarily from indigenous Moroccan horsemen. The regiment saw service in the First World War, and in the Second World War as part of the Forces Fran\u00e7aises Libres, as well as post-war service in the French-Indochina War and elsewhere. The modern regiment continues the traditions of all former Spahi regiments in the French Army of Africa.\n\nHistory\n\nWorld War I\n\nThe Moroccan Spahis of the French Army were created in 1914 by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Hubert Lyautey. The initial title of the regiment was that of the R\u00e9giment de Marche de Chasseurs Indig\u00e8nes \u00e0 Cheval (R.M.C.I.C). The French Army had already raised four regiments of indigenous cavalry in both Algeria and Tunisia during the 19th century, and extended the designation of \"spahis\" to the Moroccan mounted units recruited after 1908.\n\nThe first Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment (R\u00e9giment de Marche de Spahis Marocains, R.M.S.M) participated in the First Battle of the Marne. Subsequently, sent to the Orient Front, the regiment served with distinction at Pogradec, Skumbi, Bofnia, Uskub and on the Danube. The regiment was accordingly awarded 5 citations and a fourragere with the colors of the M\u00e9daille militaire.\n\nInter-war period\n\nThe regiment was redesignated as the 21st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (21e R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains, 21e R.S.M.) in 1921 and served in the campaigns in the Levant from 1920 to 1927. The regiment was awarded 3 additional citations plus a fourragere in the colors of the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures. In 1929, the regiment was renamed as the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment (1er R\u00e9giment de Spahis Marocains, 1er R.S.M).\n\nWorld War II\n\nOn July 1, 1940, Captain Paul Jourdier, who commanded the 1st Squadron of the 1st Moroccan Spahi Regiment, (1e RSM) decided to defect from the Vichy-led Army of the Levant and join the British forces in Palestine. While on maneuvers in southern Lebanon, Jourdier succeeded in detaching a small contingent comprising half of his squadron. The 1st RSM at this stage in the war was still a mounted cavalry unit, consisting of mostly North African Muslim troopers under French officers.\n\nReinforced by detached units that had separately crossed the border between Lebanon and Palestine, plus volunteers from London, the squadron undertook mounted operations in Eretria. The squadron conducted horse-mounted cavalry charges at Umbrega, still under the leadership of Captain Paul Jourdier. The defection of a regular cavalry unit of the Vichy forces was widely publicized by the British and Free French forces, making use of photographs showing charging spahis.\n\nThe regiment was subsequently dismounted and participated in the Syria\u2013Lebanon Campaign on trucks, as part of the 1st Free French Brigade.\n\nOther squadrons were created, forming first one then two army corps reconnaissance groups (GRCA), commanded by Jourider and Robert de Kersauson.\n\nReinforced by a company of the 501e R\u00e9giment de chars de combat of the Free French Forces, the 2nd Group constituted the Free French Flying Column which participated in the Battle of El Alamein. It subsequently participated in the advance to Tunisia, initially as part of the British 8th Army, then in 1943 in the FFF commanded by G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque.\n\nOn September 25, 1942, the two Groups were merged to form the 1st Moroccan Spahi Marching Regiment (), under the command of Jean R\u00e9my.\n\nAs a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Armored Division 2e DB, the 1st RMSM participated in the Liberation, suffering heavy losses in both France and Germany.\n \nThe original (i.e. non-regiment de march) 1e RSM saw mounted horse combat in Syria before being motorized in Morocco during 1943. The unit then took part in the battle of Royan, France in 1945. It was subsequently merged with the 8th Dragoon Regiment ().\n\nDecorations \n\nThe 1st Marching Moroccan Spahi Regiment 1er RMSM was awarded the distinction of Compagnon de la Lib\u00e9ration by decree of August 7, 1945 and cited twice at the orders of the armed forces.\n\nRegimental Colors \n\nThe Regimental Colors of the 1e RMSM include in golden letters, the following inscriptions in the folds: \n\nErytrh\u00e9e 1941\nEl-Alamein 1942\nTunisie 1943\nParis 1944\nStrasbourg 1944\n\nBetween 1944 and 1945, as part of the corps of the 2e DB, the 1e RMSM suffered the loss of 184 men out of whom 12.5% were Moroccan.\n\nPost-war: 1945-62\n\nOne squadron of the 1st RSM served in the First Indochina War, between 1945 and October 1946.\n\nDuring the post-war era the regiment underwent several changes in title, as well as being transferred between a number of different garrisons. \nIn 1947, the regiment was designated as the 1st Regiment of Moroccan Spahis (), a title it retained during its remaining service in Morocco.\n\nIn 1956 the 1st RSM was transferred to Algeria. The regiment was then re-designated as the 1st Regiment of Spahis (). In October 1958 its title was again changed to the 21st Regiment of Spahis  () - in order to avoid confusion with the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis ().\n\nModern\nThe 1st Spahi Regiment continued in the French Army after the end of the Algerian War in 1962, although most of the other units of the former Armee d'Afrique were disbanded. Reportedly one of General Charles de Gaulle's ministers urged that the 1st RSM be retained in service because of its distinguished role in the Free French Forces during World War II. De Gaulle responded:\n \" On ne dissout pas un Compagnon de la Lib\u00e9ration. \" (\"One does not dissolve a Companion of the Liberation\").\n\nIn 1961, the regiment was transferred to Speyer Germany,  as part of the French Forces of Germany (). Its role was that of a reconnaissance regiment of the 2nd Army Corps 2e CA.\n\nIn 1965, following the dissolution of the 1st Regiment of Algerian Spahis, the regiment was given its present-day title of the 1st Spahi Regiment ().\n\nIn 1984 the regiment was transferred from Germany and the FFA, to be incorporated in the 6th Light Armoured Division 6e DLB and garrisoned in Valence.\n\nThe regiment participated in Op\u00e9ration Daguet during 1991, as part of the French contingent in the Gulf War.\n\nIn 2009, the regiment left the 6th Light Armoured Brigade 6e BLB and joined the 1st Mechanized Brigade. On August 1, 2015, the regiment was reintegrated in the 6th Light Armoured Brigade.\n\nThe regiment's armored vehicle core consists of 48 AMX, 90 VAB and 110 trucks. The regiment trains new recruits at headquarters; including armored vehicle crewmen and various mechanical trades as well as musicians and non-commissioned officers.\n\nThe most decorated unit of the modern Armoured Arms and Armoured Cavalry branch of the French Army, the regiment carries 14 battle honors on its colors.\n\nOrganization \n\n Escadron de Commandement et de Logistique (ECL) \u2013 Command and Logistics Squadron\n Escadron d'administration et de soutien  (EAS) - Administration & Support Squadron\n 1er Escadron \u2013 1st Squadron (4 combat troops)\n 2e Escadron - 2nd Squadron (4 combat troops)\n 3e Escadron - 3rd Squadron (3 combat troops)\n 4e Escadron - 4th Squadron \n 5e Escadron - (reserve)\n Escadron d'instruction  - Instruction Squadron\n\nTraditions\n\nUniform and insignia \n\nAs mounted cavalry the North African personnel of the regiment wore high turbans, red jackets, wide blue-grey trousers and a white burnous (cloak). A dark blue over-cloak with hood was worn over the burnous, to distinguish the Moroccan spahis from their red-cloaked Algerian and Tunisian counterparts. After mechanization, features such as the double burnous/cloak and red sash of the historical Spahi uniform were retained and are still worn by the modern regiment on parade. A red forage cap of a model worn since the 1940s, is another present-day distinguishing feature.\n\nThe regimental insignia is a combination of the Cross of Lorraine with the Sharifian Pentagram from the Flag of Morocco.\n\nRegimental Colors\n\nRegimental Song \nNous \u00e9tions au fond de l\u2019Afrique\nGardiens jaloux de nos couleurs\nQuand, sous un soleil magnifique\nRetentissait ce cri vainqueur :\nEn avant ! En avant ! En avant\n\nC\u2019est nous les Africains\nQui revenons de loin\nVenant de nos pays\nPour sauver la Patrie\nNous avons tout quitt\u00e9\nParents, gourbis, foyers,\nEt nous gardons au c\u0153ur\nUne invincible ardeur\nCar nous voulons porter haut et fier,\nLe beau drapeau de notre France enti\u00e8re,\nEt si quelqu\u2019un venait \u00e0 y toucher,\nNous serions l\u00e0 pour mourir \u00e0 ses pieds.\nBattez tambours, \u00e0 nos amours\nPour le Pays, pour la Patrie,\nMourir au loin, c\u2019est nous les Africains.\n\nPour le salut de notre Empire\nNous combattons tous les vautours\nLa faim, la mort nous font sourire\nQuand nous luttons pour nos amours.\nEn avant ! En avant ! En avant !\n\nDe tous les horizons de France\nGroup\u00e9s sur le sol africain\nNous venons pour la d\u00e9livrance\nQui, par nous se fera demain\nEn avant ! En avant ! En avant !\n\nEt lorsque finira la guerre\nNous reviendrons \u00e0 nos gourbis\nLe c\u0153ur joyeux et l\u2019\u00e2me fi\u00e8re\nD\u2019avoir lib\u00e9r\u00e9 le Pays\nEn criant, en chantant, en avant !\n\nDecorations \nThe Regimental Colors of the 1st Spahi Regiment is decorated with:\n \n Croix de la Lib\u00e9ration (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)\n Croix de guerre 1914-1918 with:\n 5 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)\n Croix de guerre 1939-1945 with:\n 2 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)\n Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures with :\n 4 palms (historically linked to the 1er R.M.S.M)\n Croix de la Valeur militaire with :\n 1 bronze star (awarded May 8, 2014)\n M\u00e9rite Militaire Ch\u00e9rifien - Military Sharifian Medal  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)\n M\u00e9daille de la bravoure Serbe - Medal of Serbian Bravery  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)\n Ordre Serbe de Kara-Georges de 4e rang, avec glaives - Serbian Order of Kara-Georges 4th order  (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)\n Croix de Guerre Serbe avec une citation \u00e0 l'ordre de l'Arm\u00e9e Ordre Roumain de Saint Michel - Serbian Croix de Guerre with citation at the orders Romanian Order Army of Saint-Michael (historically linked to the 1er R.S.M)\n American U.S. Presidential Unit Citation\n Fourragere with:\n colors of the M\u00e9daille militaire, with olives of the Croix de guerre 1914-1918 and Croix de guerre 1939-1945\n colors of the Croix de guerre des th\u00e9\u00e2tres d'op\u00e9rations ext\u00e9rieures\n colors of the Croix de la Lib\u00e9ration since June 18, 1996\n\nHonours\n\nBattle Honours\nLa Marne 1914\nPogradec 1917\nSkumbi 1917\nBofnia 1918\nUskub 1918\nDanube 1918\nLevant 1920-1927\nErythr\u00e9e 1941\nEl Alamein 1942\nTunisie 1943\nParis 1944\nStrasbourg 1944\nAFN 1952-1962\nKoweit 1990-1991\n\nRegimental Commanders\n\n1st Spahi Regiment - Gallery\n\nSee also \n\nJean de Lattre de Tassigny\n\nReferences\n\nSources et Bibliographies \n Calots Rouges et croix de Lorraine, Paul Oddo et Paul Willing, Carnet de la Sabretache \u2013 1988\n Les spahis du 1er marocains, Thierry Mon\u00e9, Lavauzelle - 1998, \n Le burnous bleus et les chemins du devoir, Thierry et Mary Mon\u00e9, La Gandoura - 2007, \n\nCategory:20th-century regiments of France\nCategory:21st-century regiments of France\nCategory:Cavalry regiments of France\nCategory:Colonial regiments of France\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1914"}
-{"text": "Pike Creek (White Clay Creek tributary)\n\nPike Creek is a  long 2nd order tributary to White Clay Creek in New Castle County, Delaware.\n\nCourse\nPike Creek rises on the White Clay Creek divide at Stirrup Farms, Delaware in New Castle County, Delaware.  Pike Creek then flows south-southeast to meet White Clay Creek at Choate, Delaware.\n\nWatershed\nPike Creek drains  of area, receives about 46.2 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 398.22 and is about 24.6% forested.\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Delaware\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rivers of Delaware\nCategory:Rivers of New Castle County, Delaware"}
-{"text": "Start, Louisiana\n\nStart is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Richland Parish, Louisiana, United States. In 2010, it was named as a census-designated place with a population of 905. On September 8, 2018, Start held a community wide celebration in recognition of its centennial year as the named place of Start.\n\nGeography\nStart is located at  (32.48639, -91.85917). Start is located near the Boeuf River to the east and Lafourche Diversion Canal to its west. A small tributary called Crew Lake flows through the community.\n\nMajor highways\n I-20, Exit 132\n Louisiana Highway 80\n Louisiana Highway 132\n\nThe Kansas City Southern Railway also passes through the community, running east and west.\n\nCommunity\nStart is a small, rural, farming community. There are four churches, including Start Baptist Church, Crew Lake Methodist Church, Faith Baptist Church, and Start Assembly of God. The Start Post Office, Start Fire Department, and Start Water System each serve the residents in this community. The Start Fire Department has two stations, located on the north and south side of the railroad.\n\nStart Elementary School, which is operated by the Richland Parish School Board, is a public school for kindergarten through the sixth grade.\n\nHistory\n\nPrior to the creation of Richland Parish in 1868, The area now recognized as Start was situated in Morehouse Parish. After the new parish of Richland was formed, this area was  often referred to as Ward 3, Crew Lake, Charleston, or Wynn Island. Start officially derived its name in 1918 when the United States Postal Service officially accepted it as new name of the community. Charleston was originally submitted, but this name was rejected. The owner of a small mercantile store in Start named James M. Morgan was granted permission to receive mail at his store, but the area would need a permanent name. James Morgan's daughter, Rachel, suggested that they name the community Start, because they were making a new Start. This name was officially approved by the USPS on September 7, 1918.]Louisiana Public Broadcasting aired a segment in 2006 on Louisiana: The State We're In, detailing how the community came up with the name of Start. In the summer on 1923, the Richland Parish School Board passed a motion to advertise for bids on a new high school building, to be known once constructed as Start High School. Marie Robinson was the sole graduate of Start's first graduating class, held in the spring of 1925.\n\nUp until November 29, 1930 mail was continually delivered to both Start and Crew Lake, (located directly west of Start.) After this date, Crew Lake ceased to also serve as a post office location, and the primary hub for mail became Start.\n\nIn 1937, Congressman Newt V. Mills announced that the Resettlement Administration, (a New Deal program initiated under President Franklin D. Roosevelt), had purchased the 3,000 acre Millsaps Plantation. This program provided for approximately 40 new families to move in to the Start community.\n\nNotable people\nTim McGraw, returned to his hometown for an outdoor concert on September 7, 2002, where more than 40,000 people were in attendance on the site of the C.W. Earle cotton gin. The concert was broadcast nationwide NBC in November 2002.\n\nMcgraw was raised in Start and grew up believing his stepfather, Horace Smith, was his father and until he met his biological father, McGraw's last name was Smith.  At age 11, McGraw discovered his birth certificate while searching in his mother's closet to look for a picture for a school project.  Following the discovery, McGraw learned from his mother who his biological father was and took him to meet the elder McGraw for the first time. Tug McGraw denied the parentage for seven years until McGraw was 18 years old.  After that time, the two formed a relationship and remained close until the former baseball star's death in 2004.\n\nCommunity Gallery\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Census-designated places in Louisiana\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Richland Parish, Louisiana\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Louisiana"}
-{"text": "Pavol Bojanovsk\u00fd\n\nPavol Bojanovsk\u00fd (born 6 September 1953) is a Slovak basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Slovak men's basketball players\nCategory:Olympic basketball players of Czechoslovakia\nCategory:Basketball players at the 1980 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Bratislava"}
-{"text": "Shankar Garhi\n\nShankargarhi is a village located near Bajna in the district of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.\n\nCategory:Villages in Mathura district"}
-{"text": "Brian Hunter (trader)\n\nBrian Hunter (born c. 1974) is a Canadian former natural gas trader for the now closed Amaranth Advisors hedge fund. Amaranth had over $9 billion in assets but collapsed in 2006 after Hunter's gamble on natural gas futures market went bad.\n\nEarly life\nHunter grew up near Calgary, Alberta, and earned a master's degree in mathematics from the University of Alberta.\n\nDeutsche Bank\nHunter gained experience at Calgary based TransCanada Corp. before moving to New York to join Deutsche Bank in May 2001. There, he made $69 million for the bank in his first two years. By 2003, Hunter was promoted to head of the bank's natural gas desk. In December 2003 Hunter's trading group lost $400 million in a single week in an excessively risky trade. In a New York state court lawsuit, Hunter ascribed the loss to \"an unprecedented and unforeseeable run-up in gas prices,\" meaning Hunter's failure to foresee the risk of his own trade rendered him blameless for its consequences. Hunter also blamed Deutsche's trading software for allowing him to take large gambles. Finally Hunter said he had earned $40 million for the bank during 2003, and therefore not only was he not responsible for the loss, he actually deserved a bonus. Deutsche Bank denied the allegations and he subsequently was let go from the firm.\n\nAmaranth\nIn April 2005, Hunter was, reportedly, offered a $1 million bonus to join SAC Capital Partners. Nicholas Maounis, founder of Amaranth Advisors, refused to let Hunter go. Maounis named Hunter co-head of the firm's energy desk and gave him control of his own trades. Hunter earned around $100 million a year and 15 percent of his profits due to Amaranth's \"eat what you kill\" bonus arrangement.\n\nIn 2006, Hunter's analysis led him to believe that 2006\u201307 winter's gas prices would rise relative to the summer and fall \u2014 accordingly Hunter went long on the winter delivery contracts, simultaneously shorting the near (summer/fall) contracts. When the market took a sharp turn against this view, the fund was hard pressed for margin money to maintain the positions. Once the margin requirements crossed USD 3 billion, around September 2006, the fund offloaded some of these positions, ultimately selling them entirely to JP Morgan and Citadel for USD 2.5 billion. The fund ultimately took a $6.6-billion loss and had to be dissolved entirely.\n\nAmaranth and Hunter were subsequently accused by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission of conspiring to manipulate natural gas prices. When a 2-day congressional hearing found Hunter not guilty of pushing up prices, and thus adversely affecting end consumers of the gas, CFTC framed accusations against Hunter for trying to push the prices too low and FERC framed similar ones, but going one step further, accused Hunter of being able to successfully do so.\n\nIn 2007, Hunter attempted to organize a new hedge fund, Solengo Capital Partners. However, his efforts were thwarted by regulatory agencies due to his previous questionable trading practices. Shortly after finding his new fund wrapped up in regulatory red tape, Hunter sold Solengo's assets to Peak Ridge Capital Group and was hired by the firm as an adviser to its Commodity Volatility Fund. In 1Q 2008, the fund was up nearly 49% while many other hedge funds suffered losses.\n\nHunter was the target of a $30 million fine to be levied by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in connection with the alleged manipulation of natural gas prices in 2006. In December 2007, Hunter sought to prevent the FERC from taking any action against him for his participation in trading in the natural gas futures market. A federal judge denied his request. In April 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission levied the expected $30 million penalty against Hunter, who has challenged the case in court.\n\nOn March 15, 2013, a U.S. appeals court ruled that FERC acted outside its statutory mandate after all in imposing this fine, since it is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission that has authority over derivatives trading.\n\nSee also\n List of trading losses\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1974 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Rogue traders\nCategory:University of Alberta alumni"}
-{"text": "Brazzeia longipedicellata\n\nBrazzeia longipedicellata is a species of plant in the family Lecythidaceae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lecythidaceae\nCategory:Endangered plants\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Joan Tom\u00e0s (sport shooter)\n\nJoan Tom\u00e0s Roca (born 17 February 1951) is an Andorran trap shooter who competed in five Summer Olympics spanning 36 years.\n\nTom\u00e0s started practicing shooting in 1971 and two years later he started to compete in events.\n\nTom\u00e0s was 25 years old when he made his first appearance in the Olympics, when he competed in the mixed trap event at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, where he scored 162 points and finished in 33rd place. At the 1980 Summer Olympics and the 1984 Summer Olympics he had his best finishes when he finished in 26th place at both Games, it was 16 years before Tom\u00e0s returned to the Olympic scene, when he competed in the trap event at the 2000 Summer Olympics, he went on to finish in 39th place out of 41 shooters, his final Olympic appearance was at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London when aged 61 years old again he competed in the trap event, he finished in 33rd place out of 34 shooters.\n\nTom\u00e0s was also his countries flag bearer at the 1984 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics.\n\nAs well as his five Olympic appearances he also competed in nine ISSF World Shooting Championships his best finish was 69th in 2003, and 15 ISSF European Shooting Championships where is best finish was 38th in 2000.\n\nHe is married with two children, and works in insurance, and shoots for the Mollet Club in Barcelona, his younger brother Esteve Tom\u00e0s competed in the giant slalom at the 1976 Winter Olympics.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Shooters at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 1980 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:1951 births\nCategory:Andorran male sport shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of Andorra\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Presidential Administration of Iran\n\nPresidential Administration of Iran (including Office of the President of Iran) consists of the immediate staff of the current President of Iran and multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President. It is located in Pasteur Street.\n\nChief\nChief of Staff of the President of Iran is a title referring to two different positions in Iranian government that may be held by one person: \nHead of President's Office () \nSupervisor of Presidential administration () \nBoth office-holders act as a senior aide to the President of Iran.\n\nMahmoud Vaezi holds both titles since 2017.\n\nFormer Heads of President's Office \n Hossein Marashi under President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani\n Mohammad-Ali Abtahi and Ali Khatami under President Mohammad Khatami\n Gholam Hossein Elham, Reza Sheykholeslam, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei and Seyyed Hassan Mousavi under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad\n Mohammad Nahavandian under President Hassan Rouhani\n\nFormer Supervisors of Presidential administration \n Mostafa Mir-Salim under President Ali Khamenei.\n Ali Saeedlou, Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei, Hamid Baqai under President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Political office-holders in Iran"}
-{"text": "Shapur II\n\nShapur II ( ; New Persian: , \u0160\u0101pur), also known as Shapur II the Great, was the tenth Sasanian king (shah) of Iran. The longest-reigning monarch in Iranian history, he reigned for his entire 70-year life from 309 to 379. He was the son of Hormizd II (r. 302\u2013309).\n\nHis reign saw the military resurgence of the country, and the expansion of its territory, which marked the start of the first Sasanian golden era. He is thus along with Shapur I, Kavad I and Khosrow I, regarded as one of the most illustrious Sasanian kings. His three direct successors, on the other hand, were less successful.\n\nShapur II pursued a harsh religious policy. Under his reign, the collection of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism, was completed, heresy and apostasy were punished, and Christians were persecuted. The latter was a reaction against the Christianization of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. Shapur II, like Shapur I, was amicable towards Jews, who lived in relative freedom and gained many advantages in his period (see also Rava). At the time of Shapur's death, the Sasanian Empire was stronger than ever, with its enemies to the east pacified and Armenia under Sasanian control.\n\nEtymology \n\"Shapur\" was a popular name in Sasanian Iran, being used by three Sasanian monarchs and several notables of the Sasanian era and its later periods. The name is derived from Old Iranian *x\u0161aya\u03b8iya.pu\u03b8ra (\"son of a king\") and initially must have been a title, which became\u2212at least in the late 2nd century AD, a personal name. The name appears in the list of Arsacid kings in some Arabic-Persian sources, however, this is anachronistic. The name of Shapur is known in other languages as; Greek Sapur, Sabour and Sapuris; Latin Sapores and Sapor; Arabic S\u0101bur and \u0160\u0101bur; New Persian \u0160\u0101pur, \u0160\u0101hpur, \u0160ahfur.\n\nAccession \nWhen Hormizd II died in 309, he was succeeded by his son Adur Narseh, who, after a brief reign which lasted few months, was killed by some of the nobles of the empire. They then blinded the second, and imprisoned the third (Hormizd, who afterwards escaped to the Roman Empire). The throne was reserved for the unborn child of Hormizd II's wife Ifra Hormizd, which was Shapur II. It is said that Shapur II may have been the only king in history to be crowned in utero, as the legend claims that the crown was placed upon his mother's womb while she was pregnant.\n\nHowever, according to Alireza Shapour Shahbazi, it is unlikely that Shapur was crowned as king while still in his mother's womb, since the nobles could not have known of his sex at that time. He further states that Shapur was born forty days after his father's death, and that the nobles killed Adur Narseh and crowned Shapur II in order to gain greater control of the empire, which they were able to do until Shapur II reached his majority at the age of 16.\n\nWar with the Arabs (325)\n\nDuring the childhood of Shapur II, Arab nomads made several incursions into the Sasanian homeland of Pars, where they raided Gor and its surroundings. Furthermore, they also made incursions into Meshan and Mazun. At the age of 16, Shapur II led an expedition against the Arabs; primarily campaigning against the Iyad tribe in Asoristan and thereafter he crossed the Persian Gulf, reaching al-Khatt, modern Qatif, or present eastern Saudi Arabia. He then attacked the Banu Tamim in the Al Hajar Mountains. Shapur II reportedly killed a large number of the Arab population and destroyed their water supplies by stopping their wells with sand.\n\nAfter having dealt with the Arabs of eastern Arabia, he continued his expedition into western Arabia and Syria, where he attacked several cities\u2014he even went as far as Medina. Because of his cruel way of dealing with the Arabs, he was called Dh\u016b'l-Akt\u0101f (\"he who pierces shoulders\") by them. Not only did Shapur II pacify the Arabs of the Persian Gulf, but he also pushed many Arab tribes further deep into the Arabian Peninsula. Furthermore, he also deported some Arab tribes by force; the Taghlib to Bahrain and al-Khatt; the Banu Abdul Qays and Banu Tamim to Hajar; the Banu Bakr to Kirman, and the Banu Hanzalah to a place near Hormizd-Ardashir. Shapur II, in order to prevent the Arabs from making more raids into his country, ordered the construction of a wall near al-Hira, which became known as war-i t\u0101zig\u0101n (\"wall of the Arabs\").\n\nThe Zoroastrian scripture Bundahishn also mentions the Arabian campaign of Shapur II:\n\nWith Eastern Arabia more firmly under Sasanian control, and with the establishment of Sasanian garrison troops, the way for Zoroastrianism was opened. Pre-Islamic Arabian poets often makes mention of Zoroastrianism practices, which they must have either made contact with in Asoristan or Eastern Arabia. The Lakhmid ruler Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr, who was originally a vassal of the Sasanians, may have suffered from Shapur II's raids in Peninsula. He seemingly swore fealty to the Romans, possibly after the incident.\n\nWar with the Romans\n\nObjectives \nEver since the \"humilating\" Peace of Nisibis concluded between Shapur's grandfather Narseh and the Roman emperor Diocletian in 299, the borders between the two empires had changed largely in favor of the Romans, who in the treaty received a handful of provinces in Mesopotamia, changing the border from the Euphrates to the Tigris, close to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon. The Romans also received control over the kingdoms of Iberia and Armenia, and gained control over parts of upper Media in Iran proper. Shapur's primary objective was thus to nullify the treaty, which he spent much of his reign in order to accomplish. \n\nAnother reason behind his motives to wage war against the Romans was due their attempts to meddle in the domestic affairs of the Sasanian Empire and hurt Shapur's kingship by supporting his brother Hormizd, who had been well received at the Roman court by Constantine the Great, who made him a cavalry commander. Shapur had made fruitless attempts to satisfy his brother, even having his wife sent to him, who had originally helped him escape imprisonment. However, Hormizd had already become an avid philhellene during his stay with the Romans, with whom he felt at home. Another reason was due to Constantine, who at his deathbed in 337, had declared Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. He had also selected himself as the defender of all the Christians in the world, including those living in the Sasanian realm.\n\nEarly campaigns and first war against the Romans \n\nIn 337, just before the death of Constantine the Great (324\u2013337), Shapur II, provoked by the Roman rulers' backing of Roman Armenia, broke the peace concluded in 297 between emperors Narseh (293\u2013302) and Diocletian (284\u2013305), which had been observed for forty years. This was the beginning of two long drawn-out wars (337\u2013350 and 358-363) which were inadequately recorded.\n\nAfter crushing a rebellion in the south, Shapur II invaded Roman Mesopotamia and captured Armenia. Apparently, nine major battles were fought. The most renowned was the inconclusive Battle of Singara (modern Sinjar, Iraq) in which Constantius II was at first successful, capturing the Persian camp, only to be driven out by a surprise night attack after Shapur had rallied his troops (344-or 348?). The most notable feature of this war was the consistently successful defence of the Roman fortress of Nisibis in Mesopotamia. Shapur besieged the fortress three times (in 338, 346, 350 A.D.), and was repulsed each time.\n\nAlthough victorious in battle, Shapur II could make no further progress with Nisibis un-taken. At the same time he was attacked in the east by Scythian Massagetae and other Central Asia. He had to break off the war with the Romans and arrange a hasty truce in order to pay attention to the east (350). Roughly around this time the Hunnic tribes, most likely the Kidarites, whose king was Grumbates, make an appearance as an encroaching threat upon Sasanian territory as well as a menace to the Gupta Empire (320-500CE). After a prolonged struggle (353\u2013358) they were forced to conclude a peace, and Grumbates agreed to enlist his light cavalrymen into the Persian army and accompany Shapur II in renewed war against the Romans, particularly participating in the Siege of Amida in 359.\n\nSecond war against the Romans and invasion of Armenia \n\nIn 358 Shapur II was ready for his second series of wars against Rome, which met with much more success. In 359, Shapur II invaded southern Armenia, but was held up by the valiant Roman defence of the fortress of Amida (now Diyarbak\u0131r, Turkey), which finally surrendered in 359 after a seventy-three-day siege in which the Persian army suffered great losses.  The delay forced Shapur to halt operations for the winter.  Early the following spring he continued his operations against the Roman fortresses, capturing Singara and Bezabde (Cirze?), again at a heavy cost. In the next year Constantius II launched a counterattack, having spent the winter making massive preparations in Constantinople; Shapur, who had meanwhile lost the aid of his Asianic allies, avoided battle, but left strong garrisons in all the fortresses which he had captured. Constantius laid siege to Bazabde, but proved incapable of taking it, and retired on the approach of winter to Antioch, where he died soon after.\nConstantius was succeeded by his cousin, Julian the Apostate, who came to the throne determined to avenge the recent Roman reverses in the east. Though Shapur attempted an honorable reconciliation, warned of the capabilities which Julian had displayed in wars against the Alemans in Gaul, the emperor  dismissed negotiation.\n\nIn 363 the Emperor Julian (361\u2013363), at the head of a strong army, advanced to Shapur's capital city of Ctesiphon and defeated a presumably larger Sassanian force at the Battle of Ctesiphon; however, he was unable to take the fortified city, or engage with the main Persian army under Shapur II that was approaching. Julian was killed by the enemy in a skirmish during his retreat back to Roman territory. His successor Jovian (363\u2013364) made an ignominious peace in which the districts beyond the Tigris which had been acquired in 298 were given to the Persians along with Nisibis and Singara, and the Romans promised to interfere no more in Armenia. The great success is represented in the rock-sculptures near the town Bishapur in Pars (Stolze, Persepolis, p.\u00a0141); under the hooves of the king's horse lies the body of an enemy, probably Julian, and a supplicant Roman, the Emperor Jovian, asks for peace.\n\nAccording to the peace treaty between Shapur and Jovian, Georgia and Armenia were to be ceded to Sasanian control, and the Romans forbidden from further involvement in the affairs of Armenia. Under this agreement Shapur assumed control over Armenia and took its King Arsaces II (Arshak II), the faithful ally of the Romans, as prisoner, and held him in the Castle of Oblivion (Fortress of Andm\u0259\u0161 in Armenian or Castle of Anyu\u0161 in \u1e34uzest\u0101n). Supposedly, Arsaces then committed suicide during a visit by his eunuch Drastamat. Shapur attempted to introduce Zoroastrian orthodoxy into Armenia. However, the Armenian nobles resisted him successfully, secretly supported by the Romans, who sent King Papas (Pap), the son of Arsaces II, into Armenia. The war with Rome threatened to break out again, but Valens sacrificed Pap, arranging for his assassination in Tarsus, where he had taken refuge (374).\n\nIn Georgia, then known as Iberia, where the Sasanians were also given control, Shapur II installed Aspacures II of Iberia in the east; however, in western Georgia, Valens also succeeded in setting up his own king, Sauromaces II of Iberia.\n\nShapur II had conducted great hosts of captives from the Roman territory into his dominions, most of whom were settled in Elam. Here he rebuilt Susa - after having killed the city's rebellious inhabitants.\n\nWar in the East\n\nExpansion into India (c.350-358 CE)\n\nGandhara and Punjab\n\nIn the east around 350 CE, Shapur II gained the upper hand against the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom and took control of large territories in areas now known as Afghanistan and Pakistan, possibly as a consequence of the destruction of the Kushano-Sasanians by the Chionites. The Kushano-Sasanian still ruled in the north. Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the Indus river in the city of Taxila only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309-379) and Shapur III (r.383-388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II \"with the Chionites and Kushans\" in 350-358 CE as described by Ammianus Marcellinus They probably maintained control until the rise of the Kidarites under their ruler Kidara.\n\nSindh\n\nIn the area of Sindh, from Multan to the mouth of the Indus river, an important series of gold coins started to be issued on the model of the coinage of Shapur II, and would continue down to Peroz I. The coins are not the usual Sasanian imperial type, and the legend around the portrait tends to be degraded Middle Persian in the Pahlavi script, but they have the Brahmi script character Sri  (meaning \"Lord\") in front of the portrait of the King. The coins suggest some sort of Sasanian control of Sind from the time of Shapur II, and a recognition of Sasanian overlordship, but the precise extent of the Sasanian presence or influence is unknown.\n\nLoss of Bactria to nomadic invaders (c.370 CE)\nConfrontations with nomadic tribes from Central Asia soon started to occur. Ammianus Marcellinus reports that in 356 CE, Shapur II was taking his winter quarters on his eastern borders, \"repelling the hostilities of the bordering tribes\" of the Chionites and the Euseni (\"Euseni\" is usually amended to \"Cuseni\", meaning the Kushans), finally making a treaty of alliance with the Chionites and the Gelani in 358 CE.\n\nFrom around 370 CE however, during his reign, the Sasanids lost the control of Bactria to invaders from the north, first the Kidarites, then the Hephthalites and the Alchon Huns, who would follow up with the invasion of India. These invaders initially issued coins based on Sasanian designs. Various coins minted in Bactria and based on a Sasanian designs are known, often with busts imitating Sasanian kings Shapur II (r.309 to 379 CE) and Shapur III (r.383 to 388 CE), adding the Alchon Tamgha and the name \"Alchono\" in Bactrian script on the obverse, and with attendants to a fire altar on the reverse.\n\nDeath and succession \nShapur later died in 379, and was succeeded by his slightly younger brother Ardashir II, who agreed to rule till Shapur's son, Shapur III reached adulthood. By Shapur's death the Sasanian Empire was stronger than ever before, considerably larger than when he came to the throne, the eastern and western enemies were pacified and Persia had gained control over Armenia. He is regarded as one of the most important Sassanian kings along with Shapur I and Khosrow I, and could after a long period of instability regain the old strength of the Empire. His three successors, however, were less successful than he. Furthermore, his death marked the start of a 125-year-long conflict between the wuzurgan, a powerful group of nobility, and the kings, who both struggled for power over Iran.\n\nRelations with the Christians \n\nShapur II was not initially hostile to his Christian subjects, who were led by Shemon Bar Sabbae, the Patriarch of the Church of the East. However, the conversion of Constantine the Great to Christianity gave Shapur distrust towards his Christian subjects, whom he considered as agents of the foreign enemy. The war between the Sasanian and Roman empires changed Shapur's mistrust into hostility. After the death of Constantine, Shapur II, who had been preparing for war for several years, imposed a double tax on his Christian subjects in his empire to finance the conflict. Shemon, however, refused to pay double tax. Shapur then gave Shemon and his clergy a last chance to convert to Zoroastrianism, which they refused to do. It was during this period the \"cycle of the martyrs\" began during which \"many thousands of Christians\" were put to death. The two successors of Shemon, Shahdost and Barba'shmin, were also martyred the following years.\n\nA near-contemporary 5th century Christian work, the Ecclesiastical History of Sozomen, contains considerable detail on the Persian Christians martyred under Shapur II. Sozomen estimates the total number of Christians killed as follows:\n\nImperial beliefs and numismatics \n\nAccording to Ammianus Marcellinus, Shapur II fought the Romans in order to \"re-conquer what had belonged to his ancestor\". It is not known who Shapur II thought his ancestor was, probably the Achaemenids or the legendary Kayanian dynasty. During the reign of Shapur II, the title of \"the divine Mazda-worshipping, king of kings of the Iranians, whose image/seed is from the gods\" disappears from the coins that were minted. He was also the last Sasanian king to claim lineage from the gods.\n\nUnder Shapur II, coins were minted in copper, silver and gold, however, a great amount of the copper coins were made on Roman planchet, which is most likely from the riches that the Sasanians took from the Romans. The weight of the coins also changed from 7.20 g to 4.20 g.\n\nConstructions \nBesides the construction of the war-i t\u0101zig\u0101n near al-Hira, Shapur II is also known to have created several other cities. He created a royal city called Eranshahr-Shapur, where he settled Roman prisoners of war. He also rebuilt and repopulated Nisibis in 363 with people from Istakhr and Spahan. In Asoristan, he founded Wuzurg-Shapur (\"Great Shapur\"), a city on the west side of the Tigris. He also rebuilt Susa after having destroyed it when suppressing a revolt, renaming it Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur (\"Iran's glory [built by] Shapur\").\n\nContributions \nUnder Shapur II's reign the collection of the Avesta was completed, heresy and apostasy punished, and the Christians persecuted (see Abdecalas, Acepsimas of Hnaita and Aba of Kashkar). This was a reaction against the Christianization of the Roman Empire by Constantine.\n\nReligious beliefs \nAccording to Armenian and primary sources, the Sasanian shahs revered the sun and the moon, with Roman sources stating that Shapur II asserted to be the \"brother of the Sun and the Moon\" (Latin: frater Solis et Lunae). This is however not mentioend in Sasanian sources, which implies that there are two possibilities; one that it is regarding about the angelic divinity Mithra, whilst the other one being that it may be an Indo-Iranian characteristic where the shahs considered their ancestors descendants of Manuchehr (Indic Manu) and his father Wiwahvant (Indic Vivasvant), who were in India associated with the Moon and the Sun.\n\nShapur's own religious beliefs doesn't seem to have been very strict; he restored the family cult of Anahita in Istakhr and was possibly an adherant of Zurvanism as well as promoting the official orthodox variant of Zoroastrianism.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nAncient works \nAmmianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae.\n\nModern works \n \n\n \n\n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n \nLanger, William L. (editor and compiler), An Encyclopedia Of World History, (Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1952)\n \n  \n \n\n \n \n \n\nCategory:Shapur II\nCategory:309 births\nCategory:379 deaths\nCategory:Ancient child rulers\nCategory:People of the Roman\u2013Sasanian Wars\nCategory:4th-century Sasanian monarchs\nCategory:People from Firuzabad, Fars\nCategory:Shahnameh characters\nCategory:Julian's Persian War"}
-{"text": "Nicrophorus dauricus\n\nNicrophorus dauricus is a burying beetle described by Motschulsky, a Russian entomologist, in 1860.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Silphidae\nCategory:Beetles of North America\nCategory:Beetles described in 1860\nCategory:Taxa named by Victor Motschulsky"}
-{"text": "USS LSM-217\n\nUSS LSM-217 was a  built for the United States Navy during World War II. Like many of her class, she was not named and is properly referred to by her hull designation.\n\nShe was laid down (Unknown) at Dravo Corporation, Wilmington, DE., launched on (Unknown), and commissioned as USS LSM-217 on 4 Aug 1944, LT. Eugene J. Heisley, USNR in command.\n\nService history\nLSM-217 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific Theater and crossed the International Date Line on 7 November 1944. As part of the Invasion of Lingayen Gulf she participated in the Luzon operation, which included the Lingayen Gulf landings (4-12 January 1945).\n\nLSM-217 was struck from the Naval Register in 1946.\n\nFinal Disposition, sold, 22 October 1947, to Avondale Marine Ways, Inc., Westwego, LA., fate unknown.\n\nLSM-217 earned one battle stars for World War II service\n\nSee also\n List of United States Navy LSMs\n World War II\n Landing craft\n Battle of Leyte\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States\nCategory:1944 ships\nCategory:LSM-1-class landing ships medium\nCategory:Ships built by Dravo Corporation\nCategory:Ships built in Wilmington, Delaware"}
-{"text": "Renault Sport Academy\n\nThe Renault Sport Academy, formerly known as RF1 Driver Programme and Renault Driver Development, is a program to support racing drivers since 2002 in their racing series. The programme was created by Renault F1 in 2002.\n\nSelected drivers have to prove their potential on track and their athletics qualities. They promote Renault in the world.\n\nIn 2011, the programme was renamed LRGP Academy, following the rebranding of the team to \"Lotus Renault GP\".\n\nIn 2012, the programme was renamed Lotus F1 Team iRace Professional Programme and 2013\u20132015, the programme was renamed Lotus F1 Junior Team.\n\nCurrent drivers\n\nFormer drivers\n\nRenault / Lotus Renault GP\n\n Championship titles highlighted in bold.\n\nLotus F1 (2012\u20132015)\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nRenault Formula One Official website - Renault Sport Academy\n\nDriver Programme\nCategory:Lotus Cars\nCategory:Racing schools"}
-{"text": "La Clede, Illinois\n\nLa Clede is an unincorporated community in La Clede Township, Fayette County, Illinois, United States.\n\nThe community was named after Pierre Lacl\u00e8de, a French fur trader.\n\nGeography\nLa Clede is located at  at an elevation of 571 feet.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Fayette County, Illinois\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Illinois"}
-{"text": "Barry Coppinger\n\nBarry Coppinger is the Labour Cleveland Police and Crime Commissioner. He is the first person to hold the post and was elected on 15 November 2012.\n\nBackground\nBarry Coppinger has been involved in local politics for 29 years, first as a Councillor and later as Police and Crime Commissioner.  He has represented a number of wards in Middlesbrough with his last before election being Pallister Park in the east of Middlesbrough.  Coppinger has also served on the Executive of Middlesbrough Borough Council, holding the Social Care portfolio.\n\nIn addition to being a Councillor, Coppinger was also on the Cleveland Police Authority, Cleveland Crime & Disorder Reduction Partnership and Cleveland Joint Emergency Planning Committee.\n\nPersonal life\nBarry lives in Linthorpe, Middlesbrough with his wife and children.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Police and crime commissioners in England\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Councillors in North East England\nCategory:Labour Party (UK) councillors\nCategory:Labour Party police and crime commissioners"}
-{"text": "Falcons\u2013Panthers rivalry\n\nThe Falcons\u2013Panthers rivalry is a rivalry between the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers of the National Football League. The rivalry began in  when the Panthers joined as an expansion team.  Both teams competed in the NFC West from 1995\u2013 and the NFC South since its creation in .  Atlanta holds a 32\u201318 lead in the series.  The two teams have not met in the playoffs.\n\nThe Falcons and Panthers have won a combined 11 division titles since 1995 and each have made two Super Bowl appearances:  The Falcons in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI and the Panthers in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50.  Neither team has won a Super Bowl championship.  Coincidentally, both teams lost their Super Bowls to the same two AFC teams:  the Denver Broncos and the New England Patriots. On the contrary, all 14 other NFC teams have won at least one NFL championship prior to the AFL\u2013NFL merger, a Super Bowl trophy, or both.\n\nIt is also known as the \"I-85 Rivalry\" due to Atlanta and Charlotte being only four hours apart on Interstate 85.  Games between the two teams feature large contingents of visiting fans in both cities.\n\nHistory\n\n1995\u201399: Beginnings\nCarolina's first ever regular season game was a tightly contested 23\u201320 overtime loss to the Falcons on September 3, 1995. This game was notable as NFL fans in the Carolinas who were formerly Falcons fans switched allegiance when the Panthers began play, filling up the Georgia Dome. The physical nature of the game contributed to an emotional experience for fans, setting the tone for the newly formed rivalry for years to come. As Falcons play-by-play announcer Wes Durham recalled, \"I remember a lot of Panthers fans being there. I remember a lot of people from Charlotte, who had obviously driven down. And it was already being promoted as the 'I-85 Rivalry.' I remember that however they scored the touchdown towards the end of regulation it got loud. It was mostly Panthers fans.\" Later that season, Carolina defeated Atlanta 21\u201317 for their seventh win of the year\u2013the most ever for an expansion franchise. Carolina faced Atlanta in the first regular season game played at Ericsson Stadium (now Bank of America Stadium) in 1996, which the Panthers won. Carolina won at home against the Falcons in each of its first three years as a franchise, carrying a 4\u20132 mark over Atlanta before the Falcons evened the series to 5\u20135 by the end of the 1990s.\n\n2000s\nIn 2002, the Falcons and Panthers were moved to the NFC South along with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New Orleans Saints, adding intensity to the rivalry. Coming off their Super Bowl appearance in 1998, the Falcons began dominating the Panthers during the early 2000s. By the end of the 2004 season, Atlanta had won 9 of 10 meetings in the decade, with Carolina's only win coming during the year of its Super Bowl appearance in 2003. A notable game occurred in 2004, when the Falcons came back to beat the Panthers with a Michael Vick rushing touchdown followed by an interception of Jake Delhomme by the Falcons defense to set up the game-winning field goal. By 2007, the Panthers made it more even, sweeping the Falcons for the first time since 1997 in 2005, but were still 2\u20136 at home against Atlanta. Overall, the Falcons won 13 of 20 games in the series during the 2000s.\n\n2010s\nBy 2011, Matt Ryan had long taken over at quarterback for the Falcons after Vick was involved in a dog-fighting scandal in 2007. The Panthers drafted Auburn quarterback Cam Newton first overall that year after 2010 draft pick Jimmy Clausen was an inadequate replacement for Jake Delhomme. \n\nDuring the last week of the  season, the Panthers and Falcons faced each other in a must-win game for the NFC South division title and playoff berth. Despite Atlanta winning earlier in the season, Carolina handily won this game 34\u20133, becoming just the second team in NFL history to clinch a division title with a losing record at 7\u20138\u20131.\n\nIn week 16 of the  season, the Panthers came into Atlanta with a perfect 14-0 record opposed to the Falcons 7-7 record. Many anticipated the Falcons, who had started 6-1, but then went 1-7, would lose as they had two weeks ago, when they lost 38-0. The Falcons however shocked the Panthers and beat them with a final score of 20-13. Only the Falcons and the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl 50 beat the Panthers that season.\n\nGame results\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:National Football League rivalries\nCategory:Atlanta Falcons\nCategory:Carolina Panthers"}
-{"text": "Australian Pipeline Industry Association\n\nThe Australian Pipelines and Gas Association (APGA) is an Australian industry association representing Australia\u2019s high-pressure transmission pipeline sector, with a principal focus on long-distance oil and gas transmission, but also including transportation of other products such as water, slurry and carbon dioxide. \n  \nThe association has over 400 member companies, covering a range of interests relevant to the transmission pipeline sector including contractors, owners, operators, advisers, engineering companies and suppliers of pipeline products and services.\n\nAPGA members build, own and operate over 33,000 kilometres of high pressure, steel pipeline in Australia, including 25,000\u00a0km of pipeline dedicated to gas transmission.\n\nIn 1968 APIA began as a construction contractors\u2019 association, providing networking opportunities for the pipeline construction industry.  The association expanded its interests over the years and, with the privatisation of Australia\u2019s transmission assets and the winding back of the Australian Gas Association in the late 1990s, APGA increased its government relations role, establishing its headquarters in the nation\u2019s capital, Canberra, in 2000.\n\nThe association was formerly known as the Australian Pipeline Industry Association and changed the name to APGA in March 2015.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Business organisations based in Australia\nCategory:Petroleum industry in Australia\nCategory:Energy organizations"}
-{"text": "Rosillo\n\nRosillo is a surname, and may refer to:\n\n Alexandra L\u00f3pez Rosillo, Spanish football defender\n Antonio Canales Rosillo (1802\u20131852), Mexican military leader\n Joaquina Rosillo (b. 1993), team handball player from Uruguay"}
-{"text": "Cricket Club of India\n\nCricket Club of India (CCI) is located on Dinsha Wacha Road, near Churchgate in Mumbai, India. It was conceived as India's counterpart to the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). It is considered as one of the most prestigious clubs in the nation. \n\nMembership is the same as for the Royal Willingdon Sports Club, Bombay Gymkhana and Breach Candy Club: closed, and only current members' children can attain it.\n\nHistory\n\nOn 8 November 1933, the Cricket Club of India was incorporated as a company limited by guarantee with its registered office in New Delhi. The principal object of the company was to promote sports in general and cricket in particular throughout the country.\n\nThe promoters and some leading men who founded BCCI  five years before were the promoters of the Club.  Originally, life members, who were later termed as founder members, paid Rs 100 and ordinary members paid Rs 10 for entrance and an annual subscription of Rs 15.\n\nThe Cricket Club of India was also the birthplace of the famous Chinese-style dish Chicken Manchurian. Restaurateur Nelson Wang claims to have invented it at the request of a customer in 1975 while working as a cook at the CCI.\n\nFirst-class cricket\nTeams representing the Cricket Club of India played 13 first-class matches between 1935 and 1958, most of them against touring teams. Nine of the matches were played at Brabourne Stadium.\n\nFacilities\n\nThe CCI also houses in the Brabourne Stadium, which the club owns. The CCI is an affiliated member of the BCCI like any other state association, but unlike any one of them, does not conduct cricket in the state. \nMumbai Cricket Association and Maharashtra Cricket Association which conduct cricket in Mumbai and rest of Maharashtra respectively. The stadium has one of the best cricket pitches and grounds in the region. It also has tennis courts, a swimming pool, fitness centers, a billiards room, squash courts, badminton courts, table tennis tables, cafes, bars, a library, a reading room and a banquet hall. It is very difficult to get membership into this exclusive club.\n\nThe stadium also served as the headquarters of the BCCI, the governing body of Indian cricket.\n\nKingfisher Open \n\nIn 2006 and 2007, the CCI tennis courts were the stage for the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an ATP Tour tournament, previously held in Shanghai from 1995 to 2004 and in Vietnam in 2005. Kingfisher Airlines were the official sponsors. The tournament was presented by the Government of Maharashtra, India. The tournament was played from 25 September 2006 to 2 October 2006.\n\nICC Champions trophy\nThe Cricket Club of India Limited staged 5 matches of the ICC Champions Trophy in 2006 including the final between Australia and West Indies played on 5 November 2006.\n\n2013 ICC Women's world cup\nBrabourne Stadium hosted the 2013 ICC Women's World Cup along with the MIG Cricket club, Bandra, the DREIMS ground and the Barabati Stadium both situated in Cuttack. Brabourne hosted the final of the event in which Australia beat the West Indies comprehensively.\n\nMembership scam\nIn 2013 an internal inquiry set up by the club concluded that at least 11 members had got into the 80-year-old institution in the last three years through forgery committed in collusion with a club insider. Several CCI members revealed that the fraud was committed by replacing personal details of certain deceased members with those of these new entrants. \"Files of certain members who had died some time back and whose files were lying dormant were tampered with by someone on the inside who had access,\" said a source close to the investigation, who did not wish to be identified. \"Names and other details of aspiring members were then put in the old files to make it look as if the old member (deceased) never existed in the club records.\"\n\nThe Economic Offences Wing (EOW) of the Mumbai police arrested two businessmen, Ketan Thacker and Nimai Agrawal, in connection with the fake memberships scam.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site\n\nCategory:Indian club cricket teams\nCategory:Indian first-class cricket teams\nCategory:Tennis venues in India\nCategory:Cricket in Mumbai\nCategory:1933 establishments in India\nCategory:Sports organizations established in 1933\nCategory:Sports clubs in Mumbai"}
-{"text": "Fernand Lamaze\n\nFernand Lamaze (;   1891\u20131957) was a French obstetrician, most famous as the popularizer of psychoprophylaxis, a method of childbirth preparation and pain management that bears his name (the Lamaze technique).\n\nCareer \nLamaze visited the Soviet Union in 1951. There, he observed a birth using psychoprophylaxis, which had been developed primarily by Soviet psychotherapist I.Z. Velvovskii of Kharkov, Ukraine.\n\nBased on Ivan Pavlov's theory of conditioned response, psychoprophylaxis strove to eliminate the pain of childbirth through education about the physiological process of labor and delivery, through the trained relaxation response to uterine contractions, and through patterned breathing intended to both increase oxygenation and interfere with the transmission of pain signals from the uterus to the cerebral cortex.  Lamaze was so impressed by what he witnessed that after he returned to France, he devoted the rest of his life to promoting psychoprophylaxis.\n\nCriticism\nLamaze has been criticized for being over-disciplinary and anti-feminist; \"[t]he disciplinary nature of Lamaze\u2019s approach to childbirth is evident from Sheila Kitzinger\u2019s description of the methods he deployed while working in a Paris clinic during the 1950s. According to Sheila Kitzinger, Lamaze consistently ranked the women\u2019s performance in childbirth from 'excellent' to 'complete failure' on the basis of their 'restlessness and screams.' Those who 'failed' were, he thought, 'themselves responsible because they harbored doubts or had not practiced sufficiently,' and, rather predictably, 'intellectual' women who 'asked too many questions' were considered by Lamaze to be the most 'certain to fail.'\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFrench government site with biographical information\nLamaze site\n\nCategory:1891 births\nCategory:1957 deaths\nCategory:People from Mirecourt\nCategory:French obstetricians\nCategory:Natural childbirth advocates"}
-{"text": "Elkhorn, Manitoba\n\nElkhorn is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district in the Rural Municipality of Wallace \u2013 Woodworth within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held village status prior to January 1, 2015. It was originally incorporated as a village on January 2, 1906. Elkhorn is located approximately  west of Brandon.\n\nHistory \nThe community was first settled when the Canadian Pacific Railway arrived in 1882.  In the CPR survey Elkhorn is located at mile sixty-four west of Brandon, in what was known as the Broadview subdivision.  The Post Office Department appointed John McLeod, one of the district's first settlers, to be the community's first post master and the post office opened December 1, 1883.  A board of trade was organized in April 1899 and lobbied for further settlement in the community and surrounding municipality, better infrastructure, and improvement of commerce.  It was responsible for the establishment of the first fire brigade in 1901, which became the responsibility of the Village of Elkhorn when it incorporated in 1906.  In 1948 the board was reorganized and renamed the Elkhorn and District Chamber of Commerce.\n\nEducation \nThe first settlers in the district came from well established communities in Eastern Canada or Britain and quickly recognized the necessity of public education.  The community opened the first school February 5, 1885 as School District 366.  The population rapidly outgrew the facility and the community sold it in 1892.  The building still stands as a private residence.  A larger school built of field stone was completed in 1895 and all subsequent schools have been built on the same grounds.\n\nThe growing population continued to require more space and an even larger brick school was built in 1910.  Eventually even this new school had to split its auditorium into two classrooms and create a third additional room in the basement.  Only elementary school was taught in the building after a collegiate was opened in 1959.  Elkhorn School District 366 was absorbed into the Fort La Bosse School Division November 10, 1971.  The institution again changed appearance in 1976 when the brick school was demolished and a new elementary wing and gymnasium were added to the collegiate.\n\nToday the school is home to approximately 170 students from Kindergarten to Grade 12.\n\nManitoba Antique Automobile Museum \nEstablished to keep an impressive private collection of antique cars in Manitoba, the Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum now houses a wide variety of artifacts and documents that are integral to the history of the community, an array of early farm machinery and implements in addition to the primary collection.\n\nThe museum owes its existence to the tireless efforts of a local farmer, Isaac Clarkson.  In 1946 he purchased and restored a 1909 Hupmobile that he had been fascinated with in his youth.  He continued to acquire and restore vehicles at his farm for the next several years.  Abhorring the idea that the collection should be split up or leave the province Clarkson and other prominent members of the community successfully petitioned the Manitoba Government to establish a museum foundation.  March 30, 1961 The Manitoba Antique Automobile Museum Foundation was established by an act of the provincial legislature.  Mr. Clarkson donated his entire collection to the foundation, which at the time numbered some 65 vehicles, 40 of which had been completely restored.  The estimated value of the collection in 1961 was $75,000 - $100,000.  The community made plans to erect a museum building as a centennial project in October 1964.  Contractors completed the building by August 1965 and it was opened to the public in the summer of 1966.  The museum was officially opened on the national centennial, July 1, 1967.\n\nThe museum is located along the south side of the Trans-Canada Highway and serves as Elkhorn's primary tourist attraction.  It is open daily from May to September.\n\nClimate\n\nGovernment \nElkhorn is a former village now administered by the Rural Municipality of Wallace \u2013 Woodworth.\n\nProvincial representation \nElkhorn is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as part of the Arthur-Virden Constituency.  The constituency was represented by Larry Maguire from 1999 until his resignation on October 18, 2013 to seek the Conservative Party of Canada nomination for the federal constituency of Brandon-Souris.  Kevin Tutthill, a former councillor and deputy mayor of the former Village of Elkhorn, sought the Progressive Conservative nomination to replace Maguire, but was defeated by insurance broker Doyle Piwniuk of Virden.  On January 28, 2014 Piwniuk won the Arthur-Virden by-election and now serves as critic for multiculturalism and literacy.\n\nElkhorn formed all of Voting Area 10 in the 2014 Arthur-Virden by-election with a total of 348 registered voters.\n\nFederal representation \nElkhorn is represented in the Canadian Parliament as part of the Brandon-Souris Constituency.  The current Member of Parliament is Merv Tweed, whom the constituents first elected in 2004.  In the 2011 federal election, the community had 309 registered voters of which 184 cast ballots.  At 59.55%, voter turnout was slightly higher than the constituency level of 57.54%, but lower than the national level of 61.1%.\n\nMedia \nThe first publication in Elkhorn was a handwritten news bulletin reproduced on cyclostyle.  Founded by F. Greenstreet in 1886, the Elkhorn Breeze was applauded by the Manitoba Free Press as \"a credit to that prosperous young city.\" In spite of such praise The Breeze had ceased publication by the end of 1887.\n\nIn 1892 the Elkhorn District Advocate began circulation as a standard print, weekly newspaper.  This venture too ceased publication after only one year.  A.E. Wilson, principal of the Washakada Industrial School, salvaged the paper and began printing the Elkhorn Advocate at the school only two months after the District Advocate released its final issue.  Aboriginal students at the school printed the paper and learned the trade as part of the Residential School System designed to assimilate aboriginals into mainstream society.  Management of the paper transferred to W.J. Thompson shortly after it began printing.\n\nDecember 3, 1908 the first issue of the Elkhorn Mercury circulated in the community.  The Mercury operated in competition with the Advocate until September, 1910 when the latter permanently ceased operation.  Various owners and editors of the Mercury continued to print the paper weekly in Elkhorn until 1965, when it was absorbed by the Virden Empire-Advance.  This newspaper along with the Moosomin World-Spectator are weekly publications that now provide the majority of local media coverage for the community. Currently there are no publishing or broadcasting companies in Elkhorn.\n\nMayors of Elkhorn\n\nOther Notable Persons\nMary Carter (n\u00e9e Munn), one of the first female judges in Saskatchewan; part of childhood spent in Elkhorn.\n\nTravis Sanheim, Ice Hockey player for the Philadelphia Flyers.\n\nCulture \nBritish Columbian indie band Said the Whale make a reference to Elkhorn in Dear Elkhorn, the opening track from their 2009 album \"Islands Disappear\". The song's lyrics were inspired by an incident when the band's tour van broke down near the village.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nOfficial Website\n\nCategory:1906 establishments in Manitoba\nCategory:Former villages in Manitoba\nCategory:Local urban districts in Manitoba\nCategory:Populated places disestablished in 2015"}
-{"text": "Susanna Braund\n\nSusanna Braund, occasionally cited as Susanna Morton Braund, is a professor of Latin poetry and its reception at the University of British Columbia.\n\nEducation \nBraund received her BA in Classics from the University of Cambridge in 1978, followed by a PhD in 1984 from the same institution.\n\nCareer \nBraund held appointments at the University of Exeter, the University of Bristol, Royal Holloway, University of London, Yale University and Stanford University before taking up her current professorship.\n\nSince 2007, Braund has held a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair position in Latin Poetry and its Reception, which was renewed in 2014. Her research is on the translation history of Latin poetry.\n\nBraund was elected as a Scholar in Residence at the Coll\u00e8ge de France for June 2014.\n\nIn 2016, Braund was awarded a Killam Research Fellowship for the years 2016-2018, for a project on translations of Virgil's Aeneid, Georgics and Eclogues.\n\nIn 2018, Braund was elected as Corresponding Fellow to the Australian Academy of the Humanities.\n\nSelected bibliography\n\nTranslations and editions \nSeneca, De Clementia: Edited with Text, Translation and Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009) .\nJuvenal and Persius (Loeb Classical Library vol. 91) (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2004) Parallel text Latin edition and English translation of both authors' works, with an introduction. .\nJuvenal, Satires Book I (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996). Text with an introduction and commentary. .\nLucan, Civil War: Translated with introduction and notes (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992) Reissued as part of Oxford World's Classics.\n\nBooks and edited volumes \nVirgil and his Translators, ed. with Zara Martirosova Torlone (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2018), .\nLatin Literature (London and New York: Routledge 2002) . Second edition: Understanding Latin Literature (London and New York: Routledge 2017) ).\nThe Roman Satirists and their Masks (London: Bristol Classical Press/Duckworth 1996) .\nSatire and Society in Ancient Rome (Exeter Studies in History 23), (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 1989) .\nBeyond Anger: A Study of Juvenal\u2019s Third Book of Satires (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1988) .\n\nPodcast appearances \nEntitled Opinions: 'Susanna Braund on Virgil's Aeneid'. 25 October 2005.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFaculty page, University of British Columbia\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Women classical scholars\nCategory:Classical scholars\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Cambridge\nCategory:University of British Columbia faculty\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Irina Yevdokimova\n\nIrina Yevdokimova (born 14 August 1978) is a Kazakhstani gymnast. She competed in five events at the 2000 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Kazakhstani female artistic gymnasts\nCategory:Olympic gymnasts of Kazakhstan\nCategory:Gymnasts at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Almaty\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in gymnastics\nCategory:Gymnasts at the 1994 Asian Games\nCategory:Gymnasts at the 1998 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan\nCategory:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan\nCategory:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games\nCategory:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games"}
-{"text": "Tomasz Borkowy\n\nTomasz Karol Borkowy (born 17 September 1952, Warsaw, Poland) is a Polish actor, but has been working in the United Kingdom since the early 1980s. He often works under the name Tomek Bork and has had many film and television appearances.\n\nHe graduated from Theatre college in Krak\u00f3w in 1977 and first came to the UK the following year, unable to speak English. Before this he had appeared in a number of Polish TV series and films. In 1980 he moved to the UK permanently to continue his career. Since then he has appeared in the films The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Murder on the Moon and Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy. Notable television appearances have included Doctor Who (The Curse of Fenric), The Bill, Love Hurts, Sleepers, Lovejoy and most recently, Doctors. He has also continued to work in Poland, where he is most well known for playing the lead role in the TV drama series, Dom (House) which ran for 7 series over 20 years (1980\u20132000). Borkowy has also starred in and produced a number of plays at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe for the past 18 years.\n\nBorkowy now lives in Edinburgh, Scotland and southern Spain. He runs Universal Arts \u2013 an international agency and production company for performing arts, while still working as an actor.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nTomek Bork's Universal Arts' website\nTranslated Biography at Film Polski.pl\n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Male actors from Warsaw\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Polish male television actors\nCategory:Polish male stage actors\nCategory:20th-century Polish male actors\nCategory:21st-century Polish male actors"}
-{"text": "CREETIQ\n\nCREETIQ is a review aggregator website for African film, TV shows, music and literature. The platform offers a brief excerpt of each review curated with a backlink to the originating source of the review. The CREETIQ algorithm appraises each review based on the scores given by each critic, or a score is assigned by in-house editors. The first movie aggregated on the website was Ayo Makun's A Trip to Jamaica.\n\nCREETIQ Score\nCREETIQ offers its users the information needed to make data-driven decisions based on an aggregate of critical reviews summed up by a calculated score known as the CREETIQ Score. The CREETIQ score is a weighted average that is adjusted by the addition of a statistical value. The colors Green, Yellow or Red are used to summarize the weighted average of a review.\n\nThe range includes;\n\nThe Critic Challenge\nAn annual call for critics called The Critic Challenge was organized by CREETIQ in April, 2017 and featured notable critics like Oris Aigbokhaevbolo, Wilfred Okiche, Chiagoziem Onyekwena, Salamatu Sule, Isabella Akinseye and Joey Akan as its judges. This challenge tagged \u201crewriting the African narrative\u201d which aimed at appreciating the invaluable contributions of critics to the development of the creative and cultural industry in Africa was also birthed due to the neglect of critiquing in the cultural economics in Africa.\nOlayinka Yomi-Joseph, Ifeoluwa Olujuyigbe and Oluwadeaduramilade Tawak emerged as winner, first and second runners-up in The Critic Challenge 2017.\n\nSee also\n Rating site\n Internet Movie Database (IMDb)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Aggregation websites"}
-{"text": "William Lake (Dean of Durham)\n\nWilliam Charles Lake (9 January 1817 \u2013 8 December 1897) was Dean of Durham and Warden of its university from 1869 to 1894.\n\nLife\nHe was the eldest son of Captain Charles Lake of the Scots fusilier guards. He was educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, where he became the lifelong friend of his school-fellow, Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, and\nBalliol, where he was elected Fellow in 1838 and was President of the Oxford Union.\n\nHe was ordained in 1842, but remained at Oxford until 1858. \nIn that year he became Rector of Huntspill; and in 1860 Canon of Wells.\n\nMeanwhile, Lake's linguistic abilities had led to his appointment by Lord Panmure as a member of the commission of 1856, to report on military education on the continent. \nHe had won the prize at Oxford in 1840, for his Latin essay on the Roman army as an obstacle to civil liberty. \nHe also served on the Newcastle commission of 1858 to inquire into popular education, and on the royal commission upon military education of 1868. \nOn 9 August 1869, Lake was nominated by Gladstone for the deanery of Durham. \nIn 1881, he was a member of the ecclesiastical court's commission. \nHis theological position was that of a moderate high churchman, and in 1880 he joined Dean Church and others in endeavouring to induce Gladstone and Archbishop Tait to bring forward legislation modifying the Public Worship Regulation Act.\n\nDuring Lake's decanate, Durham Cathedral was restored. \nHe exercised an important influence over Durham University of which he was warden, and education in the north of England generally owed much to his efforts. \nThe foundation of the College of Science at Newcastle in 1871 was very largely his work. \nHe resigned the deanery, owing to failing health, in 1894, and went to live at Torquay. There he died suddenly on 8 December 1897.\n\nFamily\nHe married, in June 1881, Miss Katherine Gladstone, a niece of the premier, who survived him.\n\nWorks\nLake published nothing separately but a few sermons and a pamphlet, \"The Inspiration of Scripture and Eternal Punishment, with a preface on the Oxford Declaration and on F. D. Maurice's Letter to the Bishop of London,\" 1864. But he contributed to the Life of his friend Tait some highly interesting recollections, and especially a valuable picture of the independent position he held at Oxford, and an account from intimate knowledge of his life as head of Rugby, bishop of London, and primate. \nLake also supplied to Mr. Wilfrid Ward's W. G. Ward and the Oxford Movement (1889) some reminiscences of Ward, who was for some time his mathematical tutor at Balliol and exercised some influence over his tone of thought.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nHenri Br\u00e9mond, L' \u00e9volution du clerg\u00e9 Anglican, Paris, Bloud et Gay, 1906\n\nSources\n\nCategory:1817 births\nCategory:People educated at Rugby School\nCategory:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford\nCategory:Presidents of the Oxford Union\nCategory:1895 deaths\nCategory:Deans of Durham\nCategory:Vice-Chancellors and Wardens of Durham University"}
-{"text": "Wong Ka Man\n\nWong Ka Man (, born 21 November 1985) is a Hong Kong para table tennis player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.\n\nWong has congenital intellectual disability.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Hong Kong female table tennis players\nCategory:Table tennis players at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Table tennis players at the 2016 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Paralympic medalists in table tennis\nCategory:Paralympic gold medalists for Hong Kong\nCategory:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Sportspeople with intellectual disabilities\nCategory:Paralympic table tennis players of Hong Kong"}
-{"text": "Gosforth Central\n\nGosforth Central may refer to:\n\n Gosforth Central Park, a park near to Gosforth High Street in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, England"}
-{"text": "Something Different (1963 film)\n\nSomething Different () is a 1963 Czechoslovak film directed by V\u011bra Chytilov\u00e1. The film intersperses two separate narratives: one following Vera, a fictional housewife living in Czechoslovakia, and another following Eva, an Olympic gymnast played by real-life Olympic gold medalist Eva Bos\u00e1kov\u00e1.\n\nChytilov\u00e1's first feature-length film, it is regarded as one of the breakout films of the Czech New Wave, as well as an early example of women's cinema in the Eastern Bloc. While not as well known as some of Chytilov\u00e1's other films such as Daisies and Fruit of Paradise, it won the main prize at the 1963 Mannheim Film Festival, and has been praised by both contemporary critics and 21st century retrospectives, in addition to receiving a fair amount of attention in academic film literature.\n\nBackground \nReleased in 1963, Something Different was one of the first films of the Czech New Wave, and Chytilov\u00e1's first feature-length film. Chytilov\u00e1 was one of the only women filmmakers who participated in the Czech New Wave, and Something Different, like many other of the entries in her filmography, focuses on women's lives and challenges in Czechoslovakia.\n\nStyle and synopsis \nSomething Different merges documentary-style footage of Eva, a Czechoslovakian gymnast played by real-life Olympic gold-medalist Eva Bos\u00e1kov\u00e1, as she endures incessant training in preparation for a competition. These scenes are juxtaposed against a narrative following the fictional housewife Vera, who is discontented and overwhelmed by housework as she struggles to take care of her misbehaving son and her inattentive husband, eventually resorting to a similarly unsatisfying affair. The only scene in which the two women's lives intersect is at a game of cards at the beginning of the film\u2013\u2013otherwise, the two narratives are tied together only implicitly and thematically.\n\nAfter many scenes of Eva enduring grueling and humiliating training sessions, the film includes scenes of her actually performing her routine at a competition, and a final shot of her working as a gymnastics instructor for a younger woman. Meanwhile, Vera's marriage almost collapses as her husband spontaneously confesses to an affair and demands a divorce, although a final scene shows her together with family, if still less than happy.\n\nAnalysis \nSomething Different has been described as a cinematic breakthrough alongside Black Peter and The Cry, discarding the morality tales of earlier socialist cinema and replacing them with frank depictions of everyday life, in addition to breaking with other traditional conventions of film form.\n\nIn an overview of Chytilov\u00e1's early career, Ji\u0159\u00ed Ceslar, professor of film at the Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, describes the film as a meditation on the meaning of life, expressed through Eva and Vera's lines which are on one hand trivial everyday phrases and on the other hand appear to have metaphorical importance as commentary on life's struggles; these statements also carry a theme set in the film's title, as they are always \"about something different\". While the film invites the viewer to draw connections between Vera and Eva's lives through their narrative juxtaposition, scholars have also noted the stark difference in the nature of Eva and Vera's problems: where Eva is constrained by an extremely rigid regime of exercise, Vera is vexed by a lack of direction.\n\nSomething Different is also contrasted against Chytilov\u00e1's following two films, 1965's Pearls of the Deep and 1966's Daisies. In particular, the three films display a progression in Chytilov\u00e1's use of structure, with Pearls of the Deep as a stepping stone between the tightly structured Something Different and the anarchic Daisies. Similarly, Something Different is an example of Chytilov\u00e1's use of the style of cinema verite in her early career, contrasted against more allegorical works such as Daisies and Fruit of Paradise.\n\nReception \nA contemporary review in Le Monde praised Chytilov\u00e1's humor and virtuoso technique. The film won the main prize at the Mannheim Film Festival in 1963.\n\nThe film has also received renewed attention from Anglophone critics in the 21st century. A review by The Arts Desk of a DVD release of the film in 2016 praised the film's ability to avoid pretentiousness, thanks to the work of the Chytilov\u00e1, Cur\u00edk, Slitr, and H\u00e1jek. A review in The New Yorker called it \"radically and thrillingly different from more or less any film that was being made at the time\", praising its camerawork and subject matter. A review in Hyperallergic described the film as \"subtle and poignant\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Something Different on IMDb\n Something Different on the Criterion Channel\n\nCategory:1963 films\nCategory:Czech films"}
-{"text": "Pelle Larsen\n\nPelle Larsen (born September 1, 1979) is a Danish handballer, currently playing for Danish Handball League side Skjern H\u00e5ndbold. He has previously played for league rivals Ajax K\u00f8benhavn and AaB H\u00e5ndbold, and has also played abroad, for Spanish club BM Altea.\n\nLarsen has made 7 appearances for the Danish national handball team.\n\nExternal links\n Pelle Larsen\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Danish male handball players"}
-{"text": "Anastasio Alfaro\n\nAnastasio Alfaro (February 16, 1865 \u2013 January 20, 1951) was a Costa Rican zoologist, geologist and explorer.\n\nAlfaro was director of the National Museum of Costa Rica, and whilst holding this position arranged the Costa Rican display at the Historical American Exposition in Madrid. Limon worm salamander Oedipina alfaroi is named after him.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Biography (in Spanish)\n\nCategory:1865 births\nCategory:1951 deaths\nCategory:19th-century zoologists\nCategory:Costa Rican biologists\nCategory:Costa Rican geologists\nCategory:Costa Rican explorers\nCategory:20th-century zoologists"}
-{"text": "Rule of thirds (military)\n\nThe rule of thirds is a rule of thumb used when planning for the deployment and usage of a military organisation, according to which one third of the total military forces involved should be available for operations, one third should be preparing for operations and the final third, having been on operations, should be recuperating. Ideally, units and individuals regularly will rotate through each of the three phases.\n\nVariations and implications\nDifferent nations and militaries will vary the rule of thirds according to their own financial and manpower situations. \n\nAt times of financial constraint, rather than increasing the total number of forces, one temptation of politicians is to attempt to increase available manpower by folding together the preparation and recuperation phases, creating a rule of halves. A rule of halves was actually the basis of British Army planning during the British Empire, with each regiment consisting of a pair of battalions which would take turns recruiting, training and recuperating in the UK, and then being deployed overseas. However, because of the nature of transportation in the past, each of the phases at that time were longer (being a year or more) than is currently the case. Departing from a three-phase rotation for short periods is not impossible, but prolonged deployment is detrimental both to the psychological health of service personnel, and to the operational life of equipment, leading to an unwanted turnover in personnel, and to premature failure of equipment. For those military operations that are able to afford it, going to a four- or five-phase rotation schedule actually increases a nation's ability to conduct sustained military operations, even though it may appear that the majority of its servicemen are not doing anything.\n\nAs a critical cornerstone of their defence policies, the British and French submarine-launched ballistic missile forces uses a rule of fourths, where one submarine is on patrol, one is preparing to go on patrol, one returns from patrol, and the fourth is in maintenance. This force structure ensures that they will always have at least one ballistic missile boat on patrol at any one time.\n\nThe United States, in order to keep the maximum number of its submarines available at any one time, assigns two crews, called gold and blue, to each of its submarines, with the submarines themselves having a turnaround time that is as short as possible. However, the United States is one of the few nations that can afford both the manpower costs of doing this, while still being able to ensure that enough boats are in service to have the ability regularly to stagger boats out for deep maintenance without appreciably affecting the total number available.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Military economics\nCategory:Military planning"}
-{"text": "2019\u201320 Dhivehi Premier League\n\nThe 2019\u201320 Dhivehi Premier League is the fifth season of the Dhivehi Premier League, the top-tier football league in the Maldives. The season started on 14 June 2019. TC Sports are the defending champions.\n\nMaziya secured the league title on 19 January 2020.\n\nTeams\nA total of nine teams compete in the league. Fehendhoo and Thimarafushi were relegated from the previous season, while New Radiant were suspended for financial reasons. They were replaced by promoted teams United Victory and Da Grande.\n\nPersonnel\n\nNote: Flags indicate national team as has been defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.\n\nForeign players\n\nLeague table\n\nResults\n\nMatches 1\u201316\n\nMatches 17\u201321\n\nSee also\n2020 Maldives FA Cup\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Dhivehi Premier League seasons\nMaldives\n1\n1"}
-{"text": "Four exponentials conjecture\n\nIn mathematics, specifically the field of transcendental number theory, the four exponentials conjecture is a conjecture which, given the right conditions on the exponents, would guarantee the transcendence of at least one of four exponentials.  The conjecture, along with two related, stronger conjectures, is at the top of a hierarchy of conjectures and theorems concerning the arithmetic nature of a certain number of values of the exponential function.\n\nStatement\n\nIf x1, x2 and y1, y2 are two pairs of complex numbers, with each pair being linearly independent over the rational numbers, then at least one of the following four numbers is transcendental:\n\nAn alternative way of stating the conjecture in terms of logarithms is the following.  For 1\u00a0\u2264\u00a0i,j\u00a0\u2264\u00a02 let \u03bbij be complex numbers such that exp(\u03bbij) are all algebraic.  Suppose \u03bb11 and \u03bb12 are linearly independent over the rational numbers, and \u03bb11 and \u03bb21 are also linearly independent over the rational numbers, then\n\nAn equivalent formulation in terms of linear algebra is the following.  Let M be the 2\u00d72 matrix\n\nwhere exp(\u03bbij) is algebraic for 1\u00a0\u2264\u00a0i,j\u00a0\u2264\u00a02.  Suppose the two rows of M are linearly independent over the rational numbers, and the two columns of M are linearly independent over the rational numbers.  Then the rank of M is 2.\n\nWhile a 2\u00d72 matrix having linearly independent rows and columns usually means it has rank 2, in this case we require linear independence over a smaller field so the rank isn't forced to be 2.  For example, the matrix\n\nhas rows and columns that are linearly independent over the rational numbers, since \u03c0 is irrational.  But the rank of the matrix is 1.  So in this case the conjecture would imply that at least one of e, e\u03c0, and e\u03c0\u00a0\u00b2 is transcendental (which in this case is already known since e is transcendental).\n\nHistory\n\nThe conjecture was considered as early as the early 1940s by Atle Selberg who never formally stated the conjecture.  A special case of the conjecture is mentioned in a 1944 paper of Leonidas Alaoglu and Paul Erd\u0151s who suggest that it had been considered by Carl Ludwig Siegel.  An equivalent statement was first mentioned in print by Theodor Schneider who set it as the first of eight important, open problems in transcendental number theory in 1957.\n\nThe related six exponentials theorem was first explicitly mentioned in the 1960s by Serge Lang and Kanakanahalli Ramachandra, and both also explicitly conjecture the above result.  Indeed, after proving the six exponentials theorem Lang mentions the difficulty in dropping the number of exponents from six to four \u2014 the proof used for six exponentials \u201cjust misses\u201d when one tries to apply it to four.\n\nCorollaries\n\nUsing Euler's identity this conjecture implies the transcendence of many numbers involving e and \u03c0.  For example, taking x1\u00a0=\u00a01, x2\u00a0=\u00a0, y1\u00a0=\u00a0i\u03c0, and y2\u00a0=\u00a0i\u03c0, the conjecture \u2014 if true \u2014 implies that one of the following four numbers is transcendental:\n\nThe first of these is just \u22121, and the fourth is 1, so the conjecture implies that ei\u03c0 is transcendental (which is already known, by consequence of the Gelfond\u2013Schneider theorem).\n\nAn open problem in number theory settled by the conjecture is the question of whether there exists a non-integral real number t such that both 2t and 3t are integers, or indeed such that at and bt are both integers for some pair of integers a and b that are multiplicatively independent over the integers.  Values of t such that 2t is an integer are all of the form t\u00a0=\u00a0log2m for some integer m, while for 3t to be an integer, t must be of the form t\u00a0=\u00a0log3n for some integer n.  By setting x1\u00a0=\u00a01, x2\u00a0=\u00a0t, y1\u00a0=\u00a0log2, and y2\u00a0=\u00a0log3, the four exponentials conjecture implies that if t is irrational then one of the following four numbers is transcendental:\n\nSo if 2t and 3t are both integers then the conjecture implies that t must be a rational number.  Since the only rational numbers t for which 2t is also rational are the integers, this implies that there are no non-integral real numbers t such that both 2t and 3t are integers.  It is this consequence, for any two primes not just 2 and 3, that Alaoglu and Erd\u0151s desired in their paper as it would imply the conjecture that the quotient of two consecutive colossally abundant numbers is prime, extending Ramanujan's results on the quotients of consecutive superior highly composite number.\n\nSharp four exponentials conjecture\n\nThe four exponentials conjecture reduces the pair and triplet of complex numbers in the hypotheses of the six exponentials theorem to two pairs.  It is conjectured that this is also possible with the sharp six exponentials theorem, and this is the sharp four exponentials conjecture.  Specifically, this conjecture claims that if x1, x2, and y1, y2 are two pairs of complex numbers with each pair being linearly independent over the rational numbers, and if \u03b2ij are four algebraic numbers for 1\u00a0\u2264\u00a0i,j\u00a0\u2264\u00a02 such that the following four numbers are algebraic:\n\nthen xi\u00a0yj\u00a0=\u00a0\u03b2ij for 1\u00a0\u2264\u00a0i,j\u00a0\u2264\u00a02.  So all four exponentials are in fact 1.\n\nThis conjecture implies both the sharp six exponentials theorem, which requires a third x value, and the as yet unproven sharp five exponentials conjecture that requires a further exponential to be algebraic in its hypotheses.\n\nStrong four exponentials conjecture\n\nThe strongest result that has been conjectured in this circle of problems is the strong four exponentials conjecture.  This result would imply both aforementioned conjectures concerning four exponentials as well as all the five and six exponentials conjectures and theorems, as illustrated to the right, and all the three exponentials conjectures detailed below.  The statement of this conjecture deals with the vector space over the algebraic numbers generated by 1 and all logarithms of non-zero algebraic numbers, denoted here as L\u2217.  So L\u2217 is the set of all complex numbers of the form\n\nfor some n\u00a0\u2265\u00a00, where all the \u03b2i and \u03b1i are algebraic and every branch of the logarithm is considered.  The statement of the strong four exponentials conjecture is then as follows.  Let x1, x2, and y1, y2 be two pairs of complex numbers with each pair being linearly independent over the algebraic numbers, then at least one of the four numbers xi\u00a0yj for 1\u00a0\u2264\u00a0i,j\u00a0\u2264\u00a02 is not in L\u2217.\n\nThree exponentials conjecture\n\nThe four exponentials conjecture rules out a special case of non-trivial, homogeneous, quadratic relations between logarithms of algebraic numbers.  But a conjectural extension of Baker's theorem implies that there should be no non-trivial algebraic relations between logarithms of algebraic numbers at all, homogeneous or not.  One case of non-homogeneous quadratic relations is covered by the still open three exponentials conjecture.  In its logarithmic form it is the following conjecture.  Let \u03bb1, \u03bb2, and \u03bb3 be any three logarithms of algebraic numbers and \u03b3 be a non-zero algebraic number, and suppose that \u03bb1\u03bb2\u00a0=\u00a0\u03b3\u03bb3.  Then \u03bb1\u03bb2\u00a0=\u00a0\u03b3\u03bb3\u00a0=\u00a00.\n\nThe exponential form of this conjecture is the following.  Let x1, x2, and y be non-zero complex numbers and let \u03b3 be a non-zero algebraic number.  Then at least one of the following three numbers is transcendental:\n\nThere is also a sharp three exponentials conjecture which claims that if x1, x2, and y are non-zero complex numbers and \u03b1, \u03b21, \u03b22, and \u03b3 are algebraic numbers such that the following three numbers are algebraic\n\nthen either x2y\u00a0=\u00a0\u03b22 or \u03b3x1\u00a0=\u00a0\u03b1\u00a0x2.\n\nThe strong three exponentials conjecture meanwhile states that if x1, x2, and y are non-zero complex numbers with x1y, x2y, and x1/x2 all transcendental, then at least one of the three numbers x1y, x2y, x1/x2 is not in L\u2217.\n\nAs with the other results in this family, the strong three exponentials conjecture implies the sharp three exponentials conjecture which implies the three exponentials conjecture.  However, the strong and sharp three exponentials conjectures are implied by their four exponentials counterparts, bucking the usual trend.  And the three exponentials conjecture is neither implied by nor implies the four exponentials conjecture.\n\nThe three exponentials conjecture, like the sharp five exponentials conjecture, would imply the transcendence of e\u03c0\u00b2 by letting (in the logarithmic version) \u03bb1\u00a0=\u00a0i\u03c0, \u03bb2\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212i\u03c0, and \u03b3\u00a0=\u00a01.\n\nBertrand's conjecture\n\nMany of the theorems and results in transcendental number theory concerning the exponential function have analogues involving the modular function j.  Writing q\u00a0=\u00a0e2\u03c0i for the nome and j()\u00a0=\u00a0J(q), Daniel Bertrand conjectured that if q1 and q2 are non-zero algebraic numbers in the complex unit disc that are multiplicatively independent, then J(q1) and J(q2) are algebraically independent over the rational numbers.  Although not obviously related to the four exponentials conjecture, Bertrand's conjecture in fact implies a special case known as the weak four exponentials conjecture.  This conjecture states that if x1 and x2 are two positive real algebraic numbers, neither of them equal to 1, then \u03c0\u00b2 and the product  are linearly independent over the rational numbers.  This corresponds to the special case of the four exponentials conjecture whereby y1\u00a0=\u00a0i\u03c0, y2\u00a0=\u00a0\u2212i\u03c0, and x1 and x2 are real.  Perhaps surprisingly, though, it is also a corollary of Bertrand's conjecture, suggesting there may be an approach to the full four exponentials conjecture via the modular function j.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n.\n\n.\n.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Conjectures\nCategory:Transcendental numbers\nCategory:Exponentials\nCategory:Unsolved problems in mathematics"}
-{"text": "Choi Chung-seok\n\nChoi Chung-seok (born 3 April 1940) is a South Korean former sports shooter. He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1940 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:South Korean male sport shooters\nCategory:Olympic shooters of South Korea\nCategory:Shooters at the 1972 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 1974 Asian Games\nCategory:Shooters at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in shooting\nCategory:Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea\nCategory:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games"}
-{"text": "Transcription error\n\nA transcription error is a specific type of data entry error that is commonly made by human operators or by optical character recognition (OCR) programs. Human transcription errors are commonly the result of typographical mistakes; putting one\u2019s fingers in the wrong place while touch typing is the easiest way to make this error. (The slang term \"stubby fingers\" is sometimes used for people who commonly make this mistake.) Electronic transcription errors occur when the scan of some printed matter is compromised or in an unusual font \u2013 for example, if the paper is crumpled, or the ink is smudged, the OCR may make transcription errors when reading.\n\nTransposition error\n\nTransposition errors are commonly mistaken for transcription errors, but they should not be confused. As the name suggests, transposition errors occur when characters have \u201ctransposed\u201d\u2014that is, they have switched places. Transposition errors are almost always human in origin. The most common way for characters to be transposed is when a user is touch typing at a speed that makes them input a later character before an earlier one.\n\nSolving transcription and transposition errors \nTranscription and transposition errors are found everywhere, even in professional articles in newspapers or books. They can be missed by editors quite easily, just as they can be created quite easily. The most obvious cure for the errors is for the user to watch the screen when they type, and to proofread. If the entry is occurring in data capture forms, databases or subscription forms, the designer of the forms or the database administrator should use input masks or validation rules.\n\nTranscription and transposition errors may also occur in syntax when computer programming or programming, within variable declarations or coding parameters. This should be checked by proofreading; some syntax errors may also be picked up by the program the author is using to write the code. Common desktop publishing and word processing applications use spell checkers and grammar checkers, which may pick up on some transcription/transposition errors; however, these tools cannot catch all errors, as some errors form new words which are grammatically correct. For instance, if the user wished to write \"The fog was dense\", but instead put \"The dog was dense\", a grammar and spell checker would not notify the user because both phrases are grammatically correct, as is the spelling of the word \"dog\". Unfortunately, this situation is likely to get worse before it gets better, as workload for users and workers using manual direct data entry (DDE) devices increases.\n\nDouble entry (or more) may also be leveraged to minimize transcription or transposition error, but at the cost of a reduced number of entries per unit time.\n\nMathematical transposition errors are easily identifiable. Add up the numbers that make up the difference and the resultant number will always be evenly divisible by nine.  For example, (72-27)/9 = 5.\n\nAuditing transcription errors in medical research databases\nDouble data entry is considered to be the goldstandard approach, still even when ruled important it is described emotionally as \"laborious\". However, as double-entry needs to be carried out by two separate data entry officers, the expenses associated with double data entry are substantial. Moreover, in some institutions this may not be possible. Therefore M. Khushi et al. suggest another semi-automatic technique called 'eAuditor'.\n\nUsing an audit protocol tool, it was identified that human entry errors range from 0.01% when entering donors' clinical follow-up details, to 0.53% when entering pathological details, highlighting the importance of an audit protocol tool in a medical research database.\n\nSee also \n Typographical error\n sic\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Spelling\nCategory:User errors"}
-{"text": "BGR Energy Systems Ltd\n\nBGR Energy Systems Limited is a company headquartered at Chennai, operating in the utility industry, offering services ranging from product manufacturing to project execution. The Company operates in two segments: capital goods and construction and engineering procurement construction (EPC) Contracts.\n\nBGR Energy Systems Ltd is the fourth Chennai-based company to join the elite $1 billion league after CPCL, MRF and Ashok Leyland.\n\nHistory \nBGR Energy Systems (BGRESL) was originally incorporated in 1985.  The company started as a joint venture between GEA Energietechnik GmbH, Germany and the promoter, B. G. Raghupathy, in order to produce and sell on-line condenser tube cleaning systems, debris filters and rubber cleaning balls used in thermal and nuclear power plants.\n\nIn 1993 Raghupathy and members of his family became the sole shareholders of the company and began to expand the range of product and services range in the power and oil & gas industries. On 28 June 2007, the company's name was changed from GEA Energy System (India), to BGR Energy Systems Limited.\n\nBGR Energy carries on business in two segments, the Supply of systems and Equipments and Turnkey Engineering project contracting.\n\nThe company executes contracts to supply the Balance of Plant ('BOP'-a term coined by BGR Energy Systems Ltd in India) Equipment, Services and Civil works for Power Generation projects, in which it supplies, from a single source, the balance of the plant ('BOP'), i.e. items other than the boiler, turbine and generator (BTG). The company is currently executing BOP and EPC contracts tailored to customer's demands. It also has an infrastructure business intended to provide construction services and technology oriented projects to the infrastructure sector.\n\nIt was listed on 3 January 2008. The issue price was fixed at  480 per share. It was heavily oversubscribed 120 times according to NSE sources. The net proceeds of the issue was to augment long term working capital requirements, expand production capacity by establishing additional manufacturing facilities in India, China and the Middle East and fund expenditure for general corporate purposes.\n\nOffice \nBGR Energy Systems Ltd which is headquartered at chennai has three regional offices (ROs) at Delhi (DRO), Hyderabad (HRO) and Mumbai (MRO). The Registered Office of the company is situated at Nellore Dist. in Andhra Pradesh.\n\nBusiness division \nThe Company consists of five businesses (divisions), including:\nPower Projects business (PPD), which provides EPC and BOP services for coal-based Thermal Power Plants and Gas-based Combined Cycle Power Plants.\nOil and Gas Equipments business (OGED), which designs and manufactures gas conditioning & metering skids, storage tanks, pipeline pig launching & receiving systems, gas processing complexes and gas compressor packages related to the oil and gas industry, and which began operations in 2001.\nAir Fin Coolers business(AFC division), which designs and manufactures Air Fin Coolers which cool process fluids and gases used in the refining, petrochemical, and oil and gas industries, and which began operating in 1994\nEnvironmental Engineering business (EED), which designs manufactures and provides Deaerators, Desalination plants, Water treatment plants and Effluent treatment plants, which have application in Power and Process plants and other Industrial plants, and which began operating in 1996.\nElectrical Projects business (EPD), which designs supplies Electrical systems and equipment such as Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) substations, Optical Fiber Power Ground Wires (OPGW), Extra High Voltage substations and Transmission Lines to Power Stations, Refineries and Petrochemical plants, and which began operating in 2003\n\nOrder book as of August 2008 is close to  110\u00a0billion, and BGR Energy has entered the EPC space competing with the likes of BHEL. Recently it outbid BHEL in the RRVUNL 2x600 MW Kalisindh EPC project.\n\nManufacturing plant \nIt has manufacturing facilities in Panjetty, Tamil Nadu and in Andhra Pradesh.\n\nProgen Systems and Technologies Ltd, a subsidiary of BGR Energy Systems Ltd, has a manufacturing plant in Tamil Nadu and it designs and manufactures Process equipments like Heat Exchangers, Pressure vessels, Reactors, Columns, Surface condensers, HP/LP Heaters and Boiler components.\n\nGEA-BGR Energy Systems Ltd, a joint venture with GEA Energietechnik GmbH, Germany has manufacturing plant and manufactures online tube cleaning systems, debris separator, self-cleaning system/strainer, sponge cleaning balls for power and desalination plants worldwide.\n\nPartnerships \nBGR Energy Systems Ltd has tied up with power plant equipment manufacturer giant Hitachi for super-critical technology for boilers (steam generators), and turbines and generators.\n\nBGR Turbines Company Pvt Ltd has signed a technical collaboration agreement and joint venture agreement with Hitachi Ltd, Japan' with equity participation of 74% by BGR Energy Systems Limited and 26% by Hitachi Limited., for super-critical steam turbine and generator from 660 MW to 1000 MW.\n\nAnother majority owned subsidiary BGR Boilers Pvt Ltd has signed a technical collaboration agreement and joint venture agreement with Hitachi Power Europe GmbH with equity participation of 70% by BGR Energy Systems Ltd and 30% by Hitachi Power Europe Gmbh for super-critical boilers from 660 MW to 1,100 MW.\n\nSee also\n BHEL\n Hitachi\n Engineering, procurement and construction\n Ministry of Power (India)\n Capital good\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n  Price escalation article\n  Company website\n  Company news\n\nCategory:Companies based in Chennai\nCategory:Companies based in Tamil Nadu"}
-{"text": "ReachOut.com\n\nReachOut.com is an internet service for young people that provides information, support and resources about mental health issues and enable them to develop resilience, increase coping skills, and facilitate help-seeking behaviour. The site contains information about issues affecting young people in the form of fact sheets, stories, podcasts and online forums.\n\nHistory\nReachOut.com was launched in March 1998 as an initiative of Inspire Foundation (now known as ReachOut Australia) to help young people with their mental health. ReachOut.com has now expanded to the United States and Ireland.\n\nReachOut provides online support to young people going through tough times. It provides online resources like real stories and fact sheets which are written alongside young people, and a peer-support forum which is a space where young people can talk about mental health issues and receive support and help.\n\nSite content\n\nWriting style and tone\nThe majority of ReachOut is written in an informal tone to appeal to the younger audience. The writing is often broken up into smaller sections or contains lists, and is usually accompanied by an image.\n\nSite authors\nYoung people play a key role in writing content and developing ReachOut. The service often partners with other health and community service organisations to provide accurate and current information. As the site is informational, users are referred to phone and web counselling services such as Kids Helpline and Lifeline.\n\nServices Linked With ReachOut.com\nReach Out.com has expanded its website to include new services.\n\nReachOut Central\nReachOut Central is a \"serious\" game that works interactively to help young people explore how thinking, behaviour and feelings interact with each other. A series of real life scenarios allow users to discover how the way they think and feel can positively influence their behaviour (or vice versa) and the impact this has on the outcome of situations. The information provided in the game links with information provided on ReachOut.com through the format of tips and tricks and links to fact sheets.\n\nOn September 17, 2007 ReachOut Central launched as a full version game after a successful run with the pilot program with limited scenarios. The current version of the game allows for further expansion in additional scenarios that can be scripted and updated when new information is made available.\n\nWithin two weeks of launching ReachOut Central was nominated and eventually named as a winner in the Changemakers.net Why Games Matter Competition. The announcement of the win with two other games was made on November 8, 2007. The interactive game was the only Australian game nominated.\n\nReachOut Central also came runner-up in the Health Category of the Stockholm Challenge Awards for 2008. ReachOut Central was one of the 19 finalists chosen from across the world under the Health Category of the Awards. The Stockholm Challenge Awards is an international award that inspires and challenges the information and technology industries to create social and sustainable benefits for individuals and communities through their projects.\n\nReachOut Community Forum\nThe online forum lets young people share what is happening in their lives, in a safe environment moderated by staff and trained moderators.  The forums are not a counselling service but often help to refer young people to information and services. They are also a way for ReachOut.com users to connect to each other and find others they can share similar experiences with.\n\nReachOut Teachers' Network\nLaunched in April 2007, the ReachOut Teachers\u2019 Network connects secondary school teachers with the ReachOut service by providing classroom lessons on issues that young people may face within the curriculum areas in schools.\n\nReachOut Pro\nThe ReachOut.com Professionals service targets professionals dealing with young people and mental health by providing an online source of information and resources. The provision of these resources aims to provide a way for a range of professionals to engage young people in the treatment and maintenance of better mental health outcomes.\n\nReachOut Youth Involvement\nAll of ReachOut Australia's programs have input from young people, all of whom are volunteers. ReachOut has over 100 Youth Ambassadors from around Australia, and it is these young people who have input to the development of the website, and activities in which ReachOut partakes. The work the young people undertake ranges from administration tasks in the central office, to presentations for the service and moderation of the ReachOut Community Forums.\n\nReachOut Parents\nIn May 2016 ReachOut introduced a new free online service for parents who want to help but would like to know more about topics such as bullying, self-esteem, anxiety, and social media. A recent study found that 70% of teenagers do not access support, and if they do, most will turn to their parents first. ReachOut Parents provides practical support to encourage effective communication between parents and young people aged 12\u201318 years.\n\nAwards\n Gold Harold for Health & Medicine, Life Education 2013\n Best Not for Profit Site, SiteCore Site of the Year Awards (ANZ) 2013\n  Inspire Foundation (ReachOut.com) awarded for excellence in suicide prevention within social media in 2014\n\nSee also\n Depression (mood)\n Eating disorder\n Health promotion\n Mental health\n Substance abuse prevention\n Youth health\n\nExternal links \n ReachOut.com\n ReachOut.com Professionals\n ReachOut Central\n About ReachOut Australia\n\nReferences\n\nReach Out!\nCategory:Mental health organisations in Australia"}
-{"text": "Shub-Niggurath\n\nShub-Niggurath, often associated with the phrase \"The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young\", is a deity in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft.  The only other name by which H. P. Lovecraft referred to her was \"Lord of the Wood\" in his story The Whisperer in Darkness.\n\nShub-Niggurath is first mentioned in Lovecraft's revision story \"The Last Test\" (1928); she is not described by Lovecraft, but is frequently mentioned or called upon in incantations. Most of her development as a literary figure was carried out by other Mythos authors, including August Derleth, Robert Bloch, and Ramsey Campbell.\n\nAugust Derleth classified Shub-Niggurath as a Great Old One, but the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game classifies her as an Outer God. The CthulhuTech role-playing game, in turn, returns to Derleth's classification of Shub-Niggurath as a Great Old One.\n\nDevelopment\nShub-Niggurath's appearances in Lovecraft's main body of fiction do not provide much detail about his conception of the entity. Her first mention under Lovecraft's byline was in \"The Dunwich Horror\" (1928), where a quote from the Necronomicon discussing the Old Ones breaks into an exclamation of \"I\u00e4! Shub-Niggurath!\" The story provides no further information about this peculiar expression.\n\nThe next Lovecraft story to mention Shub-Niggurath is scarcely more informative. In The Whisperer in Darkness (1930), a recording of a ceremony involving human and nonhuman worshipers includes the following exchange:\n\nSimilarly unexplained exclamations occur in \"The Dreams in the Witch House\" (1932)  and \"The Thing on the Doorstep\" (1933).\n\nRevision tales \nLovecraft only provided specific information about Shub-Niggurath in his \"revision tales\", stories published under the names of clients for whom he ghost-wrote. As Price points out, \"For these clients he constructed a parallel myth-cycle to his own, a separate group of Great Old Ones\", including Yig, Ghatanothoa, Rhan-Tegoth, \"the evil twins Nug and Yeb\"\u2014and Shub-Niggurath.\n\nWhile some of these revision stories just repeat the familiar exclamations, others provide new elements of lore. In \"The Last Test\" (1927), the first mention of Shub-Niggurath seems to connect her to Nug and Yeb: \"I talked in Yemen with an old man who had come back from the Crimson Desert\u2014he had seen Irem, the City of Pillars, and had worshipped at the underground shrines of Nug and Yeb\u2014I\u00e4! Shub-Niggurath!\"\n\nThe revision story The Mound, which describes the discovery of an underground realm called K'n-yan by a Spanish conquistador, reports that a temple of Tsathoggua there \"had been turned into a shrine of Shub-Niggurath, the All-Mother and wife of the Not-to-Be-Named-One. This deity was a kind of sophisticated Astarte, and her worship struck the pious Catholic as supremely obnoxious.\"\n\nThe reference to \"Astarte\", the consort of Baal in Semitic mythology, ties Shub-Niggurath to the related fertility goddess Cybele, the Magna Mater mentioned in Lovecraft's \"The Rats in the Walls\", and implies that the \"great mother worshipped by the hereditary cult of Exham Priory\" in that story \"had to be none other than Shub-Niggurath\".\n\nThe Not-to-Be-Named-One, not being named, is difficult to identify; a similar phrase, translated into Latin as the Magnum Innominandum, appears in a list in The Whisperer in Darkness and was included in a scrap of incantation that Lovecraft wrote for Robert Bloch's \"The Shambler from the Stars\". August Derleth identifies this mysterious entity with Hastur  (though Hastur appears in the same Whisperer in Darkness list with the Magnum Innominandum), while Robert M. Price equates him with Yog-Sothoth\u2014though he also suggests that Shub-Niggurath's mate is implicitly the snake god Yig.\n\nFinally, in \"Out of the Aeons\", a revision tale set in part on the lost continent of Mu, Lovecraft describes the character T'yog as the \"High Priest of Shub-Niggurath and guardian of the copper temple of the Goat with a Thousand Young\". In the story, T'yog surprisingly maintains that \"the gods friendly to man could be arrayed against the hostile gods, and\u00a0... that Shub-Niggurath, Nug, and Yeb, as well as Yig the Serpent-god, were ready to take sides with man\" against the more malevolent Ghatanothoa. Shub-Niggurath is called \"the Mother Goddess\", and reference is made to \"her sons\", presumably Nug and Yeb.\n\nOther references \nOther evidence of Lovecraft's conception of Shub-Niggurath can be found in his letters. For example, in a letter to Willis Conover, Lovecraft described her as an \"evil cloud-like entity\". \"Yog-Sothoth's wife is the hellish cloud-like entity Shub-Niggurath, in whose honor nameless cults hold the rite of the Goat with a Thousand Young. By her he has two monstrous offspring\u2014the evil twins Nug and Yeb. He has also begotten hellish hybrids upon the females of various organic species throughout the universes of space-time.\"\n\nThe Black Goat\nAlthough Shub-Niggurath is often associated with the epithet \"The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young\", it is possible that this Black Goat is a separate entity. Rodolfo Ferraresi, in his essay \"The Question of Shub-Niggurath\", says that Lovecraft himself separated the two in his writings, such as in \"Out of the Aeons\" (1935) in which a distinction is made between Shub-Niggurath and the Black Goat\u2014the goat is the figurehead through which Shub-Niggurath is worshipped. In apparent contrast to Shub-Niggurath, the Black Goat is sometimes depicted as a male, most notably in the rite performed in The Whisperer in Darkness (1931) in which the Black Goat is called the \"Lord of the Woods\".  However, Lovecraft clearly associates Shub-Niggurath with The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young in two of his stories\u2014\"The Dreams in the Witch House\" and \"The Thing on the Doorstep\".\n\nThe Black Goat may be the personification of Pan, since Lovecraft was influenced by Arthur Machen's The Great God Pan (1890), a story that inspired Lovecraft's \"The Dunwich Horror\" (1929). In this incarnation, the Black Goat may represent Satan in the form of the satyr, a half-man, half-goat. In folklore, the satyr symbolized a man with excessive sexual appetites. The Black Goat may otherwise be a male, earthly form of Shub-Niggurath\u2014an incarnation she assumes to copulate with her worshipers.\n\nRobert M. Price's interpretation\nRobert M. Price points to a passage from \"Idle Days on the Yann\", by Lord Dunsany, one of Lovecraft's favorite writers, as the source for the name Shub-Niggurath:\n\nNotes Price: \"The name already carried a whiff of sulfur: Sheol was the name for the Netherworld mentioned in the Bible and the Gilgamesh Epic.\"\n\nAs for Shub-Niggurath's association with the symbol of the goat, Price writes,\n\nOther writers\n\nRamsey Campbell\nIn Ramsey Campbell's story \"The Moon Lens\", the English town of Goatswood is inhabited by once-human worshippers of Shub-Niggurath. When the deity deems a worshiper to be most worthy, a special ceremony is held in which the \"Black Goat of the Woods\" swallows the initiate, and then regurgitates the cultist as a transformed satyr-like being. A changed worshiper is also endowed with immortal life.\n\nStephen King\nIn the short story \"Crouch End\", a woman loses her husband to, and then is chased by minions of \"the Goat with a Thousand Young\" and then by the Goat itself. In the novel Revival a maddening entity known as \"Great Mother\" is introduced and shares many similarities with Shub-Niggurath, though the latter is never mentioned.\n\nPaul Stewart\nIn his Edge Chronicles novel The Curse of the Gloamglozer, one of the antagonists, the Rogue Glister, is obviously modelled after Shub-Niggurath, with long, stretching tentacles and its main body being a pulsating mass of muscle just like the Black Goat.\n\nPaul Morris\nThe Scarifyers: The Devil of Denge Marsh, by Paul Morris, is a light-hearted radio play (on CD as a Cosmic Hobo publication, 2007) in The Scarifyers series whose heroes (played by Nicholas Courtney and Terry Molloy) are engaged in foiling the return of this watery timeless horror and thwarting the intentions of its mysterious (and sometimes bizarre) human acolytes.\n\nGary Myers\n\nGary Myers's story, \"What Rough Beast\", casts Shub-Niggurath as the mother of all the gods, and her children as the chapters of her ongoing revelation.\n\nJim Butcher\n\nIn Turn Coat, the eleventh book in The Dresden Files by Jim Butcher, the narrator mentions that there are in his universe \"terrors that the Black-Goat-with-a-Thousand-Young wouldn't dare use for its kids' bedtime stories\".\n\nEdward M. Erdelac\n\nIn The Outlaw Gods, a novella from The Mensch With No Name, second book in the Merkabah Rider weird western series, Shub-Niggurath dwells beneath the ruins of Red House, a K'n-yan citadel in the mountains of Arizona, surrounded by dark trees which tear apart trespassers.\n\nJoseph Nanni\n\nThe Dark Young or Thousand Young appear in the short film Black Goat by writer/director Joseph Nanni.  The Dark Young first appear as root/tentacles assessing their prey.  Later in the film a young trapper surrounds one of the Young with fire only to find himself surrounded when the creature calls its siblings.\n\nHowever, the concept of the Dark Young was first introduced by game designer Sandy Petersen for the Call of Cthulhu role-playing game.\n\nJoe Hill\nShub-Niggurath (under the variant \"Shub-Niggarauth\") is mentioned in the Joe Hill graphic novel series Locke & Key. Another dimension is barred from our own by a black door in a deep cave, and any who step through become possessed by a \"Child of Leng\" (implying that this other world behind the Black Door is, indeed, Lovecraft's Leng) - writhing creatures made of dark liquid-like material and golden eyes. In Clockworks, volume five of the series, three possessed characters (two humans and a goat) all exclaim \"I\u00e4! I\u00e4 Shub-Niggarauth!\", implying that the Children of Leng are either the creature's \"Thousand Young\" or the creature itself. It is noteworthy to mention that the series itself is set on the fictional island of Lovecraft, Massachusetts.\n\nChristopher Brookmyre\nIn his book A Big Boy Did It and Ran Away, Brookmyre includes various first-person shooter references (as the plot involves an ex-videogame-salesman fighting terrorists single-handed). Among these references, the terrorists' financier is named Shaloub \"Shub\" N'gurath, a reference to Shub-Niggurath as it appears as a boss in the first-person shooter Quake.\n\nAnders Fager\nIn \"The Furies From Bor\u00e5s\" Anders Fager includes references to Shub-Niggurath. The \"Young of the Goat\" is a cult of teenage girls. They lure teenage boys into the woods and sacrifice them to a monstrous messenger. The story has given rise to the \"Bor\u00e5s Black Goats\", a fictional sports club from the Furies' home town.\n\nCharles Stross\nShub-Niggurath is the primary antagonist in the 2013 novelette \"Equoid\" by Charles Stross.\n\nA. J. Smith\nShub-Nillurath, or the \"Black God of the Forest with a thousand Young\", features in the \"Long War\" series of fantasy novels.\n\nCharles Gilman (pen name of Jason Rekulak)\nShub-Niggurath is mentioned in \"Professor Gargoyle: Tales from Lovecraft Middle School #1\".\n\nIida Pochi\nShub-Niggurath, calling herself \"The Black Goat of the Woods with a Thousand Young\" and \"Chiyo\", is one of the main protagonists of the slice-of-life manga . The story involves her taking care of a young boy.\n\nMaruyama Kugane\nEpisode 12 of , the 3rd season of the popular Japanese anime series Overlord, gives a nod to the Cthulhu mythos, portraying the anti-hero and principal lead character of the series, Ains Ooal Gown, sacrificing 70,000 enemy soldiers with a \"super-tier\" magic spell to summon five of Shub-Niggurath's 1,000 young, which then proceed to destroy an army of 240,000 men.\n\nTrey Parker and Matt Stone (South Park)\nThe crooked police of South Park falsely arrest black people so they can feed them to Shub-Niggurath in South Park: The Fractured But Whole, claiming that it only likes \"dark meat\" and that they have to do so in order to appease it. The heroes defeat Shub-Niggurath by feeding it the white cultists, making Shub-Niggurath violently ill.\n\nSee also \n Cthulhu Mythos in popular culture\n Pan and Echidna, similar deities in Ancient Greece.\n Akerbeltz\n Shuma-Gorath, a cosmic antagonist mentioned in Conan the Barbarian and Marvel Comics stories\n Night in the Woods, an adventure game where a \"Black Goat\" is said to torment the main character\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n  [Suggests Byatis is the son of Yig]\n \"Dark Young of Shub-Niggurath\", pp.\u00a075, ibid.\n \"gof'nn hupadgh Shub-Niggurath\", pp.\u00a0124, ibid.\n \"Shub-Niggurath\", pp.\u00a0275\u20137, ibid.\n , Mount Olive, NC: Cryptic Publications.\n  Definitive version.\n  Definitive version.\n \n and Adolphe de Castro (1928). \"The Last Test\", ibid.\n and Hazel Heald (1932). \"The Man of Stone\", ibid.\n\nExternal links\n\n \"The Dreams in the Witch House\" by H.P. Lovecraft\n \"The Man of Stone\" by H.P. Lovecraft and Hazel Heald\n \"The Mound\" by H.P. Lovecraft and Zealia Bishop\n \"The Whisperer in Darkness\" by H.P. Lovecraft\n \n\nCategory:Cthulhu Mythos deities\nCategory:Literary characters introduced in 1928\nCategory:Fictional extraterrestrial characters\nCategory:Fictional goddesses\nCategory:Mother goddesses\nCategory:Fictional amorphous creatures\nCategory:Female characters in literature\n\nde:Shub-Niggurath"}
-{"text": "Walter van Laack\n\nWalter van Laack (born 1957 in Cologne) is a German specialist in orthopedics, Special Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine. He lay at the University of Cologne from his state examination and attained a doctorate 1982 at the RWTH Aachen University. Van Laack practiced in an orthopedic group practice in Herzogenrath and teaches at the Fachhochschule Aachen the subjects medical, orthopedic and border areas of medicine. 2014 he was appointed professor here. He is also managing director and co-owner of his own book publishing company.\n\nVan Laack is concerned in particular with the issue of near-death experiences. For this purpose he has already published numerous books, appeared in TV shows and writes columns, among others in the Huffington Post.\n\nIn 2010, van Laack received the Burkhard Heim Award of the umbrella organization Spiritual healing (DGH).\n\nWalter van Laack lives in Aachen and is married and father of two sons.\n\nBooks authored\n A Better History of Our World (volume 1): \n Der Schl\u00fcssel zur Ewigkeit: \n Eine bessere Geschichte unserer Welt: Der Tod (volume 3): \n Key to Eternity: \n Mit Logik die Welt begreifen: \n Unser Schl\u00fcssel zur Ewigkeit: \n Wer stirbt, ist nicht tot!:\n\nCinematic documentation (selection) \n ZDF Mittagsmagazin: NDEs are not brain products, interview with Walter van Laack\n  Video: Mirror TV: Is there life after death? View into the Hereafter see posts by Walter van Laack\n Interview with Walter van Laack\n Phoenix: Near-Death Experiences - Is there life after death ?, Interview with Walter van Laack\n\nExternal links \n\n Bibliography on the pages of the FH Aachen\n Short CV and information about near-death experience on technodoctor.de\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:German sports physicians\nCategory:1957 births\nCategory:Near-death experience researchers\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Thomas Eaton (general)\n\nThomas Eaton (c. 1739 \u2013 June 1809) was a military officer in the North Carolina militia during the War of the Regulation in 1771 and American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1784. He was a member of the North Carolina Provincial Congress and North Carolina House of Commons for several terms simultaneously with his military service. Eaton was a member of the North Carolina Council of State under Governor Richard Caswell.   Eaton commanded soldiers in the battles of Brier Creek and Guilford Courthouse.  At the time of the 1790 census, Eaton was one of the largest slaveholders in North Carolina.\n\nEarly life and War of the Regulation\nEaton was born to William Eaton and Mary Rives, who had moved to North Carolina from Prince George County, Virginia.  Eaton was married three times, marrying his first wife, Anna Bland, in 1761.  That marriage bore one daughter, Anna, in 1763.  After purchasing land in Bute County, North Carolina, Eaton represented that county in the colonial North Carolina Assembly from 1769 to 1771.  In 1771, Governor William Tryon named Eaton a colonel in the Bute County militia during the War of the Regulation. The militia organization supported the governor against the agrarian uprising in the piedmont region of North Carolina.\n\nEaton served as Bute County's representative in the Provincial Council, which became the Council of Safety, between 1775 and 1776.  That body exercised executive powers in the state prior to the election of the state's first governor after the start of the American Revolution. Eaton served as President pro tempore of the Council of Safety.  Also beginning in 1775, Eaton was a delegate to the Second, Third, and Fifth North Carolina Provincial Congresses.   The Fourth Provincial Congress, of which Eaton was not a delegate, appointed him a colonel in the state's militia.\n\nAmerican Revolutionary War\nService record:  \nHalifax District Brigade of militia: 1779 to 1781 \nColonel over the Bute County Regiment of militia and the Warren County Regiment of militia  \nAppointed 11/4/1779 as Brigadier Pro Tempore, to replace Allen Jones, away on business.  \nRe-appointed as Brigadier Pro Tempore in early 1781. \nReturned to being Colonel over the Warren County Regiment of Militia.\t\nEngaged at the Battle of Guilford Court House\n\nAfter his appointment as a colonel in 1776, Eaton was elected to the North Carolina Council of State, an executive body elected by the North Carolina General Assembly which assisted the governor in managing the state's affairs.  Eaton served under Richard Caswell in that governor's terms as first and fifth governor of the post-Revolution state, and was re-elected to the Council in 1779 and 1784.  In between his terms as a councillor, Eaton served with the militia in the southern theater against the British Army and its local Loyalist tributaries, but was primarily a politician, and had less military experience than many of his colleagues.\n\nOn March 3, 1779, Eaton was in command of a regiment of militia at the Patriot defeat at the Battle of Brier Creek in Georgia.  At Brier Creek, the Patriot forces were forced to retreat, and Eaton lost a pair of distinctive riding boots, which were retrieved by Loyalist Colonel John Hamilton, who had commanded the Royal North Carolina Regiment.  During a dinner party after the revolution, Hamilton reportedly attempted to return the boots to their owner, only to be rebuffed violently.  In November 1779, he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general by the North Carolina Assembly.  On March 15, 1781, Eaton commanded the Halifax District Brigade of the North Carolina militia at the Battle of Guilford Courthouse, where he was positioned beside the Hillsborough District Brigade of militia under Brigadier General John Butler.  Commanding General Nathanael Greene considered the 1,000 North Carolina militiamen under Butler and Eaton's command to be his least-reliable troops.  Eaton, as well as Butler, attempted to stop the men under their command from fleeing the field early during that battle, but could not prevent a large number of North Carolina militia from routing.\n\nLater life and death\nAfter the death of Anna in 1781, Eaton married his second wife, Anne Stith, with whom he had two sons.  Eaton would find occasion to remarry for a final time with Elizabeth Jones, a cousin of Continental Congress delegates Willie and Allen Jones.  According to the 1790 census, Eaton was one of the largest slaveholders in North Carolina, and his substantial landholdings in Bute County were a part of Warren County after Bute was divided in 1779.  Eaton died in June 1809.\n\nReferences\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nCategory:1739 births\nCategory:1809 deaths\nCategory:Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives\nCategory:North Carolina militiamen in the American Revolution\nCategory:Militia generals in the American Revolution\nCategory:Members of the North Carolina Provincial Congresses\nCategory:North Carolina Council of State"}
-{"text": "Fillingham\n\nFillingham is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated   north from the city and county town of Lincoln, and just over  west from the A15 road.\n\nFillingham Grade II* listed Anglican church is dedicated to St Andrew. Originally a building in Early English and Decorated style, it was largely rebuilt in 1777 with a new chancel and tower. It was further restored in 1866. The earliest element is a c.1200 round-headed doorway in the west transept. In the churchyard is a cross,  high, dedicated to Major Thomas N. Dalton, killed in the Battle of Inkerman in 1854. John Wycliffe was rector of the village from 1361 to 1368.\n\nThere is evidence of a Roman camp in the village and Anglo Saxon pottery has also been found. Archaeological excavations have also found evidence of an Anglo Saxon cemetery which may have been associated with a second church in the village.\n\nFillingham Castle is a castellated mansion built in 1760 by Sir Cecil Wray. A nearby stone manor house was built about a century before.\n\nFillingham Lake is one of the sources of the River Till, a small river whose lower reaches form the Fossdyke Navigation.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n\"Fillingham\", Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 28 July 2011\n\nCategory:Villages in Lincolnshire\nCategory:Civil parishes in Lincolnshire\nCategory:West Lindsey District"}
-{"text": "Lilliu\n\nLilliu may refer to:\n\nGiovanni Lilliu (1914\u20132012), Italian archeologist, academician, publicist and politician\nNyco Lilliu (born 1987), French singer\nPierrick Lilliu (born 1986), French singer"}
-{"text": "Mats Ronander\n\nMats Ronander (born 1 April 1954 in Sundsvall, Sweden) is a Swedish rock musician, guitar player, producer and composer.\n\nBiography\nRonander was born in Sundsvall, but grew up in \u00d6rebro. At the age of sixteen he succeeded Peps Persson as singer in the band Blues Quality. He was  a member of the band Nature. The band backed up Ulf Lundell on a tour and three of Lundell's studio album as well as released a few records of their own. Mats Ronander has played live with ABBA on several occasions, as one of their guitarists, such as on their 1979 world tour.\n\nThe 1992 single \"G\u00f6r mig lycklig nu\" (written and performed with Dane Kim Larsen) and the album Himlen gr\u00e5ter f\u00f6r Elmore James produced by Mats Ronander, Mats Lindfors and Max Lorentz were Ronander's most successful solo projects. Ronander was also a member of Low budget blues band that released three albums. He was also a member of Grymlings.\n\nRonander produced Py B\u00e4ckman's breakthrough record Sista f\u00f6rest\u00e4llningen, toured with ABBA in United States, and starred in the screen adaption of Ulf Lundell's novel S\u00f6mnen.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\nH\u00e5rd k\u00e4rlek 1981\nGod bok 1982\n50/50 1984\nTokig 1985\nReality 1987\nRock'n'roll Biznis 1989\nHimlen gr\u00e5ter f\u00f6r Elmore James 1992\nSvenska popfavoriter Mats Ronander (Best of-album) 1995\nInnanf\u00f6r staden 1996\nMats 2001\nB\u00e4sta (Best of-album) 2003\nRonander Live 2006\n\nSoundtracks\nD\u00f6dlig drift 1999\n\nSingles\n\"G\u00f6r mig lycklig nu\" (performed with Kim Larsen) 1992\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:1954 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Swedish male musicians\nCategory:Swedish male singers\nCategory:Swedish film score composers\nCategory:Male film score composers"}
-{"text": "Flabellobasis montana\n\nFlabellobasis montana is a species of snout moth. It was described by Boris Balinsky in 1991 and is known from South Africa.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1991\nCategory:Phycitinae"}
-{"text": "Eulepidotis penumbra\n\nEulepidotis penumbra is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914. It is found in the Neotropics, including French Guiana and Guyana.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1914\nCategory:Calpinae"}
-{"text": "Papal legate\n\nA papal legate or apostolic legate (from the ancient Roman title legatus) is a personal representative of the pope to foreign nations, or to some part of the Catholic Church. He is empowered on matters of Catholic faith and for the settlement of ecclesiastical matters.\n\nThe legate is appointed directly by the Pope, the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church. Hence a legate is usually sent to a government, a sovereign or to a large body of believers (such as a national church) or to take charge of a major religious effort, such as an (ecumenical) council, a crusade to the Holy Land, or even against a heresy such as the Cathars.\n\nThe term legation is applied both to a legate's mandate and to the territory concerned (such as a state, or an ecclesiastical province). The relevant adjective is legatine.\n\nHistory \n\nIn the High Middle Ages, papal legates were often used to strengthen the links between Rome and the many parts of Christendom. More often than not, legates were learned men and skilled diplomats who were not from the country they were accredited to. The Italian-born Guala Bicchieri served as papal legate to England in the early 13th century and played a major role in both the English government and church at the time. By the Late Middle Ages it had become more common to appoint native clerics to the position of legate within their own country, such as Cardinal Wolsey acting as legate to the court of Henry VIII of England. The reason for this switch in policy could be attributed to a change in attitude on the eve of the Reformation; by this point, foreign men representing the papacy would be more likely to reinforce dissent than bring Christendom closer together.\n\nPapal legates often summoned legatine councils, which dealt with church government and other ecclesiastical issues. According to Pope Gregory VII, writing in the Dictatus papae, a papal legate \"presides over all bishops in a council, even if he is inferior in rank, and he can pronounce sentence of deposition against them\". During the Middle Ages, a legatine council was the usual means that a papal legate imposed his directives.\n\nDiplomatic ranks \nThere are several ranks of papal legates in diplomacy, some of which are no longer used.\n\nApostolic nuncio\n\nThe most common form of papal legate today is the apostolic nuncio, whose task it is to strengthen relations between the Holy See and the Catholic Church in a particular country and at the same time to act as the diplomatic representative of the Holy See to the government of that country. An apostolic nuncio is generally equivalent in rank to that of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary, although in Catholic countries the nuncio often ranks above ambassadors in diplomatic protocol. A nuncio performs the same functions as an ambassador and has the same diplomatic privileges. Under the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, to which the Holy See is a party, a nuncio is an ambassador like those from any other country. The Vienna Convention allows the host state to grant seniority of precedence to the nuncio over others of ambassadorial rank accredited to the same country, and may grant the deanship of that country's diplomatic corps to the nuncio regardless of seniority.\n\nPro-nuncio\nPro-nuncio was a term used from 1965 to 1991 for a papal diplomatic representative of full ambassadorial rank accredited to a country that did not accord him precedence over other ambassadors and ex officio deanship of the diplomatic corps. In those countries, the papal representative's precedence within the corps is exactly on a par with that of the other members of ambassadorial rank, so that he becomes dean only on becoming the senior member of the corps.\n\nApostolic delegate\nFor countries with which the Holy See has no diplomatic relations, an apostolic delegate is sent to serve as a liaison with the Catholic Church in that country, though not accredited to its government.\n\nLegati\n\nLegatus a latere\nThis highest rank (literally \"from the (Pope's) side\", i.e. \"intimately\" trusted) is normally awarded to a priest of cardinal rank. It is an exceptional investiture and can either be focused or broad in scope. The legate a latere is the alter ego of the Pope, and as such, possesses full plenipotentiary powers.\n\nLegatus natus\nLiterally \"born legate\", i.e. not nominated individually but ex officio, namely a bishop holding this rank as a privilege of his see, e.g. archbishops of Canterbury (pre-Reformation), Prague, Esztergom, Udine, Salzburg, Gniezno and Cologne. The legatus natus would act as the pope's representative in his province, with a legatus a latere only being sent in extraordinary circumstances. Although limited in their jurisdiction compared to legati a latere, a legatus natus was not subordinate to them.\n\nLegatus missus\nLiterally \"sent legate\", possessing limited powers for the purpose of completing a specific mission. This commission is normally focused in scope and of short duration.\n\nGubernatorial legates \nSome administrative (temporal) provinces of the Papal states in (mostly central) Italy were governed by a Papal Legate. This has been the case in Benevento, in Pontecorvo (of Campagna e Marittima/ of Frosinone) and in Viterbo.\nIn four cases, including Bologna, this post was awarded exclusively to Cardinals; the Velletri post was created for Bartolomeo Pacca.\n\nThe title could be changed to Apostolic Delegate, as happened in Frosinone (for Pontecorvo) in 1827.\n\nCitations\n\nSee also \n\n Papal diplomacy\n Nuncio \u2013 an envoy whose diplomatic status is recognized by the receiving state \u2013 usually a titular archbishop.\n Internuncio \u2013 a lower rank than Nuncio for a papal diplomatic representative, a title historically used at a time when states sent to some less important countries diplomatic representatives, called Envoys or Ministers, lower in rank than Ambassadors.\n Papal apocrisiarius\n List of papal legates to England\n Other\n Pontifical legate\n\nReferences \n Catholic Encyclopedia: Legate\n WorldStatesmen - Italy to 1860 - Papal State\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Diplomats by role\n*\nCategory:Catholic ecclesiastical titles\nCategory:Gubernatorial titles"}
-{"text": "2017 Rallye Deutschland\n\nThe 2017 Rallye Deutschland was the tenth round of the 2017 World Rally Championship and was the 35th running of the Rallye Deutschland. The rally was won by Ott T\u00e4nak and Martin J\u00e4rveoja, their second win in the World Rally Championship.\n\nEric Camilli and Benjamin Veillas won the WRC-2 category, their first success in the series. Pontus Tidemand and Jonas Andersson finished third which was enough to secure the title, as well as the constructors' title for \u0160koda Motorsport, in WRC-2.\n\nEntry list\n\nClassification\n\nEvent standings\n\nSpecial stages\n\nPower Stage\nThe Power Stage was a  stage at the end of the rally.\n\nChampionship standings after the rally\n\nDrivers' Championship standings\n\nManufacturers' Championship standings\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The official website of the World Rally Championship\n\nCategory:2017 World Rally Championship season\n2017\nCategory:2017 in German motorsport\nCategory:August 2017 sports events in Germany"}
-{"text": "Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom\n\nThe Roman Catholic Diocese of Radom () is a diocese located in the city of Radom in the Ecclesiastical province of Cz\u0119stochowa in Poland.\n\nHistory\n March 25, 1992: Established as Diocese of Radom from the Diocese of Sandomierz \u2013 Radom\n\nSpecial churches\nMinor Basilicas:\n Bazylika \u015bw. Filipa Neri i \u015bw. Jana Chrzciciela kk. Filipin\u00f3w (Basilica of St. Philip Neri and St. John the Baptist) in Studzianna\n Bazylika \u015bw. Kazimierza (Basilica of St. Casimir), Radom\n\nLeadership\n Bishops of Radom (Roman rite)\n Bishop Edward Henryk Materski (25 March 1992 \u2013 28 June 1999)\n Bishop Jan Chrapek, C.S.M.A. (28 June 1999 \u2013 18 October 2001)\n Bishop Zygmunt Zimowski (28 March 2002 \u2013 18 April 2009)\n Bishop Henryk Tomasik (16 October 2009 \u2013 present)\n\nSee also\nRoman Catholicism in Poland\n\nSources\n GCatholic.org\n Catholic Hierarchy\n Diocese website\n\nCategory:Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland\nCategory:Christian organizations established in 1992\nCategory:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century"}
-{"text": "Doerschuk Site\n\nThe Doerschuk Site (Smithsonian trinomial: 31Mg22) is a prehistoric archaeological site with remains from the Archaic period in North America located near Badin, Montgomery County, North Carolina. The Doerschuk Site was first recorded in 1948 by H. M. Doerschuk. The site is privately owned by the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA).\n\nIt was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.\n\nExcavations were done at the Doerschuk Site in 1949, yielding distinctive spear points that allowed archaeologists to divide the Middle Archaic period (6000-3000BC) in the Piedmont, with specific styles of spear points being found in the various sites of the area, including Lowder's Ferry site.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina\nCategory:Archaic period in North America\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Montgomery County, North Carolina"}
-{"text": "Frontera (2014 film)\n\nFrontera is a 2014 American drama film directed by Michael Berry. The film stars Eva Longoria, Michael Pe\u00f1a, Ed Harris and Amy Madigan.\n\nPlot\nOn the border between the U.S. and Mexico, Miguel Ramirez (Michael Pe\u00f1a) crosses the border illegally for work. Upon entering the United States, he meets Olivia (Amy Madigan), the wife of Roy (Ed Harris), a former sheriff and the owner of the land Miguel is currently passing through. Olivia gives him and his companion Jose water and a blanket, and departs after telling them there is a highway not too far away where they can try to stop a ride.\n\nShortly afterwards, local boys who are out  shooting their fathers' guns without permission, decide to start shooting at Miguel and Jose in an effort to scare them back across the border. Olivia rides back to investigate, but the shots scare the horse she was riding and she falls and hits her head on a rock. Miguel tries to help while Jose runs off, but is scared away by Roy who came because of the gunfire.\n\nOlivia is pronounced dead by the paramedics, and Jose joins two other illegal Mexican immigrants who break into an American family's house, stealing food, money and a car from them. Meanwhile, Carl finds a job gardening.\n\nA grieving Roy starts investigating his wife's death. He first accuses Miguel, thinking he was trying to steal her horse. He finds the bullet casings the boys left behind, as well as a vigilante who shoots illegal Mexican immigrants. Roy tries to ride after the vigilante's vehicle but can not catch it.\n\nJose is arrested by state troopers and deported to Mexico. The local police inform Roy that his wife's riding blanket was found in the car. Meanwhile, a cop identifies Miguel based on a description Roy gave the police and arrests him. He is taken into police custody since he is regarded as the prime suspect in Olivia's death and is to be tried for first degree murder. Miguel contacts his wife's parents to tell them what happened. When his wife Paulina finds out she tries to cross the border herself.\n\nPaulina is raped on the way to the United States and is taken captive for a ransom that her family cannot pay. Roy visits Miguel in his cell and hears his side of the story. Touched by Miguel's work ethic, he tries to help him find his wife. Roy confronts one of the parents of the boys who caused Olivia's death, a sheriff himself, and finally convinces him to drop the murder charges against Miguel.\n\nPaulina is found by chance in an empty house and is reunited with her family. Roy offers Miguel a job repairing the broken fence between his land and Mexico. They agree to meet each other on his side of the fence so Roy can pay Miguel and Miguel can do the repairs from Mexico. Miguel thanks Roy for the new job and sets to work immediately. Roy admires Miguel's work ethic and starts riding off to his farm.\n\nMeanwhile, the vigilante is back, this time aiming at Miguel who is still repairing the fence. However, Roy stops the vigilante at the last minute, saving Miguel.\n\nCast \n Eva Longoria as Paulina Ramirez\n Michael Pe\u00f1a as Miguel Ramirez\n Ed Harris as Roy McNary\n Amy Madigan as Olivia McNary\n Matthew Page as Carl\n Julio Cedillo as Ramon / Main Coyote\n Seth Adkins as Sean\n Daniel Zacapa as Abuelo\n Lora Martinez-Cunningham as Laura Zamora\n Michael Ray Escamilla as Jose\n Aden Young as Sheriff Randall Hunt\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\nCategory:2014 films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films shot in New Mexico\nCategory:2010s drama films\nCategory:American drama films\nCategory:American films"}
-{"text": "King's Men (playing company)\n\nThe King's Men was the acting company to which William Shakespeare (1564\u20131616) belonged for most of his career. Formerly known as the Lord Chamberlain's Men during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, they became the King's Men in 1603 when King James I ascended the throne and became the company's patron.\n\nThe royal patent of 19 May 1603 which authorised the King's Men company named the following players, in this order: Lawrence Fletcher, William Shakespeare, Richard Burbage, Augustine Phillips, John Heminges, Henry Condell, William Sly, Robert Armin, Richard Cowley, \"and the rest of their associates....\"  The nine cited by name became Grooms of the Chamber. On 15 March 1604, each of the nine men named in the patent was supplied with four and a half yards of red cloth for the coronation procession.\n\nChronologically typed\n\nTo 1610\nIn their first winter season, between December 1603 and February 1604 the company performed eight times at Court and eleven times in their second, from November 1604 through February 1605, including seven plays by Shakespeare and two by Ben Jonson. This represented a workload twice as great as was typical under Elizabeth. The King's Men needed more men and in 1604 the number of sharers was increased from eight or nine, ten, eleven and twelve. The new sharers included John Lowin, Alexander Cooke, and Nicholas Tooley.\n\nMay 1605 brought the death of Augustine Phillips. In his will, Phillips left legacies to Shakespeare, Burbage, and eight other members of the company, plus two apprentices, and \u00a35 to the hired men \"of the company which I am of\". (Phillips also leaves a bequest to Christopher Beeston, as a former \"servant\". Beeston was almost certainly another former apprentice.)\n\nThe company gave ten Court performances in the winter of 1605\u201306 and, unusually, three Court performances in the summer of 1606, during a state visit by the King of Denmark. Each Court performance earned them \u00a310. They also toured that summer, and were in Oxford at the end of July, among other stops. Nine performances at Court marked the winter of 1606\u201307, including a performance of 26 December of King Lear; the following winter, 1607\u201308, saw thirteen Court appearances.\n\nFrom July to December 1608 the theatres were closed due to plague. The King's Men toured the countryside; they were in Coventry in late October. The Blackfriars Theatre, owned by the Burbage family, was organised into a partnership in August that year, with five of the seven shares going to members of the King's Men \u2013 Shakespeare, Burbage, Heminges, Condell, and Sly. Sly, however, died soon after, and his share was split among the other six. (The two non-actors involved in the arrangement were Cuthbert Burbage, Richard's brother, and Thomas Evans, agent for theatre manager Henry Evans.)\n\nThe acquisition of the Blackfriars represented an enormous advantage for the company. It allowed the company to perform year round instead of only in clement weather. The Blackfriars hall is thought to have been , including the stage; its maximum capacity was likely in the hundreds of spectators. This can be compared with the maximum capacity at the Globe Theatre of 2500 to 3000. Yet the ticket prices at the Blackfriars were five to six times higher than those at the Globe. Globe tickets ranged from a penny to sixpence (1d. to 6d.); tickets at the Blackfriars ranged from sixpence to two shillings sixpence (6d. to 2s. 6d.; 1 shilling = 12 pence). The cheapest admission at the Blackfriars equalled the most expensive at the Globe; the most expensive seat at the Blackfriars cost five times as much as its Globe counterpart. Adding the Blackfriars to the Globe should have allowed the King's Men to at least double their income from public performances.\n\nTheir new wealth allowed the King's Men to overcome major adversity: when the Globe Theatre burned down in 1613 (see below), the company could afford an expensive rebuild, replacing the vulnerable thatch roof with tile. The fact that the King's Men had a second theatre meant that they did not lose all their playscripts and costumes, as happened to the Admiral's/Palsgrave's Men in the Fortune Theatre fire of December 1621 (a disaster that was, for that company, the beginning of the end).\n\n1609 was another plague year during which the company travelled, although nine plays were still performed at Court. (Royal patronage was an advantage in difficult times: special payments in times of plague were made to the company in 1603, 1608, 1609, and 1610.)\n\n1610 was a better year, with public performances at the Globe \u2013 Othello and Jonson's Sejanus among others. By this time the company had been augmented by John Underwood and William Ostler, both veterans of the Children of the Chapel/Queen's Revels company.\n\nTo 1616\nIn 1611 Jonson's Catiline was performed; apart from Richard Robinson's substitution for Armin, the cast roster was the same as for Sejanus the previous year. This may have been John Heminges' last production; in 1613 he's described as \"stuttering.\" Heminges normally received the payments for the company's Court performances, as far back as 1595; he continued to be active in the company's financial affairs even after he left the stage.\n\nBetween October 1611 and April 1612 the King's Men performed 22 plays at Court, including The Winter's Tale and The Tempest. Their connection with The Second Maiden's Tragedy also dates from this period; the manuscript of that play reveals that Robert Gough was cast as Memphonius, while Richard Robinson was the Lady.\n\nOn Sunday 12 and Monday 13 January 1612, the King's Men joined with Queen Anne's Men to give Court performances of two Queen's Men's plays by Thomas Heywood, The Silver Age and The Rape of Lucrece. No cast list for these performances has survived; but given the two companies' known personnel, this might have been the first time Christopher Beeston acted with his old colleagues since leaving the Lord Chamberlain's Men nearly a decade earlier.\n\nIn the winter of 1612\u201313, great Court festivities celebrating the marriage of the Elector Palatine to King James' daughter Princess Elizabeth were held. The King's Men gave 20 performances, including seven plays by Shakespeare (Much Ado About Nothing twice), one by Jonson \u2013 and four by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, reflecting their growing popularity with audiences and dominance in the King's Men's repertoire. The mysterious Cardenio, allegedly by Shakespeare and Fletcher, was also performed.\n\nCardenio was performed again at Court on 8 June 1613, before the ambassador from Savoy. The second Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1679 provides partial cast lists for three King's Men productions from the c. 1613 period, for Fletcher's Bonduca and Valentinian and the Beaumont and Fletcher collaboration The Captain.\n\nOn 29 June 1613, the Globe Theatre burned down, its thatch roof set afire by squibs set off during a lavish performance of the Shakespeare/Fletcher Henry VIII. The Globe was rebuilt by the following spring, at a cost of \u00a31400. The thatch roof was replaced with tile. During the winter of 1613\u201314 the company played at Court sixteen times.\n\nIn 1614 Alexander Cooke and William Ostler both died; their places as sharers were taken, perhaps, by William Ecclestone and Robert Benfield. Ostler's death may have been sudden, and was problematic in that he died intestate. His father-in-law, John Heminges, seized control of his theatre shares. Ostler's widow, Thomasine Heminges Ostler, sued her father in 1615 for control of the shares \u2013 a suit that was apparently unsuccessful.\n\nIn the winter of 1614\u201315 the King's Men performed at Court only eight times, half their workload of the previous year. During the next winter, 1615\u201316, they were back up to fourteen Court performances.\n\nOn 23 April 1616, Shakespeare died. His role as the King's Men's leading playwright would be filled by Fletcher and his various collaborators through the coming years, with Philip Massinger assuming greater prominence in the 1630s. Nathan Field joined the company in 1616; already a prominent actor, he would go on to write plays for the King's Men in his all-too-brief career with the company.\n\nTo 1623\nNathan Field's contribution to the King's Men is illustrated by the play The Knight of Malta, which Field wrote with Fletcher and Massinger. The first Beaumont and Fletcher folio of 1647 gives a list of the principal cast in the company's production of the play, which included Burbage, Field himself, John Underwood, Richard Sharpe, Henry Condell, Robert Benfield, John Lowin, and Thomas Holcombe. (Sharpe and Holcombe were boy actors with the company.) The date of this production is unknown, but it must have occurred in the 1616\u201319 era, between Field's joining the company and Burbage's death. Field may also have played the title role in George Chapman's Bussy D'Ambois in this period. He is reported to have played the role at some time in his career, and the King's Men had the play in their repertory for many years.\n\n1619 was a pivotal year in the company's history. The residents of the upscale Blackfriars neighbourhood, many of whom were wealthy and influential politically and socially, had never been happy about the presence of a theatre in their midst; in the spring of 1619 they complained more loudly than usual about the traffic problems associated with the theatre, which blocked access to the local churches. (All the playing companies were required to cease activity during Lent \u2013 a requirement they flouted whenever possible, often with impunity.) In response to this local opposition, the King's Men obtained a renewal of their royal patent dated 27 March 1619. The patent named the twelve current shareholders in the company; in addition to the veterans Burbage, Lowin, Heminges, and Condell, the list includes William Ecclestone, Robert Gough, Richard Robinson, Nicholas Tooley, and John Underwood, and the newest members, Nathan Field, Robert Benfield, and John Shank.\n\nShank would be the company's primary clown in the years to come; his specialties were dancing and knockabout physical comedy. He was a veteran of several troupes over the previous decades, going back perhaps to Pembroke's Men and Queen Elizabeth's Men in the reign of Elizabeth; he had been with the Admiral's/Prince Henry's/Palsgrave's company in the 1610\u201313 period. Shank may have taken Robert Armin's place in the King's Men after Armin's death in 1615. Shank also trained apprentices for the company \u2013 Thomas Holcombe, John Thompson, Thomas Pollard, and John Honyman. Robert Gough had been associated with the actors of the company perhaps as far back as 1591, when he may have been a boy player in The Seven Deadly Sins; he received a legacy in the 1603 will of Thomas Pope, and he witnessed the 1605 will of Augustine Phillips, whose sister he most likely married. Gough was never a prominent actor, and little is known about the roles he played.\n\nIn one particular, the new patent was out of date the day it was issued. On 13 March 1619, Richard Burbage died. In April or May Joseph Taylor transferred from Prince Charles's Men to take Burbage's place; he would play Hamlet and the other great Shakespeare/Burbage roles. Yet Burbage was missed: in May 1619 the Lord Chamberlain, William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke, wrote to a colleague that while others had gone to see a play, \"I being tender-hearted, could not endure to see so soon after the loss of my old acquaintance Burbage.\"\n\nIn August 1619, the company premiered its production of the controversial play John van Olden Barnavelt. And sometime in this immediate post-Burbage period, they must also have staged Fletcher's The Humorous Lieutenant. The cast list for that play in the 1679 Beaumont and Fletcher folio is the only surviving list that includes both Taylor and Condell. Not long after this, Condell must have retired from the stage.\n\nAnother blow hit the company in the following year, 1620, when Nathaniel Field died at the young age of 33. His place as sharer was taken by John Rice.\n\nThe works of Fletcher and his collaborators, especially Massinger, continued to make up a significant portion of the company's repertory in the 1619\u201322 era. Fletcher's Women Pleased and the Fletcher/Massinger collaborations The Custom of the Country and The Little French Lawyer were acted by the King's Men in this period. Casts lists in the first Beaumont and Fletcher folio give the same roster for all three plays: Taylor, Lowin, Underwood, Benfield, Tooley, Ecclestone, and the boys Richard Sharpe and Thomas Holcombe.\n\nAround 1621, the King's Men performed The Duchess of Malfi again. When the play was first printed two years later, in 1623, the quarto featured a combined cast list for both the King's Men's productions, c. 1614 and c. 1621 (the latter occurred between the deaths of Burbage in 1619 and Tooley in 1623). Together these cast lists give a mixed picture of change and stability in the company in this era.\n\nIn both productions, Tooley and Underwood played the Madmen in addition to their other roles. Along with the permanent company members or sharers, the cast included four hired men or boys, Pallant, Pollard, Sharpe, and Thompson; note also the doubling (and in the case of Pallant, more than doubling) of roles.\n\nThe Fletcher/Massinger collaboration The Sea Voyage was licensed by the Master of the Revels on 22 June 1622. On St. Stephen's Day, 26 December 1622, The King's Men acted another Fletcher/Massinger play, The Spanish Curate, at Court.\n\n1623: The First Folio gives a list of names of the 26 \"principal actors\" in Shakespeare's plays, providing a fairly comprehensive roster of important members of the Lord Chamberlain's/King's Men through the previous thirty years. In addition to eight men on the original 1603 royal patent (Shakespeare, Burbage, Heminges, Condell, Phillips, Cowley, Sly, and Armin), the list includes William Kempe, Thomas Pope, George Bryan, John Lowin, Samuel Crosse, Alexander Cooke, Samuel Gilburne, William Ostler, Nathan Field, John Underwood, Nicholas Tooley, William Ecclestone, Joseph Taylor, Robert Benfield, Robert Gough, Richard Robinson, John Shank, and John Rice.\n\nSometime in 1623, the veteran clown William Rowley joined the King's Men for the final two years in his stage career. He would play the Fat Bishop in the next year's A Game at Chess. Richard Perkins, a leading actor from Queen Anne's Men and the Red Bull company, also joined the King's Men late in 1623.\n\nTo 1642\n1624: Eliard Swanston left the Lady Elizabeth's Men to join the King's Men. Previous Lady Elizabeth's veterans to join include Nathan Field, John Rice, and (via Prince Charles's Men) Joseph Taylor. Swanston is reported to have played Othello and Richard III during his years with the company (which extended at least through 1642).\n\nRobert Gough died in 1624.\n\nAlso in 1624, the King's Men gave their sensational production of Middleton's A Game at Chess, which ran for an unprecedented nine days straight (6\u201316 August, Sundays excepted), and also got them prosecuted and fined by the Privy Council. The company got into more trouble in December, for performing Massinger's The Spanish Viceroy without a license from the Master of the Revels.\n\nThe sharers in the King's Men depended upon a crew of hired men to make their performances work. On 27 December 1624, Sir Henry Herbert issued a list of the company's 21 hired men who could not be arrested or \"press'd for soldiers\" without the allowance of the Lord Chamberlain or the Master of the Revels. The list includes supporting actors like Robert Pallant, musicians, and functionaries like Edward Knight the prompter and John Rhodes the wardrobe keeper.\n\nThe spring of 1625 brought a period of uncertainty. The new king, Charles I, had long had his own troupe of actors, Prince Charles's Men; would he make them the new King's Men? The existing company's established prestige \u2013 they were widely recognised the best in the land \u2013 led to a continuance of royal patronage. The Prince Charles's company folded after their patron became king, with three of its members, Thomas Hobbs, William Penn, and Anthony Smith, joining the King's Men. Though the early-to-mid-1620s was a period of economic depression in England, the King's Men prospered: the company had fifteen sharers in 1625. This abundance of personnel allowed the company to stage productions with larger casts than before [see: The Lover's Melancholy; The Novella].\n\nAlso in 1625, Richard Perkins terminated his brief period with the King's Men to become the leading man of the newly formed Queen Henrietta's Men.\n\nWhen the King's Men premiered Massinger's The Roman Actor late in 1626, the cast included a new boy player, John Honyman, aged 13. William Trigg was another boy playing female roles for the company in the 1626\u201332 period; but after that his activities are unknown.\n\nHenry Condell died in December 1627. He left shares in the company's theatres, the Blackfriars and the Globe, to his surviving family.\n\nOpposition from the King's Men's Blackfriars neighbours reached another peak around 1630. In 1631 a commission investigated the possibility of buying out the Blackfriars property, and concluded that the company's investment in the property, over the coming fourteen years of their unexpired lease, was \u00a32900 13s. 4d. This figure, however, covered only theatre rent and interest; in response the King's Men produced an itemised account of their investment, valuing the whole at \u00a321,990, more than seven times as much as the commission's figure. The company's interest in the theatre was never bought out.\n\nUpon John Heminges' death in 1630, his shares in the Globe and Blackfriars Theatres passed to his son William. William Heminges's disposal of his shares five years later would cause a major controversy within the company; see 1635 below.\n\nThe boy player Stephen Hammerton joined the King's Men in 1632. Richard Sharpe died in the same year; he was the boy actor who played in both productions of The Duchess of Malfi, and later graduated to young male leads, as Hammerton would do over the coming decade.\n\nIn 1633, the company had difficulties with Sir Henry Herbert, the Master of the Revels, over the content of their plays. On 19 October, Herbert forbad the performance of The Woman's Prize, Fletcher's sequel to Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, because of its \"foul and offensive\" content. The company acted the Fletcher/Beaumont play The Scornful Lady instead. On 21 October, Herbert addressed a letter to Edward Knight, the \"book-keeper\" or prompter of the company, on the subject of the \"oaths, profaneness, and public ribaldry\" in their plays. And on 24 October, John Lowin and Eliard Swanston apologised to Herbert for giving offence. (Joseph Taylor and Robert Benfield were reportedly present at the meeting, but were uninvolved in either the offence or the apology; apparently Swanston and Lowin were in the cast of The Woman's Prize but Benfield and Taylor were not.) After this incident, the King's Men had their old play texts re-examined by Herbert for new productions, something that was previously not required. This meant more fees paid to Herbert.\n\nThe text of Fletcher's play was repaired adequately by the next month, when the company performed The Taming of the Shrew and The Woman's Prize before the King and Queen at St. James's Palace on 26 and 28 November 1633. According to Herbert, Shakespeare's play was \"liked\", but Fletcher's play was \"very well liked.\"\n\nOn 7 April 1634, the King's Men played George Chapman's Bussy D'Ambois at Court. The title role was reportedly played by Eliard Swanston; Joseph Taylor, at this point in his career, was too \"grey\" for the role of a young firebrand. The company played the same play at Court again on 27 March 1638.\n\nIn the early 1630s, William Heminges sold off the theatre shares he'd inherited from his father upon John Heminges's death (1630). He sold (clandestinely, perhaps) two shares in the Blackfriars and three in the Globe to King's Man John Shank, for \u00a3506. In response to the sale, three other King's Men, Eliard Swanston, Thomas Pollard, and Robert Benfield, appealed to the Lord Chamberlain (then Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke) for a chance to buy shares for themselves. Several documents in this matter, including back-and-forth statements from the three petitioners and from Cuthbert Burbage and John Shank, still exist; they contain abundant information on the company's business c. 1635.\n\nWhen the petitioners began their campaign, the eight Blackfriars shares were distributed this way: Shank held two, and Taylor, Lowin, Underwood, Cuthbert Burbage, Mrs. Condell (Henry Condell's widow), and Winifred Robinson (Richard Burbage's widow and Richard Robinson's wife) had one each. Of the sixteen shares in the Globe, Cuthbert Burbage and Mrs. Robinson each owned three and a half shares, Shank had three, and Taylor, Lowin, and Mrs. Condell each owned two. Herbert ordered the existing shareholders to sell shares to Swanston, Benfield, and Pollard, though Burbage and Shank resisted.\n\nThe King's Men accompanied Charles I on a royal progress in 1636. In so doing they evaded, at least to some degree, the consequences of the prolonged theatre closing due to plague in 1636\u201337. Comedian John Shank died in 1636, as did Cuthbert Burbage. A royal warrant of 1636 reveals that Shakespeare's nephew William Hart (1600\u201339), the son of the poet's younger sister Joan, was an actor in the company at the time.\n\nIn the later 1630s the company took up the practice of staging plays written by courtiers favoured by Queen Henrietta Maria, like William Cartwright's The Royal Slave (1636) or Sir John Suckling's Aglaura (1637); they were rewarded with the lavish costumes of the productions. The company's repertory narrowed in this era; they produced fewer new plays, and those they did stage were mainly these subsidised courtly works. Their economic situation also worsened; from a high of fifteen in 1625, the number of sharers dropped to nine by 1636.\n\nUnable to foresee the coming collapse of 1642, the King's Men undertook a major expansion around 1640. They brought in five new men as actors and sharers: William Allen, Theophilus Bird, Michael Bowyer, Hugh Clark, and William Robbins. All five were veterans of Queen Henrietta's Men; and all five were made Grooms of the Chamber on 22 January 1641, along with Stephen Hammerton. With Massinger's death in 1640, the troupe also needed a new house dramatist; James Shirley was recruited for the job. The company staged Shirley's The Cardinal in 1641, and his The Sisters in the Spring of 1642. The production of Shirley's next work, The Court Secret, was prevented by the theatre closure in September 1642.\n\nAftermath\n1642: the Puritans in Parliament gained control over the city of London at the beginning of the English Civil War, and ordered the closing of all theatres on 2 September. The theatres remained officially closed until the Restoration in 1660.\n\nIn 1646, the King's Men received back-pay from Parliament, money they were still owed for pre-1642 performances.\n\nClandestine and sporadic theatre activity occurred. 1647 was a year of relative official leniency, when theatrical performances were not uncommon. Ten actors signed the dedication in the 1647 Beaumont and Fletcher folio as the King's Men; these were Robert Benfield, Theophilus Bird, Hugh Clark, Stephen Hammerton, John Lowin, Thomas Pollard, Richard Robinson, Joseph Taylor, Eliard Swanston, and William Allen. The first seven men on that list also signed a contract as sharers in the King's Men on 28 January 1648, showing that the company was re-activating, or attempting to re-activate, at that time. This iteration of the company collapsed in July the same year when it failed to make a payment.\n\nAnother attempt to revive the troupe followed during the winter of 1648\u201349, with a younger group of actors than the previous crew of veterans; this new group of 16 included Walter Clun and Charles Hart, who had played with the King's Men as boys before the 1642 closing. These two plus eight others signed a contract on 27 December 1648 with one Walter Conway, an upholsterer who was their financier. This effort also failed, and was producing litigation as late as 1661.\n\nRepression grew stronger after 1647: in February 1648 and January 1649, King's Men players were arrested in the midst of performances. [See: Rollo Duke of Normandy.]\n\nSome company members chose alternative careers; Eliard Swanston became a jeweller, while hired men Alexander Gough and Andrew Pennycuicke became stationers.\n\nBy the time the theatres formally re-opened in 1660, few of the old players and playwrights remained, and the old theatrical practices and traditions had largely been lost. Female roles were soon performed by women rather than boys [see Edward Kynaston; Margaret Hughes], and the open-air playhouses common in the past were no more; the more elite higher-priced indoor theatres became the norm.\n\nAlthough a new King's Company was established, it had little in common with its predecessor other than a royal patron (though a few members of the old company, like Charles Hart and Walter Clun, made the transition). The Restoration drama in which it participated was largely a new foundation. While Elizabethan and Jacobean classics were the mainstay of the Restoration repertory, many, particularly the tragedies, were adapted to conform to new tastes influenced by the French theatre of Louis XIV. The Elizabethan features of multitude of scenes, multitude of characters, and melange of genres lived on primarily in Restoration comedy.\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n Aaron, Melissa D. Global Economics: A History of the Theatre Business, the Chamberlain's/King's Men, and Their Plays, 1599\u20131642. Newark, DE: University of Delaware Press, 2003.\n Bentley, G. E. The Jacobean and Caroline Stage. 7 Volumes, Oxford: the Clarendon Press, 1941\u201368.\n Cook, Ann Jennalie. The Privileged Playgoers of Shakespeare's London, 1576\u20131642. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1981.\n Chambers, E. K. The Elizabethan Stage. 4 Volumes, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.\n Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearian Playing Companies.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.\n Gurr, Andrew. The Shakespearean Stage 1574\u20131642. Third edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.\n Halliday, F. E. A Shakespeare Companion 1564\u20131964. Baltimore: Penguin, 1964.\n Oliphant, E. H. C. The Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher: An Attempt to Determine Their Respective Shares and the Shares of Others. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927.\n \n\n King's Men (playing company)\nCategory:1603 establishments in England\nCategory:1642 disestablishments\nCategory:William Shakespeare\nCategory:17th-century disestablishments in England"}
-{"text": "Donald Hings\n\nDonald Lewes Hings,  (November 6, 1907 \u2013 February 25, 2004) was a Canadian inventor, born in Leicester UK. In 1937 he created a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S, which he called a \"packset\", but which later became known as the \"Walkie-Talkie\".\n\nWhile Hings was filing a U.S. patent for the packset in Spokane, Washington in 1939, Canada declared war on Germany.  CM&S sent Hings to Ottawa to redevelop his new invention for military use, and he worked there from 1940 to 1945.  During these years, he developed a number of models, including the successful C-58 Walkie-Talkie which eventually sold eighteen thousand units produced for infantry use, and for which he received the MBE in 1946 and the Order Of Canada in 2001.\n\nFollowing the war, he moved to Burnaby, British Columbia, where he established an electronics R&D company, Electronic Labs of Canada.  He continued researching and creating in the fields of communications and geophysics until his retirement.  He held more than 55 patents in Canada and the United States, and was the inventor of the klystron magnetometer survey system.  In 2006, Hings was inducted into the Telecommunications Hall of Fame.\n\nBorn in Leicester, England, he moved to Canada with his mother and father when he was three. He died on Capitol Hill, Burnaby, British Columbia, in 2004.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHings' Website includes many original documents and images.\n\nCategory:1907 births\nCategory:2004 deaths\nCategory:Canadian inventors\nCategory:Members of the Order of Canada\nCategory:Canadian Members of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:20th-century inventors"}
-{"text": "Seligmann Kantor\n\nSeligmann Kantor (6 December 1857, Sob\u011bdruhy \u2013 21 March 1903, Sob\u011bdruhy) was a Bohemian-born, German-speaking mathematician of Jewish origin in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He is known for the M\u00f6bius\u2013Kantor configuration and the M\u00f6bius-Kantor graph.\n\nKantor studied mathematics and physics at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna, then studied in 1878 in Rome with Luigi Cremona, in Strasbourg, and in 1880 in Paris. In 1881 he received his Habilitation at the K. K. Deutsche Technische Hochschule (DTH) in Prague. He was appointed there in 1883 a Privatdozent for mathematics and continued in that academic post until 1888. He was considered for a professorship in Vienna, but anti-Semitic political agitation prevented his appointment.\n\nSelected publications\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1857 births\nCategory:1903 deaths\nCategory:Algebraic geometers\nCategory:Austro-Hungarian mathematicians\nCategory:Austro-Hungarian Jews"}
-{"text": "The Big Lemon\n\nThe Big Lemon is a bus and coach operator in Brighton, East Sussex. It is registered as a Community Interest Company.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Big Lemon was founded by Tom Druitt in 2007.\n\nInitial service\nAfter gaining an operator licence, the first public transport route was launched on 1 September 2007. Route 42X originally operated from Brighton Station to Falmer Station, with hopes to expand the operation with more routes. After lower than expected passenger numbers, and competition from Brighton & Hove, the company scaled down the level of service, re-launching it in January 2008, and to reconsider its operating model.\nFrom 7 to 29 January 2008, the service operated on a reduced frequency, ending once the original route registration expired after the mandated period.\n\nRoute 52\nIn September 2012 The Big Lemon successfully tendered to operate route 52 between Brighton Marina and Woodingdean which also goes to Ovingdean under contract to Brighton & Hove City Council.\n\nNorman Baker\n\nOn 17 March 2017, it was announced that Norman Baker, the former Liberal Democrat MP and Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for the Department for Transport, had been appointed managing director of the Big Lemon.\n\nNew Routes \nOn 17 September 2017 , The Big Lemon took over routes 16, between Portslade and Hangleton, 47, between Brighton station and East Saltdean, 56, between Knoll estate and Patcham , 57, between Brighton station and East Saltdean and 66 which goes in a circular route around Portslade and Hangleton.\n\nHistoric routes\nRoute 42/42A/N42 was The Big Lemon's first public bus service, originating from its service 42X. Service 42 operated from Churchill Square to Sussex University via Lewes Road. During the evenings the route number changed to 42A and served West Street. It would later be renumbered N42. The N42 charged higher fares as it operated from 00:00 \u2013 04:00.\nIn 2011 the company renumbered routes 42A and N42 to 42.\n\nRoute 43 ran from September 2010 - January 2011, focusing on student trade and operating from Old Steine during the day and Hove during the evening up to Brighton University's Falmer campus.\n\nRoute 44 was introduced at the same time as route 43 in September 2010, operating from Churchill Square to Saltdean.\n\nServices\nAs at September 2017 The Big Lemon operate six services. Additionally they operate a shuttle bus for Brighton Metropolitan College Coaches run on biodiesel that is refined from waste cooking oil. Buses run on solar power and diesel.\n\nFleet\nThe Big Lemon operates a fleet of Mercedes-Benz O814D and Optare Solo buses. The company did temporarily use six enviro 200 and one Volvo B7TL Plaxton President until new solar power buses were received. Currently the Contract for The Enviro 200s has ran out and have been sold on, 4 new Solo EVs have been delivered.  The company also has five Volvo B10M coaches, three with a Van Hool body, one with Jonckheere and one with Plaxton Premiere, as well as an electric minibus.\n\nThe number of vehicles in total is 22.\n\nSee also\nList of bus operators of the United Kingdom\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCompany website\n\nCategory:Bus operators in Brighton and Hove\nCategory:Bus operators in East Sussex\nCategory:Transport in Brighton and Hove\nCategory:Transport in East Sussex\nCategory:British companies established in 2007"}
-{"text": "Motorcycle industry in China\n\nThe motorcycle industry of the People's Republic of China exceeds that of any country in the world with a motorcycle output of 22,891,700 in 2013, with 39.75% of the total production exported. China also produces auto rickshaws, all-terrain vehicles, and motorcycle components and accessories in great numbers.\n\nIn 2013 the total revenue of the Chinese motorcycle industry increased by 3.24% year on year to RMB 112,621 million; including a year-on-year profit increase of 20.24% to RMB 3,322 million. This profit increase was mainly attributed to technical improvement and higher added value on motorcycles despite of the sales volume decreases suffered during industrial transformation in recent years.\n\nHistory \n\nMotorcycle manufacture in China first began in 1951 when the People's Liberation Army began producing a 500cc motorcycle to meet the country's military requirements during the Korean War. It was developed on the lines of the K500, a German model used in World War II. Before the end of the 1970s motorcycles produced in China were used mainly by the military services, the major exception being the Beijing Motorcycle Factory which from 1958 onwards produced motorcycles for the general public that were based on the German pre war BMW R71 and Russian Ural and Dnepr models.\nIn Chongqing city in 1979 military munitions factory China Jialing Industrial Company began to independently manufacture motorcycles for civilian use ushering in the modern era of Chinese motorcycle production. In 2000 the Chinese industry took over as the biggest motorcycle producer in the world a position that it has maintained.\n\nGeography of the industry \nChina's motorcycle manufacturing industry is centred on 3 main regions- Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces and Chongqing city in the Chongqing municipality (the biggest centre of motorcycle production in the world).\n\nDomestic industry \nChina's domestic motorcycle market has suffered a downturn in recent years due to the banning of motorcycles in many Chinese urban centres. \nChina's domestic motorcycle sales reached a high of around 19,000,000 units in 2009 and then suffered gradual decreases for 4 consecutive years. In 2013, the market decreased by 5.73% from 2012 to 13,880,000 units, 26.94% less than 2009.\nDomestic sales decreased due to ban on motorcycles in urban centres, the national economic transformation and the rural market downturn. In Chinese rural areas, motorcycles are used for a variety of purposes, including personal transportation, passenger vehicles, and cargo transportation. Improved living standard in these areas in recent years has led to the replacement of motorcycles with mini-cars and e-bikes.\n\nExport industry \nDuring the first 11 months of 2013 China exported 9,128,400 motorcycles totaling RMB 4,865 million at an average price of US$532.92 to 198 countries and regions. Export to Asia, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America accounted for 87.57% of the total export volume, with Myanmar, Nigeria, Argentina, Venezuela, Philippines, Togo, Mexico, Russia, Angola, Saudi Arabia, and Colombia topping the export destination list. A total of 4,639,600 motorcycles were exported to these top 10 countries, accounting for 50.83% of total export.\n\nGlobal demand for Chinese motorcycles has taken a hit over the past couple of years, with various political and financial crises in many markets seriously disrupting the ability for manufacturers to profitably get their motorcycles to the end consumers. Both the financial problems in Argentina and the political problems in Egypt are examples of markets recently becoming completely unavailable to manufacturers.\n\nParts and accessories \nChina is also a leading producer of motorcycle parts and accessories. In 2013, motorcycle engine export saw a year-on-year increase of 0.87% to 26,191,300 units.\n\nManufacturers \nChina has more than 200 individual companies producing motorcycles nationally. China's leading motorcycle manufacturers include Grand River (Haojue brand), Lifan, Loncin, Zongshen, Jialing, Jianshe, Qianjiang, Haojin, Shineray, Bashan, Jonway, Wuxi Futong and Cyclone.\n\nJoint ventures \nSeveral Chinese motorcycle companies cooperate in joint ventures with foreign motorcycle manufacturers including Loncin (BMW), Zongshen (Piaggio) and (Norton Motorcycle Company), Qingqi (Suzuki and Peugeot), Jianshe (Yamaha), Lifan (MV Agusta), Qianjiang (owners of Benelli), Jialing (Honda). These joint ventures are different in every case, and range from research, development and production ventures through to distribution, sales and marketing joint ventures.\n\nChinese manufacturers have also partnered with European design houses to produce unique new models. CFMOTO worked with Austrian designers Kiska to develop their new 150NK motorcycle.\n\nShineray recently leased Husqvarna's factory in Biandronno, Italy and acquired the rights to produce several of their models under the resurrected SWM brand. Shineray will also use the leases to produce models under their SRM brand, which will be imported to China.\n\nZhongneng Vehicle Group acquired in 2018 italian brand Moto Morini\n\nKey industry figures \n Li Bin - is the chairman of CAAM (China Association of Automobile manufacturers) motorcycle section.\n David McMullan - is the International Magazine Editor of ChinaMotor magazine (also known as Mega Chinamotor), Chinese motorcycle trade exhibition organiser (including the China International Motorcycle Trade Exhibition (CIMAmotor)) and industry consultant for the Chinese motorcycle industry.\n Yin Mingshan - the founder of Lifan Group\n Zuo Zongshen - the founder and owner of Zongshen motorcycles.\n Wang Min- Chairman of the China Chamber of Commerce (motorcycles)\n\nSee also\nList of motorcycle manufacturers\nAutomotive industry in China\n\nReferences\n\n \nCategory:Automotive industry in China"}
-{"text": "Solomon Islands English\n\nSolomon Islands English is the dialect of English spoken by Solomon Islanders.\n\nPhonological features\nSolomon Islands English has many features, especially in the phonology, that show the influence of local languages. It's also influenced by Australian English through the RAMSI program.\n\nConsonant variations\nSolomon Island English is non-rhotic.\n\nThe Letter r tends to be a tap [\u027e] or a trill [r] in Solomon Island English.\n\nThe interdental fricatives /\u03b8/ and /\u00f0/ are often realized as [t\u032a] and [d\u032a].\n\nVowel variations\n:  = \n:  = \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  = \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  =  or \n:  or  =  or \n:  or  =  or \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  = \n:  or  =  or \n:  =  or \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  = \n:  = \n:  =  or \n:  = \n:  or  =  or \n:  = \n:  or  =  or\n\nReferences\n\n*A Handbook of Varieties of English - Edgar W. Schneider\nA Handbook of World Englishes - Blackwell Publishing\n\nCategory:English dialects\nEnglish"}
-{"text": "Piazza Marina\n\nPiazza Marina is a square of Palermo. It is located down the Cassaro street, in the quarter of the Kalsa, within the historic centre of Palermo. The square is dominated by the great Garibaldi Garden.\n\nHistory \n\nIn the Middle Ages the area of Piazza Marina was a swamp connected to the ancient port of Palermo, the Cala. During the 14th century the area was cleared. In the Spaniard period, the space of the square was used by the Inquisition (whose headquarters was the adjacent Palazzo Chiaramonte) for its convictions.\n\nIn 1863, Giovan Battista Filippo Basile designed the Garibaldi Garden at the centre of Piazza Marina. This garden is famous because the biggest Ficus macrophylla of Europe is situated in it. In the zone of Piazza Marina are also located several buildings like Palazzo Chiaramonte, Palazzo Galletti di San Cataldo, Palazzo Fatta, Palazzo Notarbartolo di Villarosa Dagnino, Palazzo delle Finanze, the Hotel de France, the Teatro Libero, the churches of Santa Maria dei Miracoli, San Giovanni dei Napoletani and Santa Maria della Catena and the Fontana del Garraffo.\n\nOn March 12, 1909, the New York police officer Joe Petrosino was killed in Piazza Marina during a top secret mission against the Mafia. Later a small memorial (an engraved brass plate on a pole) was erected on the square in his remembrance.\n\nSee also \n Giardino Garibaldi\n Fontana del Garraffo\n Palazzo Chiaramonte\n\nReferences \n\nMarina"}
-{"text": "Nicely Formation\n\nThe Nicely Formation is a geologic formation in Oregon. It preserves fossils dating back to the Jurassic period.\n\nSee also\n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Oregon\n Paleontology in Oregon\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Jurassic geology of Oregon"}
-{"text": "Soviet Navy\n\nThe Soviet Navy () was the naval arm of the Soviet Armed Forces. Often referred to as the Red Fleet, the Soviet Navy was a large part of the Soviet Union's strategic plan in the event of a conflict with the opposing superpower, the United States, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or another conflict related to the Warsaw Pact of Eastern Europe. The influence of the Soviet Navy played a large role in the Cold War (1945-1991), as the majority of conflicts centered on naval forces.\n\nThe Soviet Navy was divided into four major fleets: the Northern, Pacific, Black Sea, and Baltic Fleets; under separate command was the Leningrad Naval Base. The Caspian Flotilla was a smaller force operating in the land-locked Caspian Sea. Main components of the Soviet Navy included Soviet Naval Aviation, Naval Infantry (Soviet Marines), and Coastal Artillery.\n\nAfter the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia inherited the largest part of the Soviet Navy and reformed it into the Russian Navy, with smaller parts becoming the basis for navies of the newly independent post-Soviet states.\n\nEarly history\n\nRussian Civil War (1917\u20131922)\n\nThe Soviet Navy was based on a republican naval force formed from the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy, which had been almost completely destroyed in the two Revolutions of 1917 (February and October/November) during World War I (1914\u20131918), the following Russian Civil War (1917\u20131922), and the Kronstadt rebellion in 1921. During the revolutionary period, Russian sailors deserted their ships at will and generally neglected their duties. The officers were dispersed (some were killed by the Red Terror, some joined the \"White\" (anti-communist) opposing armies, and others simply resigned) and most of the sailors walked off and left their ships. Work stopped in the shipyards, where uncompleted ships deteriorated rapidly.\n\nThe Black Sea Fleet fared no better than the Baltic. The Bolshevik (Communist) revolution entirely disrupted its personnel, with mass murders of officers; the ships were allowed to decay to unserviceability. At the end of April 1918, Imperial German troops moved along the Black Sea coast and entered Crimea and started to advance towards the Sevastopol naval base. The more effective ships were moved from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk where, after an ultimatum from Germany, they were scuttled by Vladimir Lenin's order. The ships remaining in Sevastopol were captured by the Germans and then, after the later Armistice of 11 November 1918 on the Western Front which ended the War, additional Russian ships were confiscated by the British. On 1\u00a0April 1919, during the ensuing Russian Civil War when Red Army forces captured Crimea, the British Royal Navy squadron had to withdraw, but before leaving they damaged all the remaining battleships and sank thirteen new submarines. When the opposing Czarist  White Army captured Crimea in 1919, it rescued and reconditioned a few units. At the end of the civil war, Wrangel's fleet, a White flotilla, moved south through the Black Sea, Dardanelles straits and the Aegean Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to Bizerta in French Tunisia on the North Africa coast, where it was interned.\n\nThe first ship of the revolutionary navy could be considered the rebellious Imperial Russian cruiser , built 1900, whose crew joined the communist  Bolsheviks. Sailors of the Baltic fleet supplied the fighting force of the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky during the October Revolution of November 1917 against the democratic provisional government of Alexander Kerensky established after the earlier first revolution of February against the Czar. Some imperial vessels continued to serve after the revolution, albeit with different names.\n\nThe Soviet Navy, established as the \"Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet\" (Russian: \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435-\u041a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0444\u043b\u043e\u0442, Raboche-Krest'yansky Krasny Flot or RKKF) by a 1918 decree of the new Council of People's Commissars, installed as a temporary Russian revolutionary government, was less than service-ready during the interwar years of 1918 to 1941.\n\nAs the country's attentions were largely directed internally, the Navy did not have much funding or training. An indicator of its reputation was that the Soviets were not invited to participate in negotiations for the Washington Naval Treaty of 1921\u20131922, which limited the size and capabilities of the most powerful navies - British,\nAmerican, Japanese, French, Italian. The greater part of the old fleet was sold by the Soviet government to post-war Germany for scrap. In the Baltic Sea there remained only three much-neglected battleships, two cruisers, some ten destroyers, and a few submarines. Despite this state of affairs, the Baltic Fleet remained a significant naval formation, and the Black Sea Fleet also provided a basis for expansion. There also existed some thirty minor-waterways combat flotillas.\n\nInterwar period (1922\u20131941)\nDuring the 1930s, as the industrialization of the Soviet Union proceeded, plans were made to expand the Soviet Navy into one of the most powerful in the world. Approved by the Labour and Defence Council in 1926, the Naval Shipbuilding Program included plans to construct twelve submarines; the first six were to become known as the Dekabrist class. Beginning 4\u00a0November 1926, Technical Bureau N\u00ba 4 (formerly the Submarine Department, and still secret), under the leadership of B.M. Malinin, managed the submarine construction works at the Baltic Shipyard. In subsequent years, 133 submarines were built to designs developed during Malinin's management. Additional developments included the formation of the Pacific Fleet in 1932 and the Northern Fleet in 1933. The forces were to be built around a core of powerful Sovetsky Soyuz-class battleships. This building program was only in its initial stages by the time the German invasion forced its suspension in 1941.\n\nThe Soviet Navy had some minor action in the Winter War against Finland in 1939\u20131940, on the Baltic Sea. It was limited mainly to cruisers and battleships fighting artillery duels with Finnish forts.\n\nWorld War II: The Great Patriotic War (1941\u20131945)\n\nBuilding a Soviet fleet was a national priority, but many senior officers were killed in Stalinist purges in the late 1930s. The naval share of the national armaments budget fell from 11.5% in 1941 to 6.6% in 1944.\n\nWhen Nazi Germany invaded in June 1941 and initially captured millions of soldiers, many sailors and naval guns were detached to reinforce the Red Army; these reassigned naval forces had especially significant roles on land in the battles for Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, and Leningrad. The Baltic fleet was blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by minefields, but the submarines escaped. The surface fleet fought with the anti-aircraft defence of the city and bombarded German positions.\n\nThe U.S. and Britain through the Lend Lease program gave the USSR several of their ships with a total displacement of 810,000 tons.\n\nThe composition of the Soviet fleets in 1941 included:\n 3 battleships,\n 7 cruisers (including 4 modern Kirov-class heavy cruisers),\n 59 destroyers (including 46 modern Gnevny-class and Soobrazitelny-class destroyers),\n 218 submarines,\n 269 torpedo boats,\n 22 patrol vessels,\n 88 minesweepers,\n 77 submarine-chasers,\n and a range of other smaller vessels.\nIn various stages of completion were another 219 vessels including 3 battleships, 2 heavy and 7 light cruisers, 45 destroyers, and 91 submarines.\n\nIncluded in the totals above are some pre-World War I ships (Novik-class destroyers, some of the cruisers, and all the battleships), some modern ships built in the USSR and Europe (like the Italian-built destroyer Tashkent and the partially completed German cruiser ). During the war, many of the vessels on the slips in Leningrad and Nikolayev were destroyed (mainly by aircraft and mines), but the Soviet Navy received captured Romanian destroyers and Lend-Lease small craft from the U.S., as well as the old Royal Navy battleship  (renamed Arkhangelsk) and the United States Navy cruiser  (renamed Murmansk) in exchange for the Soviet part of the captured Italian navy.\n\nIn the Baltic Sea, after Tallinn's capture, surface ships were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by minefields, where they participated with the anti-aircraft defense of the city and bombarded German positions. One example of Soviet resourcefulness was the battleship Marat, an aging pre-World War I ship sunk at anchor in Kronstadt's harbor by German Stukas in 1941. For the rest of the war, the non-submerged part of the ship remained in use as a grounded battery. Submarines, although suffering great losses due to German and Finnish anti-submarine actions, had a major role in the war at sea by disrupting Axis navigation in the Baltic Sea.\n\nIn the Black Sea, many ships were damaged by minefields and Axis aviation, but they helped defend naval bases and supply them while besieged, as well as later evacuating them. Heavy naval guns and courageous sailors helped defend port cities during long sieges by Axis armies. In the Arctic Ocean, Soviet Northern Fleet destroyers (Novik-class, Type 7, and Type 7U) and smaller craft participated with the anti-aircraft and anti-submarine defense of Allied convoys conducting Lend-Lease cargo shipping. In the Pacific Ocean, the Soviet Union was not at war with Japan before 1945, so some destroyers were transferred to the Northern Fleet.\n\nFrom the beginning of hostilities, Soviet Naval Aviation provided air support to naval and land operations involving the Soviet Navy. This service was responsible for the operation of shore-based floatplanes, long-range flying boats, catapult-launched and vessel-based planes, and land-based aircraft designated for naval use.\n\nAs post-war spoils, the Soviets received several Italian and Japanese warships and much German naval engineering and architectural documentation.\n\nCold War (1945\u20131991)\n\nIn February 1946, the Red Fleet was renamed and became known as the Soviet Navy (). After the war, the Soviets concluded that they needed a navy that could disrupt supply lines, and display a small naval presence to the developing world. As the natural resources the Soviet Union needed were available on the Eurasian landmass, it did not need a navy to protect a large commercial fleet, as the western navies were configured to do. Later, countering seaborne nuclear delivery systems became another significant objective of the navy, and an impetus for expansion.\n\nThe Soviet Navy was structured around submarines and small, maneuverable, tactical vessels. The Soviet shipbuilding program kept yards busy constructing submarines based upon World War II German Kriegsmarine designs, which were launched with great frequency during the immediate post-war years. Afterwards, through a combination of indigenous research and technology obtained through espionage from Nazi Germany and the Western nations, the Soviets gradually improved their submarine designs, though they initially lagged behind the western North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) countries by a decade or two.\n\nThe Soviets were quick to equip their surface fleet with missiles of various sorts. Indeed, it became a feature of Soviet design to place large missiles onto relatively small, but fast, missile boats, while in the West such an approach would never have been considered tactically feasible. The Soviet Navy did also possess several very large and well-armed guided-missile cruisers, like those of the Kirov and Slava classes. By the 1970s, Soviet submarine technology was in some respects more advanced than in the West, and several of their submarine types were considered superior to their American rivals.\n\nThe 5th Operational Squadron (:ru:5-\u044f \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0412\u041c\u0424) operated in the Mediterranean Sea. The squadron's main function was to prevent largescale naval ingress into the Black Sea, which could bypass the need for any invasion to be over the Eurasian land mass. The flagship of the squadron was for a long period the Sverdlov class cruiser Zhdanov.\n\nCarriers and aviation\n\nLarge carriers were not needed to support the naval strategy of disrupting sea lines of communication.\n\nThe Soviet Navy still had the mission of confronting Western submarines, creating a need for large surface vessels to carry anti-submarine helicopters. During 1968 and 1969 the Moskva-class helicopter carriers were first deployed, succeeded by the first of four aircraft-carrying cruisers of the Kiev class in 1973. Both of these types were capable of operating ASW helicopters, and the Kiev class also operated V/STOL aircraft (e.g., the Yak-38 'Forger'); they were designed to operate for fleet defense, primarily within range of land-based Soviet Naval Aviation aircraft.\n\nDuring the 1970s the Soviets began Project 1153 Orel ('Eagle'), whose stated purpose was to create an aircraft carrier capable of basing fixed-wing fighter aircraft in defense of the deployed fleet. The project was canceled during the planning stages when strategic priorities shifted once more. It was during the 1980s that the Soviet Navy acquired its first true aircraft carrier, Tbilisi, subsequently renamed Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union Kuznetsov, which carries Sukhoi Su-33 'Flanker-D' and MiG-29 fighters, and Ka-27 helicopters. A distinctive feature of Soviet aircraft carriers has been their offensive missile armament (as well as long-range anti-aircraft warfare armament), again representing a fleet-defense operational concept, in distinction to the Western emphasis on shore-strike missions from distant deployment. A second carrier (pre-commissioning name Varyag) was under construction when the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991. Construction stopped and the ship was sold later, incomplete, to the People's Republic of China by Ukraine, which inherited part of the old Soviet fleet after the break-up of the USSR. It was commissioned into the People's Liberation Army Navy in 2012 as the Liaoning.\n\nSoon after the launch of this second Kuznetsov-class ship, the Soviet Navy began the construction of an improved aircraft carrier design, , which was to have been slightly larger than the Kuznetsov class and nuclear-powered. The project was terminated, and what little structure had been initiated in the building ways was scrapped.\n\nIn part to perform the functions usual to carrier-borne aircraft, the Soviet Navy deployed large numbers of strategic bombers in a maritime role, with the Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota (AV-MF, or Naval Aviation service). Strategic bombers like the Tupolev Tu-16 'Badger' and Tu-22M 'Backfire' were deployed with high-speed anti-shipping missiles. Previously believed to be interceptors of NATO supply convoys traveling the sea lines of communication across the North Atlantic Ocean between Europe and North America, the primary role of these aircraft was to protect the Soviet mainland from attacks by U.S. carrier task forces.\n\nSubmarines\n\nDue to the USSR's geographic position, submarines were considered the capital ships of the Navy. It was submarines that could penetrate attempts at blockade, either in the constrained waters of the Baltic and Black Seas or in the remote reaches of the USSR's western Arctic. Surface ships were clearly much easier to find and attack. The USSR had entered World War II with more submarines than Germany, but geography and the speed of the German attack precluded it from effectively using its more numerous fleet to its advantage. Because of its opinion that \"quantity had a quality of its own\" and the insistence of Fleet Admiral Gorshkov, the Soviet Navy continued to operate many first-generation missile submarines, built in the early 1960s, until the end of the Cold War in 1991.\n\nIn some respects, including speed and reactor technology, Soviet submarines achieved unique successes, but for most of the era lagged their Western counterparts in overall capability. In addition to their relatively high speeds and great operating depths they were difficult anti-submarine warfare (ASW) targets to destroy because of their multiple compartments, their large reserve buoyancy, and especially their double-hulled design. Their principal shortcomings were insufficient noise-damping (American boats were quieter) and primitive sonar technology. Acoustics was a particularly interesting type of information that the Soviets sought about the West's submarine-production methods, and the long-active John Anthony Walker spy ring may have made a major contribution to their knowledge of such.\n\nThe Soviet Navy possessed numerous purpose-built guided missile submarines, such as the , as well as many ballistic missile and attack submarines; their  are the world's largest submarines. While Western navies assumed that the Soviet attack submarine force was designed for interception of NATO convoys, the Soviet leadership never prepared their submarines for such a mission. The force also targeted American aircraft carrier battle groups.\n\nOver the years Soviet submarines suffered a number of accidents, most notably on several nuclear boats. The most famous incidents include the  K-219, and the  Komsomolets, both lost to fire, and the far more menacing nuclear reactor leak on the  K-19, narrowly averted by her captain. Inadequate nuclear safety, poor damage control, and quality-control issues during construction (particularly on the earlier submarines) were typical causes of accidents. On several occasions there were alleged collisions with American submarines. None of these, however, has been confirmed officially by the U.S. Navy. On 28 August 1976, K-22 (Echo II) collided with frigate USS Voge in the Mediterranean Sea.\n\nTransition\nAfter the dissolution of the USSR and the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Navy, like other branches of Armed Forces, eventually lost some of its units to former Soviet Republics, and was left without funding.\n\nInventory\n\nSoviet Navy in 1990:\n63 ballistic missile submarines\n 6 Project 941 (Typhoon-class) submarine\n 40 Project 667B (Delta-class) submarine\n 12 Project 667A (Yankee-class) submarine\n 5 Project 658 (Hotel-class) submarine\n\n72 cruise missile submarines\n 6 Oscar-class submarine\n 6 Yankee Notch submarine\n 14 Charlie-class submarine\n 30 Echo-class submarine\n 16 Juliett-class submarine\n\n68 nuclear attack submarines\n\n 5 Akula-class submarine\n 2 Sierra-class submarine\n 6 Alfa-class submarine\n 46 Victor-class submarine\n 6 November-class submarine\n 3 Yankee SSN submarine\n\n 63 conventional attack submarines\n 18 Kilo-class submarine\n 20 Tango-class submarine\n 25 Foxtrot-class submarine\n\n9 auxiliary submarine\n 1 Beluga-class submarine\n 1 Lima-class submarine\n 2 India-class submarine\n 4 Bravo-class submarine\n 1 Losos-class submarine\n\n7 aircraft carriers / helicopter carriers\n 1 Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier\n 4 Kiev-class aircraft carrier\n 2 Moskva-class helicopter carrier\n\n3 battlecruisers\n\n 3 Kirov-class battlecruiser\n\n30 cruisers\n 3 Slava-class cruiser\n 7 Kara-class cruiser\n 4 Kresta I-class cruiser\n 10 Kresta II-class cruiser\n 4 Kynda-class cruiser\n 2 Sverdlov-class cruiser\n\n45 destroyers\n 11 Sovremennyy-class destroyer\n 11 Udaloy-class destroyer\n 18 Kashin-class destroyer\n 3 Kanin-class destroyer\n 2 Kildin-class destroyer\n\n113 frigates\n 32 Krivak-class frigate\n 1 Koni-class frigate\n 18 Mirka-class frigate\n 31 Petya-class frigate\n 31 Riga-class frigate\n\n124 corvettes\n 10 Parchim-class corvette\n 36 Nanuchka-class corvette\n 78 Grisha-class corvette\n\n35 amphibious warfare ships\n 2 Ivan Rogov-class landing ship\n 19 Ropucha-class landing ship\n 14 Alligator-class landing ship\n 6 Polnocny-class landing ship\n\n\u2248425 patrol boats\n\nSoviet Naval Aviation\n\nThe regular Soviet naval aviation units were created in 1918. They participated in the Russian Civil War, cooperating with the ships and the army during the combats at Petrograd, on the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, the Volga, the Kama River, Northern Dvina and on the Lake Onega. The newborn Soviet Naval Air Force consisted of only 76 obsolete hydroplanes. Scanty and technically imperfect, it was mostly used for resupplying the ships and the army.\n\nIn the second half of the 1920s, the Naval Aviation order of battle began to grow. It received new reconnaissance hydroplanes, bombers, and fighters. In the mid-1930s, the Soviets created the Naval Air Force in the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Soviet Pacific Fleet. The importance of naval aviation had grown significantly by 1938\u20131940, to become one of the main components of the Soviet Navy. By this time, the Soviets had created formations and units of the torpedo and bomb aviation.\n\nSoviet Naval Infantry\n\nDuring World War II, about 350,000 Soviet sailors fought on land. At the beginning of the war, the navy had only one brigade of marines in the Baltic fleet, but began forming and training other battalions. These eventually were:\n 6 naval infantry regiments (650 marines in two battalions)\n 40 naval infantry brigades of 5\u201310 battalions, formed from surplus ships' crews. Five brigades were awarded Gvardy (Guards) status.\n Numerous smaller units\n 1 division - the 55th Marine Division, formerly an Red Army unit\n\nThe military situation demanded the deployment of large numbers of marines on land fronts, so the Naval Infantry contributed to the defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa, Sevastopol, Stalingrad, Novorossiysk, Kerch. The Naval Infantry conducted over 114 landings, most of which were carried out by platoons and companies. In general, however, Naval Infantry served as regular infantry, without any amphibious training. They conducted four major operations: two during the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula, one during the Caucasus Campaign and one as part of the Landing at Moonsund, in the Baltic. During the war, five brigades and two battalions of naval infantry were awarded Guards status. Nine brigades and six battalions were awarded decorations, and many were given honorary titles. The title Hero of the Soviet Union was bestowed on 122 members of naval infantry units.\n\nThe Soviet experience in amphibious warfare in World War II contributed to the development of Soviet combined arms operations. Many members of the Naval Infantry were parachute trained, conducting more drops and successful parachute operations, than the Soviet Airborne Troops (VDV).\n\nThe Naval Infantry was disbanded in 1947, with some units being transferred to the Coastal Defence Forces.\n\nIn 1961, the Naval Infantry was re-formed and became one of the active combat services of the Navy. Each Fleet was assigned a Marine unit of regiment (and later brigade) size. The Naval Infantry received amphibious versions of standard Armoured fighting vehicle, including tanks used by the Soviet Army.\n\nBy 1989, the Naval Infantry numbered 18,000 marines, organized into a Marine Division and 4 independent Marine brigades;\n 55th Marine Division, at Vladivostok\n 63rd Guards Kirkenneskaya Brigade at Pechenga (Northern Fleet)\n 175th Brigade, at Tumanny in the North\n 336th Guards Brigade at Baltiysk (Baltic Fleet)\n 810th Brigade, at Sevastopol (Black Sea Fleet)\n\nBy the end of the Cold War, the Soviet Navy had over eighty landing ships, as well as two Ivan Rogov-class landing ships. The latter could transport one infantry battalion with 40 armoured vehicles and their landing craft. (One of the Rogov ships has since been retired.)\n\nAt 75 units, the Soviet Union had the world's largest inventory of combat air-cushion assault craft. In addition, many of the 2,500 vessels of the Soviet merchant fleet (Morflot) could off-load weapons and supplies during amphibious landings.\n\nOn November 18, 1990, on the eve of the Paris Summit where the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Vienna Document on Confidence and Security-Building Measures (CSBMs) were signed, Soviet data were presented under the so-called initial data exchange. This showed a rather sudden emergence of three so-called coastal defence divisions (including the 3rd at Klaip\u0117da in the Baltic Military District, the 126th in the Odessa Military District and seemingly the 77th Guards Motor Rifle Division with the Northern Fleet), along with three artillery brigades/regiments, subordinate to the Soviet Navy, which had previously been unknown as such to NATO. Much of the equipment, which was commonly understood to be treaty limited (TLE) was declared to be part of the naval infantry. The Soviet argument was that the CFE excluded all naval forces, including its permanently land-based components. The Soviet Government eventually became convinced that its position could not be maintained.\n\nA proclamation of the Soviet government on July 14, 1991, which was later adopted by its successor states, provided that all \"treaty-limited equipment\" (tanks, artillery, and armored vehicles) assigned to naval infantry or coastal defense forces, would count against the total treaty entitlement.\n\nHeads of the Soviet Naval Forces\n\nCommanders of Naval Forces of the RSFSR (\"KoMorSi\")\n Vasili Mikhailovich Altfater (15 October 1918 \u2013 22 April 1919),\n Yevgeny Andreyevich Berens (24 April 1919 \u2013 5 February 1920),\n Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Nemits (5 February 1920 \u2013 22 November 1921).\n\nCommander-in-Chief's Assistant for Naval Affairs (from 27 August 1921)\n\nCommanders-in-Chief of the Naval Forces of the USSR (\"NaMorSi\") (from 1 January 1924)\n Eduard Samoilovich Pantserzhansky (22 November 1921 \u2013 9 December 1924),\n Vyacheslav Ivanovich Zof (9 December 1924 \u2013 23 August 1926),\n Romuald Adamovich Muklevich (23 August 1926 \u2013 11 June 1931),\n Fleet Flag-officer 1st Rank Vladimir Mitrofanovich Orlov (11 June 1931 \u2013 15 August 1937),\n Fleet Flag-officer 2nd Rank Lev Mikhailovich Galler (10 July \u2013 15 August 1937) Acting,\n Fleet Flag-officer 1st Rank Mikhail Vladimirovich Viktorov (15 August 1937 \u2013 30 December 1937).\n\nPeople's Commissars for the USSR Navy (\"NarKom VMF USSR\") (from 1938)\n Army Commissar 1st Rank Pyotr Alexandrovich Smirnov (30 December 1937 \u2013 5 November 1938),\n Army Commander 1st Rank Mikhail Petrovich Frinovsky (5 November 1938 \u2013 20 March 1939),\n Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (from 27 April 1939).\n\nCommanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy (\"GlavKom VMF\") (from 1943)\n Fleet Admiral Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (to January 1947),\n Admiral Ivan Stepanovich Yumashev (17 January 1947 \u2013 20 July 1951),\n Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Nikolai Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (20 July 1951 \u2013 5 January 1956), second term,\n Fleet Admiral of the Soviet Union Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov (5 January 1956 \u2013 8 December 1985), considered the officer most responsible for reforming the Soviet Navy,\n Fleet Admiral Vladimir Nikolayevich Chernavin (8 December 1985 \u2013 December 1991; CIS Navy through August 1992).\n\nSee also\n Soviet Naval Aviation\n Soviet Naval Infantry\n Naval history of World War II\n 1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation\n List of ships of the Soviet Navy\n List of USSR navy flags\n Morskaya Aviatsiya World War II Soviet Naval Air Service\n List of Russian admirals\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Goldstein, Lyle; Zhukov, Yuri (2004). \"A Tale of Two Fleets: A Russian Perspective on the 1973 Naval Standoff in the Mediterranean\". Naval War College Review.\n Goldstein, Lyle; John Hattendorf; Zhukov, Yuri. (2005) \"The Cold War at Sea: An International Appraisal\". Journal of Strategic Studies. ISSN 0140-2390\n Gorshkov, Serge\u012d Georgievich. Red Star Rising at Sea (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1974)\n \n Nilsen, Thomas; Kudrik, Igor; Nikitin, Aleksandr (1996). Report 2: 1996: The Russian Northern Fleet. Oslo/St. Petersburg: Bellona Foundation. . Chapter 8, \"Nuclear submarine accidents\".\n Oberg, James (1988). Uncovering Soviet Disasters. New York: Random House. .\n Rohwer, J\u00fcrgen, and Mikhail S. Monakov, Stalin's Ocean-Going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programmes, 1935\u20131953 (Psychology Press, 2001)\n\n Sontag, Sherry; Drew, Christopher; Drew, Annette Lawrence (1998). Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. Harper. .\n\nExternal links\n Russian Navy\n Globalsecurity.org page on the Soviet Navy.\n Admiral Gorshkov and the Soviet Navy\n Soviet Submarines\n Red Fleet\n Flags & Streamers\n Warship Listing\n Russian Navy Weapons\n All Soviet Warships \u2013 Complete Ship List (English)\n All Soviet Submarines \u2013 Complete Ship List (English)\n Understanding Soviet naval developments (English)\n\n*\nCategory:Military of the Soviet Union\nCategory:Disbanded navies\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1918\nCategory:Military units and formations disestablished in 1991\nCategory:1918 establishments in Russia\nCategory:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union"}
-{"text": "Wedge-tailed hillstar\n\nThe wedge-tailed hillstar (Oreotrochilus adela) is a species of hummingbird in the family Trochilidae. This sexually dimorphic species is found in scrub and woodland at altitudes of  in the Andes of Bolivia and far north-western border region of Argentina. It is threatened by habitat loss. Uniquely among the hillstars, the flanks of the male are deep chestnut, while the underparts of the female are orange-buff.\n\nReferences\n\nwedge-tailed hillstar\nCategory:Birds of the Bolivian Andes\nwedge-tailed hillstar\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Corigliano d'Otranto\n\nCorigliano d'Otranto (; ) is a small town and comune of 5,632 inhabitants in the province of Lecce in Apulia, Italy. It is one of the nine towns of Grec\u00eca Salentina.\n\nSister cities\n Ilion, Greece\n\nCategory:Cities and towns in Apulia\nCategory:Grec\u00eca Salentina\nCategory:Localities of Salento"}
-{"text": "+'Justments\n\n+'Justments (pronounced: adjustments) is a 1974 album by Bill Withers, released by Sussex Records.  It contains the hit single, \"The Same Love That Made Me Laugh\" (US #50, Canada #39), which charted during the spring of 1974.  It was covered in 1977 by Diana Ross on her LP Baby It's Me.\n\nReception\n\nLegal tussles between Withers and Sussex prevented further recording sessions until Columbia signed the singer a year later. Columbia bought Withers' back catalog, re-releasing his earlier hit records, but +'Justments was not reissued on CD until 2010.\n\nThe album cover shows Withers writing the following explanation of the title: \n\"Life like most precious gifts gives us the responsibility of upkeep. We are given the responsibility of arranging our own spaces to best benefit our survival. We have the choice of believing or not believing in things like God, friendship, marriage, love, lust or any number of simple but complicated things. We will make some mistakes both in judgement and in fact. We will help some situations and hurt some situations. We will help some people and hurt some people and be left to live with it either way. We must then make some adjustments, or as the old people back home would call them, + 'JUSTMENTS.\"\n\n\"Can We Pretend\" features Jos\u00e9 Feliciano on guitar, and he is featured on congas on \"Railroad Man\". Withers was a guest musician and composer on the 1973 Feliciano album Compartments.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel \nBill Withers - Lead and Backing Vocals, Guitar\nBenorce Blackmon \u2013 Guitar\nJos\u00e9 Feliciano - Guitar, Congas (on \"Railroad Man\")\nMelvin Dunlap - Bass\nJames Gadson - Drums\nJohn Barnes - Piano\nJohn Myles - Clavinet\nDorothy Ashby - Harp\nChip Steen - Congas\n\nCharts\n\nSingles\n\nExternal links\n Bill Withers-+ 'Justments at Discogs\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1974 albums\nCategory:Bill Withers albums\nCategory:Sussex Records albums"}
-{"text": "Tania Soni\n\nTania Vijay Kumar is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who won the Mrs. India crown in Mumbai in 2003 and subsequently competed in Mrs. World. She first participated in a Miss Country Club pageant while still in college. She was then runner-up in Gladrags \"Super model of the year\" and a finalist for the Miss India title in 1998.  She worked as a flight attendant.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Indian beauty pageant winners\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Female models from Mumbai"}
-{"text": "Breslov Research Institute\n\nBreslov Research Institute is a publisher of classic and contemporary Breslov texts in English. Established in 1979, BRI has produced the first English translation of all the works of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov (1772\u20131810) and selected works of Reb Noson (1780\u20131844), the Rebbe's closest disciple; studies of the Rebbe's teachings on individual subjects; contemporary Breslov biographies; and self-help books which apply Rebbe Nachman's teachings to daily life. BRI currently has over 100 titles in print, many of which it has also translated into Hebrew, Spanish, Russian and French. BRI maintains offices in Jerusalem and New York City.\n\nHistory\nThe founding of Breslov Research Institute was an outgrowth of the outreach work of Rabbi Zvi Aryeh Rosenfeld, who is credited with bringing the teachings of Rebbe Nachman to American shores beginning in the late 1940s. While Rabbi Rosenfeld primarily taught students in the New York area and recorded his lectures on tape, he encouraged one of his students, Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan, to produce an English translation of a key Breslov text, Shivchei V'Sichot HaRan (Rabbi Nachman's Wisdom), in 1973, which Rabbi Rosenfeld edited. In 1979, one year after Rabbi Rosenfeld's death, his son-in-law, Chaim Kramer, established the Breslov Research Institute to continue the effort to publish Breslov teachings in English.\n\n1980s\nIn the 1980s, BRI produced the first English translations of important Breslov texts, including:\nRabbi Nachman's Stories (translation and commentary of Sippurey Ma'asiyot, Rebbe Nachman's parables and stories)\nRabbi Nachman's Tikkun (on the Tikkun HaKlali)\nTzaddik (translation of Chayey Moharan)\nAdvice (translation of Likutey Eitzot)\nThe Aleph-Bet Book (translation of Sefer HaMiddot)\n\nBRI also published Until the Mashiach, an annotated chronology of the life of Rebbe Nachman, and Crossing the Narrow Bridge, an original work which spelled out the main concepts of Breslov Hasidut in a down-to-earth manner.\n\nBeginning in 1984, BRI undertook the translation, annotation and commentary of Rebbe Nachman's magnum opus, Likutey Moharan. In 2012, the 15th and final volume of the set was published.\n\n1990s\nDuring the 1990s, BRI produced a definitive biography of Reb Noson, the Rebbe's closest disciple (Through Fire and Water), and translated and compiled Reb Noson's prolific letters in a 4-volume set (Eternally Yours).\n\n2000s\nIn the 2000s, BRI produced the first English translation of the Kitzur Likutey Moharan (Abridged Likutey Moharan) and compilations of Breslov teachings on Pirkei Avot and the Chumash. A collection of the Rebbe's teachings on tzedakah (charity) was published as More Blessed To Give, and a collection of personal histories of men who traveled to Uman for the annual Rosh Hashana pilgrimage to Rebbe Nachman's grave was published as Rebbe Nachman and the Knights of the Rosh HaShanah Table. In 2014 the Breslov Siddur (weekday edition) was published, followed by the Shabbos/Yom Tov edition in 2018.\n\nTo date, BRI has published all the writings of Rebbe Nachman and selected writings of Reb Noson. A multi-volume translation of Reb Noson's Likutey Tefilot (Collected Prayers) has been published under the title The Fiftieth Gate. BRI has also published original works by contemporary Breslov authors presenting Rebbe Nachman's teachings on prayer, hitbodedut, tefillin, Shabbat, Jewish holidays, Mashiach, the Land of Israel, the Sefirot, and Uman (burial place of Rebbe Nachman). It has produced a series of illustrated children's books based on Rebbe Nachman's parables.\n\nBRI has produced a number of audio recordings of traditional Breslov songs and melodies, plus two books of Breslov sheet music.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nBreslov Research Institute home page\n\nCategory:Book publishing companies of Israel\nCategory:Jewish printing and publishing\nCategory:Music publishing companies\nCategory:Breslov Hasidism\nCategory:Publishing companies established in 1979\nCategory:Media in Jerusalem\nCategory:Music organizations based in Israel"}
-{"text": "Scott Hoffman\n\nScott Hoffman (born October 10, 1961 in Fort Myers, Florida) is an American rock drummer. He is best known for his years playing with Southern rock band 38 Special, from 1992 - 1997.\n\nHoffman graduated from Berklee College of Music in 1983 with a Bachelor of Music degree in Audio Recording.\n\nHoffman's professional career began in high school as a percussionist with the Miami Beach Symphony Orchestra. Over the years, Hoffman's career has spanned musical genres as he has played for 38 Special, O-Town, Down Time, Chris Hicks Band (Marshall Tucker Band & The Outlaws), Brian Howe (Bad Company), Johnny No Name a.k.a. A. J. McLean (Backstreet Boys), and Mindi Abair. Additionally, Hoffman has played drums with James Taylor (subbing for Steve Gadd) and Jerry Douglas (subbing for Doug Belote).\n\nSince 2003, Scott has been the drum tech for Steve Gadd (James Taylor and Paul Simon).\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1961 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American rock drummers\nCategory:38 Special (band) members\nCategory:People from Fort Myers, Florida\nCategory:Berklee College of Music alumni\nCategory:20th-century American drummers\nCategory:American male drummers\nCategory:20th-century American male musicians"}
-{"text": "BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981\n\nThe BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981 was a smartphone by Research In Motion and Porsche Design. Released in December 2011, it was a variant of the latest model of the Bold 9900, sharing all of its internal hardware components. They both shared the same Qualcomm Snapdragon MSM8655 CPU clocked at 1.2\u00a0GHz, 768\u00a0MB of RAM, a  TFT multi-touch capacitive touchscreen (built on 88\u03bcm pixel) with a resolution of 640 x 480\u00a0pixels, and the same 5.0-megapixel EDOF rear camera capable of 720p video recording, and an LED flash. The major difference was the exterior case, which included a unibody stainless steel frame and leather rear door. Porsche Design changed the aesthetics of the device by adding a metal QWERTY keyboard laid across four straight rows that were set into the steel frame, each row of keys divided by a space, along with custom menu buttons.\n\nIt ran the BlackBerry OS 7 and featured a custom user interface, modified by Porsche Design. Aside from this, the software contained within the device itself was identical to software on the Bold 9900.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nP'9981 via BlackBerry UK\n\nCategory:Personal digital assistants\nCategory:Information appliances\nP9981\nCategory:Mobile phones with an integrated hardware keyboard\nCategory:Touchscreen portable media players\nCategory:Mobile phones introduced in 2011"}
-{"text": "PMS (disambiguation)\n\nPMS may refer to:\n\nLanguages \n Piedmontese language (ISO 639-3 language code), a language used in northwest Italy.\n\nMedicine\n Premenstrual syndrome, a collection of physical, psychological and emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual cycle\n Postmarketing surveillance, monitoring of a pharmaceutical drug or device\n Medical practice management software, dealing with the management of a medical practice\n\nScience \n PMS1, a human protein involved in nucleotide mismatch repair\n Pre\u2013main sequence star, a star that has not yet reached the main sequence\n\nDesign \n Pantone Matching System, a proprietary color space\n\nCommerce \n Portfolio Management Services, a service given to people to manage their portfolio in various investments\n\nComputers \n Process management system, a system for business process management\n Philip's Music Scribe, music scorewriter software\n Pop'n Music Script, a computer file format for rhythm action games\n Project management system\n Property management system, software for hotel management\n Pavement management#Pavement management systems, software for maintaining a road network\n\nNationality and politics \n Partido Mexicano Socialista, a socialist political party in Mexico\n Presidential Management Staff, a government agency in the Philippines\n Prime Ministers, see List of current prime ministers\n Prime Minister's Spokesman, UK civil service post\n\nMaintenance \n Preventive maintenance schedule, a schedule for preventive maintenance\n\nSports and gaming \n Pretty Mean Sisters, a 1990s stable in the World Wrestling Federation\n PMS Clan, an all-female gaming clan\n\nSchools \n Pleasanton Unified School District#Pleasanton Middle School, California, USA\n\nReligion \n Pontifical Mission Societies, the name of a group of Catholic missionary societies that are under the canonical jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome (the Pope)."}
-{"text": "Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation\n\nIntercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC TV) is a Philippine-based media company and VHF television network of the Government Communications Group under the Presidential Communications Operations Office (PCOO). IBC TV, along with sister media companies People's Television Network and Philippine Broadcasting Service, forms the media arm of the PCOO. Its studios, offices and broadcast facilities are located at the IBC TV Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Diliman, Quezon City.\n\nHistory\n\nThe beginnings\nInter-Island Broadcasting Corporation was established in October 1959 when DZTV Channel 13 in Manila went its test broadcast. On March 1, 1960 at 6:30pm, DZTV-TV 13 was finally launched and it became as the third television station in the country. Its original location was at the corner of P. Guevarra St. (formerly Little Baguio) in San Juan City from 1960 to 1978. American businessman Dick Baldwin was the station's first owner and programming consisted of mostly foreign programs from CBS and a few local shows. Andr\u00e9s Soriano, Sr. of San Miguel Corporation, would acquire the network in 1962. Soriano was also a majority owner of the Radio Mindanao Network (RMN) and the Philippine Herald newspaper. Soriano's combined media interests formed the first tri-media organization in the Philippines. As the de facto television arm of the RMN, it partnered with the RMN radio stations for coverages of the general elections of 1969 and 1971. The station had relay transmitters to bring its programs to viewers in Cebu and Davao, with plans to open more in other cities.\n\nIn between 1970 and 1972, IBC launched its color transmission system named \"Vinta Color\" named after the vintas from Zamboanga, becoming the third network in the Philippines to convert to all-color broadcasts, after ABS-CBN and RPN. In September 1972, then-President Ferdinand Marcos declared a martial law at the entire country, resulting IBC and other television networks (except Kanlaon Broadcasting System which was owned by a Marcos crony, Roberto Benedicto) was forced to shutdown by the government. However a few months later, IBC allowed by the government to return on the air.\n\nABS-CBN veteran Ben Aniceto became the station manager of DZTV Channel 13 from 1973 to 1976.\n\nRelaunch and the glory years\nOn February 1, 1975, during the martial law era and the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, due to a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, the network was acquired by a Marcos crony named Roberto Benedicto (who also owned Kanlaon Broadcasting System, which later renamed as Radio Philippines Network or RPN and the now defunct Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation or BBC) and was renamed Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation (IBC). IBC would launch an FM station DWKB-FM the same year. Marking the relaunch, the network debuted its vinta logo (which would be used until 1978 in two iterations). In 1976, IBC metamorphosed into one of the country's most viewed TV network with its primetime lineup and full length local and foreign films aired on this channel. This catapulted IBC in the number one slot among the four rival networks and also emphasized itself as the birthplace of the golden age of Philippine television, with many top series headlined by hit stars on radio, TV and film. Among its top-rated shows were a film series of Tarzan that starred Johnny Weissmuller, showbiz talk shows See-True and Seeing Stars hosted by Inday Badiday and Joe Quirino respectively, and comedy shows Iskul Bukol, Chicks to Chicks, and T.O.D.A.S. (Television's Outrageously Delightful All-Star Show).\n\nThrough the blood and sweat of its employees and the income generated from its programs, the network built and finally moved to its present home at the modern Broadcast City, together with its affiliated networks RPN and BBC in July 1978. The complex was a 55,000 square metre tract located at Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon City. At the same time, IBC moved its transmitter to San Francisco Del Monte, Quezon City to replace the old transmitter in San Juan. By 1985, however, IBC would become second to RPN, albeit with many great local and foreign programs that were popular among viewers.\n\nPost-EDSA Revolution, sequestration, E13, and Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese\nAfter the People Power Revolution which ousted the dictator Ferdinand Marcos and install Corazon Aquino as the new president of the Philippines, IBC, with 20 television stations that time, was sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government for allegedly being part of the crony capitalism under the Marcos regime. A board of administrators was created to run the station. All of the stocks and assets of IBC, and its sister networks RPN-9 and BBC-2 were sequestered by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG).\n\nWhen it became a state channel a new logo debuted featuring IBC and 13 on separate circles, a revamp of an earlier logo which debuted in 1978-79. The new slogan \"Basta Pinoy sa Trese\" was in a circle to commemorate the People Power Revolution.\n\nPresident Corazon Aquino turned over IBC and RPN to the Government Communications Group and awarded BBC through an executive order to ABS-CBN. When BBC closed down, both IBC and RPN absorbed majority of its displaced employees, thus doubled the operating expenses of the network. Cost of programs went up three-fold.  Line-produced shows and co-production ventures with some big film companies like Viva, Regal, and Seiko were favored, aside from their station-produced programs.\n\nThe top rated shows of IBC were pirated by rival networks, however it scored a victory when it acquired the then ABS-CBN program \"Loveliness\" in 1988, starring Alma Moreno. Cost of programs, talent fees and TV rights increased tremendously. IBC could no longer afford to produce its own shows, save for its news and current affairs programming and special events. In 1987, IBC was renamed as E13 and adopted a new slogan, \"Life Begins at 13\", noted for the butterfly logo in the form of the letter E and the number 13. By then, IBC had struggled to cope with the increased competition from the other networks, particularly from ABS-CBN which skyrocketed to number 1 by 1988.\n\nIn 1989, the IBC brand returned after two years. The network adopted a new image at the same year, \"Pusong Pinoy, Pusong Trese\" (Heart of Filipino, Heart of Thirteen), to recapture the glory days it once had. But because of the sequestration, periodic change of management and the internal problems, the network started to lose the support from its advertisers.\n\nIslands TV-13\nIslands Broadcast Corporation under Mr. Alfonso Denoga and Mr. Gil Balaguer took over the management and the marketing of IBC 13 (which was branded as Islands TV-13, pronounced on air as Islands TV one-three) in October 1990, at the time when IBC 13 was dead last in the ratings. The new logo features a three triangles and a slogan, The Newest Network adorn on the logo. It was in the later part of its operations that ratings and income suffered due to mismanagement which caused labor unrest. In March 1993, the Makati City RTC issued the court order stopping Islands Broadcast Corporation as the marketing and sales agent of IBC 13 due to unpaid financial obligations to the network as the contract of Islands expired on February 28, 1993.\n\nReturn of operations, Pinoy Ang Dating and Vintage Television\n\nIn October 1992, Islands TV-13 was rebranded back to IBC and became a 100% government owned station by virtue of a compromise agreement between PCGG and Roberto Benedicto. The management and marketing were returned to IBC's board of directors. The programming remained at a standstill in preparation for the launching of a new image of the station.\n\nIt was on May 27, 1994 when IBC launched its new slogan \"\" () with a Filipino-like visually enticing music video featuring Grace Nono, an innovation in terms of station identification. Despite limited resources, programming improved but the battle for audience share continued. Advertisers became more responsive to marketing efforts. The following year, IBC began to broadcast its programs nationwide via \"Nationwide Satellite Broadcast\". Soon after, IBC landed 4th place in primetime ratings.\n\nIn 1996, Vintage Enterprises transferred to IBC as part of the launching of Vintage Television (VTV), a primetime block that aired on IBC with PBA, Blow by Blow and other Vintage Sports-produced programs after moving from another government-owned station, People's Television Network (PTV). The block helped IBC-13 land third in the primetime ratings, mainly credited to the airing of the PBA games. Later in the year 2000, Viva Entertainment's subsidiary Viva Television acquired Vintage Enterprises (including VTV on IBC block) from the Velez family and changed its name to Viva TV, a primetime sports and entertainment block on IBC which continued until 2002. Rehabilitation of the transmitter and other technical facilities where initiated in the network's flagship and provincial stations.\n\nIn 2001, IBC scored a major victory with the top-rated Philippine franchise of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, which triggered the game show craze that was followed by ABS-CBN's own game show Game KNB?\n\nOn January 1, 2002, IBC launched its new logo and its new slogan \"New Face, New Attitude\" with a new station ID.\n\nHowever, in early 2003, Viva TV on IBC was ended after Viva decided not to renew a blocktime agreement with IBC due to high blocktime costs and low ratings. Despite this, the grand finals of Star for a Night, its last Viva TV-produced program was aired on IBC on March 1, 2003. At the same time, IBC also installed a new Harris 60-kilowatt transmitter for clearer TV reception, and utilized the services of the APSTAR 1 Satellite for a broader international reach.\n\nOn December 12, 2003, IBC launched again its new logo and its new slogan \"Ang Bagong Pilipino\" (The New Filipino) with a freestyle station ID.\n\nIn late 2007, IBC inked a deal with the Makisig Network, led by Hermie Esguerra, as a primetime block-timer of IBC. However, Makisig Network's programs were not aired due to questions on the propriety of the terms and conditions of the agreement. Said agreement expired in October 2008.\n\nAbandonment and privatization\nAfter four decades of serving the network's dominance and entertainment programing, IBC-13's studios and facilities are abandoned due to negligence and their network's mismanagement. Their studio equipment, cameras, lighting and props are useless, dilapidated and very old. Cash and budgets were cut short and they cannot afford to utilize radio-TV operations. Their programming and airtime were lost after suffering from a network war in the late 1980s and the 1990s and many employees lost their jobs. The network suffered more than 800 million pesos worth of backwages to its employees, some of them are old-timers or those who worked in the network since the 1980s.\n\nAt present, IBC 13 has 200 regular employees as of 2016, while 29 of those are talents or in a \"contractual basis\", particularly from the news and public affairs and production.\n\nThe management tried to revive the ill-fated network but it failed thereafter over a span of 30 years and five Philipppine presidents (Corazon Aquino, Fidel Ramos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and Benigno Aquino III).\n\nThere were many plans to sell and privatize IBC and RPN. TV network ABS-CBN was planning to buy the network's blocktime to address signal problems and mimic the former's programs. However, ABS-CBN could not join the privatization bid due to ownership regulations.\n\nIn 2011, IBC has entered into a joint venture agreement with Prime Realty, an affiliate of R-II Builders Group of Reghis Romero Jr. The agreement called for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City. With this joint venture agreement with a private business enterprise, the Aquino administration expressed its desire to privatize both RPN and IBC and retain the People's Television (PTV) as a sole-mandated government TV network. It was also announced that conglomerate San Miguel Corporation will join the government-sponsored bidding for the privatization of RPN and IBC.\n\nAKTV, privatization bids and property issues\nIBC signed a blocktime agreement with TV5's sports division Sports5 to air live sports coverage via its sports programming block AKTV. It was launched last June 5, 2011, with the AKTV Run held outside SM Mall of Asia in Bay City, Pasay. At the same day, IBC launched a new logo and slogan \"Where the Action Is\" to reflect the change.\n\nIn April 11, 2013, MediaQuest chairman Manny Pangilinan announced that AKTV will no longer be renew the blocktime agreement in May due to high costs and poor ratings, and there has been doubts about the future of the network.\n\nIn 2012, in pursuant to AO No. 26, IBC handed over its archives to Film Development Council of the Philippines (FDCP) for its restoration.\n\nIBC recently signed a memorandum of agreement with the Asian Television Content Corporation under Engr. Reynaldo Sanchez as the major blocktimer of the station. ATC @ IBC primetime block with newest programs premiered last June 2, 2014. However, on August 31, 2014, programs under the ATC @ IBC 13 block suddenly no longer aired on the network, possibly due to poor ratings and lack of advertisers' support.\n\nPCOO Secretary Herminio Coloma, Jr. said in a Senate budget hearing for the PCOO last September 3, 2014 that the network will be fully privatized before President Aquino stepping down in the office in 2016 and keeping PTV-4 as the sole government TV network. Process of the privatization will be managed by the Governance Commission for Government-Owned or -Controlled Corporations through the Development Bank of the Philippines. Business tycoon Manny V. Pangilinan is one of the possible bidders for the privatization in which TV5 (a media company under PLDT's MediaQuest Holdings through ABC Development Corporation), despite expiration of blocktime agreement in 2013 (AKTV), is still using IBC's Broadcast City facilities for sports events, including its 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup coverage. However,  MediaQuest also could not join the privatization bid due to ownership rules and regulations that MediaQuest owns TV5 and AksyonTV.\n\nOn June 2, 2015, the Philippine Crusader for Justice (PCJ), led by Joe Villanueva, filed a petition to the Supreme Court of the Philippines to nullify the joint venture agreement between IBC and Primestate/R-II Builders for the development of 3.5 hectares of Broadcast City, after the Office of the Ombudsman found the contract to be disadvantageous to the government. The Ombudsman filed a graft case in 2013 against former IBC executives and Primestate.\n\nIn January 2016, President Benigno Aquino III, through the Governance Commission for Government-owned and -controlled corporation (GCG) appoved the planned privatization of IBC. The privatization will be undergo public bidding with an estimated floor price of 10 billion pesos. The proceeds of the bidding will be for the increase of state-owned PTV-4's capital to upgrade and modernize their broadcast capabilities. The Development Bank of the Philippines will be the financial adviser for the privatization. Incoming PCOO secretary Martin Andanar has already forwarded the privatization plan to President Rodrigo Duterte's executive secretary Salvador Medialdea. Andanar will also coordinate with the GCG before the start of the bidding.\n\nThe privatization process of IBC was commenced in October 2016. As of December 2016, five groups have already showed their interest to join the bidding process. These are Ramon Ang of San Miguel Corporation and the groups of former IBC president (and current RMN President/CEO) Eric Canoy and former Ilocos Sur governor Chavit Singson, energy tycoon and Udenna Corporation chairman Dennis Uy (who recently expanded his business through his recent acquisition of ISM Communications Corporation) and William Lima, a businessman from Davao.\n\nIn March 2017, IBC operated on a low powered signal but it continues its broadcast on cable and satellite providers. In October 2017, IBC began its test broadcast on digital terrestrial television.\n\nRelaunch and recent developments\nSince late 2018, IBC began to revitalize its infrastructure and its content. By December of the same year, the network transferred its studios and offices to its new building at Capitol Hills Drive corner Zuzuarregui Street, Barangay Matandang Balara, Quezon City to give way for the conversion of Broadcast City, their home for 40 years, into Larossa condominium complex; while re-upgrading its Roosevelt Avenue analog transmitter for the Mega Manila area.\n\nOn February 11, 2019, IBC announced a major revamp of its programming, the first since the ATC@IBC block in 2014. It includes archives of IBC's popular entertainment and cultural shows, introduction of documentary and current affairs programs airing from sister station People's Television Network, and other entertainment and sports content from SMAC Television Productions and ATC, among others.\n\nIBC also got two new slogans namely, \"Iconic.Bold.Chill\" and \"Kaibigan Mo!\"\n\nProgramming\n\nIBC stations nationwide\n\nSee also\nList of Philippine media companies\nPhilippine television networks\nTelevision channels\nPeople's Television Network\nPhilippine Broadcasting Service\nRadio Philippines Network\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Philippine television networks\nCategory:Philippine radio networks\nCategory:Publicly funded broadcasters\nCategory:Media companies of the Philippines\nCategory:Television in Metro Manila\nCategory:Filipino-language television stations\nCategory:Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation\nCategory:Media companies established in 1960\nCategory:Entertainment companies established in 1960\nCategory:Television channels and stations established in 1960\nCategory:1960 establishments in the Philippines\nCategory:Companies based in Quezon City\nCategory:Presidential Communications Group (Philippines)"}
-{"text": "Holy Spirit National High School\n\nHoly Spirit National High School (HSNHS) is a public high school located in Barangay Holy Spirit in Quezon City, Philippines. It was founded on 2003 as Commonwealth High School Holy Spirit Annex, the annex school of Commonwealth High School in Barangay Commonwealth, Quezon City. In 2008, it was renamed as Holy Spirit National High School after getting its independence.\n\nHistory\n\nHoly Spirit National High School was created because of the need to provide quality and accessible education to students of Barangay Holy Spirit. To deal with the rise of enrollees in Commonwealth High School, the local government came up with the proposal of putting up an annex in the said barangay.\n\nThe first batch of graduates was headed by Bryan Lloyd dela Rosa, class of 2006 valedictorian. Admitted to the University of the Philippines Los Ba\u00f1os (Applied Mathematics), and San Beda College of Law (Bachelor of Laws).\n\nExternal links\nOfficial site\nStudent's Handbook (Revised Edition 2017)\n\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 2003\nCategory:Schools in Quezon City\nCategory:High schools in Metro Manila"}
-{"text": "2007 FIFA Women's World Cup knockout stage\n\nThe Knockout Stage of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup was composed of Brazil, China, Norway, Australia, North Korea, United States, England, and defending champions Germany. All the group winners, Germany, Norway and the United States made it to the Semifinals. Both semi-finals were lob sided victories as Germany beat Norway 3\u20130 and Brazil shocked the United States 4\u20130.\n\nThe knockout stage comprised the sixteen teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. There were three rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round. The successive rounds were the quarter-finals, semi-finals, and the final. There was also a play-off to decide third and fourth place. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time; if scores were still level, there was a penalty shootout to determine who progressed to the next round. FIFA did abolish the golden goal rule in 2005.\n\nBracket\n\nQuarter-finals\n\nGermany vs North Korea\n\nUnited States vs England\n\nNorway vs China PR\n\nBrazil vs Australia\n\nSemi-finals\n\nGermany vs Norway\n\nUnited States vs Brazil\n\nThird place play-off\n\nFinal\n\nReferences \n\nknockout\nKnock\nknock\nCategory:Brazil at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup\nknock\nCategory:2007 in North Korean football\nKnock\nKnock\nCategory:2007 in Chinese football"}
-{"text": "Rushden Parkway railway station\n\nRushden Parkway railway station is a proposed new railway station to serve the towns of Rushden and Higham Ferrers and the large village of Irchester in Northamptonshire, England. The two towns and village have not seen passenger rail services since 1959. The former station building at Rushden has been preserved and now houses Rushden Station Railway Museum. Rushden Parkway would be built on the Midland Main Line (which runs to the west of Rushden) on the site of the former Irchester railway station. In June 2009, the Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC) commissioned a new report, advocated a park and ride station for Rushden, although the report inadvertently stated that it would be sited in Irthlingborough and not Irchester.\n\nSince the building of Corby station, Rushden is now the largest town in Northamptonshire without an operational railway station.\n\nSee also\n Connecting Communities: Expanding Access to the Rail Network\n Rushden railway station\n Midland Main Line\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rushden\nCategory:Proposed railway stations in England"}
-{"text": "Dyschirius timidus\n\nDyschirius timidus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Lindroth in 1961.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Dyschirius\nCategory:Beetles described in 1961"}
-{"text": "List of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps characters\n\nThe following is a list of characters for the British sitcom Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps written by Susan Nickson and broadcast by the BBC. The first series began on 26 February 2001 with the final series being broadcast in 2020.\n\nMain characters\n\nGaz Wilkinson\nPlayed by: Will Mellor\nGary \"Gaz\" Wilkinson: Born in 1980, Gaz has two sisters (Julie and Tasha) and a half-brother, Munch. He works as a mechanic at Brindley Autos, originally owned by his father until it was sold to Donna. Gaz is a stereotypical \"blokey bloke\" who likes football (supporting Manchester City), and also beer, sex, Hollyoaks and Monarch of the Glen. He is an avid collector and user of pornography and has a phobia of sheep. In a late series 5 episode, Gaz and Donna plan to move to a house in Knowsley, but on a visit to check out the house he spots a sheep in the field and is too terrified to want to live there anymore. In the episode when Donna moves into Gaz's flat, she notices that he has some strange habits, such as only using bread from the middle of the loaf when making toast. His favourite books include The Lust of the Mohicans, Pleasure Island, Macbiff and The Count Of Monte Cristo (although the cover doesn't actually say \"Count\"). He is the person responsible for splitting up Jonny and Kate, much to the happiness of Janet. At one point, he cheats on Donna by sleeping with Janet. This secret is kept quiet for a while, until he accidentally reveals his betrayal to Donna one night in bed. After this, he and Donna split up for a while, until they get back together after he is involved in a road accident. Gaz finds out he has a low sperm count after deciding to become a sperm donor because he feels broody; this supposedly proves that Jonny is Corinthian Keogh's father. He proposes to Donna numerous times throughout Series 6 before the two of them finally get engaged, and they eventually marry in Series 7. After the marriage ceremony, Louise finds out that Gaz is Corinthian's real father and, despite trying to keep it secret, informs him, to his delight; but she decides not to tell Janet, who is still dealing with the loss of Jonny. Gaz and Janet finally realise they belong together, and at the end of series 7, Donna leaves them to be together. In series 8, Donna returns and Gaz is happy with Janet, but cannot resist having sex with Donna for old times' sake; eventually, Janet and Donna give him an ultimatum to choose between them. Gaz decides that he loves Donna after all, and drives to her, crashing a car on the way. He wakes up in hospital, to find Donna at his bedside. This result was chosen by viewers in an online poll. In series 9, Gaz is in a wheelchair following the car accident, after a year-long coma. Throughout the next series Gaz struggles to come to terms with being disabled and tells Donna that he will walk again; with a little help from her he manages to take his first steps. In the final episode, Gaz turns 30 and realising he has never been outside Runcorn he decides to travel the world with Donna. She, however, finding out she may have cancer, tells Gaz she won't be coming with him, but doesn't tell him the reason. Gaz then says an emotional farewell to her at the airport before leaving to start his new life. Janet is currently unaware that Gaz is the father of her son, due to Jonny taking a paternity test before he died, but Gaz has previously tried to tell Janet this, however; realising it may upset her, Gaz decides to keep the paternity of Corinthian from Janet.\n\nDonna Henshaw\nPlayed by: Natalie Casey\nDonna Louise Henshaw was conceived in a Ford Capri and born in 1981; after a long relationship she marries Gaz Wilkinson. She has a GCSE in Music, and is the brazen, sexually precocious one of the group. She dislikes vegetarian students and dietiers (however, she very much disliked Gaz when he was fat). She is also known to have a vicious temper, and once killed an ex-boyfriend's budgie. Donna  has a younger sister, Katie, and an estranged younger brother, Dion, who is also the father of Louise's baby; there's also apparently another younger, unnamed brother who is only seen in the episode \"Spunk\". Their mother Flo, to whom Donna was very close, dies after being run over by a truck. She is estranged from her father, for unknown reasons. Donna is employed for a time by O'Connor's Plastics selling buckets, rising to a well-paid executive until she is sacked for stealing and crashing a company van. Donna and Gaz briefly split after Donna finds out about Gaz's one night stand with her best friend Janet; she then goes to great lengths to hide the fact she still has feelings for him including considering plastic surgery. They eventually get back together after Gaz is involved in a road accident, when she finally admits that she loves him. She proposes to Gaz at the end of Series 6, after rejecting his earlier proposal to her, and they finally marry in Series 7. Donna works at the Archer after taking over the manager's position from Tim Claypole, but seeking to move onwards, obtains a job in London, leaves Gaz and reveals she has met a man called 'Wesley', with whom she returns in Series 8. At the end of the series, however, Gaz chooses to be with Donna over Janet. The ninth series sees Donna struggling to adapt to her new life without Janet and Louise and looking after Gaz. In the series finale after Gaz realises after celebrating his 30th birthday that he has never left Runcorn he decides to travel the world with Donna but after finding out she may have cancer she tells Gaz she won't be coming with him but doesn't reveal the reason why. Gaz then gives Donna an emotional farewell at the airport before leaving to start his new life.\n\nJanet Keogh\nPlayed by: Sheridan Smith (Series 1\u20138)\nBorn 25 June 1981 as Janet Smith, Janet Keogh has GCSEs in P.E. and Home Economics and is the homely girl who loves \u201cthings that go bleep bleep\u201d, Cheeky Vimto, cigarettes, Coronation Street and rich tea biscuits. Janet initially works in Sayers' (Hampson's) Bakery until she beats Donna for the position of manager of The Archer, shortly before it is closed down by health and safety inspectors. Janet and Jonny are together from Series 1 and she has always tried to remain loyal to him. However, she kisses ex-boyfriend Andy outside the Archer during Series 2, only to be caught by Gaz and Louise. When engaged to Jonny Janet realises that she doesn't love him any more and dumps him. This leads to jealousy when Jonny finds a new girlfriend, Kate. During this time, Janet has a one-night stand with Gaz after both are feeling unloved, but are discovered by Louise; Louise later reveals this during a flashback. Janet manages to persuade Jonny to come back to her, and they marry in Series 5. She later gives birth to a child, \"Corinthian McVitie Keogh\". In Series 7, Jonny's death affects Janet greatly and her sense of loss results in her attempting to seduce Gaz's half-brother Munch; she also allows Louise to move in with her. Eventually she realises that she loves Gaz, and Donna's departure for London leaves them together. However, at the end of the eighth series, Gaz chooses to be with Donna over Janet. By series 9, after Gaz wakes up from his year long coma, Janet has taken Corinthian and moved away to Milton Keynes. Janet is still unbeknownst that Jonny took a paternity test before he died, which revealed Gaz to be the father of their son, following their fling a few years back.\n\nJonny Keogh\nPlayed by: Ralf Little (Series 1\u20136)\nBorn 30 June 1981, Jonny is a devoted husband to Janet Smith.\n\nJonny loves daytime television (especially Through the Keyhole, LK Today, This Morning and As Time Goes By), eating cat food, desiccated coconut, carpets (because they are \u201cnice\u201d), egg butties, Bovril and his six o\u2019clock sandwich. He has a fetish for biscuits - mostly Jammie Dodgers. Jonny's obsession for biscuits is shown in many episodes.\n\nJonny is a keen fan of Liverpool F.C., has a secret obsession with the film Titanic and also enjoys cartoons such as ThunderCats and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from his childhood. Despite being a husband and a father, Jonny frequently struggles to deal with his feminine side (according to Janet his \u201cbig cock-munching side\u201d); Jonny nearly punches Janet in the Series 6 episode \u201cDrunk\u201d when she calls him \u201ca big gay\u201d after she began to push him around because she was sick of it.\n\nSheridan Smith has said that Susan Nickson intended Jonny to become more gay as time passed, but Ralf Little was not keen on this; however he went along with it. Nickson herself claims that she was only exposing Ralf's \u201clatent homosexuality\u201d. Jonny is unemployed throughout the series except for brief periods of time and once describes himself to Gaz as a \u201clazy gobshite\u201d, for a time receiving more on Jobseeker's Allowance than Donna earns. He is killed off-screen in the first episode of series 7, \u201cWhen Jonny met Sharky\u201d. Following his death, Janet has a statue made of his body, and still keeps the head in her home, after it is broken off. It is revealed by Louise that Jonny took a paternity test before he died, following recent events between Janet and Gaz, as Janet became pregnant after having a one-night stand with Gaz, which Jonny found out about when Janet was in labour. The test revealed Gaz to be the father of Janet's son and not Jonny. This is unbeknownst to Janet, as she still believes that Jonny is her son's father.\n\nLouise Brookes\nPlayed by: Kathryn Drysdale (Series 1\u20138)\nLouise Susannah Brookes, born in 1982, is initially seen as a student of sociology, although she is in one episode seen as a trainee social worker. She is desperate to find the perfect man and loves horoscopes, Coronation Street, collecting Sylvanian Families, balloon animals, Steps and the Disney Store. She dislikes old people and fears getting old. She is childish, selfish, naive, insensitive and deters most men she meets. Louise has a high-pitched voice which Kelly the barmaid says \u201cchills her to the bones,\u201d and Donna has called her a \u201csqueaky little twatbag\u201d. Louise discovers that she is adopted later on; her adoptive mother is a \"depressed maniac\" who sits in her nightie looking at the fridge all day. Louise eventually meets her birth mother and her husband (initially, mistakenly believing him to be her real father) before tracking down her birth father, Brian, who turns out to be a gay alcoholic conman. She also mentions an \"Auntie Nigel\" on more than one occasion, who is supposedly a psychopath. Louise is a snob who neither respects nor even wants to look at Jonny. On one occasion (Series 1, Episode 5) Jonny snogs her then tells her she \u201ctastes like lard\u201d, although at one point she stated that she liked him \"in a way\". Louise even got \"dull\" Jonny shot once: When she took a job at the Office for National Statistics, she changed his profile on the computer to that of a serious armed criminal (and \"Thailand's tallest prostitute\") to make it less boring. This resulted in Jonny being shot in the knee in the grounds of Halton Castle, for which Louise was arrested and charged with \"incitement to GBH\". She had a brief stint as the manager of the Sayers' bakery in which Janet worked, but was eventually fired after sacking all of her employees. Near the end of the sixth series, it is revealed that Louise is pregnant and that Donna's younger brother, Dion, is the father. In series seven she resides with Janet and Corinthian and has found out that she is carrying a baby girl; this disappoints her as she fears the baby girl may be \"prettier\" than she is. In the last episode of series 7 she gives birth, somewhat assisted by Munch, and although she initially agrees to call the baby \"Louise Munch Brooks\" she then decides that the name Munch disgusts her and names the baby \"Louise Louise Brooks\". In series 8 Louise is seen at first struggling to bond and care for her baby until Tim & Janet reassure her she will be a great Mum and that she will always have their support. In episode 7 Louise meets her new popstar boyfriend, Scott Chegg. By series 9, she's left Runcorn and 'joined that weird moon-worshipping cult'. She was originally going to be back for series nine as her character was supposed to come back to Runcorn with her boyfriend but Drysdale was busy filming in Spain for the fourth series of the hit comedy Benidorm.\n\nTim Claypole\nPlayed by: Luke Gell (Series 7\u20139)\nTim Claypole (who shares his name with the mischievous and delightfully campy jester Timothy Claypole from the 1980s kids' TV show Rentaghost) is the new bar manager of The Archer at the start of Series 7. He turns it into a John Barrowman theme pub, although the only evidence of the John Barrowman theme is a single framed photograph. He temporarily employs Janet as a barmaid before hiring Donna, who soon takes over his position as manager. Although appearing to be gay, he maintains that he is happily married to a rugby-playing wife named Helena and has children. In series 8 Tim is more involved with the group in helping solve their problems such as advising Donna to stay away from Gaz. By series 9, Tim has given the Archer a makeover and has made peace with his best friends Gaz and Donna, but then his younger sister Cassie arrives into his life and causes chaos. With the arrival of Cassie and all the subsequent changes in his life, Tim reveals that Helena has left him and he is gay. He later meets a new love interest, Leonard.\n\nWesley Presley\nPlayed by: Thomas Nelstrop (Series 8)\nWesley is Donna's London boyfriend whom she met off-screen during series 7; a businessman turned market trader, he moves to Runcorn in series 8 to be with Donna, demanding that she divorce Gaz. But after advice from Gaz as to how to integrate into Runcorn, he takes it all too seriously and is tasered by Janet. He gives Janet a job on his market stall, selling Val Doonican CDs and other things. He appears for the last time in the musical special, where he says that he \"came here [to Runcorn] with Donna, but he stays for the pasties.\" He is a father, though Donna is not aware of this.\n\nBilly McCormack\nPlayed by: Freddie Hogan (Series 9)\nMetrosexual scouser (resident of Merseyside) Billy longs to be a professional footballer - but in the meantime, he's a carer, and a rather enthusiastic one at that. Always saying \"Alright babe,\" Billy is open about his feelings and starts off as a carer for the newly wheelchair-using Gaz. Billy wants Gaz to like him but says things such as \"suck my cock\" which doesn't impress Gaz. Billy manages to prove himself to be a hero and friend to Gaz and Donna when their flat is burned down and he saves them. Gaz tries to repay Billy by getting him a chance to be a footballer, but Billy just gets drunk instead. Billy later falls for Cassie and they start a relationship which almost ends in the final episode when she has to choose between him and her ex.\n\nCassie Claypole\nPlayed by: Georgia Henshaw (Series 9)\nA trouble-maker, Cassie's just been released from a young offenders' Institution. She's Tim's sister, and although he'd rather like it if she left The Archer, her old school crush, Billy, is a regular, so she's not going anywhere. Cassie is sarcastic and often cruel to her brother and everyone around her, yet if the love of her life Billy pays her a shred of a compliment, she turns into a screaming girl. She attempts dozens of times to impress Billy, dressing up as Lady Gaga and doing what Gaz says because he can supposedly get Billy to \"shag\" her. In episode 4, Cassie goes on a date with Billy which turns unsuccessful. When she realises Billy likes to be bossed about, they begin a relationship. In the final episode Cassie's ex-boyfriend turns up at The Archer with Cassie having to choose whom to be with and she ends up choosing Billy.\n\nMunch Wilkinson\n Played by: Lee Oakes (Series 3\u20135, 7)\n\"Munch\" (whose real name is never revealed in the programme) appears one day at the garage where Gaz works, and turns out to be his long-lost half-brother. Gaz finds that he's \"a bit of a yoghurt\" and is not allowed to hang around people too much. Munch would love to have a girlfriend but has to make do with the 'girl with sick on her' every Friday night. He develops a fixation for Donna after stumbling across her waiting for Gaz while wearing her kinky nurse's outfit. His attempts to attract women are usually unsuccessful due to his social ineptness- he once asked a \"desperate\" woman in The Archer if she'd like to \"see me knob\". He did, however, have a very brief relationship with Kelly the barmaid. Munch likes Vimto (according to him it is \"big, clever and purple, like the prime minister\" and \"a really mellow high\" - believing it to be alcoholic and also a type of Wine ), salt and vinegar chipsticks, brown sauce and stale bread sandwiches. He often calls Gaz \"Mr. Wilkinson\", and it appears his sole talent is to make defunct car engines work. Munch disappears after the series 5 episode \"Fat\", but returns in series 7, appearing to have found God while in Birmingham. An irate Gaz forces him to drink a glass of Vimto, and he reverts to the Munch of old. In the last episode of series 7, he helps Louise give birth to a baby girl in the Archer, Louise Louise Brooks. This is his last appearance in the programme.\n\nFlo Henshaw\nPlayed by: Beverley Callard (Series 1\u20133)\nFlo Henshaw (13 January 1959 \u2013 1 January 2005) is Donna's mother, and nicknames herself \"the thinking man's strumpet\". She has also modelled for top shelf magazines such as Readers Wives and Pregnant Mums. Early in the series, she shows interest in Gaz, who finds this worrying, and on one occasion is caught by Jonny in suspicious circumstances with Janet's father Pete Smith. However, Flo offers Donna some useful advice when things are not going well with Gaz. She does not appear in series 4 (Callard had by this time returned to her role in Coronation Street), and by the start of series 5 she has been killed off in a traffic accident. Donna finds out that all the \"uncles\" she had were actually Flo's lovers. Flo is still mentioned throughout the series after her death and in series 5 Donna has moved back to her mum's home after briefly splitting with Gaz before selling it at the end of the series.\n\nKelly Crabtree\nPlayed by: Hayley Bishop (Series 4\u20136)\nKelly is first seen working at the local Sayers' Bakery, where she is a sycophantic lackey to Louise, lacking self-confidence. Later in the series, she is the regular barmaid at The Archer and has become voraciously promiscuous, even with the pub's elderly regulars, particularly Arthur. Kelly even has a brief relationship with Munch, but leaves him jammed into a playground swing. When she is denied the job of manager, she remains in the Archer, working for Janet, and is last seen smothered by crisp wrappers in the final episode of series 6.\n\nLeonard\nPlayed by: Samuel Barnett (Series 9)\nLeonard is introduced in series 9 when Tim begins to look for a relationship after coming out as gay. He is from Frodsham and is openly gay. He shows interest in Tim and decides to ask him out on a date, to which Tim agrees.\n\nKate\nPlayed by: Alison Mac (Series 4)\nKate is a temporary barmaid at The Archer and becomes Jonny's girlfriend after he splits up with Janet. Having a lot in common with Jonny, especially a love of biscuits, she and Jonny are almost constantly having sex. None of the others are fond of her, and after Gaz tries to seduce her to break them up, Kate resolves to take Jonny away from them and they leave Janet's house together. However, Jonny quickly dumps her when Kate asks him to leave his beer behind. Kate is possessive towards Jonny and has a patronising attitude toward his friends .\n\nDavid Fish\nPlayed by: Jonathon Dutton (Series 3\u20134)\nIn series 3 Louise gets a valentine card from a secret admirer who turns out to be a geeky guy from her schooldays who has turned into a rather good-looking guy. He has a pseudo-Australian accent since he has been living in Melbourne for the last eight years and is now a student in the area. David performs well on their first night together but not at all the next night, due to exhaustion and (according to him) the \"friction burns on my cock\". He had also had a one-night stand with Donna a year prior, which upsets Louise and is the source of her grudge against Donna for a while. David is something of a \"new-age\" man, being interested in self-help books and t'ai chi. He is eventually dumped by Louise. He then speaks to Donna, observed by Gaz and Jonny, and convinces her to become a student in series 4.\n\nCorinthian Keogh\nPlayed by: Lewis Vilamor (Series 5), Jamie and Zoe Ryde-Weller (Series 6), Thea and Sophia Perry, Alfie and Harvie Walters (Series 7), Charlee and Neo Hall, Gabriel and Ethan Claasen (Series 8)\n\nCorinthian McVitie Keogh is the son of Gaz Wilkinson and Janet Keogh. Born in series 5, nine months after Janet slept with Gaz. The baby's middle name reflects Jonny Keogh's love of biscuits, McVitie's being a biscuit brand. Although Jonny raises him as his own until his death, Corinthian's paternity is initially uncertain. Gaz attempts to claim him in series 6, but doubts he is the father after he finds out about his low sperm count. However, in series 7 a DNA test finally reveals Gaz to be the father. Gaz decides not to inform Janet of this, as she sees Corinthian as a reminder of Jonny. In Series 8, the episode \"Gazman\" finds Gaz applying to family court for parental responsibility for Corinthian, but Corinthian moves away with Janet before the beginning of the ninth series.\n\nMinor characters\nKatie Henshaw (Vicky Connett) - Katie, introduced in series 1, is Donna's younger teenage sister, who tried seducing Gaz.\nPete Smith (Rob Jarvis) - Pete is Janet's father; protective of her, he does not approve of Jonny. Pete is introduced in series 3 when, offscreen, he refuses Jonny's request to marry Janet, and is first seen in the episode \"Hospikal\" when he is inveigled into agreeing to pay for the wedding after all when Jonny discovers that Pete is having an affair with Flo. A down-to earth scouser from Toxteth, he works as a builder and plays darts for his local pub team. In Series 4, in the episode \"Homeless and Horny\", he throws Jonny out of the house he and Janet live in after their break up; this is his last appearance in the series.\nAndy (Oliver Boot)- Janet's previous boyfriend whom she bumps into again in series 2 and they kiss. Although this doesn't lead to anything, Jonny is jealous and confronts Andy in his home in the final episode. While there, Jonny steals a ring which he later uses to propose to Janet. Louise goes out with Andy in the first episode of series 3, attracted by his wealth, but he leaves her in the restaurant to pay the bill, leaving the girls to assume that he wasn't that rich after all.\nPhillip (Alan Westaway) - Phillip is Donna's self-confident, but arrogant university tutor; he tries to persuade Donna to have sex with him in return for good marks. Gaz finds out about the arrangement and confronts Phillip while he and Donna are having brunch; this cures Gaz's impotence.\nArthur - Arthur is the most frequent regular at The Archer, appearing in many scenes but never speaking. He has sex with Kelly on several occasions, and once kisses Jonny in an attempt to find out whether Jonny is really gay. At the beginning of series 7, he has recorded some soundbites, not all of them appropriate, for Louise, to help her through her vocal problem. He appears through the final episode in series 9, his last moment being having his head stuck to the table by Cassie so she can watch him struggle.\nDion (Robert Hartley)- Dion is Donna's younger brother. An unpleasant teenager, his only appearance is in the series 6 episode \"Closing Time\", in which Gaz agrees to look after him against Donna's wishes. However, it appears that he has had sex with Louise during her earlier \"alcoholism\" and is the father of her baby. Donna implies to Gaz that she has asked Dion to move in with them, but by series 7 he has moved to Bolton.\nBrian (Colin McFarlane) - Brian is Louise's biological father, and when she is given a photograph of him she is horrified to discover that he \"...wears socks with sandals.\" He is tracked down by Louise, using only the angle from which the photograph has been taken\u2014and the address written on the back. When they meet in The Archer for the first time, it becomes clear that Brian is a con-man. When Jonny turns up, Brian takes a shine to him. Jonny eventually realises that he is gay and rejects Brian, who in turn reveals that he is an alcoholic.\nLouise Louise Brooks (Gracie Eve and Amelie Rose Pelta) - Louise's baby with Donna's younger brother Dion. Louise tells Munch that as he was her birthing partner, the baby would be named Louise Munch Brooks, but she's lying and instead names her Louise Louise Brooks after herself.\n\nSee also\n\u2022 List of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps episodes\n\nReferences\nFootnotes\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nCharacter Profiles at bbc.co.uk\n\nCategory:BBC-related lists\nCategory:Lists of British sitcom television characters"}
-{"text": "Donald Soffer\n\nDonald Soffer (born September 20, 1932) is an American businessman, investor, and philanthropist.  He is a real estate developer who developed Florida swampland into what was to become the city of Aventura, Florida. As of May 2016, he and his family are worth $4.2 billion.\n\nEarly life and education\nSoffer was born to a Jewish family in Duquesne, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh, the son of Ida (n\u00e9e Kessler) and Harold \u201cHarry\u201d Soffer who sold appliances and owned a Studebaker car dealership. Harold's brother was Joseph Soffer (who would found the Pittsburgh-based real estate development firm, the Soffer Organization). In 1955, he graduated from Brandeis University on a football scholarship with a B.A. in economics. After school, he returned to Pittsburgh and built shopping malls for Don Mark Realty, a partnership founded by his father, Edward J. Lewis, Lewis' father, Eugene Lebowitz, and Lewis' brother-in-law, Mark Mason (Don Mark Realty would be renamed the Oxford Development Company). In 1965, Don Mark built South Hills Village, Pittsburgh's first indoor mall. In 1967, with funding from the John Hancock Life Insurance Company, Oxford Development partnered with the Arlen Realty and Development Corporation to form the DonArl Partnership and bought 785 acres of mostly swampland in South Florida for $6 million.\n\nCareer\nDonald Soffer was given the primary responsibility develop the project. Originally named Turnberry, Soffer renamed the site Aventura (Spanish for adventure) and set about to build an upper class development centered around the Aventura Country Club with a golf course designed by architect Robert Trent Jones. The project required that he drain the swamps (to the ire of environmental activists) and re-zone the property from residential single family to high-rise development (to the ire of controlled-growth advocates). With the support of then governor, Claude Kirk, the development went ahead. In 1969, Metro-Dade County approved the 23,900 condo unit master plan which included the construction of a fire station, a library, and a causeway to Sunny Isles Beach. They completed the first stage in 1970 and by 1977 had completed the golf course and added another 4,000 units. The venture was very profitable as they purchased land at $5,000 an acre and sold plots for as high as $2 million an acre in 1981.\n\nSoffer's father died in 1972 at the age of 63 and Soffer took control of the family interest in DonArl. In 1977, the partnership with Arlen Realty was dissolved over disputes about the quality of construction with Soffer believing Arlen wanted to build too quick and cheap which would harm the brand. They divided the properties and Soffer formed Turnberry Associates out of his share. In 1983, Arlen Realty defaulted on a $39 million mortgage and went into Chapter 11 bankruptcy and  Soffer and his partners purchased the remaining 68 acres of undeveloped land and built the Aventura Mall. Soon after, the remaining three partners sold their interest to the Soffers. Turnberry Isle Resort quickly earned a reputation for the playground for the rich and famous; Soffer even chartered a fleet of yachts to dock at the Turnberry Isle marina to attract the requisite clientele (including a yacht named Monkey Business, which Colorado Democratic Senator and presidential candidate Gary Hart would charter in 1987 and be photographed with Donna Rice sitting on his lap). In 1987, his son Jeffrey joined the firm and in 1988, Soffer sold half his interest in Turnberry Isle Resort to Rafael Hotels for $20 million; in the early 1990s, he sold the remainder to Rafael. Responsibility for Turnberry was passed onto his son, Jeffrey Soffer, who was put in charge of new condo developments; and his daughter, Jacquelyn \u201cJackie\u201d Soffer, who was responsible for leasing operations at the Aventura Mall.\n\nIn 2005, Turnberry Associates purchased the Fontainebleau Hotel (founded by Ben Novack) from Stephen Muss for $165 million.\n\nPhilanthropy\nIn 2008, he donated $15 million to Brandeis University, the largest gift in the college's history.\n\nPersonal life\nSoffer has been married five times and has seven children: Marsha Fine Soffer Rappaport (born 1957), Jill Fine Soffer (born 1959), Jacqueline Soffer (born 1966), Jeffrey Miller Soffer (born 1968), Brooke Soffer Perez (born 1971), Abigail Soffer, and Rock Soffer (born 1982). He is divorced from Carol Miller Soffer, Patricia Jo Hogue Soffer, and Marjorie Wallace Soffer. In 2013, he married his fifth wife, Michele King Soffer. His son, Jeffrey Soffer, was married to supermodel Elle Macpherson. His daughter, Jackie Soffer, is married to Miami Beach real estate developer Craig Robins. His daughter, Brooke Soffer, operates various stores in the Aventura Mall and his son, Rock, also works in the family business.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1933 births\nCategory:American real estate businesspeople\nCategory:American billionaires\nCategory:Brandeis University alumni\nCategory:Businesspeople from Pennsylvania\nCategory:Jewish American philanthropists\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Duquesne, Pennsylvania\nCategory:People from Aventura, Florida"}
-{"text": "Pulham St Mary\n\nPulham Saint Mary is a small village and civil parish in Norfolk, situated approximately  northeast of Diss and  south of Norwich. It covers an area of  and had a population of 866 in 365 households as of the 2001 census, the population increasing to 892 at the 2011 census.\n\nHistory\nThe parish church, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, which gives the village the St Mary in its name, is believed to date from around 1258. The parish church is of flint construction with parts that date back to the thirteenth century.\n\nOlder maps and documents name the parish or village \"Pulham Saint Mary the Virgin\" - the latter two words are in modern times dropped, and Saint is typically abbreviated. The neighbouring parish and village, now called Pulham Market, was historically known as \"Pulham Saint Mary Magdalene\" after the dedication of its parish church.\n\nThe earliest recorded spelling is Polleham. Pulham is referenced in the Domesday Book as a single manor (Pulham St Mary with what is today called Pulham Market) and being part of the Earsham hundred. The name Pulham is thought to mean the farmhouse, homestead or enclosure by the pool, water meadow or stream. There is a 'beck' (Norfolk dialect for a small watercourse) that flows by both villages.\n\nIn modern times the two villages of Pulham St Mary and Pulham Market are often together described as The Pulhams including on road signs in the surrounding areas.\n\nThe Romans may have had a settlement in Pulham St Mary as pieces of Roman tile, coin and oyster shells have been found in the area.\n\nThe village was well known in medieval times as a centre for hat-making, and the ancient Guild of St James the Lesser established the Guild Chapel, now forming part of The Pennoyer Centre.\n\nThe nearest railway station is Diss. Until its closure in 1953, Pulham St Mary railway station was a stop on the Waveney Valley Line; the station has been demolished and the line has been removed also.\n\nThe village was struck by an F0/T1 tornado on 23 November 1981, as part of the record-breaking nationwide tornado outbreak on that day. Another tornado had earlier struck Pulham Market.\n\nRNAS Pulham and the \"Pulham Pigs\"\n\nIn 1912 under conditions of secrecy a large base, RNAS Pulham, was constructed for the operation of airships. The airships were locally given the nickname of \"Pulham Pigs\".  RNAS Pulham operated as a Royal Navy base until 1918 when it was transferred to the new Royal Air Force. In 1917 two large steel-framed sheds were erected and in 1919 a -high mooring mast joined them. Following its historic both-way Atlantic crossing the R34 returned to Pulham. The large rigid airships R33, R36 and R38 also visited. The base's airship hangar was dismantled in 1928 and re-erected at Cardington. In the early 1920s a radio direction finding station was located there that helped give accurate position reports for aircraft flying to Croydon airport. The base became disused in the early 1930s after the crash of the R101 when all work stopped in Britain on airships, although it continued as an RAF property until 1958.\n\nDuring World War II it was a dump for crashed aircraft from all over the east of England; parts were salvaged for reuse. Munitions testing was also conducted on the site.\n\nThe Pennoyer Centre\nIn 1670 William Pennoyer, a puritan merchant, left money to pay for a schoolmaster to teach poor children in the village. (Pennoyer also left money to establish a scholarship at Harvard University in the USA, which remains in place today.)\n\nThe school was significantly expanded in the Victorian period. When the school finally closed in 1988, it was the longest-running free elementary school in the country. Most primary-age children in the village now attend the school in neighbouring Pulham Market, and a cycle path built for this purpose runs adjacent to the road connecting the two villages.\n\nThe Victorian frontage of the building concealed a listed medieval Guild Chapel dating from 1401, making it an expensive proposition for renovation and alternative use. Pennoyer's thus lay unused for almost two decades. In 2006, however, the building was entered in the third series of the BBC's Restoration Village programme in an attempt to secure the necessary funds to transform the building into a new village centre.\n\nAlthough Pennoyer's School did not make the final of Restoration Village, the project remained on track, receiving almost \u00a31m in funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund and \u00a3210,000 from Norfolk's Investing in Communities programme. Construction work began in February 2009, and The Pennoyer Centre, complete with a 21st Century extension, and new facilities such a cafe and internet suite, opened in July 2010 for education, business, social and recreational use. The parish council meet there.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPulham St Mary Parish Council\nThe Pennoyer Centre (including local & airship history)\n\nCategory:Villages in Norfolk\nCategory:Civil parishes in Norfolk"}
-{"text": "North Korea national under-20 football team\n\nThe North Korea national under-20 football team is the youth association football team representing North Korea in youth competitions and it is controlled by DPR Korea Football Association. The team participated in 2014 AFC U-19 Championship and qualified for the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup after reaching the Finals stage.\n\nParticipation in Tournaments\n\nFIFA U-20 World Cup\n\nAFC U-19 Championship\n\nCurrent squad \nThe following 21 players were called up to the squad for 2018 AFC U-19 Championship\n\nSee also\n\n North Korea national football team \n North Korea national under-23 football team\n North Korea women's national football team\n\nReferences\n\nunder"}
-{"text": "Paari (1966 film)\n\nPaari (Bengali: \u09aa\u09be\u09a1\u09bc\u09bf) is a 1966 Bengali film directed by Jagganath Chatterjee, based on a story by Jarasandha. It stars Dharmendra in his first Bengali film and Pronoti Ghosh, with Dilip Kumar in a guest appearance as a jailor in Andaman and was successful. It was later remade in 1972, in Hindi, as Anokha Milan with the lead actors reprising their roles.\n\nPlot\n\nCast\n Dharmendra\n Pronoti Ghosh\n Dilip Kumar\n Abhi Bhattacharya\n Dilip Roy\n Keshto Mukherjee\n\nSoundtrack\nThe soundtrack of Paari consists of three songs with music composed and lyrics written by Salil Chowdhury. The last song \"tora sundor saami paabi\" (you all will get handsome husbands) is a Bengali pre-marriage folk song and was given to Salil by Nirmalaendu Chowdhury (a famous Bengali folk singer). Salil Chowdhury changed a few words of the lyrics as required by the film.\n\nThe three songs were later reused in Hindi version, Anokha Milan, with Hindi lyrics for the first two songs, while the folk song \"Toraa sundor saami paabi\" remained the same. The tune of \"Bokul boner katha\" was also used in a 1975 Malayalam film Raagam, with music by Salil Chowdhury, in the song \"Naadanpaattile Maina\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Films scored by Salil Chowdhury\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:Bengali-language films\nCategory:Films based on Indian novels"}
-{"text": "Because (Jessica Mauboy song)\n\n\"Because\" is a song by Australian R&B recording artist Jessica Mauboy. Written by Michael \"Fingaz\" Mugisha, Mauboy and Dion Howell, \"Because\" was released as the fourth single from Mauboy's debut album Been Waiting on 12 June 2009. The song is about a past relationship of Mauboy's and she has stated that it is her favourite song off the album. \"Because\" peaked at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).\n\nBackground and chart performance\n\"Because\" was written by Jessica Mauboy, Dion Howell and Michael \"Fingaz\" Mugisha, and was mixed by Phil Tan. Mauboy revealed that it is a break-up song about an ex-boyfriend of hers. She told The Sydney Morning Herald, \"at the time it happened, I couldn't talk to anyone about it. But definitely writing it just made me feel really free.\" Mauboy has stated that \"Because\" is her favourite track off the album.\n\n\"Because\" debuted and peaked at number nine on the ARIA Singles Chart, becoming Mauboy's third top ten single on the chart. It spent 11 weeks in the ARIA top fifty and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for selling 35,000 copies.\n\nMusic video\n\nThe music video for \"Because\" was directed by Mike Corte and David Murrell, and premiered on YouTube on 29 May 2009. The video opens with a drop of water evaporating from a large puddle then quickly cuts to a portrait shot of Mauboy looking towards the camera as she sings the lines, \"It's all because.\" The next scene displays Mauboy standing on a thin layor of shallow water with pages of text individually floating in the air. Rain kicks in as it pours down on Mauboy and reoccurs throughout the video. The portrait shot also keeps recurring along with many objects falling into a puddle of water, such as a vase, a photo of Mauboy and her ex-boyfriend, and an ink container. Mauboy worked with stylist Michael Azzollini to create an ultra-glam Beyonc\u00e9-inspired look for the video.\n\nTrack listing\nCD single\n \"Because\" (Radio Edit) \u2013 4:17\n \"That Girl\" \u2013 4:10\n\nDigital EP\n \"Because\" (Radio Edit) \u2013 4:17\n \"That Girl\" \u2013 4:10\n \"Do It Again\" \u2013 4:13\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nCertification\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2009 singles\nCategory:Jessica Mauboy songs\nCategory:Songs written by Jessica Mauboy\nCategory:2008 songs\nCategory:Sony Music Australia singles"}
-{"text": "Antocha\n\nAntocha is a genus of crane flies in the family Limoniidae. It was first described by Baron Carl Robert Osten-Sacken in 1860.\n\nSpecies\n\nSubgenus Antocha Osten Sacken, 1860\nA. aciculifera Alexander, 1974\nA. aegina Alexander, 1970\nA. amblystyla Alexander, 1963\nA. angusticellula Alexander, 1969\nA. angustiterga Alexander, 1949\nA. arjuna Alexander, 1969\nA. attenuata Alexander, 1969\nA. basivena Alexander, 1936\nA. biacus Savchenko, 1981\nA. biarmata Alexander, 1940\nA. bidens Alexander, 1932\nA. bidigitata Alexander, 1954\nA. bifida Alexander, 1924\nA. biobtusa Alexander, 1968\nA. brevifurca Alexander, 1974\nA. brevinervis Alexander, 1924\nA. brevistyla Alexander, 1924\nA. capitella Alexander, 1941\nA. confluenta Alexander, 1926\nA. constricta Alexander, 1932\nA. dafla Alexander, 1969\nA. decurvata Alexander, 1941\nA. decussata Alexander, 1973\nA. dentifera Alexander, 1924\nA. dilatata Alexander, 1924\nA. emarginata Alexander, 1938\nA. exilistyla Alexander, 1969\nA. flavidibasis Alexander, 1938\nA. flavidula Alexander, 1936\nA. fortidens Alexander, 1933\nA. fusca Edwards, 1928\nA. gladiata Alexander, 1974\nA. globulosa Alexander, 1973\nA. glycera Alexander, 1969\nA. gracillima Alexander, 1924\nA. hirtipes Savchenko, 1971\nA. hyperlata Alexander, 1968\nA. incurva Alexander, 1968\nA. indica Brunetti, 1912\nA. integra Alexander, 1940\nA. javanensis Alexander, 1915\nA. khasiensis Alexander, 1936\nA. lacteibasis Alexander, 1935\nA. latifurca Alexander, 1969\nA. latistilus Torii, 1992\nA. libanotica Lackschewitz, 1940\nA. lindneri (Nielsen, 1963)\nA. longispina Alexander, 1969\nA. macrocera Alexander, 1970\nA. madrasensis Alexander, 1970\nA. mara Alexander, 1970\nA. microcera Alexander, 1974\nA. minuticornis Alexander, 1931\nA. mitosanensis Torii, 1992\nA. monticola Alexander, 1917\nA. multidentata Alexander, 1932\nA. mysorensis Alexander, 1974\nA. nebulipennis Alexander, 1931\nA. nebulosa Edwards, 1928\nA. neoflavella Alexander & Alexander, 1973\nA. nigribasis Alexander, 1932\nA. obtusa Alexander, 1925\nA. opalizans Osten Sacken, 1860\nA. ophioglossa Alexander, 1954\nA. ophioglossodes Alexander, 1968\nA. pachyphallus Alexander, 1971\nA. pallidella Alexander, 1933\nA. parvicristata Alexander, 1971\nA. peracuta Alexander, 1971\nA. perattenuata Alexander, 1971\nA. perobtusa Alexander, 1971\nA. perstudiosa Alexander, 1958\nA. phoenicia Thomas and Dia, 1982\nA. pictipennis Alexander, 1949\nA. picturata Alexander, 1936\nA. platyphallus Alexander, 1935\nA. platystylis Alexander, 1974\nA. plumbea Alexander, 1936\nA. postnotalis Alexander, 1974\nA. prolixistyla Alexander, 1971\nA. pterographa Alexander, 1953\nA. quadrifurca Alexander, 1971\nA. quadrirhaphis Alexander, 1971\nA. ramulifera Savchenko, 1983\nA. rectispina Alexander, 1954\nA. retracta Edwards, 1933\nA. sagana Alexander, 1932\nA. satsuma Alexander, 1919\nA. saxicola Osten Sacken, 1860\nA. scapularis Alexander, 1968\nA. scelesta Alexander, 1936\nA. scutella Alexander, 1973\nA. scutifera Alexander, 1973\nA. setigera Alexander, 1933\nA. shansiensis Alexander, 1954\nA. sparsipunctata Alexander, 1936\nA. spiralis Alexander, 1932\nA. stenophallus Alexander, 1974\nA. streptocera Alexander, 1949\nA. studiosa Alexander, 1951\nA. styx Alexander, 1930\nA. subconfluenta Alexander, 1930\nA. thienemanni Alexander, 1931\nA. triangularis (Brunetti, 1912)\nA. tuberculata Torii, 1992\nA. turkestanica de Meijere, 1921\nA. unicollis Alexander, 1968\nA. unilineata Brunetti, 1912\nA. vitripennis (Meigen, 1830)\nA. yatungensis Alexander, 1963\nSubgenus Orimargula Mik, 1883\nA. almorae Alexander, 1970\nA. alpigena (Mik, 1883)\nA. australiensis (Alexander, 1922)\nA. brevicornis Alexander, 1960\nA. brevifurca Alexander, 1970\nA. brevisector Alexander, 1970\nA. brevivena (Edwards, 1928)\nA. delibata Riedel, 1914\nA. flavella (Alexander, 1926)\nA. gracilicornis (Edwards, 1925)\nA. gracilipes (Alexander, 1927)\nA. griseipennis (Alexander, 1920)\nA. hintoni Alexander, 1967\nA. indumeni Alexander, 1956\nA. intermedia (Edwards, 1928)\nA. kraussi Alexander, 1955\nA. longicornis (Alexander, 1921)\nA. maculipleura Edwards, 1933\nA. melina Alexander, 1957\nA. mesocera Alexander, 1931\nA. minuscula Alexander, 1963\nA. multispina Alexander, 1956\nA. nigristyla Alexander, 1956\nA. papuensis Alexander, 1953\nA. pauliani Alexander, 1953\nA. pedekiboana Lindner, 1958\nA. philippina (Alexander, 1917)\nA. possessiva Young, 1994\nA. praescutalis Alexander, 1936\nA. prefurcata Alexander, 1950\nA. quadrispinosa Alexander, 1963\nA. salikensis Alexander, 1958\nA. schmidi Alexander, 1958\nA. setosa Alexander, 1960\nA. simplex Alexander, 1970\nA. sparsissima Alexander, 1974\nA. tana Alexander, 1972\nA. tanycera Alexander, 1963\nA. tasmanica (Alexander, 1928)\nA. transvaalia (Alexander, 1921)\nA. venosa Alexander, 1964\nSubgenus Proantocha Alexander, 1919\nA. spinifer Alexander, 1919\nA. uyei (Alexander, 1928)\n\nReferences\n\nCatalogue of the Craneflies of the World\n\nCategory:Limoniidae\nCategory:Tipuloidea genera"}
-{"text": "Hwang Woo-suk\n\nHwang Woo-suk (, born January 29, 1953) is a South Korean veterinarian and researcher. He was a professor of theriogenology and biotechnology at Seoul National University (dismissed on March 20, 2006) who became infamous for fabricating a series of experiments, which appeared in high-profile journals, in the field of stem cell research. Until November 2005, he was considered one of the pioneering experts in the field, best known for two articles published in the journal Science in 2004 and 2005 where he reported he had succeeded in creating human embryonic stem cells by cloning. He was called the \"Pride of Korea\" in South Korea.\n\nSoon after the first paper was released, however, an article in the journal Nature charged Hwang with having committed ethical violations by using eggs from his graduate students and from the black market. Although he denied the charges at first, Hwang admitted the allegations were true in November 2005. Shortly after that his human cloning experiments were revealed to be fraudulent.\n\nOn May 12, 2006, Hwang was charged with embezzlement and bioethics law violations after it emerged much of his stem cell research had been faked. The Korea Times reported on June 10, 2007, that Seoul National University fired him, and the South Korean government canceled his financial support and barred him from engaging in stem cell research. While being charged with fraud and embezzlement, he has kept a relatively low profile at the Sooam Bioengineering Research Institute in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, where he currently leads research efforts on creating cloned pig embryos and using them to make embryonic stem-cell lines.\n\nSince the controversy subsided, despite the history and his lost credibility as a scientist, Hwang's lab has been actively publishing manuscripts, many of which have appeared on PubMed, the online database for biomedical research.  In February 2011, Hwang visited Libya as part of a $133 million project in the North African country to build a stem cell research center and transfer relevant technology. However, the project was canceled due to civil war.\n\nHwang was sentenced to a two years suspended prison sentence at the Seoul Central District Court on 26 October 2009, after being found guilty of embezzlement and bioethical violations but cleared of fraud. On this same day, CNN reported that the scientist in 2006 admitted faking his findings, after questions of impropriety had emerged. He had his conviction upheld on 15 December 2010 by an appeals court in South Korea, which resulted in his suspended sentence being reduced by 6 months. In 2014 the South Korean Supreme Court upheld its 2010 ruling.\n\nOn November 2015, a Chinese biotech company Boyalife Group announced that it will partner with Hwang's laboratory, Sooam Biotech, to open the world's largest animal cloning factory in Tianjin as early as 2016.  The factory will aim to produce up to one million cattle embryos per year to meet the increasing demand for quality beef in China.\n\nTimeline\nHwang first caught media attention in South Korea when he announced he successfully created a cloned dairy cow, Yeongrong-i in February 1999. His alleged success was touted as the fifth instance in the world in cow cloning, with a notable caveat: Hwang failed to provide scientifically verifiable data for the research, giving only media sessions and photo-ops. Hwang's next claim came only two months later in April 1999, when he announced the cloning of a Korean cow, Jin-i, also without providing any scientifically verifiable data. Despite the notable absence of any of the scientific data needed to probe the validity of the research, Hwang's several claims were well received by the South Korean media and public, who were attracted by Hwang's claim of immeasurable economic prospect that his research was said to be promising. Until 2004, Hwang's main area of research remained in creating genetically modified livestock that included cows and pigs. During that period, Hwang claimed to have created a BSE-resistant cow (which has not been verified) and also stated his intention to clone a Siberian tiger.\n\nIn February 2004, Hwang and his team announced that they had successfully created an embryonic stem cell with the somatic cell nuclear transfer method, and published their paper in the March 12 issue of Science. Although Hwang had already established himself as an expert in animal cloning and secured celebrity status in South Korea in the late 90s, his alleged sudden success came as a surprise because this was the first reported success in human somatic cell cloning. Until Hwang's claim, it was generally agreed that creating a human stem cell by cloning was next to impossible due to the complexity of primates. Hwang explained that his team used 242 eggs to create a single cell line.\n\nIn May, Nature magazine published an article stating that Hwang had used eggs taken from two of his graduate students, based on an interview with one of the students. The article raised the question of whether the students might have been pressured to give eggs and thus whether such a donation would have been \"voluntary\" as Hwang claimed in his scientific paper. At that time, Hwang denied that he had used his students' eggs.\n\nHwang's team announced an even greater achievement a year later in May 2005, and claimed they had created 11 human embryonic stem cells using 185 eggs. His work, published in the June 17 issue of Science, was instantly hailed as a breakthrough in biotechnology because the cells were allegedly created with somatic cells from patients of different age and gender, while the stem cell of 2004 was created with eggs and somatic cells from a single female donor. This meant every patient could receive custom-made treatment with no immune reactions. In addition, Hwang's claim meant that his team had boosted their success rate by 14 times and that this technology could be medically viable.\n\nHwang made further headlines in May 2005 when he criticized U.S. President George W. Bush's policy on embryonic stem cell research. Also, Time magazine named Hwang one of its \"People Who Mattered 2004\", stating that Hwang \"has already proved that human cloning is no longer science fiction, but a fact of life.\"\n\nFollowing on the earlier success, on August 3, 2005, Hwang announced that his team of researchers had become the first team to successfully clone a dog, which has been independently verified through genetic testing. The dog, an Afghan Hound, was named Snuppy.\n\nShortly after his groundbreaking 2005 work, Hwang was appointed to head the new World Stem Cell Hub, a facility that was to be the world's leading stem cell research centre. However, in November 2005, Gerald Schatten, a University of Pittsburgh researcher who had worked with Hwang for two years, made the surprise announcement that he had ceased his collaboration with Hwang. In an interview, Schatten commented that \"my decision is grounded solely on concerns regarding oocyte (egg) donations in Hwang's research reported in 2004.\" Following an intense media probe, Roh Sung-il, one of Hwang's close collaborators and head of MizMedi Women's Hospital, held a news conference on November 21.\n\nDuring the conference Roh admitted that he had paid women US$1,400 each for donating their eggs, eggs that were later used in Hwang's research. However, Roh claimed Hwang was unaware of this, while the South Korean Ministry of Health assured that no laws or ethical guidelines had been breached as there were no commercial interests involved in this payout. Hwang maintained that he was unaware that these actions were happening during the research and he resigned from his post.\n\nOn November 22, PD Su-cheop (PD Notebook), a popular MBC investigative reporting show, raised the possibility of unethical conduct  in the egg cell acquiring process. Despite the factual accuracy of the report, news media as well as people caught up in nationalistic fervor in their unwavering support for Hwang asserted that criticism of Hwang's work was \"unpatriotic\", so much so that the major companies who were sponsoring the show immediately withdrew their support.\n\nOn November 24, Hwang held a press conference in Seoul, in which he declared his intention of resigning from most of his official posts.\n\nHe also apologized for his actions. In the interview he said, \"I was blinded by work and my drive for achievement.\"  He denied coercing his researchers into donating eggs and claimed that he found out about the situation only after it had occurred.\n\nHe added that he had lied about the source of the eggs donated to protect the privacy of his female researchers, and that he was not aware of the Declaration of Helsinki, which clearly enumerates his actions as a breach of ethical conduct.\n\nAfter the press conference, which was aired on all major South Korean television networks, most of the nation's media outlets, government ministries, and the public gave support to Hwang. Sympathy for Hwang poured out, resulting in an increase in the number of women who wanted to donate their eggs for Hwang's research.\n\nOn December 29, 2005, the university determined that all 11 of Hwang's stem cell lines were fabricated. The university announced on January 10, 2006, that Hwang's 2004 and 2005 papers on Science were both fabricated. Following on the confirmation of scientific misconduct, on January 11, Science retracted both of Hwang's papers on unconditional terms.\n\nOn January 12, 2006, Hwang held a press conference to apologize for the entire fiasco, but still did not admit to cheating. Instead, he explicitly put the blame on other members of his research project for having deceived him with false data and alleged a conspiracy, saying that his projects had been sabotaged and that there was theft of materials involved. He said that cloning human stem cells was possible and that he had the technology to do it, and if he were given six more months he could prove it. This is an extension of the ten days he said he needed to re-create the stem cells that he asked for back on December 16, 2005. Seoul prosecutors raided his home that day for files and evidence, to start a criminal investigation of Hwang.\n\nOn January 20, 2006, Hwang maintained that two of his 11 forged stem cell lines had been maliciously switched for cells from regular, not cloned, embryos. The allegation involves the lines Hwang claims to have created at Seoul-based MizMedi Hospital.\n\nIn November 22, 2016 Hwang received a certificate of patent on NT-1 technology by the Korean Intellectual Property Office.\n\nHwang's laboratory technique\n\nIn the late 1990s, the method that scientists used in cloning was somatic cell nuclear transfer, which is the same procedure that was used to create Dolly the sheep. This laboratory technique begins when an egg is taken from a donor and the nucleus is removed from the egg, creating an enucleated egg. A cell, which contains DNA, is then taken from the animal being cloned. The enucleated egg is then fused together with the nucleus of the cloning subject's cell using electricity. This creates an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother through in vitro fertilization. If the procedure is successful, then the surrogate mother will give birth to a baby that is a clone of the cloning subject at the end of a normal gestation period. In 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten but in 1996 it took 277 attempts to create Dolly.\n\nHwang allegedly used this technique at his laboratory in SNU to clone dogs during his experiments throughout the early 2000s. He claimed that it was possible to clone mammals and that probability for success can be better than 1 in 277 attempts (as in similar cases such as Dolly). Hwang was the first in the world to clone a dog, an Afghan hound called Snuppy in 2005.  He described his procedure for cloning in the journal  Nature. Researchers from the Seoul National University and the US National Institutes of Health confirmed that Snuppy was a clone.  Since then Hwang and his associates have cloned many more dogs. In 2015 it was reported that Huang Woo-suk's company Sooam Biotech had produced 700 cloned puppies since 2005 with their owners paying about $100,000 each to have their dogs cloned.\n\nHwang's intention to develop better technique for cloning was focused on stem cells\nbecause they are still at an early stage of development and retain the potential to turn into many different types of cell and when they divide, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function.\n\nAccording to stem cell biologists, it might be possible to harness this ability to turn stem cells into a super \"repair kit\" for the body, theoretically to use stem cells to generate healthy tissue to replace that either damaged by trauma or compromised by disease.\nThe many conditions and illnesses that may eventually be treated by stem cell therapy include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, heart disease, stroke, arthritis, diabetes, burns, and spinal cord damage.\n\nIn March 2012, it was announced that Hwang would collaborate with Russian scientists in an attempt to clone a woolly mammoth from remains found in Siberia. He had previously successful cloned eight coyotes in March 2011 using domestic dogs as surrogate mothers and grey wolves. However finding a mammoth sample fit for cloning has been unsuccessful as of 2015.\n\nIn 2015 the Chinese company BoyaLife announced that in partnership with the Hwang Woo-suk's company Sooam Biotech, they were planning to build a 200 million RMB (about US$32 million) factory in Tianjin, China to produce 100,000 cloned cattle per year, starting in 2016 to supply China's growing market for quality beef.\n\nIn 2015, Sooam Biotech cloned a male boxer puppy from a pet dog that had been dead for 12 days. This was the first time they had cloned a dog that had been dead for such a long time.\n\nIn 2016, Hwang's company was regularly cloning pigs which were genetically predisposed to certain diseases so that they could be used for testing pharmaceuticals and cloning cattle which were highly valued for their meat. In total Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing roughly 500 cloned embryos a day from various species. They were also reported to be attempting to clone the Ethiopian wolf, one of the world's rarest canids, of which there are only 500 in the wild, another endangered canid, the Dhole, of which there only about 2,500 adults and the Siberian musk deer which is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN.\n\nControversies\n\nUntil late November 2005, Hwang was criticized only for unpublicized ethical violations. Colleagues and media outlets asserted that he had paid female donors for egg donations and that he had received donations from two junior researchers, both of which were violations. Later controversies would center around scientific misconduct.\n\nHis team, which cloned the first human embryo to use for research, said they had used the same technology to create batches of embryonic stem cells from nine patients. According to Hwang, the result was much more efficient than they had hoped.\nHwang's integrity as a researcher was again put in doubt when it was revealed that PD Su-cheop scheduled a follow-up report questioning his achievement published in Science in June 2005, which stated he had cloned 11 lines of embryonic stem cells. This caused furious backlash among many South Koreans, and the reaction only intensified when it was discovered that Kim Sun-Jong, one of Hwang's researchers from MizMedi, was coerced by illegal means to testify against Hwang. As a result, the scheduled broadcast was canceled and the network even made a public apology to the nation, everyone more or less operating under the assumption that the show was at fault and not Hwang. Yet, other news outlets began to question Hwang's claims.\n\nClose scrutiny revealed that several of the photos of purportedly different cells were in fact photos of the same cell. Hwang responded that these additional photos were accidentally included and that there was no such duplication in the original submission to Science. This was later confirmed by the journal.\n\nResearchers raised questions about striking similarities between the DNA profiles of the cloned cells. Then collaborator Gerald Schatten asked Science to remove his name from the paper, stating as a reason that there were \"allegations from someone involved with the experiments that certain elements of the report may be fabricated.\"\n\nIn the midst of national confusion, Hwang disappeared from public sight, to be hospitalized days later for alleged stress-related fatigue, while public opinion gradually began to turn against Hwang with even the major Korean companies who pulled their support from \"PD Su-Cheop\" reportedly now less than pleased with Hwang. Days later, Hwang started going to his laboratory while requesting Seoul National University to officially conduct a probe to the allegations surrounding him.\n\nThe scandal took a dramatic turn on December 15, when Roh Sung-il, who collaborated on that paper, stated to media outlets that nine of those eleven lines had been faked; specifically, DNA tests illustrated that those nine lines shared identical DNA, implying that they had come from the same source. Roh stated that \"Professor Hwang admitted to fabrication\", and that he, Hwang, and another co\u2013author had asked Science to withdraw the paper. Adding fuel to the fire, MBC broadcast the content of the canceled PD Su-cheop show, which substantiated Roh's claim.\n\nOn the same day, The Seattle Times reported that Science had not yet received an official request from Hwang to withdraw the paper, and it had refused to remove Schatten's name from the paper, stating, \"No single author, having declared at the time of submission his full and complete confidence in the contents of the paper, can retract his name unilaterally, after publication.\"\n\nSeveral prominent scientists, including Ian Wilmut, who cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, and Bob Lanza, a cloning expert based in Worcester, Massachusetts, did call on Hwang to submit his paper to an outside group for independent analysis. Lanza noted, \"You can't fake the results if they're carried out by an independent group. I think this simple test could put the charges to rest.\"\n\nTwo major press conferences were held on Korean networks on December 16, one with Hwang followed by the other with his former colleague, Roh Sung-il. Hwang started his press conference by claiming that the technology to make stem cells exists, which is not an explicit statement that the stem cell lines he featured in his paper to Science were not fakes. He, however, acknowledged the falsifications of research data in the paper, attributing them to unrecoverable \"artificial mistakes.\" He said that there was a problem with the original lines caused by contamination, and if he were given ten more days he could re-create the stem cell lines. He accused Dr. Kim Sun-Jong, a former collaborator, of \"switching\" some of the stem cell lines.\n\nDespite Hwang's claim, in another press conference held only minutes later, Roh Sung-il rebutted Hwang's accusation, saying Hwang was blackmailing MizMedi and Kim Sun-jong. He maintained that at least nine of the eleven stem cell lines were fakes and that Hwang is simply untrustworthy.\n\n\"Roh Sung-il, chairman of the board at Mizmedi Hospital, told KBS television that Hwang had agreed to ask the journal Science to withdraw the paper, published in June to international acclaim. Roh was one of the co-authors of the article that detailed how individual stem cell colonies were created for 11 patients through cloning. Roh also told MBC television that Hwang had pressured a former scientist at his lab to fake data to make it look like there were 11 stem cell colonies. In a separate report, a former researcher told MBC that Hwang ordered him to fabricate photos to make it appear there were 11 separate colonies from only three. [...] University of Pittsburgh researcher Gerald Schatten has already asked that Science remove him as the senior author of the report, citing questions about the paper's accuracy. Seoul National University announced this week it would conduct an internal probe into Hwang's research.\"\n\nSome scientists have started questioning Hwang's earlier work published in Science in February 2004 in which he claimed to have cloned embryonic stem cells. Maria Biotech head Park Se-pill said, \"Up until now, I have believed Hwang did derive cloned embryonic stem cells although he admitted to misconduct in his follow-up paper on patient-specific stem cells...Now, I am not sure whether the cloned stem cell really existed.\"\n\nOn July 26, 2006, Hwang said in testimony that he spent part of 500 million won in private donations in attempts to clone extinct Russian mammoths and Korean tigers.\n\nOfficial probe by Seoul National University and the confirmation of fraud\nAn internal panel was set up in Seoul National University to investigate the allegation, and the probe was started on December 17, 2005. The panel sealed off Hwang's laboratory and conducted a thorough investigation, collecting testimonies from Hwang, Roh and other people that were involved with the scandal. On December 23, the panel announced its initial finding that Hwang had intentionally fabricated stem cell research results creating nine fake cell lines out of eleven, and added that the validity of two remaining cell lines is yet to be confirmed. The panel stated that Hwang's misconduct is \"a grave act damaging the foundation of science.\" Hwang's claim of having used only 185 eggs to create stem cell lines was also denied by the panel, which indicated that more eggs may have been used in the research process.\n\nThe panel announced additional findings on December 29, and confirmed that there are no patient-matched embryonic stem cells in existence and that Hwang's team doesn't have the scientific data to prove any of the stem cells have ever been made.\n\nIn its final report published on January 10, 2006, the panel reaffirmed its previous findings while announcing additional discoveries. The panel found out that, contrary to Hwang's claim of having used 185 eggs for his team's 2005 paper, at least 273 eggs were shown to have been used according to research records kept in Hwang's lab. In addition, the panel discovered that Hwang's team was supplied with 2,061 eggs in the period of November 28, 2002 to December 8, 2005. Hwang's claim of not having known about the donation of eggs by his own female researchers was also denied by the panel; in fact, it was discovered that Hwang himself had distributed egg donation consent forms to his researchers and personally escorted one to the MizMedi Hospital to perform the egg extraction procedure.\n\nThe panel stated that Hwang's 2004 Science paper was also fabricated and decided the stem cell discussed in the paper may have been generated by a case of parthenogenetic process (which is itself a significant development, as mammals rarely reproduce by parthenogenesis; in addition, this would make Hwang's lab the first ever to successfully generate human stem cells via parthenogenesis, predating other research facilities' successes). Although Hwang's team didn't rule out the possibility of parthenogenetic process in the paper, the panel said, his team didn't make any conscientious effort to probe the possibility through the tests available.\n\nChung Myunghee, the head of the panel, said at a news conference that the panel is not in a position to investigate Hwang's claim of his stem cells having been switched with MizMedi's, but added that such a claim is incomprehensible when there is no data to prove any of the stem cells were ever made to begin with.\n\nThe panel, in conclusion, stated that Hwang's team intentionally fabricated the data in both the 2004 and the 2005 papers and that it is \"an act of deception targeted to both scientific community and general public.\" However, the panel confirmed that Hwang's team actually succeeded in cloning a dog they named Snuppy. (See also Nature 439:122-123)\n\nHwang's announcement of resignation and the official dismissal\nOn December 23, 2005 Hwang apologized for \"creating a shock and a disappointment\" and announced that he was resigning his position as professor at the university. However, Hwang maintained that patient-matched stem cell technology remains in South Korea, and his countrymen shall see it.\n\nSeoul National University said Hwang's resignation request will not be accepted, citing a university regulation that dictates an employee under investigation may not resign from a post. This regulation is effected to prevent premature resignations by investigated employees, which would allow them to avoid full retributions according to the findings of the investigation (and perhaps avoid involuntary termination), while reaping the benefits of the more honorable and lucrative voluntary resignation.\n\nOn February 9, 2006, the university suspended Hwang's position as the university's professor, together with six other faculty members who participated in Hwang's team. Subsequently, Hwang was dismissed from the university on March 20, 2006.\n\nThe indictment of Hwang and five of his collaborators\nOn May 12, 2006, Hwang was indicted on charges of fraud, embezzlement and breach of the country's bioethics law, without physical detention. Prosecutors also brought fraud charges against the three stem cell researchers. He embezzled 2.8 billion won ($3 million) out of some 40 billion won in research funds for personal purposes and the illegal purchase of ova used in his experiments.\n\nThe prosecution also said Hwang's three associates involved in his stem cell research, Yoon Hyun-soo, Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, also misappropriated tens of millions of won in research money. Investigators have been tracking 24.6 billion won to find out how the research money was spent. It was part of Hwang's 36.9 billion won research funds raised through state support and private donations. Investigators said Hwang used bank accounts held by relatives and subordinates in 2002 and 2003 to receive about 475 million won from private organizations. He allegedly laundered the money by withdrawing it all in cash, breaking it up into smaller amounts and putting it back in various bank accounts. Hwang also withdrew 140 million won in August 2001 to buy gifts for his sponsors, including politicians and other prominent social figures, before Chusok holidays, according to prosecutors. He also allegedly misappropriated around 26 million won in research funds in September 2004 to buy a car for his wife. Hwang is suspected of embezzling 600 million won, provided by a private foundation, on multiple occasions from 2001 to 2005 for personal use. Prosecutors are also accusing him of illegally paying some 38 million won to 25 women who provided ova for his research through Hanna Women's Clinic in the first eight months of 2005. They also said Hwang gave several dozen politicians about 55 million won in political funds on numerous occasions from 2001 to 2005. He allegedly provided 14 million won to executives of large companies that provided financial support for his research. The prosecution added Hwang wired about 200 million won to a Korean American, identified only as Kang, in September 2005 and received the equivalent amount in U.S. currency from him when the scientist visited the United States two months later. Also in 2005, Hwang received one billion won each in research funds from SK Group and the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation based on his fabricated stem cell research results. Meanwhile, investigators said Lee Byeong-chun and Kang Sung-keun, both professors of veterinary science at Seoul National University, embezzled about 300 million won and 100 million won each in state funds by inflating research-related expenses. Yoon Hyun-soo, a biology professor at Hanyang University, also embezzled 58 million won from the research fund managed by MizMedi Hospital.\n\nParthenogenesis\n\nOn August 2, 2007, after much independent investigation, it was revealed that Hwang's team succeeded in extracting cells from eggs that had undergone parthenogenesis. Hwang claimed he and his team had extracted stem cells from cloned human embryos. However, further examination of the cells' chromosomes shows the same indicators of parthenogenesis in those extracted stem cells as are found in the mice created by Tokyo scientists in 2004. Although Hwang deceived the world about being the first to create artificially cloned human embryos, he did contribute a major breakthrough to the field of stem cell research. The process may offer a way for creating stem cells that are genetically matched to a particular woman for the treatment of degenerative diseases.\n\nThe news of the breakthrough came just a month after an announcement from the International Stem Cell Corporation (ISC), a California-based stem cell research company, that they had successfully created the first human embryos through parthenogenesis. Although the actual results of Hwang's work were just published, those embryos were created by him and his team before February 2004, when the fabricated cloning results were announced, which would make them the first to successfully perform the process. Jeffrey Janus, president and director of research for ISC, agrees that \"Dr. Hwang's cells have characteristics found in parthenogenetic cells\" but remains cautious, saying \"it needs more study.\"\n\nSouth Korea's response to controversies\n\nSouth Korean government's involvement in the scandal\nAfter having acquired a celebrity status in South Korea, Hwang actively sought to establish every possible tie to political and economic institutions in the country. Hwang especially tried to win favor from the Roh Moo-hyun government, which in turn was suffering from a lack of popular support and wanted to demonstrate its competency by creating and promoting an exemplary policy success.\n\nHwang approached Park Ki-young, a former biology professor, then appointed as the Information, Science and Technology Advisor for the President, and put her as one of the co-authors in his 2004 Science paper. Ties with Park yielded a favorable environment for Hwang in the government, as a non-official group consisting of high-ranking government officials was created to support Hwang's research that includes not only Hwang and Park, but also Kim Byung-joon, Chief National Policy Secretary, and Jin Dae-je, Information and Communications Minister. The group was dubbed as \"Hwang-kum-pak-chui\", a loose acronym made from each member's family names, which means \"golden bat\" in Korean.\n\nAfter Hwang's paper was published in Science in 2005, support for Hwang came in full swing. In June 2005, the Ministry of Science and Technology selected Hwang as the first recipient of the title Supreme Scientist, an honor worth US$15 million. Hwang, having already claimed the title of POSCO Chair Professor worth US$1.5 million, secured more than US$27 million worth of support in that year.\n\nPresident Roh had been acquainted with Hwang since 2003, and made a number of comments intended to protect Hwang from potential bioethical issues. On June 18, 2004, Roh awarded Hwang a medal and said, \"it is not possible nor desirable to prohibit research, just because there are concerns that it may lead to a direction that is deemed unethical.\" In another instance at the opening of World Stem Cell Hub on October 19, 2005, Roh remarked, \"politicians have a responsibility to manage bioethical controversies not to get in the way of this outstanding research and progress.\"\n\nOn December 5, 2005, after PD Su-cheop stirred a national controversy, Cheong Wa Dae reaffirmed its unflinching support for Hwang and his research team. Roh said, \"We'll continue to support Professor Hwang. We hope he will return to his research lab soon for the sake of people with physical difficulties and the public\", according to presidential spokesman Kim Man-soo.\n\nWhile implying the controversies over MBC-TV's forceful methods used to gather information from Hwang's former junior staff members, Roh said, \"The disputes will be resolved gradually and naturally through following scientific research and study. We hope the ongoing disputes over Hwang's achievement will be settled without further trouble.\"\n\nIt was alleged that advisor Park Ki-young deliberately avoided to report Roh about details of Hwang's allegation for misconduct, while emphasizing a breach of journalist ethics by MBC. Park, after weeks of silence for her role in the controversy, announced her intent to resign from the advisor post on January 10, 2006.\n\nOn January 11, 2006, the national post office stopped selling post stamps commemorating Hwang's research. The title of Supreme Scientist awarded to Hwang was revoked on March 21, 2006, after Hwang was dismissed from Seoul National University the day before.\n\nLawmakers\u2019 group supporting Professor Hwang Woo-suk\nOn December 6, 2005 a group of 43 lawmakers from the ruling and opposition parties  inaugurated a body to support  Hwang Woo-suk. Members of the group, dubbed the \"lawmakers' group supporting Professor Hwang Woo-suk\", pledged to help Hwang continue his experiments in pursuit of a scientific breakthrough.\n\n\"There are many lawmakers who, regardless of party affiliation, want to support Hwang. We will join forces to help Hwang devote himself to his studies\", Rep. Kwon Sun-taik of the ruling Uri Party said in a news conference at the National Assembly, who was also the leader of the group.\n\nHe said the group will seek to establish bioethics guidelines and come up with supporting measures for biotechnology researchers in the country. Among those who have joined the group were Reps. Kim Hyuk-kyu, Kim Young-choon and Kim Sung-gon of the ruling party, Kim Hyong-o of the main opposition Grand National Party (GNP) and Kim Hak-won, chairman of the United Liberal Democrats.\n\nSome female lawmakers participated in a civic group for voluntary egg donations for therapeutic research, which opened in November 2005 following the egg procurement scandal.\n\nReps. Song Young-sun and Chin Soo-hee of the GNP said they would provide their eggs to Hwang's research team. Meanwhile, the ruling and opposition parties called on the Korean Broadcasting Commission to thoroughly investigate the staffers of MBCs PD Notebook, which broadcast a documentary program critical of Hwang with coercive tactics in interviews, and reprimand them.\n\nAfter most of Hwang's claims were confirmed fake on January 10, 2006, some lawmakers revealed that Hwang made several campaign donations to them and other lawmakers.\n\nReturn of PD Notebook to the air in 2006\nThe investigative journalism show MBC PD Notebook (Korean: PD\uc218\ucca9) returned on air on January 3, 2006, and summarized the course of Hwang's scandal to date. The show had been cancelled under pressure after it aired its show on November 22 that accused Hwang of oddities in his research. The last show in 2005, aired on November 29, covered other topics. It remained off the air for five weeks. The second show in 2006, on January 10, dealt further with the Hwang affair, focusing on several instances of Hwang's media spinning tactics. It also covered the unwillingness on the part of a significant part of the public in South Korea to believe that someone who had almost achieved a status of a national hero committed such a shame.\n\nRallies supporting Hwang\nThe same day many South Korean citizens rallied outside Hwang's laboratory; as more than 1,000 women pledged to donate their eggs for the scientist's research. [ ... ] Hwang has been in seclusion since apologizing in November 2005, for ethical lapses in human egg procurement for his research. The symbolic event was as a gesture from Hwang's supporters that says they intend to donate their eggs with 1,000 of their members after they took egg-donation pledges online via their website. \"Dr. Hwang will not be able to return to the lab, at least, until at the end of this week because he is extremely exhausted, mentally and physically\", a key team member, Ahn Cu Rie, wrote in an e-mail to Reuters. [ ... ] At Hwang's lab at Seoul National University, women left bouquets of the national flower, a hibiscus called the Rose of Sharon, for the scientist along with notes of encouragement.\n\nThe stem cell research center that Hwang led before resigning said it hoped he would return, even though his lapses could hurt its efforts to work with other research institutions.\n\n\"So far more than 700 South Korean women have pledged to donate their eggs and the number is steadily rising\", said Lee Sun-min, an official at a private foundation launched last week to promote egg donations. [ ... ] Thousands of patients have applied to participate in the research, hoping the technology could help treat damaged spinal cords or diseases such as Parkinson's. On Tuesday, an official at the lab said it was hoped that Hwang would return.\n\n\"We're waiting for Hwang to assume the leadership after some rest\", Seong Myong-hoon told a news conference. But Seong said the controversy could hurt the lab. That conclusion was reached after one of Hwang's close research partners, Ahn Cu-rie, returned Tuesday after a 10-day trip to meet with scientists in the United States and Japan, Seong said.\n\n\"The reaction of foreign scientists was that they understand what Dr. Hwang disclosed, but they cannot accept that without criticism\", Seong said. \"We can never be optimistic about cooperation with foreign institutions.\"\n\nSeong added: \"Researchers of our country were newly awakened to the fact that we have to take every precaution to ensure we don't fall behind international ethics (guidelines) while researching.\"\n\n\"The only hope for us is Dr. Hwang. Don't trample on our one shred of hope\", a woman whose son suffers from a severe kidney ailment told South Korean broadcaster YTN at the university. The woman also pledged to sell her eggs to Hwang.\n\nOnline ova donations\nA website backed by Hwang's supporters began taking egg-donation pledges online since late November 2005 after Hwang resigned all his official posts at World Stem Cell Hub, relaying them to a clinic linked to Hwang's research team. The number of pledges had reached 725 by early December 2005.\n\nBanners like \"Please come back, Doctor Hwang. I'm already dying to see you, Professor Hwang\", were put up on the homepage.\n\nThe site also carried a photo of Hwang and his cloned dog, Snuppy, trimmed with images of the rose of sharon, South Korea's national flower, in an apparent appeal for patriotism. The national anthem played as background music.\n\nThose who applied to donate ova included those with incurable illnesses or their family members, who hope that Hwang's research will eventually lead to cures, as well as just ordinary young, healthy women.\n\nSee also \n List of geneticists and biochemists\n List of Korea-related topics\n List of Koreans\n Scientific misconduct, including a list of science scandals.\n Sch\u00f6n scandal\n Haruko Obokata\n List of scientific misconduct incidents\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPubmed entry for the controversial paper on embryonic stem cells\nFinal report published by Seoul National University Investigation Committee (in Korean)\nEnglish summary of the SNU final report\nSouth Korean policy failure and the Hwang debacle\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1953 births\nCategory:2005 in biotechnology\nCategory:Academic scandals\nCategory:Changwon Hwang clan\nCategory:Hoaxes in science\nCategory:Korean nationalism\nCategory:People involved in scientific misconduct incidents\nCategory:Science and technology in South Korea\nCategory:Seoul National University alumni\nCategory:Seoul National University faculty\nCategory:South Korean biologists\nCategory:South Korean Buddhists\nCategory:South Korean criminals\nCategory:Stem cell researchers"}
-{"text": "Ben Villaflor\n\nBenjamin Villaflor (born November 10, 1952) is a former boxer who was the WBA and lineal junior lightweight (now called super featherweight) champion during the 1970s.\n\nProfessional boxing career\nAccording to records, Villaflor began his career as a professional boxer when he was only thirteen years old, on October 1, 1966, beating Flash Javier by decision in four rounds. Most of Villaflor's early bouts' records were not well kept, therefore, although October 1, 1966 appears to have been the date of Villaflor's professional debut, this is not known with certainty, and neither is the location where the fight took place. Villaflor ran a record of twelve wins without a loss, with eight knockouts before he suffered his first loss, against Roger Boy Pedrano, by an eight-round decision in a fight apparently held on July 1, 1967, at the Philippines.\n\nAfter winning his next fight, he faced Pedrano and again lost by decision, in another fight without much documented data.\n\nVillaflor had his first documented fight on February 1, 1968, at Manila. Villaflor and Rod Sario had a technical draw (tie) after four rounds. Villaflor would have a total of seven draws in his professional boxing career, a relatively large number in that category.\n\nAlthough Villaflor won nine, lost two and drew two of his next thirteen bouts, his fighting in the Philippines exclusively represented a problem for him to become known overseas. He began the 1970s by losing two ten-round decisions in a row, to Pedro Martinez on March 7, 1970 and to Alfredo Avila, six weeks later.\n\nVillaflor won his next seventeen bouts, however, eleven of them by knockout. He moved to Honolulu, Hawaii, so he could get more exposure in the United States and the rest of the world. Villaflor liked Honolulu so much that he still lives in the Hawaiian city. He beat Rafael L\u00f3pez by a first-round knockout, on April 13, 1971, in what represented both his first fight in Honolulu and also his first fight abroad. He also beat former world champion Raul Cruz, beaten by knockout in ten rounds, November 11, 1971.\n\nOn April 25, 1972, Villaflor was given his first opportunity at a world title, when faced with WBA and Lineal Jr. Lightweight champion Alfredo Marcano of Venezuela. Villaflor became world champion by defeating Marcano by a fifteen-round unanimous decision at Honolulu.\n\nVillaflor then engaged in a series of non-title bouts, including one against Roberto Dur\u00e1n world title challenger Jimmy Robertson, beaten by Villaflor by a ten-round decision on November 15 of that year. Prior to that, he had retained the title with a fifteen-round draw against Victor Echegaray, on September 25.\n\nOn March 12, 1973, Villaflor lost his title for the first time, being beaten on points by Japan's Kuniaki Shibata over fifteen rounds in Honolulu. But, after two knockout wins, Villaflor had a rematch with Shibata, also in Honolulu, and he recovered the WBA world Jr. Lightweight championship with a first-round knockout, on October 17, also at Honolulu.\n\nNext for Villaflor was a widely expected fight across Asia, as he met Japan's top rated challenger, Apollo Yoshio, on March 14, 1974, at Toyama. The two boxers fought to a fifteen-round draw. After another non-title win, Villaflor met future world champion Yasutsune Uehara, on August 24 in Honolulu, knocking out Uehara in the second round. After that, Villaflor made his mainland United States debut, when he and perennial challenger Ray Lunny III fought to a six-round technical draw on November 14, a cut on Villaflor's head which had been caused by a headbutt being the determining factor for the fight to end with such result.\n\nVillaflor retained the title twice more, then met Samuel Serrano for the first time, on April 13, 1976, in Honolulu, and the two combatants fought to a fifteen-round draw. The draw was so controversial that the WBA ordered an immediate rematch. After winning a non-title bout by knockout, Villaflor traveled to Puerto Rico for the rematch, held on November 16, at Hiram Bithorn stadium, in San Juan. Serrano outpointed Villaflor over fifteen rounds in what turned out to be Villaflor's last professional bout.\n\nHe is currently involved in managing other boxers' careers. Villaflor is the Sergeant At Arms for the Hawaii State Senate, a position to which he is appointed by a vote of the Senate each year. In that capacity he was a co-defendant in a lawsuit stemming from his unlawful arrest and alleged assault on Mitch Kahle, a protester against the  Legislature's violation of the First Amendment doctrine of the Separation of Church and State. Kahle was acquitted of all charges against him on April 29, 2010, and is currently pursuing legal action against everyone involved in his arrest, both in their official capacities and as private persons.\n\nSee also\nList of super featherweight boxing champions\nList of WBA world champions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Villaflor Bio at Ringside Report\nBen Villaflor - CBZ Profile\n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Southpaw boxers\nCategory:World boxing champions\nCategory:World Boxing Association champions\nCategory:Boxers from Negros Occidental\nCategory:Filipino male boxers\nCategory:Super-featherweight boxers"}
-{"text": "Clouding agent\n\nClouding agents or cloudifiers are a type of food additive used to make beverages such as fruit juices to look more cloudy, and thus more natural-looking and visually appealing, typically by creating an emulsion of oil droplets. \n\nNatural fruit juices are often opalescent, due to protein, oil or pectin particles from plant cell fragments. To mimic this visual effect in low-juice content soft drinks, a clouding agent is added. Common clouding agents include palm oil, Arabic gum and extracts of citrus fruits, and titanium dioxide may be used to enhance their color strength. The illegal use of the plasticizer DEHP in clouding agents was reported in Taiwan in 2011.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Food emulsifiers\nCategory:Food colorings\ncategory:Food additives"}
-{"text": "Vedat Albayrak\n\nVedat Albayrak (born Vano Revazishvili on 2 March 1993; ) is a Turkish judoka, born in Georgia. At the 2016 Summer Olympics he represented Greece under the name Roman Moustopoulos. He was eliminated in the second round of the men's 81 kg event by Juan Diego Turcios.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Greek male judoka\nCategory:Turkish male judoka\nCategory:Judoka at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic judoka of Greece\nCategory:European Games competitors for Greece\nCategory:Judoka at the 2015 European Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2018 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:European Games competitors for Turkey\nCategory:Judoka at the 2019 European Games"}
-{"text": "Spuyten Duyvil\n\nSpuyten Duyvil may refer to:\nSpuyten Duyvil Creek, a channel connecting the Hudson River to the Harlem River Ship Canal, and on to the Harlem River in New York City\nSpuyten Duyvil station, a commuter railroad station that serves the residents of the Spuyten Duyvil neighborhood of the Bronx, New York via the Hudson Line\nSpuyten Duyvil, Bronx, the name of a subsection of the Riverdale section in New York City\nSpuyten Duyvil Bridge, a swing bridge that carries Amtrak's Empire Corridor line across the Spuyten Duyvil Creek between Manhattan and the Bronx, in New York City\nDecember 2013 Spuyten Duyvil derailment, a commuter train accident which occurred near Spuyten Duyvil station.\nSpuyten Duyvil and Port Morris Railroad, a precursor railway to the New York Central Railroad"}
-{"text": "Hormuz Island\n\nHormuz Island (;  Jazireh-ye Hormoz), also spelled Hormoz, is an Iranian island in the Persian Gulf. Located in the Strait of Hormuz,  off the Iranian coast, the island is part of Hormozgan Province.\n\nGeography\nHormuz Island has an area of . It is covered by sedimentary rock and layers of volcanic material on its surface. The highest point of the island is about  above sea level. Due to a lack of precipitation, the soil and water are salty. Specialists have helped cultivar white mangrove or Hara trees to grow in the climate. Due to the lack of fresh water, Iranian engineers have constructed a water pipeline from the mainland. There are many virgin beaches that go all around the island.\n\nHistory\n\nThe island, known as Organa () to the ancient Greeks and as Jarun in the Islamic period, acquired the name of \"Hormuz\" from the important harbour town of Hormuz (Ormus) on the mainland 60\u00a0km away, which had been a centre of a minor principality on both sides of the strait. The principality paid tribute to the Mongol-ruled Ilkhanate and was an important source of income from maritime trade. The town's ruler decided to shift his residence to the island around 1300, in order to evade attacks by Mongolian and Turkish groups from the interior. The ruler later made peace with the Ilkhans.\n\nA new town was built on the northern tip of Jarun island which was called New Hormuz for a number of years to distinguish it from the old town on the mainland until this fell into ruins. Slowly the name of the new town came to be used for the island as well.\n\nThe island is arid, and during the summer months the temperature can rise to over . As such, it was not an ideal location for the capital of a principality as all provisions including water had to be brought from the mainland. Its location, however, gave the island a degree of security which let it grow to be a major trading port for several centuries. As its competitors suffered from intermittent destruction, Hormuz remained a reliable and relatively safe harborage.\n\nHormuz was visited by Marco Polo, the famous traveller, at around 1290 while traveling by land, as described in his travelogue.\n\nIbn Battuta also visited the island, and New Hormuz.\n\nIn the 15th century, Hormuz was visited several times by a Chinese fleet led by Zheng He as he explored the Indian Ocean during the Ming Dynasty's naval ventures.\n\nIn 1505 the reign King Manuel I of Portugal led Portugal to establish a policy of expansion in Africa and western Asia. During attempts to expand Portuguese influence into the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese duke Afonso de Albuquerque captured the island in 1507 and it was incorporated into the greater Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese constructed a fortress on the island to deter potential invaders, naming it the Fort of Our Lady of the Conception. The island became an emergency stopover point for Portuguese ships travelling to Goa, Gujarat and nearby Kishm. The Ottomans laid siege to the island under the famous admiral and cartographer Piri Reis in 1552. In 1622 the island was captured from the Portuguese by a combined Anglo-Persian force at the behest of the English East India Company.\n\nShah Abbas I distrusted the local population and was not interested in maintaining the island as a trading centre or military post; instead he developed the nearby mainland port of Bander Abbas. Hormuz went into decline. Many of its inhabitants seasonally moved to their fields and orchards around the old Hormuz on the mainland, only fishermen being in permanent residence. The island continued to export small quantities of rock salt and lumps of iron oxide which were used as ballast stones for sailing ships.\n\nAfter a period of Omani administration in the 19th century, it remained a sparsely inhabited fishermen's island before experiencing some development in the later years of the 20th century.\n\nStatues Valley\nWith a few hundred meters walk to the beach, in a way that silver sands attracts attention, rocks can be seen in many different forms, each is likened to an animal, a sheep's head, poultry and many different Dragons.\n\nThe rocks show that, over thousands of years that the island of Hormuz gradually comes out of the water, the wear and tear on it makes many beautiful shapes. According to researches, geological age of the Hormuz island is about 600 million years ago and its life when coming out of the water is about 50 thousand years.\n\nDr. Nadalian Museum and Gallery\n\nThe Museum and Gallery of Dr. Ahmad Nadalian in Hormoz Island shows the works of this artists who is internationally known as one of the most active environmental artists. His environmental art projects, include the carving of rocks that can be found in more than seventy countries \nBefore the establishing art center the people who addicted to alcohol and drug used this space. In March of 2009 , the Paradise Art Centre on Hormoz Island in the Persian Gulf was established here. Four years later in 2012 it has become the museum of Dr.Nadalian. and its entrance was redesigned with inspiration from local architecture.\n\nGallery\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n.\t\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062e\u0631\u062f\u0649 \u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0628\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c (\u0643\u064f\u0648\u062e\u0650\u0631\u062f \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0636\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629 \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0650\u064a\u0629\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0650\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0650 \u0646\u064e\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0650\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u060c\u062f\u0628\u0649: \u0633\u0646\u0629 199\u06f7 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f Mohammed Kookherdi (1997) Kookherd, an Islamic civil at Mehran river, third edition: Dubai\n . \u06a9\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u06cc\u060c  \u0628\u0646\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u062e \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u060c (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0629)  \u0645\u06a9\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06f1\u06f9\u06f9\u06f3 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f\n  . \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f\u06cc \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u062c\u06cc\u060c \u062d\u0633\u06cc\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c  \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0647\u00bb \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0628\u06cc: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u06cc\u0639\u060c \u06f1\u06f9\u06f8\u06f8 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f\n . \u0627\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u06af\u06cc\u062a\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0627\u0633\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u0646 [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran)\n . \u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0647\u0627[Statue Valley Hormuz Island] ()\n\nExternal links\n\n goqeshm hormuz island tourism guide\n Hormuz Island\n IRAN.fotopages\n\n \nCategory:Islands of Iran\nCategory:Qeshm County\nCategory:Landforms of Hormozgan Province\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Hormozgan Province"}
-{"text": "Bangladesh\u2013Belarus relations\n\nBangladesh\u2013Belarus relations refers to the bilateral relations between Bangladesh and Belarus. The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic recognized Bangladesh's independence on 24 January 1972 and official diplomatic relations were established in 1992. Neither country has a resident ambassador.\n\nHigh level visits\nRelations witnessed a significant boost when Mikhail Myasnikovich became the first Belarus Prime Minister to pay an official visit to Bangladesh in November 2012.\nPrime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina visited the Republic of Belarus on July 8, 2013.\n\nCooperation\nThe two countries have signed agreements for cooperation on various fields such as trade, education, agriculture, technology, and defense.\n\nAid\nThe Belarusian government will provide $15 million to Bangladesh as long-term assistance for the development of country's readymade garment (RMG) sector.\n\nTrade\nThe first agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the two countries was signed in 2007 aimed at expanding bilateral trade. A more comprehensive agreement was reached in May 2012 when a Bangladesh delegation led by former foreign minister Dipu Moni paid a visit to Minsk. Titled \"Intergovernmental agreement on trade and economic cooperation\", the agreement proved to be effective when the amount of bilateral trade grew rapidly in 2013.\n\nDefense\nMilitary cooperation between the two countries dates back to 2005. It received major reinforcements through an agreement on transfer of crucial defense technologies which was signed by the two countries during Mikhail Myasnikovich's official visit to Dhaka in 2012. The areas of cooperation in this field include \"production and modernization of military equipment and control, communication and electromagnetic warfare systems..\" In 2013, a joint commission was also formed in this regard.\n\nReferences\n\n \nBelarus\nCategory:Bilateral relations of Belarus"}
-{"text": "Hazelwood House, Sligo\n\nHazelwood House is an 18th-century Palladian style country house located in a  demesne in the parish of Calry, some  south-east of the town of Sligo in north-west Ireland. It has been described as one of County Sligo's most neglected treasures. In addition to its architectural value, the house is important both socially and historically.\n\nLocation\nSituated on a peninsula jutting into Lough Gill east of Sligo town with views of Ben Bulben to the north, the house stands in a wooded estate originally  in extent, but now reduced to .\n\nArchitecture\n\nThe house was the first Palladian house in Ireland designed by Richard Cassels (c.1730), the architect who also designed Leinster House, Powerscourt House and Russborough House.\n\nIt consists of a 5-bay by 3-bay main block in three storeys with 2-storey wings on either side connected to the main block by single-storey quadrants. The building is constructed of limestone ashlar with slate roofs.\n\nSince construction, the house saw several decades of neglect and alteration. For example, in the 1870s, a three-bay, two-storey wing was added on the western side of the main block. The main staircase was removed in the 1950s and replaced with a concrete flight of stairs. A number of chimney pieces were taken and replaced with replicas.\n\nHistory\nThe original name for the area is Annagh (Eanach) meaning \"marsh\" and was on land belonging to the \u00d3 Conchobhair Sligigh Lords of the territory of Cairbre Drom Cliabh.\n\nThere was an O'Conor castle located here that according to O'Rorke (1889) was at Castle Point on Lough Gill south of the present house.\n\nThis area belonged to the O'Connor's throughout the Medieval period before passing to the merchant Andrew Crean in the early 17th century, then to Lord William Strafford.\n\nIn 1635, during the planning for the aborted Plantation of Connacht, the estate was bought by Sir Phillip Perceval acting secretly on behalf of the Lord Deputy Wentworth and Sir George Radcliffe. Subsequent allegations claimed that Perceval tricked O'Connor into selling by claiming that it belonged to the Crown and would be subject to Plantation without any recompense to O'Connor. The hostility created by this was instrumental in the Sligo gentries taking part in the 1641 rebellion.\n\nIn 1687 it went to Thomas Wilson and in 1722 to the Wynnes.\n\nThe Wynne Family\nLt-Gen. Owen Wynne, a descendant of the Welsh Wynne family from Merioneth purchased the estate in 1722. In addition to the  the conveyance also included extensive property within the Borough of Sligo, together with the fairs, markets and tolls.\n\nOn his death in 1737, the estate passed to his nephew, also Owen Wynne (1686\u20131755) who was an Army officer. He was succeeded by his son, a third Owen, who was High Sheriff of Sligo for 1723 and 1745. The house then passed to the latter's son, a fourth Owen (died 1789), who was an M.P. for County Sligo in the Irish Parliament and an Irish Privy Councillor. His eldest son, a fifth Owen (1755\u20131841), inherited the house on his death and was also an M.P. for County Sligo in the Irish Parliament and High Sheriff. He was followed by his son, John Arthur Wynne (1801\u20131865), MP for Sligo Borough and High Sheriff for 1840, and John Arthur's son, a sixth Owen (1843\u20131910), High Sheriff for 1874.\n\nThe sixth Owen Wynne was the last Wynne to occupy Hazelwood House and died without a male heir in 1910. His daughter Murial and her husband Philip Dudley Percival then occupied the house, selling off the livestock and machinery until they left Hazelwood in 1923.\n\nRecent history\n\nThe house then stood empty until 1930, when a retired tea planter named Berridge lived there, carrying out repairs and renovations before the house and lands were sold to the Land Commission and the State Forestry Department in 1937.\n\nIn 1940 the house was occupied by the Irish Army's 12th Cyclist Squadron and served as their barracks until January 1945.\n\nIn 1946 it was sold to the Department of Health for use as a psychiatric hospital.\n\nIn c.1969 it was sold again to the Italian manufacturing company SNIA S.p.A. to use as part of a nylon yarn factory complex which they built to the rear of the house. The factory closed in 1983 and was acquired in 1987 by the South Korean company Saehan Media, who produced video tapes on the site until 2005.\n\nThe property was sold in April 2006 for \u20ac7-\u20ac10 million to a local consortium, Foresthaze Developments, who applied in 2007 for permission to develop the site. The application was refused by Sligo County Council and the owners served with a notice to improve the fabric of the building to ensure its preservation.\n\nEmpty since 1987, the house itself is now boarded up and in poor condition. Some members of the community want Hazelwood House and its grounds restored and developed as a tourism amenity.\n\nForesthaze Developments was placed in receivership in October 2013.\n\nSee also\n Hazelwood, County Sligo\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in County Sligo\nCategory:History of County Sligo"}
-{"text": "The Thirty-Nine Steps\n\nThe Thirty-Nine Steps is an adventure novel by the Scottish author John Buchan. It first appeared as a serial in Blackwood's Magazine in August and September 1915 before being published in book form in October that year by William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh. It is the first of five novels featuring Richard Hannay, an all-action hero with a stiff upper lip and a miraculous knack for getting himself out of sticky situations.\n\nThe novel formed the basis for a number of successful adaptations, including several film versions and a long-running stage play. In 2003, the book was listed on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK's \"best-loved novels.\"\n\nBackground\nJohn Buchan wrote The Thirty-Nine Steps while he was ill in bed with a duodenal ulcer, an illness which remained with him all his life. Buchan's son, William, later wrote that the name of the book originated when the author's daughter was counting the stairs at St Cuby, a private nursing home on Cliff Promenade in Broadstairs, where Buchan was convalescing. \"There was a wooden staircase leading down to the beach. My sister, who was about six, and who had just learnt to count properly, went down them and gleefully announced: there are 39 steps.\" There were actually 78, but he halved the number to make a better title. When the original steps were later replaced, one of them, complete with a brass plaque,  was sent to Buchan. They were replaced by concrete, and this set, now numbering 108, still runs from the garden to the beach.\n\nThe novel was his first \"shocker\", as he called it \u2013 a story combining personal and political dramas. It marked a turning point in Buchan's literary career and introduced his adventuring hero Richard Hannay. He described a \"shocker\" as an adventure where the events in the story are unlikely and the reader is only just able to believe that they really happened.\n\nPlot summary\n\nThe novel is set during May and June 1914; war was impending in Europe, Richard Hannay the protagonist and narrator, an expatriate Scot, returns to his new home, a flat in London, after a long stay in Rhodesia to begin a new life. One night he is buttonholed by a stranger, a well-travelled American, who claims to be in fear for his life. The man appears to know of an anarchist plot to destabilise Europe, beginning with a plan to assassinate the Greek Premier, Constantine Karolides, during his forthcoming visit to London. The man reveals his name to be Franklin P. Scudder, a freelance spy, and remarks that he is dead, which holds Hannay's attention. Scudder explains that he has faked his own death to avert suspicion.  Scudder claims to be following a ring of German spies called the Black Stone who are trying to steal British plans for the outbreak of war. Hannay lets Scudder hide in his flat, and sure enough the next day another man is discovered having apparently committed suicide in the same building. A couple of days later Hannay returns home to find Scudder dead with a knife through his heart.\n\nHannay fears that the murderers will come for him next, but cannot ask the police for help because he is the most likely suspect for the murders as he lived in the same building. He also feels a duty to take up Scudder's cause and save Karolides from the assassination. He decides to go into hiding in Scotland and then to contact the authorities at the last minute. To escape from his flat unseen, he bribes the milkman into lending him his uniform and exits wearing it, escaping from the German spies watching the house. Carrying Scudder's pocket-book, he catches an express train leaving from London's St. Pancras Station. Hannay fixes upon Galloway, in south-west Scotland, as a suitably remote place in which to make his escape and remembers somehow the town of Newton-Stewart, which he names as his destination when he buys his ticket from the guard.\n\nArriving at a remote station somewhere in Galloway (apparently not Newton Stewart itself), Hannay lodges in a shepherd's cottage. The next morning he reads in a newspaper that the police are looking for him in Scotland. Reasoning that the police would expect him to head for a port on the West Coast, he boards a local train heading east, but jumps off between stations. He is seen but escapes, finding an inn where he stays the night. He tells the innkeeper a modified version of his story, and the man is persuaded to shelter him. While staying at the inn, Hannay cracks the substitution cipher used in Scudder's pocket-sized book. The next day two men arrive at the inn looking for Hannay, but the innkeeper sends them away. When they return later, Hannay steals their car and escapes.\n\nOn his way, Hannay reflects on what he has learnt from Scudder's notes. They contradict the story that Scudder first told to him, and mention an enemy group called the Black Stone and the mysterious Thirty-nine Steps. The United Kingdom appears to be in danger of an invasion by Germany and its allies. By this time, Hannay is being pursued by an aeroplane, and a policeman in a remote village has tried to stop him. Trying to avoid an oncoming car, Hannay crashes his own, but the other driver offers to take him home. The man is Sir Harry, a local landowner and prospective politician, although politically very na\u00efve. When he learns of Hannay's experiences in South Africa, he invites him to address an election meeting that afternoon. Hannay's speech impresses Sir Harry, and Hannay feels able to trust him with his story. Sir Harry writes an introductory letter about Hannay to a relation in the Foreign Office.\n\nHannay leaves Sir Harry and tries to hide in the countryside, but is spotted by the aeroplane. Soon he spots a group of men on the ground searching for him. Miraculously, he meets a road mender out on the moor, and swaps places with him, sending the workman home. His disguise fools his pursuers, who pass him by. On the same road he meets, in a passing touring car, a Society sycophant whom he recognises from London and whom he forces to exchange clothes with him and drive him off the moor.\n\nThe next day, Hannay manages to stay ahead of the pursuers, and hides in a cottage occupied by an elderly man. Unfortunately, the man turns out to be one of the enemy, and with his accomplices he locks Hannay into his storage room. Fortunately, the room in which Hannay is locked is full of bomb-making materials, which he uses to break out of the cottage, injuring himself in the process.\n\nA day later, Hannay retrieves his possessions from the helpful road mender and stays for a few days to recover from the explosion.  He dines at a public house in Moffat before walking to the junction at Beattock to catch a southbound train to England, changing at Crewe, Birmingham New Street and Reading, to meet Sir Harry's relative at the Foreign Office, Sir Walter Bullivant, at his country home in Berkshire. As they discuss Scudder's notes, Sir Walter receives a phone call to tell him that Karolides has been assassinated.\n\nSir Walter, now at his house in London, lets Hannay in on some military secrets before releasing him to go home. Hannay, unable to shake off his sense of involvement, returns to Sir Walter's house where a high-level meeting is in progress. As one of the men, ostensibly the First Sea Lord, leaves the meeting, Hannay recognises him as one of his former pursuers in Scotland. Hannay warns Sir Walter and the other officials that the man was an impostor, and they realise the spy is about to return to Europe with the information he has obtained from their meeting. At that point, Hannay realises that the phrase \"the thirty-nine steps\" could refer to the landing-point in England from which the spy is about to set sail. Throughout the night, Hannay and the British military leaders try to work out the meaning of the mysterious phrase.\n\nAfter some reasoning worthy of Sherlock Holmes, and with the help of a knowledgeable coastguard, the group decide on a coastal town in Kent. They find a path down from the cliff that has thirty-nine steps. Just offshore they see a yacht. Posing as fishermen, some of the party visit the yacht, the Ariadne, and find that at least one of the crew appears to be German. The only people onshore are playing tennis by a villa and appear to be English, but they match Scudder's description of the conspirators, The Black Stone. Hannay, alone, confronts the men at the villa. After a struggle, two of the men are captured while the third flees to the yacht, which meanwhile has been seized by the British authorities. The plot is thwarted, and the United Kingdom enters the First World War, having kept its military secrets from the enemy.\n\nOn the outbreak of war, Hannay joins the New Army and is immediately commissioned captain.\n\nLiterary significance and criticism\nThe Thirty-Nine Steps is one of the earliest examples of the 'man-on-the-run' thriller archetype subsequently adopted by film makers as a much-used plot device. In The Thirty-Nine Steps, Buchan holds up Richard Hannay as an example to his readers of an ordinary man who puts his country's interests before his own safety. The story was a great success with the men in the First World War trenches. One soldier wrote to Buchan, \"The story is greatly appreciated in the midst of mud and rain and shells, and all that could make trench life depressing.\"\n\nHannay continued his adventures in four subsequent books. Two were set during the war, when he continued his undercover work against the Germans and their allies the Turks in Greenmantle (1916) and Mr Standfast (1919). The other two stories, The Three Hostages (1924) and The Island of Sheep (1936) were set in the post-war period, when Hannay's opponents were criminal gangs.\n\nCharacters \nRichard Hannay \u2013 expatriate Scot recently returned from Southern Africa, who is the protagonist and narrator\nFranklin P. Scudder \u2013 freelance spy\nKarolides \u2013 Greek Premier under threat of assassination, who never appears and is alluded-to, only\nSir Harry \u2013 Scottish landowner and would-be politician\nSir Walter Bullivant \u2013 Sir Harry's relation at the Foreign Office\n\nAdaptations\nThe novel has been adapted for many different media, many of which depart substantially from the text, for example, by introducing a love interest absent from the original novel and inspired by Hitchcock's film. In most cases, the title is often abbreviated to The 39 Steps, but the full title is more commonly used for the book and 1978 film adaptation.\n\nFilm\n\nThe 39 Steps (1935) \n\nThe 1935 black and white film directed by Alfred Hitchcock departs substantially from the book. It stars Robert Donat as Hannay and Madeleine Carroll as a woman he meets on the train. It is regarded by many critics as the best film version. This was one of several Hitchcock films based upon the idea of an \"innocent man on the run\", such as Saboteur and North by Northwest. Scholars of his films regard this film as one of his best variations upon this particular theme. In 1999, it came 4th in a BFI poll of British films and in 2004 Total Film named it the 21st greatest British film of all time.\n\nThe 39 Steps (1959) \n\nThe 1959 film directed by Ralph Thomas was the first colour version, starring Kenneth More as Hannay and Taina Elg as Miss Fisher. It is closely based on Hitchcock's adaptation, including the music-hall finale with \"Mr. Memory\" and Hannay's escape from a train on the Forth Bridge, scenes not present in the book. It features a musical score by Clifton Parker.\n\nThe Thirty Nine Steps (1978) \n\nThe 1978 version was directed by Don Sharp and starred Robert Powell as Hannay, Karen Dotrice as Alex, John Mills as Colonel Scudder and a host of other well-known British actors in smaller parts. It is generally regarded as the closest to the book, being set at the same time as the novel, pre-Great War, but still bears little resemblance to Buchan's original story. Its climax bore no relation to the novel's denouement, instead seeing Hannay hanging from the hands of Big Ben. The film was followed by a spin-off television series, Hannay, also starring Powell and featuring adventures occurring prior to the events in The Thirty Nine Steps.\n\nThe 39 Steps (2008) \n\nThe BBC commissioned a new television adaptation of the novel, scripted by Lizzie Mickery and produced by BBC Scotland's drama unit. The 90-minute film stars Rupert Penry-Jones, Lydia Leonard, Patrick Malahide and Eddie Marsan, and was first broadcast on 28 December 2008 A romantic subplot was added to the story, featuring Lydia Leonard. The storyline only very tenuously follows that of the book, many characters being renamed, or omitted altogether. The film ends with a scene involving a submarine in a Scottish loch, rather than the original setting off the Kent coast, and the apparent death of one character.\n\nRadio\nThere were various American radio adaptations during the two decades following the release of Hitchcock's film, most of which were based on its heavily altered plot. It remains a popular subject for modern live productions done in a similar, old-time radio style.\n1937, starring Robert Montgomery and Ida Lupino, part of the\u00a0Lux Radio Theater series.\n1938, starring Orson Welles, part of The Mercury Theatre on the Air series.\n1943, starring Herbert Marshall\u00a0and\u00a0Madeleine Carroll, part of the Philip Morris Playhouse series.\n1946, starring David Niven, part of The Hour of Mystery series.\n1947, part of the Canadian Broadcasting Company Stage Series.\n1948, starring Glenn Ford and Mercedes McCambridge, part of the Studio One series.\n1952, starring Herbert Marshall, part of the Suspense series.\nThere have been many full cast adaptations for BBC Radio and all are based directly on Buchan's novel.\n1939, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by James McKechnie.\n1944, in six parts, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Derek McCulloch.\n1950, The Adventures of Richard Hannay in 12 half-hour parts, based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.\n1950, The Adventures of Richard Hannay in eight half-hour parts, based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Donald McLean.\n1960, in six episodes, adapted by J. C. Gosforth and produced by Frederick Bradnum.\n1972, The Adventures of Richard Hannay based on The Thirty-Nine Steps and Mr Standfast in six episodes, adapted by Winifred Carey and produced by Norman Wright.\n1989, dramatised by Peter Buckman and directed by Patrick Rayner.\n2001, starring David Robb, Tom Baker and William Hope, adapted by Bert Coules.\nThere are also several BBC solo readings:\n1947, in 12 parts, abridged by Hilton Brown and read by Arthur Bush.\n1978, in five parts, abridged by Barry Campbell and read by Frank Duncan.\n1996, in ten parts, produced by Jane Marshall and read by John Nettles.\nOther solo readings:\n1994, abridged, read by James Fox and released by Orbis Publishing, as part of their \"Talking Classics\" series. It consisted of an illustrated magazine accompanied by a double CD or cassette.\n2007, unabridged, read by Robert Powell and released by Audible audiobooks.\n2007, unabridged, read by Peter Joyce and released by Assembled Stories audiobooks.\n\nIn 2014, BBC Radio 3 broadcast Landmark: The Thirty-Nine Steps and World War I, a 45-minute documentary on the novel's initial impact at home and abroad.\n\nTheatre\n\nA comic theatrical adaptation by Simon Corble and Nobby Dimon for a cast of four actors premiered in 1995 at the Georgian Theatre Royal in Richmond, North Yorkshire, before embarking on a tour of village halls across the north of England. In 2005 Patrick Barlow rewrote the script, keeping the scenes, staging and small-scale feel, and in June 2005 this re-adaption premiered at the West Yorkshire Playhouse, The play then opened in London's Tricycle Theatre, and after a successful run transferred to the Criterion Theatre in Piccadilly where it became the fifth longest running play until it closed in September 2015. Although drawing on Buchan's novel, it is strongly influenced by Hitchcock's 1935 film adaptation. On 15 January 2008, the show made its US Broadway premiere at the American Airlines Theatre; it transferred to the Cort Theatre on 29 April 2008 and then moved to the Helen Hayes Theatre on 21 January 2009, where it ended its run on 10 January 2010. It reopened on Stage One of New York's Off-Broadway venue New World Stages on 25 March 2010 and closed on 15 April 2010. The Broadway production received six Tony Award nominations, winning two\u2014Best Lighting Design and Best Sound Design with the London show winning an Olivier in 2007 and two Tony Awards in 2008. The play also won the Drama Desk Award, Unique Theatrical Experience.\n\nVideo game\nA digital adaptation of Buchan's book, created with Unity, was made by Scottish developer The Story Mechanics and released on 25 April 2013, for Windows, OS X, Linux and iPad. This version is entirely faithful to the plot of the book.\n\nInteractive fiction\nIn 2008, Penguin Books adapted the story as interactive fiction under the authorship of Charles Cumming calling it The 21 Steps.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n\nCategory:1915 British novels\nCategory:British novels adapted into films\nCategory:Novels by John Buchan\nCategory:Novels first published in serial form\nCategory:Novels set in Dumfries and Galloway\nCategory:Novels set in London\nCategory:Fiction set in 1914\nCategory:Scottish thriller novels\nCategory:Works originally published in Blackwood's Magazine\nCategory:William Blackwood books\nCategory:Novels adapted into television programs"}
-{"text": "Beach volleyball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics \u2013 Boys' tournament\n\nThese are the results for the boys' tournament event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.\n\nResults\n\nPreliminary round\n\nPool A\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool B\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool C\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool D\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool E\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool F\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool G\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nPool H\n\n|}\n\n|}\n\nKnockout stage\n\nRound of 24\n\n|}\n\nRound of 16\n\n|}\n\nQuarterfinals\n\n|}\n\nSemifinals\n\n|}\n\nThird place game\n\n|}\n\nFinal\n\n|}\n\nReferences\n Schedule\n\nCategory:Beach volleyball at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics"}
-{"text": "Les Roberts\n\nLes Roberts may refer to:\nLes Roberts (mystery novel writer) (born 1937), American mystery novel writer\nLes Roberts (epidemiologist) (born 1961), American epidemiologist\nLes Roberts (footballer) (1901\u20131980), English football inside forward\nLes Roberts (wrestler) Australian professional wrestler\n\nSee also\nLeslie Roberts (born 1962), Canadian journalist"}
-{"text": "Baron Hankey\n\nBaron Hankey, of The Chart in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1939 for the civil servant Sir Maurice Hankey, Cabinet Secretary from 1920 to 1938. His eldest son, the second Baron, was a diplomat and served as British Ambassador to Sweden between 1954 and 1960.  the title is held by the latter's eldest son, the third Baron, who succeeded in 1996. He is an architect.\n\nDonald Hankey, brother of the first Baron, was a soldier best known for two volumes of essays about the British volunteer army in the First World War. The Hon. Henry Hankey, third son of the first Baron, was British Ambassador to Panama between 1966 and 1969.\n\nBarons Hankey (1939)\nMaurice Pascal Alers Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey (1877\u20131963)\nRobert Maurice Alers Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey (1905\u20131996)\nDonald Robin Alers Hankey, 3rd Baron Hankey (b. 1938)\n\nThe heir presumptive to the title is the present holder's younger brother, the Hon. Alexander Maurice Alers Hankey (b. 1947)\n\nReferences\n\nKidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.\n\nCategory:Baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom\nCategory:1939 establishments in the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Abdullah\n\nAbdullah may refer to:\n\nPeople\nAbdullah I of Jordan, former King of Jordan\nAbdullah II of Jordan, King of Jordan\nAbdullah of Saudi Arabia, Former King of Saudi Arabia\nAbdullah of Pahang, King of Malaysia and Sultan of Pahang\nAbdullah Abdullah, Afghan politician\nAbdullah Ahmad Badawi, Former Prime Minister Of Malaysia\nAbd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib, the father of Muhammad\nAbdullah (Ismaili Mustaali Missionary), first Ismaili, Fatimid, mustaali saint to reach India, c. 1067 AD\nAbdullah (comics), fictional character son of Mohammed Ben Kalish Ezab in The Adventures of Tintin by Herg\u00e9\nAbdullah Gul, Former President of Turkey\nAbdullah Ocalan, PKK terrorist from Turkey.\n\nPlaces\nAbdullah Gan, mountainous region of Afghanistan\nAbdullah Hukum LRT station, elevated rapid transit station in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\nKampung Haji Abdullah Hukum, was an urban village located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia\nKilla Abdullah District, district in the north west of Balochistan province of Pakistan\nAbdullah Qeissan, a town in Blue Nile State, south-eastern Sudan\nSalle Moulay Abdellah, indoor sporting arena in Rabat, Morocco\nStade Moulay Abdellah, multi-use stadium in Rabat, Morocco\n\nOther uses\n Abdullah (film), a 1980 Bollywood film directed by Sanjay Khan\n Abdullah (horse) (1970\u20132000), a horse that competed in the sport of show jumping\n Abdullah: The Final Witness, a 2015 Pakistani drama film\n Abdullah (band), an American metal band\n\nSee also\nAbdullah (name), the name and a list of people whose names include Abdullah\nAbd (Arabic), a root present in this and other Arabic names\nAbdul, another derivation of Abd\nAbdalla people, ethnic group in Kenya\nAbdollah (disambiguation)\nObediah, Hebrew equivalent"}
-{"text": "Mambo (music)\n\nMambo is a genre of Cuban dance music pioneered by the charanga Arca\u00f1o y sus Maravillas in the late 1930s and later popularized in the big band style by P\u00e9rez Prado. It originated as a syncopated form of the danz\u00f3n, known as danz\u00f3n-mambo, with a final, improvised section, which incorporated the guajeos typical of son cubano (also known as montunos). These guajeos became the essence of the genre when it was played by big bands, which did not perform the traditional sections of the danz\u00f3n and instead leaned towards swing and jazz. By the late 1940s and early 1950s, mambo had become a \"dance craze\" in the United States as its associated dance took over the East Coast thanks to P\u00e9rez Prado, Tito Puente, Tito Rodr\u00edguez and others. In the mid-1950s, a slower ballroom style, also derived from the danz\u00f3n, cha-cha-cha, replaced mambo as the most popular dance genre in North America. Nonetheless, mambo continued to enjoy some degree of popularity into the 1960s and new derivative styles appeared, such as dengue; by the 1970s it had been largely incorporated into salsa.\n\nHistory\n\nOrigins in Cuba\n\nThe earliest roots of mambo can be traced to the danz\u00f3n de nuevo ritmo (danz\u00f3n with a new rhythm), later known as danz\u00f3n-mambo, made popular by the orchestra Arca\u00f1o y sus Maravillas conducted by flautist Antonio Arca\u00f1o. \n\nOrestes L\u00f3pez and his brother Israel L\u00f3pez \"Cachao\", main composers of the Maravillas, were the first to denominate a final upbeat, improvised section of the popular Cuban danz\u00f3n as a mambo. This innovation a key step in the process of evolution of the danz\u00f3n, which over the years had progressively lost its structural rigidity to the benefit of musicians and dancers alike. Prior to the danz\u00f3n de nuevo ritmo, in 1910, Jos\u00e9 Urf\u00e9 had first added a montuno (typical son improvised closing section) as a final part of his composition El bomb\u00edn de Barreto. This was a swinging section consisting of a repeated musical phrase, which introduced some elements of the son into the danz\u00f3n. During the mid-to-late 1930s, some members of the Arca\u00f1o group were saying vamos a mambear (\"let's mambo\") when referring to the montuno or final improvisation of the danz\u00f3n. It was Arca\u00f1o's cellist, Orestes L\u00f3pez, who created the first danz\u00f3n called \"Mambo\" (1938). In this piece, some syncopated motives taken from the son style were combined with improvised flute passages.\n\nAntonio Arca\u00f1o described the mambo as follows: \"Mambo is a type of syncopated montuno that possesses the rhythmic charm, informality and eloquence of the Cuban people. The pianist attacks the mambo, the flute picks it up and improvises, the violin executes rhythmic chords in double stops, the double bass inserts a tumbao, the timbalero plays the cowbell, the g\u00fciro scrapes and plays the maracas rhythm, the indispensable tumba (conga drum) reaffirms the bass tumbao and strengthens the timbal.\"\n\nMambo in Mexico\n\nD\u00e1maso P\u00e9rez Prado, a pianist and arranger from Matanzas, Cuba, established his residence in Havana at the beginning of the 1940s and began to work at night clubs and orchestras, such as Paulina Alvarez's and Casino de La Playa. In 1949 he traveled to Mexico looking for job opportunities and achieved great success with a new style, to which he assigned a name that had been already used by Antonio Arca\u00f1o, the mambo.\n\nPerez Prado's style differed from the previous mambo concept. The new style possessed a greater influence from North-American jazz, and an expanded instrumentation consisting of four to five trumpets, four to five saxophones, double bass, drums, maracas, cowbell, congas and bongoes. This new mambo included a catchy counterpoint between the trumpets and the saxophones that induced the body to move along with the rhythm, stimulated at the end of each musical phrase by a characteristic deep throat sound expression.\n\nBecause his music was aimed at an audience that lived primarily outside Cuba, P\u00e9rez Prado used a large number of international influences, especially North-American, in his arrangements. This is evident in his arrangements of songs such as \"Mambo Rock\", \"Patricia\" and \"Tequila\", where he uses a triple meter U.S. \"swing\" rhythm fused with elements from Cuban rumba and son. P\u00e9rez Prado's repertoire included numerous international pieces such as \"Cerezo Rosa\",  \"Mar\u00eda Bonita\", \"Tea For Two\", \"La Bikina\", \"Cuando Calienta El Sol\", \"Malague\u00f1a\" and \"En Un Pueblito Espa\u00f1ol\", among many others.\n\nFamous Cuban singer Beny Mor\u00e9 also lived in Mexico between 1945 and 1952. He composed and recorded some mambos there with Mexican orchestras, especially the one led by Rafael de Paz; they recorded \"Yiri Yiri Bon\", \"La Culebra\", \"Mata Siguaraya\", \"Solamente Una Vez\" and \"Bonito Y Sabroso\". Benny and Perez Prado recorded 28 mambo songs including \"La M\u00facura\", \"Rabo Y Oreja\", and \"Pachito E'ch\u00e9\". At this time Benny also recorded with the orchestra of Jes\u00fas \"Chucho\" Rodr\u00edguez. \n\nPrado's recordings were meant for the Latin American and U.S. latino markets, but some of his most celebrated mambos, such as \"Mambo No. 5\" and \"Que Rico El Mambo\", quickly crossed over to a wider U.S. audience.\n\nMambo York City\n\nMambo arrived in 1947 and mambo music and dance became popular soon. Recording companies began to use mambo to label their records and advertisements for mambo dance lessons were in local newspapers. New York City had made mambo a transnational popular cultural phenomenon. In New York the mambo was played in a high-strung, sophisticated way that had the Palladium Ballroom, the famous Broadway dance-hall, jumping. The Ballroom soon proclaimed itself the \"temple of mambo\", for the city's best dancers\u2014the Mambo Aces, \"Killer Joe\" Piro, Augie and Margo Rodriguez.  Augie and Margo were still dancing 50 years later (2006) in Las Vegas.\n\nSome of New York's biggest mambo dancers and bands of the 1950s included: Augie & Margo, Michael Terrace & Elita, Carmen Cruz & Gene Ortiz, Larry Selon & Vera Rodr\u00edguez, Mambo Aces(Anibal Vasquez and Samson Batalla), Killer Joe Piro, Paulito and Lilon, Louie Maquina, Pedro Aguilar (\"Cuban Pete\"), Machito, Tito Rodr\u00edguez, Jose Curbelo, Akohh, and Noro Morales.\n\nSee also \n\n Tumbao\n Pachanga\n Guaracha\n Merengue\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nP\u00e9rez Firmat, Gustavo. \"Mad for Mambo,\" in The Havana Habit. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010.\n\nExternal links \n Perez Prado and Mambo Mania\n Documentary 52': Mambo\n\n \nCategory:Hispanic and Latino American culture in New York City"}
-{"text": "B\u00e9cc mac Airem\u00f3in\n\nB\u00e9cc mac Airem\u00f3in (died 893) or B\u00e9cc mac \u00c9irem\u00f3in was a D\u00e1l Fiatach king of Ulaid, which is now Ulster, Ireland. He was the son of Airem\u00f3n mac \u00c1edo (died 886),a previous king of Ulaid. He ruled from 886-893\n\nHe became king of Ulaid upon the assassination of his cousin, Fiachnae mac Ainb\u00edtha in 886. He was slain in 893 by Ait\u00edth mac Laigni (died 898) of the U\u00ed Echach Cobo\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n Chronicum Scotorum at  at University College Cork\n Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,\n\nExternal links\nCELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork\n\nCategory:Kings of Ulster\nCategory:9th-century Irish monarchs\nCategory:893 deaths\nCategory:Year of birth unknown"}
-{"text": "The Gambia at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics\n\nThe Gambia competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22 to 30 August 2015.\n\nResults\n(q \u2013 qualified, NM \u2013 no mark, SB \u2013 season best)\n\nMen\nTrack and road events\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Nations at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics\nWorld Championships in Athletics\nCategory:Gambia at the World Championships in Athletics"}
-{"text": "Brooklyn and Bailey McKnight\n\nBrooklyn and Bailey McKnight (born December 31, 1999) are American social media YouTubers, musicians, and entrepreneurs. They are identical twin sisters.\n\nCareer\nThe twins launched their own YouTube channel, Brooklyn and Bailey, with a focus on teen interests, fashion, beauty, and \"all things fun\" in 2013.  The twins were listed by Business Insider as one of \"13 up-and-coming YouTube stars you should be following\" in 2015. Their YouTube channel was nominated for a Streamy Award in the Fashion category.  In November 2015, the sisters launched Squared, a YouTube channel and daily web series described by Variety as being \"dedicated to all things twins\". Seven sets of twins from North America, the UK, and Australia contribute episodes to the series.  In early 2017, Brooklyn and Bailey announced their entrance into the music industry. The pair partnered with music producer Benny Cassette, and their first track, \u201cDance Like Me\", debuted March 3, 2017. The track charted at #26 for most popular song and #12 for pop US song on iTunes. On April 28, 2017, the twins released their second single, \"SiMPLE THiNGS\". They released their third song \"What We're Made Of\" July 13, 2017. Brooklyn and Bailey had previously collaborated with Peter Hollens for a cover of Lennon and Maisy's \"A Life That's Good Can Be Bad\" in August 2015.  In 2017, the twins also launched their own merchandise line, and they were on Forbes list of Top Influencers \u2013 Kids. In 2018 they were finalists in the YouTube Musician category for the 10th annual Shorty Awards.\n\nIn April 2018, they both announced that they were going to attend Baylor University in Waco, Texas. They are both majoring in entrepreneurship.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \nBrooklyn and Bailey's Official Website\n Brooklyn McKnight at IMDb\n Bailey McKnight at IMDb\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1999 births\nCategory:Identical twin females\nCategory:Twin musical duos\nCategory:American YouTubers\nCategory:Twin people from the United States\nCategory:21st-century American singers\nCategory:Singers from Texas\nCategory:21st-century American women singers\nCategory:Female musical duos"}
-{"text": "Yar, Russia\n\nYar () is the name of several rural localities in Russia:\nYar, Baykalovsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Baykalovsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast\nYar, Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a selo in Talitsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast\nYar, Tugulymsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a selo in Tugulymsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast\nYar, Turinsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast, a village in Turinsky District, Sverdlovsk Oblast\nYar, Tomsk Oblast, a selo in Tomsky District of Tomsk Oblast\nYar, Tyumensky District, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Yembayevsky Rural Okrug of Tyumensky District of Tyumen Oblast\nYar, Uvatsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Alymsky Rural Okrug of Uvatsky District of Tyumen Oblast\nYar, Yalutorovsky District, Tyumen Oblast, a village in Singulsky Rural Okrug of Yalutorovsky District of Tyumen Oblast\nYar, Dizminsky Selsoviet, Yarsky District, Udmurt Republic, a village in Dizminsky Selsoviet of Yarsky District of the Udmurt Republic\nYar, Yarsky Selsoviet, Yarsky District, Udmurt Republic, a settlement in Yarsky Selsoviet of Yarsky District of the Udmurt Republic\nYar, Vladimir Oblast, a settlement in Vyaznikovsky District of Vladimir Oblast\n\nSee also\nBabi Yar, a ravine in Kiev where mass murders took place during World War II\nBely Yar, name of several inhabited localities in Russia\nKapustin Yar, a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblast, between Volgograd and Astrakhan, known today as Znamensk\nKrasny Yar (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Bhutan women's national cricket team\n\nThe Bhutan women's national cricket team represents the country of Bhutan in international women's cricket. The team is organised by the Bhutan Cricket Council Board, which has been a member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) since 2001.\n\nBhutan made its international debut at the 2009 ACC Women's Twenty20 Championship in Malaysia. The team won its first match against Qatar (another international debutant) by 42 runs, but lost its four other group-stage games. However, in the ninth-place play-off against Oman, Bhutan won by 101 runs, and consequently finished the tournament ranked ninth out of twelve teams. At the tournament's 2011 edition, Bhutan again won only a single group-stage game, against Oman, and were defeated by Kuwait in the seventh-place play-off. The team returned to international competition at the 2013 ACC Women's Championship, where matches were played over 25 overs. In the group stage, Bhutan defeated both Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, finished third. They went on to narrowly defeat Iran in the fifth-place play-off. Both Bhutan and Iran qualified for the 2014 ACC Women's Premier competition as a result of finishing in the top six teams.\n\nIn April 2018, the ICC granted full Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status to all its members. Therefore, all Twenty20 matches played between Bhutan women and another international side after 1 July 2018 will be a full WT20I. Bhutan made her Twenty20 International debut in Bangkok on 12 January 2019 against Hong Kong at the 2019 Thailand Women's T20 Smash.\n\nRecords and statistics\nInternational Match Summary\u00a0\u2014 Bhutan Women\n\nTwenty20 International \n\nT20I record versus other nations\n\nRecords complete to T20I #557. Last updated 16 January 2019.\n\nSee also\n\n Bhutan men's national cricket team\n List of Bhutan women Twenty20 International cricketers\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Cricket in Bhutan\nCricket\nCategory:Women's national cricket teams\nWomen\nCricket women"}
-{"text": "La Vie parisienne\n\nLa Vie parisienne or Parisian Life may refer to:\n\n La Vie parisienne (operetta), by Jacques Offenbach\n La Vie Parisienne (magazine), French weekly magazine founded in Paris in 1863\n The Parisian Life (painting), 1892 oil on canvas painting by Juan Luna\n\nFilms \n La Vie parisienne (1936 film), directed by Robert Siodmak\n Parisian Life (1936 film), English remake of the same film\n La Vie parisienne (1977 film), directed by Christian-Jaque"}
-{"text": "Pitkin\n\nPitkin may refer to:\n\nPeople\n Pitkin (surname)\n\nPlaces\n Pitkin, Colorado, USA, a town in Gunnison County\n Pitkin County, Colorado, USA\n Pitkin, Louisiana, USA, a community in Vernon Parish\n The Pitkin Formation, a sedimentary rock layer\n\nFictional characters\n A character played by Sir Norman Wisdom\n\nOther \n Pitkin Publishing, an imprint of The History Press"}
-{"text": "Hasdingi\n\nThe Hasdingi were the southern tribes of the Vandals, an East Germanic tribe.  They lived in areas of today's southern Poland, western Ukraine, Slovakia and Hungary. They participated in the migratory movements of the Vandals into the Iberian peninsula, and subsequently to North Africa.\n\nThe Hasdingi crossed the Rhine into Gaul in 406 AD, although their king Godigisel lost his life in battle against the Franks during the crossing. The Hasdingi settled as foederati in Gallaecia (today Galicia, Asturias and the north of Portugal) along with the Suebi in 409 AD and their kingdom was one of the earliest Barbarian territories to be founded after the fall of the Western Roman Empire.\n\nGunderic, Godegisel's successor as king of the Hasdingi, lost his kingdom to king Hermeric of the Suebi in 419 after the Battle of the Nervasos Mountains where the Vandals were overwhelmed by an allied force of Suebi and Romans. He fled to Baetica with his army where he became king of the Silingi Vandals and of the Alans. Gunderic was succeeded by his brother Genseric in 428 AD, who subsequently fled from Iberia to North Africa where he established a kingdom at Carthage.\n\nSee also\n\nHaddingjar, who appear to be late reflections of the Hasdingi in Norse mythology.\nMigrations period\nSilingi\nThe western Alans and Vandals\nTimeline of Germanic kingdoms\n\nReferences\n Hydatii Episcopi Chronicon \n\nCategory:Vandals\nCategory:Early Germanic peoples\nCategory:Foederati"}
-{"text": "Dual-clutch transmission\n\n[[File:VW DSG transmission DTMB.jpg|thumb|right|Part-cutaway view of the Volkswagen Group six-speed dual-clutch transmission, the direct-shift gearbox: The concentric multiplate clutches have been sectioned, along with the mechatronics module. This also shows the additional power take-off unit for distributing torque to the rear axle for four-wheel drive applications.\u2014View this image with annotations]]\n\nA dual-clutch transmission (DCT) (sometimes referred to as a twin-clutch transmission or double-clutch transmission) is an automated manual transmission in automobiles, closely related to a manual transmission. It uses two separate clutches for odd and even gear sets. It can fundamentally be described as two separate manual transmissions with their respective clutches contained within one housing, and working as one unit. Although usually operated in a fully automatic mode, many also have the ability to allow the driver to manually shift gears in semi-automatic mode, albeit still using the transmission's electrohydraulics.\n\nHistory\nThis type of transmission was invented by Frenchman Adolphe K\u00e9gresse just before World War II, although he never developed a working model. If we discount the \"Easidrive\" automatic transmission developed in the late 1950s by UK's Smiths Industries and Rootes, a system that used dual electro-magnetic clutches and was offered as an option on Hillman and Singer models, the first mass production development of the twin-clutch or dual-clutch transmission started in the early part of 1980 under the guidance of Harry Webster at Automotive Products (AP), Leamington Spa, with prototypes built into the Ford Fiesta Mk1, Ford Ranger, and Peugeot 205. Initially, the control systems were based on purely analogue/discrete digital circuitry with patents filed in July 1981. All of these early AP twin-clutch installations featured a single dry clutch and multiplate wet clutch. Porsche has been experimenting with DCT since 1964. After trying different designs they concluded with a final design tested from 1981 till 1986 and was first used in Porsche 956 in 1983. DCT work continued from Porsche in-house development, for Audi and Porsche racing cars later in the 1980s, when computers to control the transmission became compact enough: the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe () (PDK) used in the Porsche 956 and 962 Le Mans race cars from 1983, and the Audi Sport Quattro S1.\n\nA dual-clutch transmission eliminates the torque converter as used in conventional epicyclic-geared automatic transmissions. Instead, dual-clutch transmissions that are currently on the market primarily use two oil-bathed wet multiplate clutches, similar to the clutches used in most motorcycles, though dry-clutch versions are also available.\n\nThe first series production road car with a DCT was the 2003 Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32.\n\n, the largest sales of DCTs in Western Europe are by various marques of the German Volkswagen Group, though this is anticipated to change as other transmission makers and vehicle manufacturers make DCTs available in series production automobiles. In 2010, on BMW Canada's website for the 3 Series Coupe, it is described both as a seven-speed double-clutch transmission and as a seven-speed automatic transmission. It is a dual-clutch automatic.\n\nOverview\nIn DCTs where the two clutches are arranged concentrically, the larger outer clutch drives the even-numbered gears and the smaller inner clutch drives the odd-numbered gears. Shifts can be accomplished without interrupting torque distribution to the driven roadwheels, by applying the engine's torque to one clutch at the same time as it is being disconnected from the other clutch. Since alternate gear ratios can preselect an odd gear on one gear shaft while the vehicle is being driven in an even gear (and vice versa), DCTs are the fastest-shifting road car transmission available and are able to shift faster than a professional racing driver using a manual transmission. DCTs can shift more quickly than cars equipped with single-clutch automated-manual transmissions (AMTs), also called single-clutch semiautomatics. Also, with a DCT, shifts can be made more smoothly than with a single-clutch AMT/semi-automatic, making a DCT more suitable for conventional road cars.\n\nClutch types\nDual-clutch transmissions use two fundamentally different types of clutches: either two wet multiplate clutches, bathed in oil (for cooling), or two dry single-plate clutches. The wet clutch design is generally used for higher torque engines that can generate  and more (the wet multiplate clutch DCT in the Bugatti Veyron is designed to cope with ), whereas the dry-clutch design is generally suitable for smaller vehicles with lower torque outputs up to . However, while the dry-clutch variants may be limited in torque compared to their wet-clutch counterparts, the dry-clutch versions offer an increase in fuel efficiency, due to the lack of pumping losses of the transmission fluid in the clutch housing.\n\nClutch installation\nCurrently, three variations of clutch installation are used. The original design used a concentric arrangement, where both clutches shared the same plane when viewed perpendicularly from the transmission input shaft, along the same centre line as the engine crankshaft; when viewed head-on along the length of the input shaft, this makes one clutch noticeably larger than the other.\n\nThe second implementation uses two single-plate dry clutches \u2013 side-by-side from the perpendicular view, but again sharing the centre line of the crankshaft.\n\nA later variation uses two separate but identically sized clutches. These are arranged side-by-side when viewed head-on (along the length of the input shaft and crankshaft centre line), and also share the same plane when viewed perpendicularly. This latter clutch arrangement (unlike the other two variations) is driven by a gear from the engine crankshaft.\n\nSuppliers\n\nBorgWarner\nBorgWarner Inc. supplies wet dual clutches and electrohydraulic control modules (mechatronics) for these dual-clutch transmissions, along with complete dual-clutch transmission and transaxle assemblies. BorgWarner, which call their technology \"DualTronic\", entered series production (excludes Bugatti Veyron) for Volkswagen Group, which renamed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) in 2003 in the Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32. The company signed further agreements with three other (unnamed) European automotive manufacturers to incorporate their components in DCTs.\n\nOn 14 January 2009, BorgWarner announced a joint venture with the China Automobile Development United Investment Co., Ltd., which is owned by 12 Chinese automakers. This joint venture is known as the BorgWarner United Transmission Systems Co., Ltd., and is located in Dalian, China. The company has produced various dual-clutch transmission modules beginning in 2011.\n\nThe Nissan GT-R uses BorgWarner components, including the dual-clutch module, clutch-control, shift-actuation systems, and synchronizer assemblies.\n\nEaton\nEaton Corporation developed the first dual-clutch transmission for class 6-7 trucks in North America - Procision.\n\nFiat Powertrain Technologies\n\nFiat Powertrain Technologies developed a dual-clutch transmission with Magneti Marelli and BorgWarner called Euro Twin Clutch Transmission. Magneti Marelli produces the control system, which integrates BorgWarner's hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units. It can handle torque inputs of up to , making it the highest-torque dry-clutch application. Its weight of , including oil and transmission control unit, its three-shaft architecture, especially axially, means it can be installed in several types of B- and C-segment vehicles.\n\nFEV GmbH\nFEV developed a DCT with an integrated electric motor, providing hybrid capability. The 7H AMT Transmission provides seven forward speeds with multiple usage of gears (the electric drive can use unused gears from the combustion engine path): this aims to substantially reduce the complexity of the unit, as well as the package size and weight. Another spin-off from this design was the FEV xDCT that provides 10 forward speeds, but with the mechanical complexity of a standard six-speed DCT.\n\nGetrag\nGetrag has developed a range of DCT transaxles, including 7DCL750, a seven-speed transaxle for midengine longitudinal applications, capable of taking more than . Getrag provided its DCT in its first commercial applications, for the Dodge Journey and Volvo S40 and V50, from mid-2008. Getrag has developed the 6DCT250 dry clutch DCT, with a maximum torque of 250 Nm, \n\nfor use in front wheel drive transverse applications. With use of electromechanical actuation, rather than electrohydraulic, the 6DCT250 transmission surpasses the conventional manual transmission in fuel consumption and CO2 emission.\n\nIn the second quarter of 2008, Getrag had signed an agreement with Chrysler to supply its PowerShift DCTs for use in American markets. However, due to the global economic downturn, this was subsequently cancelled.\n\nIn 2006, Getrag was also working with Bosch to develop a DCT for use in hybrid vehicles.\n\nIn 2015, Getrag introduced a new seven-speed, wet-clutch DCT, the 7DCT300, with a maximum torque of 300 Nm. The first application was the Renault Espace with a 1.6 L, Turbo GDI engine.\n\nGetrag dual-clutch transmissions are used in the BMW M3, BMW 335is, BMW X1 (F48), BMW Z4 (E89) sDrive35i, Dacia Duster EDC, Ferrari California, Ferrari 458 Italia,LaFerrari, Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG, Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, Mitsubishi Lancer Ralliart, Ford Fiesta, Ford Focus, Renault Megane, Renault Scenic, Smart Fortwo, Volvo V40, Volvo V60 Volvo V70 vehicles.\n\nThe 2011\u20132016 Ford Fiesta and the 2012\u20132016 Focus with the Getrag DCT's are the subject of a class-action lawsuit and many individual lawsuits.\n\nGraziano\nItalian specialist Oerlikon Graziano was in the process of developing a wet-clutch DCT for original equipment manufacturer  fitment into supercars. They planned to have it in production by 2010. Their DCT is aiming to have a torque-handling capacity of , and they are also aiming to improve shift quality over their current AMTs. As of 2011, they supplied the seven-speed DCT for McLaren's MP4-12C supercar with a shifting time of 50ms.\n\nLuK\nLuK Clutch Systems, LLC. designed and manufacture the dual dry single-plate clutch system for the Volkswagen Group seven-speed DQ200 direct-shift gearbox (DSG) introduced in 2008. This DSG variant is used in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines with relatively low torque outputs. LuK are naming their technology \"XSG\" for their overview of automated shift gearbox systems, and \"Parallel Shift Gearbox\" for its own proprietary DCT.\n\nRicardo\nEnglish specialist consulting engineering company Ricardo plc designed and built the Bugatti Veyron's seven-speed dual wet multiplate dual-clutch transmission, specifically to cope with the  of torque generated by W16 engine.\n\nZF\nZF Friedrichshafen AG, with Porsche, designed and now build the two different variants of the Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (PDK) seven-speed '7DT' dual wet multiplate clutch transmission.\n\nApplications\n\nVolkswagen Group\n\nThe Volkswagen Group's DCT uses the acronym DSG, under the direct-shift gearbox name, from the . It is used in all of their mainstream marques, including Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, \u0160koda, and Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles, and also its top-tier marque Bugatti. Audi originally used the direct-shift gearbox name, but now uses the name \"S tronic\" for its DCTs.\n\nThe first ever series production DCT was the Volkswagen Group DQ250 six-speed dual-clutch transmission, with dual concentric wet multiplate clutches. It was produced at the Group's Kassel plant under exclusive license from BorgWarner for use in transverse powertrain installations, of either front-wheel drive or four-wheel drive (4WD) layouts. The 4WD versions are fundamentally identical to the FWD versions, but the 4WD versions use an additional bolt-on power take-off unit to direct engine torque to the Haldex Traction rear axle. This DQ250 variant is used in a wide range of models: Volkswagen Passenger Cars (Polo, Golf/Rabbit/Golf Plus, Scirocco, Jetta, Eos, Passat, and Touran); Audi cars (A3, and TT); SEAT cars (Ibiza, Le\u00f3n, Altea, and Toledo); \u0160koda cars (Octavia and Superb); and Volkswagen commercial vehicles (Caddy and T5 Transporter).\n\nA second variant of the DSG went into series production in 2008\u2014the DQ200. This unit has seven forward ratios, but the notable difference over the original DQ250 is the change from wet to dry clutches. This variant uses two single-plate dry clutches, arranged in a tandem design (instead of concentrically) and therefore similar in size. The DQ200 is again for use in transverse applications, but is intended for use in smaller cars, with smaller-displacement engines that generate relatively low torque outputs. When used in the latest Golf with the  engine, this new seven-speed DSG uses roughly 6% (5.9l/100\u00a0km for the seven-speed DSG compared to 6.3l/100\u00a0km with the six-speed manual gearbox) less fuel than the same engine with a manual transmission and up to 20% less than a conventional automatic transmission. The original DQ250 also remains available.\n\nVolkswagen Group subsidiary Audi AG have also developed an all-new DCT, the DL501, for use in longitudinal powertrains. Like the original transverse DQ250, this DL501 uses dual wet multiplate clutches, but unlike the DQ250, this variant uses seven forward ratios. This DL501 variant made its debut in the Q5, and also is used in the latest versions of the A4 (B8) and S4 (B8). It is also being considered for use in an all new A6.\n\nAfter the facelift in 2012, the Audi R8 uses a seven-speed S tronic.\n\nRicardo plc produces the seven-speed DCT for the  2005 Bugatti Veyron EB\u00a016.4.\n\nLamborghini (VW GROUP)\nLamborghini's first dual-clutch transmission is available in the Lamborghini Hurac\u00e1n LP610-4 (2014\u2013present). The name of the transmission is 7-speed LDF Dual Clutch \"Doppia Frizione\" with shift characteristics variable via Drive Select Mode and all-wheel drive with electrohydraulic multiplate clutch.\n\nThe car has three modes changed using the steering-wheel-mounted \"ANIMA\" or mode selector. The three modes are strada, sport, and corsa, each with faster shifts. Launch control raises the rotation speed to 4200 rpm before dropping the clutch. The Hurac\u00e1n upshifts automatically at redline, but not before running into the limiter for a fraction of a second. Using the paddles to call for earlier shifts knocks 0.1 to 0.2 sec off the figures.\n\nKia\nKia Motors has announced the application of the all-new seven-speed DCT to a production model for the first time, the new Kia Cee\u2019d GT Line, which made its global debut at the 85th Salon International de l\u2019Automobile in Geneva on 3 March 2015.\n\nCompared to the six-speed DCT currently used in the European-market Cee'd models, the new transmission is expected to deliver a fuel-economy improvement of 7% and a 5% improvement in 0\u201362\u00a0 mph acceleration times. Like most new DCTs, the new transmission features dual dry clutches and two input shafts, allowing for seamless torque delivery between shifts, as well as gear-jumping to the optimal ratio, should the driver ask for it. If that was to apply to the current Forte K3 Koup or ProCee'd GT and GT line, with its 204-hp/265\u00a0 nm 1.6L inline-four Gamma II T-GDI Turbo engine and also 133-ps/300\u00a0 nm 1.6L CRDi diesel engine, for example, that would raise its fuel economy from 24 mpg city/36 highway to about 26/39 while bringing its 7.4-second 0\u201360 run to about 7.0 seconds.\n\nThe new transmission is the first of its type from the brand and has been developed in-house by Kia's research and development teams at its Namyang, Korea R&D center. More fuel-efficient than Kia's existing six-speed automatic transmission, the new DCT has been engineered with low fuel consumption and a sporty driving feel when in manual mode, and with comfort and smoothness when left in automatic mode.\n\nInnovative hollow double-gear input shaft allows quick shifts. The DCT is made up of two dry clutches, each fitted with an electric motor-driven clutch actuator to improve responsiveness, and an innovative hollow double-gear input shaft. The hollow shaft itself allows the system to quickly engage even gears, while a solid shaft that runs through the middle operates odd gears. This crossed gear shifting enables continuous power delivery and more efficient packaging, two development cornerstones for the engineering teams behind the project.\n\nThe hollow shaft mechanism lets the DCT operate sequentially, the car anticipating the next gear that the driver is likely to need next under acceleration or braking or jump immediately to any of its seven forward gears (and reverse). This is particularly useful under kick down or heavy braking, allowing the driver to remain in control of the vehicle at all times.\n\nThe continuous power delivery of the DCT minimizes the loss of torque and forward motion by the powertrain during gear shifts, resulting in more decisive acceleration and a smoother drive. This contributes towards the transmission's boost to performance in all road conditions in its first application in the Cee\u2019d GT line.\n\nCombined with an increase in power from 128 to 133 ps, the DCT's seven gears allow the GT Line's diesel engine to operate at its most efficient speeds at all times. With the engine's torque increased from 265 to 285 nm, the new DCT is engineered to effectively manage outputs up to 300 Nm, achieving a better balance between the engine's improved, more effortless performance and potential for greater fuel economy.\n\nReduction of noise, vibration, and harshness has also been a focus for the team behind the DCT's development, with an external damper ensuring a higher level of refinement for the new transmission.\nAfter the Cee\u2019d GT Line, which will go on sale across Europe in Q4 2015, the new seven-speed DCT will be made available on a range of other Kia models.\n\nBMW\nIn January 2008, BMW introduced a dual-clutch transmission for their M3 model, manufactured by Getrag, embedding a DualTronic dual-clutch module from BorgWarner, and dubbed \"M double-clutch transmission\" (M DCT). The same transmission is used in the second-generation Z4 (the Sdrive35i and sDrive35is versions), and is an available option on the 335i (coupe, convertible), 335is and later 135i builds.\n\nBMW released the new M3 (F80) and M4 (F82) with the seven-speed DCT in 2014. The same DCT was used in the M2 (F87) released in 2016.\n\nBYD\nBYD Auto introduced a dual-clutch transmission for its mid-sized family sedan BYD G6.\n\nChery\nChery group uses a Getrag dual clutch transmission for its Tiggo7 which is equipped with a turbocharged 1.5l engine.\n\nDaimler AG\n\nMercedes-Benz\nThe Mercedes SLS AMG uses a Getrag AMG 'SpeedShift' seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox, mounted at the rear in a transaxle configuration, and connected to the engine by a carbon fiber driveshaft enclosed in an aluminium torque tube. According to Mercedes-Benz, it is capable of gear changes in as little as 100\u00a0ms. The SLS and the Ferrari California share the same DCT unit.\n\nThe Mercedes-Benz CLA 250\n\nand GLA250\n\nboth use a seven-speed dual-clutch gearbox developed in-house.\n\nThe in house developed 7G-DCT can also be found in A-class and B-class Mercedes cars.\n\nSmart\nThe \"Twinamic\" dual-clutch transmission built by Getrag is offered in third-generation Smart Fortwo and Forfour from 2014 on.\n\n Ferrari \n\nFerrari incorporated a Getrag-designed and -manufactured seven-speed dual wet-clutch transmission in their California and 458 Italia sports cars.\n\nFiat Chrysler\n\nChrysler received the Fiat Powertrain Technologies C635 dual dry-clutch transmission for use on Chrysler's turbo inline-four in the Dodge Dart in 2013.\n\nFiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) started production of \"TCT\" dual dry-clutch transmission (DDCT) in early 2010 at the Verrone plant. The C635 DDCT gearbox is used for B (supermini), C (compact), and D segment (large family) cars, and can handle torque up to . Fiat's C635 DDCT gearbox was introduced in Alfa Romeo MiTo in 2011.\n\nFord Motor Company\n\nFord Motor Company released a wet-clutch \"PowerShift\" transmission on the 2008 Ford Focus (international) and Ford C-MAX. This wet-clutch DCT was designed with gearbox specialist Getrag under the Getrag Ford Transmissions joint venture, founded in 2001, and is expected to feature in other Ford and Volvo models.\n\nFord announced the US-market version of the Mark VI Ford Fiesta for 2011 featured a dry-clutch PowerShift transmission. Ford also announced the introduction of PowerShift transmission to North American market by 2010. The PowerShift transmission has remained extremely problematic since its release, causing repeated problems with rough or missed shifting in a majority of units. Some units need service for three separate failure modes, and still do not perform as required after a complete replacement. A class-action lawsuit was filed by buyers of Fiesta and Focus models and is pending final approval. \n\nThe Volvo version will be built in Koping, Sweden, at Volvo's transmission plant. The PowerShift gearbox will be introduced on the second-generation Volvo S60, and then on to the V50 and C30 models. The XC60 is expected to get this Ford PowerShift gearbox along with other new models to make more sporty cars.\n\nGeneral Motors\nIn the company's restructuring plan, it revealed that dry dual-clutch transmission would have been available in the 2012 calendar year. However, this plan was cancelled. The GM dual-clutch gearbox was introduced on the GMC Granite, a concept car. Had it been released, the new front-wheel drive transmission would have incorporated the latest innovations for improving fuel economy and performance. The transmission alone would have provide upward of 10% improvement in fuel economy over today's conventional six-speed automatic transmissions. The transmission co-developed between GM and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation features dry, dual-clutch technology. It would have provided shift comfort equal to a conventional fully automatic transmission, with superior quality, while reducing CO2 emissions.\n\nThe 2020 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray will feature a dual-clutch transmission. \n\nHonda\nHonda implemented the eight-speed DCT in the Acura ILX and TLX. It is also the only company to pair their DCT with a torque converter to smooth low-speed crawling (a problem found in many traditional DCTs). The Acura NSX super car also uses a nine-speed DCT, which consists of launch gear and a cruising gear while seven gears in the middle are geared closer to each other. The Sport Hybrid versions of the Acura RLX and MDX models both have a 7-speed DCT. Neither the 7 nor 9-speed DCTs contain a torque converter as the electric motors of the hybrid system already alleviate the rough slow start issue.\n\nMotorcycles\nIn October 2009, Honda launched the VFR1200F, a motorcycle with a  V4 engine and optional DCT dubbed the Next Generation Transmission. In May 2009, Honda CEO Takeo Fukui mentioned that Honda was working on a new dual-clutch transmission system that could be matched with future hybrids.\n\n2012 NC700 series have dual-clutch models available: NC700SD, NC700XD and NC700D Integra. It is the second generation from the six-speed dual-clutch transmission first used on the Honda VFR1200F.\n\n2013 Honda introduced the CTX700DCT, a 670 cc dual clutch motorcycle selling as a 2014 model. \n\nThe 2016 CRF1000L Africa Twin is available in both 3rd generation DCT and standard transmissions. The NC line has moved to the 3rd generation as well.\n\nIn 2016, Honda announced that they are studying a DCT for use in sport bikes as well.\n\nThe 2018 Gold Wing and Gold Wing Tour will both offer a 7-speed automatic DCT.\n\nHyundai\nThe DCT transmissions used in some Hyundai and Kia passenger vehicles are supplied by Hyundai DYMOS. At the 2009 Geneva Motor Show, Hyundai unveiled ix-onic concept car, which was said to feature a six-speed dual-clutch transmission.\n\nHyundai released the Veloster with the 6-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2011.\n\nHyundai released the Sonata and Veloster Turbo with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2015.\n\nHyundai released the i30 and Tucson SUV with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2016.\n\nHyundai released the Elantra Sport with the 7-speed EcoShift Dual Clutch Transmission in 2017.\n\nHyundai's new Ioniq Hybrid offers a 6 speed transmission with dual clutch for 2017.\n\nHyundai's new Venue small SUV offers a 7 speed DCT transmission in India from 2019\n\nJohn Deere\nJohn Deere Tractors introduced its DirectDrive dual-clutch transmission in 2012 in tractors. Currently the transmission is available in the 6R models, although it will likely be phased out in favour of the new AutoPower (AutoPwr) transmission on the new 6230R and 6250R, announced in 2016. The tractors are expected to be in full production by mid - 2017 and the transmission used in them is expected to be seen in future John Deere machinery across the whole range, such as Forage and Combine harvesters. The AutoPower joystick used in the 6230R and 6250R can achieve the top speed from one push of the toggle and has several buttons integrated onto the stick that are programmable for different features. The tractors have also won the prestigious 'Machine of the Year' award 2017.\n\nLotus\nLotus Cars has submitted a patent application for a lighter, simpler and more compact dual-clutch transmission system. The gearbox shown in the application is an eight-speed unit, with seven forward gears and reverse.\n\nMcLaren Automotive\nMcLaren Automotive introduced a seven speed dual clutch on MP4-12C made in Italy by Oerlikon Graziano. The design comes with a feature called Pre-Cog'' that lets the driver preselect the next highest or lowest gear decreasing shift times.\n\nMitsubishi\n\nThe Mitsubishi Motors Lancer Evolution X and Lancer Ralliart are supplied with Mitsubishi's Twin Clutch SST (abbreviated TC-SST, for \"Twin Clutch Sport Shift Transmission\" or \"Twin Clutch Sportronic Shift Transmission\") dual-clutch transmission, controllable by steering wheel mounted magnesium paddle shifters. It is the Getrag-built, PowerShift 6DCT470 transmission in the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution.\n\nMitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation\nThe Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation presented a world first with a double-clutch transmission for commercial vehicles. The new six-speed M038S6 \"Duonic transmission\" features wet clutches and incorporates the ability to creep in traffic for smoother operation. Although Duonic-equipped trucks will probably be driven mostly in fully automatic mode, the transmission can also be manually shifted.\n\nNissan\nThe Nissan GT-R's rear transaxle six-speed dual-clutch transmission also contains the differential for the car's all-wheel drive (AWD) system. Much of the dual-clutch system was engineered by BorgWarner, partnered with Nissan's gearbox supplier Aichi Machine Industry, and weighs a total installed mass of . Code named the GR6, the transmission is quite durable in that it is able to hold in excess of  of torque. Nissan reports shift times of 150\u00a0milliseconds.\n\nPSA Peugeot Citro\u00ebn\nPSA has dual-clutch transmission, produced by Getrag, in its Peugeot 4007 and Citro\u00ebn C-Crosser SUVs, both based on the Mitsubishi Outlander. However, dual-clutch transmissions are never offered in other models.\n\nPorsche (VW GROUP) \nPorsche AG offers a series production of two new longitudinally installed \"7DT\" wet-clutch versions of its previously race-only Porsche Doppelkupplungsgetriebe (PDK) transmission, built by ZF Friedrichshafen AG.\n\nThe first variant, the 7DT-45, is used on its 2009 997 Carrera and Carrera S models. This version is also offered on the 2009 Cayman and Boxster models. It uses a ZF Sachs ND2015 clutch pack and has a torque handling capacity of . A higher torque version of the same transmission, the 7DT-70, is also available for the 2010 911 Turbo. This is rated at  and uses a different ZF Sachs clutch\u2014the ND2216.\n\nThe second PDK variant, the 7DT-75, is available on the 2009 Panamera and 2014 Macan. This is constructed fundamentally differently from the 7DT-45/7DT-70 versions; in that the internal shafts are mounted above the input shaft, so as to achieve a lower centre of gravity for the Panamera and Macan. It also uses just one oil circuit, whereas the 7DT-45/7DT-70 use two separate circuits with very different specifications of fluids needed.\n\nBoth variants use seven forward speeds. Like all DCTs, the Porsche PDK transmission is fundamentally two separate manual transmissions in one. With the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th gears and reverse available on one shaft, and 2nd, 4th, and 6th gears available on the other shaft.\n\nPorsche claim the Doppelkupplung PDK transmission will replace the outgoing conventional Tiptronic automatic transmissions. However, other reliable industry sources state that Porsche still intends to use conventional automatics; with the eight-speed ZF 8HP being cited.\n\nPorsche claims noteworthy improvements in CO2 emissions of around 15% when comparing DCT installations against its former automatic transmission, of which half can be directly attributed to the DCT. When compared directly with a manual transmission, 16% improvement can be directly attributed to the DCT.\n\nQoros\nGetrag received the first order for its dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 from Qoros Automotive Co., Ltd, an independent JV carmaker in China. Attributes of the transmission include easy shifting, reduced fuel consumption compared to conventional automatic transmissions, and flexibility and functionality in hybrid applications. Start of production is planned for 2013 in the Getrag plant Nanchang. In addition to the six speed manual transmissions Getrag will supply to Qoros, the dual clutch transmission 6DCT250 will be applied to the first car under Qoros brand, which will meet all European standards and be exported to western European markets.\n\nRenault\nIn the early part of 2010 Renault introduced a new six-speed dual dry clutch DCT. This is available on the M\u00e9gane with the dCi 110 DPF engine.\n\nRailcar use\nA different type of dual-clutch transmission has been used in some railcars. The two clutches are placed one on the gearbox input shaft and the other on the gearbox output shaft. To make a gear change, both clutches disengage simultaneously and a brake inside the gearbox engages. The gearchange occurs with all gears stationary, so no synchronizing mechanism is needed. After the gear change, both clutches re-engage. There is a significant break in power transmission, so this system is unsuitable for shunting locomotives.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Automotive transmission technologies\nCategory:Automobile transmissions"}
-{"text": "Krimson\n\nKrimson is a Flemish comic book character and the main antagonist in the Belgian comic strip series Suske en Wiske. He is a doctor, billionaire and supervillain who wants to take over the world.\n\nDebut\n\nKrimson made his debut in the album \"Het Rijmende Paard\" (\"The Rhyming Horse\" (1962-1963), in which he appears as a cranky millionaire with his own private chauffeur who nearly runs Suske and Wiske over with his car while the children try to cross a forest path on horseback. Later he sends the owner of their man\u00e8ge a threatening letter, signing it too. It's here that the audience first learns his name. When Suske and Wiske tell Tante Sidonia and Lambik about Krimson Lambik happens to have heard from him. In fact, he panics and tells them \"he is the biggest criminal in the world.\" Later in the story Krimson becomes the protagonists' major opponent when he tries to catch the Rhyming Horse to use it for smuggling, but is defeated when his plane crashes. In the same story Krimson's dependence on pills and butler Achiel are introduced.\n\nKrimson's physical appearance was based on a man, Henri Vinoelst, who often visited the man\u00e8ge where Vandersteen's daughter was a regular customer. Initially he resembled Vinoelst so much that the man complained about being misrepresented. As a result Vandersteen was forced to make him less recognizable  by stylizing Vinoelst's features and giving Krimson a goatee.\n\nKrimson returned in \"De Sissende Sampan\" (\"The Hissing Sampan\") (1963), where it turns out he exploits children in Hong Kong as child laborers on local papaver fields for drug trafficking. However, this is only revealed on the next to final page when he explains that he survived the plane crash in the previous story. He ends up in jail, but in the next story, \"Het Zoemende Ei\" (\"The Buzzing Egg\") (1964) he escapes and tries to gain the mysterious Buzzing Egg, an extra-terrestrial artefact which crash landed in the Brazilian jungle. The Egg eventually turns out to be a robot who will solve all of man's conflicts on Earth and bring world peace. Krimson is so humbled that he gives the robot a bouquet, but it turns out to be a bomb. To him war means money and therefore he doesn't want world peace. Jerom is able to dismantle the bomb in the nick of time, but the robot melts because it can't take the Earth's temperatures. From this album on he became the series' most recurring antagonist.\n\nBiography and criminal record\n\nKrimson was born in the fictional village Dievegem. He wanted to become a hero, but his father didn't support his dream, even when Krimson received his medical diploma. As a result he decided to become the biggest criminal of all time. We get an impression of what he may have looked like as a child in \"De Zeven Schaken\" (1995).\n\nKrimson runs a powerful and global criminal network. He employs many henchmen and has occasionally worked together with other recurring villains in the series, such as Savantas, De Zwarte Madam  and professor Rosarius. He is mostly active in drug trafficking (\"Het Rijmende Paard\") (\"The Rhyming Horse\") (1963)), \"De Sissende Sampan (\"The Hissing Sampan\") (1963)). He collaborated with Druon Antigoon in \"De Zeven Schaken\" (1995) and with weapon salesmen in \"Kaapse Kaalkoppen\" (\"Baldheads from Kaapstad\") (2004) to destroy a serum which can prevent people from xenophobia. Later stories often have him trying to steal certain magical objects, scientific inventions and/or treasures that he wants to use for his own personal gain.\n\nKrimson favors world domination and has tried to gain it several times. In \"De Kwaaie Kwieten\" (\"The Evil Weirdos\") (1986) he attempts to gain all the communication satellites in the world. In \"Het Enge Eiland\" (\"The Scary Island\") (1999) he wants to force world governments to fulfill his demands or otherwise he'll use the Millennium Bug to dismantle the computer systems of all nuclear power plants in the world. In \"De Kaduke Klonen\" (2005) he tries to clone an army to invade other countries into submission. In \"De Krimson-Crisis\" (\"The Krimson Crisis\")(1988) Krimson succeeds in taking over the world and establishes a dictatorship. He is defeated in a large battle near the end of the story.\n\nKrimson has resorted to enforcing child labor in \"De Sissende Sampan\" (1963) and is not above stealing objects or kidnapping people to fulfill his goals. He kidnapped Paul Geerts in \"De Verdwenen Verteller\" (\"The Disappeared Narrator\") (2002) and Tante Sidonia in \"De Verwoede Verzamelaar\" (\"The Obsessive Collector\") (2015). In \"Krimsonia\" (2012) he tried to give Tante Sidonia a potion to make her evil. In \"De Spitse Bergen\" (\"The Steep Mountains\") (2015) he wants to spread a gas that kills all plant life in the world.\n\nIn some stories Krimson merely wants to enlarge his fortune. In \"Amoris van Amoras\" (\"Amoris of Amoras\") (1984) by building apartment buildings in the medieval city of Amoras and trying to make the local cathedral collapse to make space. Krimson bought the second biggest mountain of the Alps in \"De Begeerde Berg\" (\"The Desired Mountain\") (1995) and wants to blow off the top of the Mont Blanc in order to own the highest mountain in Europe. In \"De Ongelooflijke Thomas\" (\"The Unbelievable Thomas\") (2000) he wants to use the micro-energetica of children to make older people younger again. He tries to steal the copyright of Suske en Wiske in \"De Verdwenen Verteller\" (\"The Disappeared Narrator\") (2002). He tries to sell an atomic aeroplane to international governments in \"Het Machtige Monument\" (\"The Mighty Monument\") (2008).\n\nKrimson is often arrested near the end of the story, but always manages to escape from jail. Sometimes he is able to flee before anyone can stop him, usually taunting Suske, Wiske and their friends during his fleight by yelling: \"Krimson always wins!\"\n\nIn one story, \"De Zwarte Tulp\" (\"The Black Tulip\") (2014) he becomes temporarily cured of his evilness by drinking a serum extracted from a white tulip. However, since Krimson feels so much remorse for his past he is unable to eat, drink or sleep anymore. Fearing for his health Suske, Wiske and Lambik travel back in time to 1637 to find a black tulip as an antidote. At the end of the story Krimson's butler Achiel refuses to balance the white and black tulip serums out and only feeds his master the black serum, making Krimson evil again.\n\nWealth\n\nKrimson is rich enough to live in a mansion and have his own personal butler, Achiel, under his employ. He has access to helicopters and many other hi tech machinery. He dresses himself as a dandy: high hat, black coat and a cane.\n\nNervous breakdowns\n\nKrimson is easily agitated or unnerved and takes pills to calm him down. They are usually provided by his trusty butler Achiel who is ordered to quickly bring him his daily dose of pills. Krimson swallows a wide variety of pills, often for contradictive means such as calming down as well as make him feel happier again.\n\nAppearances in spin-off series\n\nIn Jerom and Amoras, two spin-off series of Suske en Wiske, Krimson is also a major antagonist.\n\nAppearances in other media\n\nHe was voiced by Wim Wama in the TV puppet series Suske en Wiske (1976). Contrary to his image in the comic books his puppet version acts more like a clumsy crook who constantly falls and trips over objects. He also operates alone, rather than with henchmen.\n\nIn the 1994 musical adaptation \"De Stralende Sterren\" Krimson's part was played by Guido Naessens in the Flemish version and Hans Wellens in the Dutch version.\n\nIn a card game based on Suske en Wiske, called \"De Kaartendans\", he fulfills the part of the joker.\n\nSources\n\nCategory:Spike and Suzy\nCategory:Comics characters introduced in 1962\nCategory:Comic strip supervillains\nCategory:Fictional businesspeople\nCategory:Fictional characters with neurological or psychological disorders\nCategory:Fictional dictators\nCategory:Fictional drug dealers\nCategory:Fictional kidnappers\nCategory:Fictional physicians\nCategory:Fictional prison escapees\nCategory:Fictional smugglers\nCategory:Fictional thieves\nCategory:Male characters in comics"}
-{"text": "Birdie (novel)\n\nBirdie is the 2015 debut novel of Indigenous Canadian author Tracey Lindberg. It was first published in hardback on May 26, 2015 by HarperCollins Publishers. Upon its release it was named a CBC Canada Reads Finalist, OLA Evergreen Award and a KOBO Emerging Writer Prize.  The book is known for its inclusion of Cree Law and its commentary on Canadian Colonialism.\n\nPlot summary \nBirdie follows the journey of titular character Birdie, on her way to Gibsons, British Columbia from her home in northern Alberta. Birdie has ventured to Gibsons in order to find Pat John (Jesse from the Beachcombers) who she views as representative of a healthy Indigenous man. Birdie's journey to Gibsons served as the impetus for the spiritual journey that Birdie goes on, which exists outside of linear time.\n\nCharacters \n Bernice/Birdie: Bernice is the main character, a Cree woman, and the story centres around her journey healing from extensive trauma. She is also referred to as Birdie, an affectionate nickname. In the dreamscape, she sometimes appears as her birdself.  \n Auntie Val: Bernice's aunt, also known as littlemother whom Bernice lives with her for period of time. Val participates in Bernice's healing by coming to her niece and caring for her in her presumed despondency.  \n Skinny Freda: Freda is Bernice's cousin and childhood friend. Bernice attempted to protect Freda throughout their childhood. Freda comes to rescue Bernice from her despondency, and is a key component in Bernice's healing throughout the novel.  \n  Maggie: Bernice's mother, representative of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. Maggie's character appears most often outside of linear time, showing up in dreamscapes and visions Bernice has about her past.\n Lola: Lola is Bernice's boss at Lola's Little Slice of Heaven where Bernice works as well as lives. Lola's character appears in the present timeline and facilitates the calls to Freda and Val to come and take care of Bernice when Bernice becomes despondent. Lola participants in Bernice's healing journey alongside Freda and Val.\n\nThemes\n\nCree traditional knowledge\n\nPimatisewin \nIn the novel, Pimatisewin represents the tree of life whose health is inexplicably tied to Bernice's. Pimatisewin is regarded as a relative by both Bernice and Maggie, and is used by Lindberg to portray non-human bonds of kinship and the obligations implicit in those bonds. Lindberg, in the author interview, explains that Pimatisewin is a Cree word that roughly translates to \"the good life\" in English. Eenou Pimaatisiiwin, as it is sometimes spelled, is an essential aspect of Cree traditional knowledge and represents an element of Cree survival.\n\nAcimowin \nAcimowin means story in Cree. Throughout the novel, usually at the end of chapters, these stories, or acimowin, get told as an oral history of the lessons Bernice learns throughout her journey. Acimowin represent the way in which Cree people pass down certain life lessons.\n\nCree law \nA central tenet of Cree law, called Wahkohtowin, is used in the novel Birdie. The principle of Wahkohtowin is that people treat one another with respect and care. Through the use of story, Lindberg explores situations in which these laws are broken. Lindberg has said that the obligations of this law have been broken by people in Bernice\u2019s life, and her childhood home lacked reciprocal obligations.\n\nHistorical context\n\nIndian Act \nAuntie Val, when she tells a bit of her story, relates that her grandmother's people had not signed their rights away to the Treaty Commissioner. Val goes as far as to say that \"her people. . .have not been colonized or 'Indian Acted' to death, but because they did not sign any treaties their family was not legally allowed to live on the reserve in Loon Lake. Lindberg expands on this point in the author interview when she states that Bernice's family had a home on the reserve but they could not inhabit that house because they were not status Indians. The Indian Act was one of the ways in which the Canadian government tried to control Indigenous identity while simultaneously dispossessing Indigenous peoples of their lands.\n\nMissing and murdered indigenous women \n\nBirdie deals with the ongoing Canadian political issue of Missing and murdered Indigenous women. 84%of Indigenous women experience violence, with 10% of all missing person cases in Canada being Indigenous women and girls.  In the context of Birdie, Maggie represents this fraught history between Canada and Indigenous women. Maggie disappears at the end of the novel, Lindberg writing \"she chose this city and this neighbourhood because she knows someone like her can disappear here\" which speaks to the significance of the problem. Lindberg's choice to include a commentary on MMIW stems from her advocacy work in the area.\n\nReception \nM\u00e9tis scholar and professor Aubrey Hanson wrote about Birdie in her article, \"Reading for Reconciliation? Indigenous Literatures in a Post-TRC Canada.\" Hanson argues that Birdie demonstrates the possibilities of non-Indigenous people reading Indigenous texts for the resurgence of Indigenous communities.\nAt CBC Canada Reads in 2016, 10,000 copies of Birdie were donated to Canadian schools by Bruce Poon Tip, the defender of Lindberg\u2019s novel. He believed that Birdie is important to the reconciliation process between Canada and Indigenous communities.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2015 Canadian novels\nCategory:First Nations novels"}
-{"text": "Varmeleh Kalagh Khvordeh\n\nVarmeleh Kalagh Khvordeh (, also Romanized as V\u0101rmeleh Kal\u0101gh Khvordeh) is a village in Zilayi Rural District, Margown District, Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County"}
-{"text": "Spruce Lake\n\nSpruce Lake is located northwest of Piseco, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, and black bullhead. There is trail access on the east shore from the Northville-Placid Trail. No motors are allowed on this lake.\n\nIn 1994, Spruce Lake used to be a popular honeymoon destination before the campus grounds were built. About 500 feet from the lake, newly married couples would frequently spend weekends in the cabins. One hot summer night in July, a couple got into an argument and it got out of hand. Nearby cabins heard screams coming from the cabin and called the police. By the time the police arrived, the wife had been slaughtered with a chainsaw and the husband committed suicide by shooting himself.\n\nIn July 2011, shortly after the construction of Homestead Cabins a camp counselor for an evangelical church was murdered by Jack the Ripper. Cause of death being chainsaw in the woods. In 2012 a similar incident occurred and the campus was closed for investigation. It is said that during the month of July a man has been seen standing outside of cabins. Police are unsure if this man poses a threat or   continues to haunt the camp grounds just to spread fear. \n\nHowever, it\u2019s been reported that screams have been heard deep in the woods. If any information regarding this type of behavior is found please report to spruce lake.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Lakes of New York (state)\nCategory:Lakes of Hamilton County, New York"}
-{"text": "Teknisk Tidskrift\n\nTeknisk Tidskrift (1871 \u2013 March 1872 Illustrerad Teknisk Tidning), was founded in 1871 by the Swedish marine engineer Wilhelm Hoffstedt (1841\u20131907). The forerunner to Ny Teknik, it has since its establishment been considered one of the leading journals in Sweden for the publication of findings in technology and engineering.\n\nThe journal was divided into a general part and various specialized sections on mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, chemistry and mining engineering (including metallurgy), shipbuilding, architecture and civil engineering. Specialist sections representing the various departments of the Swedish Teknologf\u00f6reningen reflected the educational structure of the Royal Institute of Technology. A supplement on Arkitektur och dekorativ konst (architecture and decorative arts, 1901-1922) developed into an independent journal Arkitektur. Teknisk Tidskrift'''s general edition was published once a week and the specialized editions once a month. In the autumn of 1967, the name of the weekly edition was changed to Ny Teknik which had a more popular scientific format.\n\nIn 1967, the publishing house Teknisk Tidskrifts f\u00f6rlag changed its name to Ingenj\u00f6rsf\u00f6rlaget and in 1990 to E + T F\u00f6rlag (Ekonomi & Teknik F\u00f6rlag AB), after a merger with Aff\u00e4rsv\u00e4rlden. In October 2005, E + T F\u00f6rlag was sold to the Finnish Talentum Oy, publisher of the business newspaper Talousel\u00e4m\u00e4''.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nTeknisk Tidskrift, digitized volumes at Project Runeberg\n\nCategory:Swedish magazines\nCategory:1871 establishments in Sweden\nCategory:Magazines established in 1871\nCategory:Science and technology magazines\nCategory:Defunct magazines of Sweden\nCategory:Engineering magazines\nCategory:Swedish-language magazines"}
-{"text": "The Last Yankee\n\nThe Last Yankee is a play by Arthur Miller, which premiered on January 5, 1993 at the Manhattan Theatre Club in New York City. The cast included Tom Aldredge as John Frick, Frances Conroy as Patricia Hamilton, Rose Gregorio as Karen Frick, John Heard as Leroy Hamilton, and Charlotte Maier as the Patient. The play had been performed previously in a much shorter version two years earlier.\n\nSynopsis\nThe Last Yankee takes place in a present-day state mental hospital, located somewhere in New England. Patricia Hamilton is recovering from depression, and this may be the day she feels strong enough to go home. But a visit from her husband Leroy, a descendant of one of America's founding fathers (but referred to as a \"Swamp Yankee\"), coincides with that of a successful businessman, John Frick, who has come to see his newly admitted wife, Karen. A clash of values and emotions upsets them all.\n\nIt is a play in two parts which focuses on the relationships of two couples - Leroy and Patricia Hamilton, married many years with seven children, and John and Karen Frick, a childless couple. Both women are patients at a mental institution, and act one sees the two men meet for the first time in the waiting room on visitors' day. Karen has not long been institutionalised, and Frick is having a difficult time coping with her mental illness, while Patricia has been in and out of institutions for many years. The two men struggle to communicate under the circumstances, though even this breaks down in the face of their respective situations. Patricia and Karen have become friendly during their time together in the ward, and act two sees the four characters brought together inside, where a picture emerges of a society whose members feel obscurely cheated and where success is equated with failure.\n\nSee also\nArthur Miller\nYankee\nSwamp Yankee\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1993 plays\nCategory:Plays by Arthur Miller\nCategory:Plays set in the United States"}
-{"text": "A Macabre Legacy\n\nA Macabre Legacy () is a 1940 Mexican horror film directed by Jos\u00e9 Bohr and starring Miguel Arenas, Consuelo Frank, and Ram\u00f3n Armengod.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1940 films\nCategory:Mexican films\nCategory:Mexican horror films\nCategory:1940 horror films\n\nCategory:Mexican black-and-white films"}
-{"text": "Wrong Turn\n\nWrong Turn is a 2003 cannibal film directed by Rob Schmidt and written by Alan B. McElroy. The film stars Desmond Harrington, Eliza Dushku, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Jeremy Sisto and Kevin Zegers. The film was released on May 30, 2003.\n\nPlot\nCollege students Rich Stoker and Halley Smith are rock climbing in a remote forest of West Virginia. When Rich reaches the top, he is suddenly murdered before he can help Halley up. Someone then begins to yank her up the cliff so she cuts the rope and falls. She attempts to escape, but gets caught in a line of barbed wire and pulled back into the woods, screaming.\n\nMedical student Chris Flynn drives through the mountains of West Virginia on his way to a business meeting. He stops at a gas station to ask directions, and an elderly man named Maynard tells Chris to go down Bear Mountain Road. He collides with a stopped car whose tires have been punctured. The car belongs to a group of college students on a camping trip: Jessie, Carly, Scott, Evan and Francine.  They soon discover their tire puncture was no accident and find barbed wire wrapped around it and realize someone did this intentionally.\n\nFrancine and Evan stay to watch the cars as the others go to find help, but both of them are later murdered by a huge mutant figure. The others find an isolated cabin and go inside to use the phone, but are horrified to find human body parts in the house and attempt to escape. However, they are forced to hide inside when the occupants return home. Three horribly disfigured cannibalistic mutant men, \"Three Finger\", \"Saw Tooth\" and \"One Eye\" enter the cabin with Francine's dead body, and the hiding students watch in horror as her body is dismembered and eaten.\n\nAfter the cannibals fall asleep after a long meal, the group attempts to escape. However, the cannibals awaken and chase them through the forest. The group runs into a clearing where they find hundreds of cars that belonged to previous victims, and Chris gets shot in the leg by Saw Tooth but survives. Scott creates a diversion for the other three to escape but gets killed with arrows.\n\nJessie, Carly, and Chris stumble upon an old watchtower and find a radio inside, which they use to call for help, but they get no response. Later, the cannibals arrive and are alerted when the radio starts responding to the students' call. Unable to get inside, they set the tower on fire to burn the group alive, but the students escape by jumping out of the window. In the subsequent chase, Three Finger catches Carly and decapitates her with an ax. Jessie and Chris pull a branch back and while Chris holds it, Jessie makes noise to get Three Finger to chase her.  When he does, Chris lets the branch go, knocking Three Finger off and he falls to the ground, presumably to his death. Jessie and Chris manage to escape and hide in a cave until morning. The cannibals then find them, pushing Chris down the hill and taking Jessie back to their cabin. Chris survives the fall and meets a police officer, but the officer is shot in the eye with an arrow and falls dead. \n\nChris hitches a ride underneath the truck as it is driven back to the cabin by Saw Tooth, and Jessie is tied to a bed and gagged. Chris drives through the building and runs into One Eye, untying Jessie and proceeding to fight the cannibals together. They escape and Chris kills the cannibals by blowing up their cabin. The pair then drives out of the forest with the cannibals' pickup truck and stumble upon Maynard to take the map nearby.\n\nIn the post-credits scene, a deputy sheriff investigates the remains of the destroyed cabin. Laughing insanely, Three Finger, who survived the explosion, rises to attack the deputy.\n\nCast\n Desmond Harrington as Chris Flynn\n Eliza Dushku as Jessie Burlingame\n Emmanuelle Chriqui as Carly\n Jeremy Sisto as Scott\n Kevin Zegers as Evan\n Lindy Booth as Francine\n Julian Richings as Three Finger\n Garry Robbins as Saw Tooth\n Ted Clark as One Eye\n Yvonne Gaudry as Halley Smith\n Joel Harris as Richard \"Rich\" Stoker\n David Huband as Trooper\n Wayne Robson as Maynard Odets (credited as \"Old Man\")\n James Downing as Trucker\n\nMusic\nTwo soundtracks were released; one contains the original film score, and the other contains popular music.\n\nSoundtrack\n\nTrack listing\n \"In Stance\" \u2013 Eris\n \"Bloody Fingers\" \u2013 Jet Black Summer\n \"Every Famous Last Word\" \u2013 Miracle of 86\n \"Never Said Anything\" \u2013 The Belles\n \"Why Would I Want to Die?\" \u2013 Grandaddy\n \"Haunted\" \u2013 King Black Acid\n \"Three Murders\" \u2013 Deadman\n \"Ex\" \u2013 Tara King Theory\n \"Birthday\" \u2013 Simple\n \"Even the Scars Forget the Wound\" \u2013 Gruvis Malt\n \"He's a Killer\" \u2013 DJ Swamp\n \"Bring the Pain\"/\"Multiple Incisions\" \u2013 Candiria\n \"If Only\" \u2013 Queens of the Stone Age\n \"Wish I May\" \u2013 Breaking Benjamin\n\nScore\n\nTrack listing\n \"Dark Forest\"\n \"Wrong Turn Title\"\n \"Mountain Men\"\n \"Cabin In The Woods\"\n \"Adventure Begins\"\n \"Mountain Men At Home\"\n \"Francine Dies\"\n \"Jessie\"\n \"Scott Becomes Prey\"\n \"Bear Trap\"\n \"Escape From Cabin\"\n \"Jessie Taken Hostage\"\n \"Fire In The Watchtower\"\n \"Grim Discovery\"\n \"Are We Safe?\"\n \"They Got Carly\"\n \"Killing Mountain Men\"\n \"We Are Alive\"\n \"Three Finger is Back\"\n\nReception\n\nRotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 40% of 83 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 4.22/10.  The consensus is: \"An unremarkable slasher flick that fails to distinguish itself from others of its ilk\".\n\nLegacy\n\nWrong Turn was followed by several films including with two sequels Wrong Turn 2: Dead End (2007) and Wrong Turn 3: Left for Dead (2009), two prequels leading to the events of the original film Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings (2011) and Wrong Turn 5: Bloodlines (2012) and one stand-alone film Wrong Turn 6: Last Resort (2014).\n\nIn October 2018, a new film titled Wrong Turn: The Foundation and served as a reboot was announced. The film will be written by series creator Alan B. McElroy and director Mike P. Nelson is chosen to direct. Principal photography for the movie began on September 9, 2019. Charlotte Vega will star in the reboot.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\nCategory:2003 films\nCategory:2003 horror films\nCategory:2000s horror thriller films\nCategory:2000s independent films\nCategory:2000s serial killer films\nCategory:2000s slasher films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American horror thriller films\nCategory:American independent films\nCategory:American slasher films\nCategory:American splatter films\nCategory:Canadian films\nCategory:Canadian slasher films\nCategory:German films\nCategory:German slasher films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Cannibalism in fiction\nCategory:Films set in West Virginia\nCategory:Films shot in Hamilton, Ontario\nCategory:Films shot in Toronto\nCategory:Incest in film\n1\nCategory:Constantin Film films\nCategory:Summit Entertainment films\nCategory:Films scored by Elia Cm\u00edral"}
-{"text": "Cachoeira Paulista\n\nCachoeira Paulista is a municipality in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Vale do Para\u00edba e Litoral Norte, in the Guaratinguet\u00e1 Microregion.\n\nIt is located at latitude 22\u00ba39'54 \"south and longitude 45\u00ba00'34\" west, being at an altitude of 521 meters. Its estimated population in 2017 was 32,773 inhabitants.\n\nIt has as bordering cities Cruzeiro to the north, Silveiras to the east, Lorena to the south and west and Canas to the southwest.\n\nThe Brazilian Decimetric Array radio telescope is situated in Cachoeira Paulista.\n\nThe municipality contains part of the  Mananciais do Rio Para\u00edba do Sul Environmental Protection Area, created in 1982 to protect the sources of the Para\u00edba do Sul river.\n\nHistory \n\nDocuments from 1730 cite a settlement belonging to the Village of Lorena, called Arraial of the Porto da Caxoeira, whose initial landmark of the primitive nucleus was a small hermitage erected by devotees in honor of Lord Bom Jesus da Cana Verde, in the year 1780. On October 18, 1784, Manoel da Silva Caldas and his wife, \u00c2ngela Maria de Jesus, donated \"two fathoms wide by half a mile long on the left bank of the Para\u00edba do Sul River, to the borders with the Emba\u00fa,\" to the patrimony of the new Chapel of the Bom Jesus da Cana Verde, erected in its lands by Sebastiana de Tal, constituting in fact the camp that allowed the expansion of the village there installed.\n\nThe first buildings installed consisted of huts of sertanejos (settlers), mostly fishermen, who took their sustenance from the Para\u00edba River. The first street of Cachoeira was Bom Jesus Street, which at that time left the chapel and advanced to the route through which the muleteers headed for Minas Gerais. The great movement of muleteers, which went to the ports of Paraty and Mambucaba consolidated the character of the old settlement, centered in the canoe ports of the Rivers Para\u00edba and Boca\u00edna, mainly with the implantation of coffee cultivation. Under these conditions, was created in 1876, the Parish of Santo Antonio do Porto da Cachoeira. Four years later the name was changed to Santo Antonio of the Bocaina, evoking the landscape of the mountain ranges of the Boca\u00edca that surround the place.\n\nOn August 18, 1822, Prince Regent Dom Pedro I passed through the city, during his trip from Rio de Janeiro to Santos, during the events that preceded the proclamation of Brazil's independence. It was in the old settlement called Santo Ant\u00f4nio da Cachoeira, where he takes a break for dinner, that Dom Pedro and his entourage exchanged mules for horses purchased from farmers in the region by Jo\u00e3o Phelipe David, an officer of the royal guard and future Baron of Santo Ant\u00f4nio da Cachoeira, who had recruited several militiamen for the separatist cause.\n\nOne of the most significant historical moments of the city occurred in 1932, during the Constitutionalist Revolution. During this period, the municipality became a war-zone, becoming the headquarters of the Constitutionalist Movement.\n\nAdministrative History \n\nParish created under the name of Santo Antonio da Boca\u00edna, by provincial law No. 37, dated 03/29/1876, subordinate to the municipality of Lorena. High to the category of town with the denomination of Santo Antonio of Boca\u00edna, by the provincial law n\u00ba 5, of 03/03/1880, dismembered of Lorena. Seat in the old town of Santo Antonio da Cachoeira. Constituted of the district headquarters. Installed 1/8/1883. It was called Boca\u00edna, when it was elevated to the category of City, according to municipal law n\u00ba 14, of 05/15/1895. In administrative division of 1911, the municipality of Boca\u00edna is constituted of the district headquarters. It is now known as Cachoeira, according to Law No. 1,470 of 10/29/1915, thus remaining in territorial divisions dated 12/31/1936 and 12/31/1937. It was renamed Valpa\u00edba, on November 30, 1944, by virtue of Decree No. 14,334. Finally, on December 24, 1948, the municipality became known as Cachoeira Paulista.\n\nToponymy \n\nThe origin of the name Cachoeira Paulista is due to the fact that Rio Para\u00edba has some stretches and waterfalls at that point, making of the place the last navigable point of the river in the way of the current.\n\nGeography\n\nLandscape \n\nLocated deep in the Para\u00edba do Sul River Valley, between the Mantiqueira, Boca\u00edca and Mar Sierras, coordinates of 22\u00ba39'54 \"south latitude and longitude 45\u00ba00'34\" west and altitude is 521m. It has rugged relief, with several hills and hills and a large area of flooded fluvial plain.\nIt has a subtropical climate, with well defined seasons, hot and rainy summers and cold and dry winters, with average precipitation of 1200mm. It suffers the influence of the semi-humid climate of the surrounding Sierras, which makes the climate very unstable, with great variation of temperature throughout the day.\nThe municipality still has pockets of native vegetation, especially in rural areas and hillsides, however, much of the territory has already been deforested and consists of areas for agriculture and cattle raising.\n\nDemography \nAccording to the 2010 IBGE Census, the population was 32,773 (2017 est.), in an area of 287.99\u00a0km\u00b2.\n\nReligion \n\nCachoeira Paulista stands out for being the headquarters of the Can\u00e7\u00e3o Nova Community (Roman Catholic community) founded by Monsignor Jonas Abib and fellows in 1978.\n\nThey have a large structure with two event centers, confession rooms, Blessed Sacrament Chapel, sanctuary of the Father of Mercies, television, and radio studios.\n\n\"Hosanna, Brazil\" is one of many celebrations held by the Can\u00e7\u00e3o Nova Community in mid-December, with church services, lectures and concerts. The city gets its hotels almost crowded during these periods.\n\nThe headquarters of Can\u00e7\u00e3o Nova also features a large TV studio where the programs shown by their issuer belonging to the institution are recorded.\n\nChristianity is predominant in Cachoeira Paulista; the city is well divided between Evangelicals and Catholics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cachoeira Paulista\nCategory:Municipalities in Vale do Para\u00edba e Litoral Norte\nCategory:Municipalities in S\u00e3o Paulo (state)"}
-{"text": "Guatemala (disambiguation)\n\nGuatemala is a country in Central America.\n\nPlaces\nGuatemala may also refer to:\nGuatemala City, the capital of Guatemala\nGuatemala Department, a department of Guatemala\nGuatemala, Cuba, a village in the Holgu\u00edn Province\nCaptaincy General of Guatemala, was an administrative division of the Spanish Empire in Central America\n Guatemala, San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Rico, a barrio\n\nOther\nGuatemala (song), single by hip hop artist Swae Lee"}
-{"text": "Naduvannur\n\nNaduvannur is a Census town   in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India and a part of Kozhikode Urban Agglomeration.\nThe name Naduvannur denotes that it was the centre of the territory of Kurumbranad. 'Nadu' means centre and ur(oor) means place.\n\nNaduvannur is about 28\u00a0km away from Kozhikode city. Kozhikode-Kuttiyadi SH passes through here. Nearby towns are Koyilandy, Balusseri and Perambra.\n\nEducation\nGovt: Higher secondary school Naduvannur and Naduvannur higher secondary school Vakayad, Kavumthara AUP School  are the major educational institutions.\n\nDemographics\n India census, Naduvannur had a population of 24648 with 12004 males and 12644 females.\n\nTransportation\nNaduvannur village connects to other parts of India through Kozhikode and Koyilandy towns. The nearest airport is Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Koyiandy. State Highway 38 passes through Naduvannur which starts from Puthiyangadi in Kozhikode and ends in Chovva in Kannur.\n\nSee also\n Kottur,_Kerala\n Moodadi\n Chengottukavu\n Arikkulam\n Thikkodi\n Chemancheri\n Kappad\n Atholi\n Ulliyeri\n Cheekilode\n Nochad\n Koyilandy\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Koyilandy area"}
-{"text": "Women in law\n\nWomen in law describes the role played by women in the legal profession and related occupations, which includes lawyers (also called barristers, advocates, solicitors, attorneys or legal counselors), paralegals, prosecutors (also called District Attorneys or Crown Prosecutors), judges, legal scholars (including feminist legal theorists), law professors and law school deans.\n\nRepresentation and working conditions\n\nUnited States\n\nThe American Bar Association reported that in 2014, women made up 34% of the legal profession and men made up 66%. In private practice law firms, women make up 20.2% of partners, 17% of equity partners and 4% of managing partners in the 200 biggest law firms.  At the junior level of the profession, women make up 44.8% of associates and 45.3% of summer associates. In 2014 in Fortune 500 corporations, 21% of the general counsels were women and 79% were men. Of these 21% of women general counsels, 81.9% were Caucasian, 10.5% were African-American, 5.7% were Hispanic, 1.9% were Asian-American/Pacific Islanders, and 0% were Middle Eastern. In 2009, women were 21.6% of law school Deans, 45.7% of Associate, Vice-Deans or Deputy Deans and 66.2% of Assistant Deans. Women have better representation on law school Law Reviews. In the top 50 schools as ranked by US World and News Reports in 2012-2013, women made up 46% of leadership positions and 38% of editor-in-chief positions.\n\nIn 2012, women held 27.1% of all federal and state judge positions, while men held 73.9%. In 2014, three of nine Supreme Court justices were women (33%), 33% of Circuit Court of Appeals judges and 24% of federal court judges. Women held 27% of all state judge positions.\n\nDuring the 2012-2013 academic year, women made up 47% of Juris Doctor (JD) students, people of color made up 25.8% of JD students. In 2009 in the US, women made up 20.6% of law school deans. In the US in 2014, 32.9% of all lawyers were women. 44.8% of law firm associates were women in 2013. In the 50 \"best law firms for women\" in the US, \"19% of the equity partners were women,\n29% of the nonequity partners were women, and 42% of... counsels were women.\n\nA survey indicates that 96% of US law firms state that their highest paid partner is male. \n\"Only 24.1% of all federal judgeships were held by women, and only 27.5% of state judgeships were held by women.: Women lawyers' salaries were \"83% of men lawyers\u2019 salaries in 2014\".\n\nIn the US, while women made up 34% of the legal profession in 2014, women are underrepresented in senior positions in all areas of the profession. There has been an increase in women in the law field from the 1970s to 2010, but the increase has been seen in entry level jobs. In the United States, 60% of attorneys are women; however, the percent of female equity partners is 15%. Women of color are even more underrepresented in the legal profession. In private practice law firms, women make up just 4% of managing partners in the 200 biggest law firms. In 2014 in Fortune 500 corporations, 21% of the general counsels were women, of which only 10.5% were African-American, 5.7% were Hispanic, 1.9% were Asian-American/Pacific Islanders, and 0% were Middle Eastern. In 2009, 21.6% of law school Deans were women. Women held 27.1% of all federal and state judge positions in 2012. In the US, \"[w]omen of color were more likely than any other group to experience exclusion from other employees, racial and gender stereotyping.\" There are few women law school deans; the list includes Joan Mahoney, Barbara Aronstein Black at Columbia Law School, Elena Kagan at Harvard Law School, Kathleen Sullivan at Stanford Law School, and the Hon. Kristin Booth Glenn and Michelle J. Anderson at the City University of New York School of Law.\n\nWomen of color\n\nRepresentation \nThe National Association for Law Placement (NALP) found that every year since 2009 there has been a decline of African-American associates\u2014\u201cfrom 4.66 percent to 3.95 percent.\" According to a November 2015 NALP press release, at just 2.55 percent of partners, minority women remain the most underrepresented group at partnership level.\n\nTreatment \nIn a 2008 survey, by the National Association of Women Lawyers (NAWL), the report found that women of color view their workplace as racially/ethnically stereotypical and exclusionary as a result. Women of color also felt that law firms were not taking enough action to increase diversity and when actions were taken they were not executed effectively. The America Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession released a report which was a culmination of a study meant to address the decline of women of color in the legal profession. In the study, women of color were given the opportunity to express concern over the negative effects they faced in the workplace and how those effects carried into their personal life. Women of color reported feelings of exclusion, isolation, and as though they were receiving more unwanted critical attention than their counterparts. The American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession when looking at reports on the treatment of women of color in the legal profession were disappointed with the patterns they noticed which led the American Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession to undertake their own research in 2003, the Women of Color Research Initiative. In both law firms and corporate legal departments the findings were that women of color \u201creceive less compensation than men and white women; are denied equal access to significant assignments, mentoring and sponsorship opportunities; receive fewer promotions; and have the highest rate of attrition.\u201d There is a ripple effect within the treatment of women of color. Women of color are put at a disadvantage early on making \u201cthe ultimate result that women of color miss opportunities to get better work assignments, more client contact, and more billable hours.\u201d Women of color\u2019s treatment within the legal profession and their feelings about this treatment have affected the retention of women of color in the legal profession. Women of color leave law firms at a high rate, \u201cnearly 75 percent leave by their fifth year, and nearly 86 percent leave before their seventh year.\" These women are leaving because they feel the only way to escape exclusion in the workplace is to leave the workplace.\n\nStrategy \nABA's Commission on Women in the Profession released a report aimed at identifying challenges faced by women of color in law firms and found that \u201cto overcome systemic discrimination against women of color, firms must recognize that the experiences of women of color are different from those of other groups; implementing changes to reflect this difference is necessary for retention. Firms and corporations must initiate active mentorship programs and encourage organization-wide discussions about issues concerning women of color, and constructive feedback is required.\u201d  After the release of this report, several law firms have attempted the recommendations set forth by the report. Law firms began initiatives that focus on recruiting women of color as well as ensuring the retention of women of color as well. Recruiting of minority women has been increased through law firms finding summer associates by doing interviews \u201cat the Southeast Minority Career Fair, MCCA/Vault Career Fair, Specialty Bar Association, Lavender Law Career Fair, and at schools such as Howard University School of Law and North Carolina Central School of Law.\u201d\n\nCanada\nIn 2010 in Canada, \"there were 22,261 practicing women lawyers and 37,617 practicing men lawyers.\"  Canadian studies show that \"50% of lawyers said they felt their firms were doing \"poorly\" or \"very poorly\" in their provision of flexible work arrangements.\" More women lawyers found it \"difficult to manage the demands of work and personal/family life\" than men, with 75% of women reporting these challenges versus 66% of men associates. A 2010 report about Ontario lawyers from 1971 to 2006 indicates that \"...racialized women accounted for 16% of all lawyers under 30, compared to 5% of lawyers 30 and older in 2006. Visible minority lawyers accounted for 11.5% of all lawyers in 2006. Aboriginal lawyers accounted for 1.0% of all lawyers in 2006.\n\nAs well, \"...racialized women accounted for 16% of all lawyers under 30\" in 2006 in Ontario and women Aboriginal lawyers accounted for 1%.\n\nMiddle East and North Africa (MENA) \nIn 2010, a study found the estimated proportion of female lawyers in 210 countries. The study included Algeria (28%), Bahrain (27%), Egypt (26%), Iran (30%), Iraq (28%), Israel (43%), Jordan (33%), Kuwait (30%), Lebanon (29%), Morocco (22%), Oman (25%), Palestine (26%), Qatar (29%), Saudi Arabia (31%), Syria (25%), Turkey (35%), United Arab Emirates (28%), and Yemen (22%).\n\nLawyers and law professors in the Middle East believe the beginning of the 21st century allowed for an increased interest in the field of law, whereas some researchers believe part of the increase is due to the 2011 Arab Spring revolts. Researcher Rania Maktabi noticed that compared to other nations in MENA, women's issues in Morocco, Lebanon and Kuwait have been addressed less violently and also have the highest rates of female employment in the region. Female lawyers in these three nations tackle the patriarchal legal system by introducing reforms in family law, criminal law, and nationality law. Maktabi argues in her research that the increased number of female lawyers involved in women's legal issues in Morocco, Lebanon, and Kuwait has a direct impact on the strengthening of women's rights in those states.\n\nOrganizations\n\nCenter for Women in Law (US)\nThe Center for Women in Law is a US organization set up and funded by women, says it is \"devoted to the success of the entire spectrum of women in law ... serves as a national resource to convene leaders, generate ideas, and lead change\".  It combines theory with practice, addressing issues facing individuals and the profession as a whole. The Center is a Vision 2020 National Ally. The Center was founded in 2008 by a group of women, many of whom were alumnae of The University of Texas School of Law, and many of whom graduated from law school in earlier decades when it was not common for women to pursue law as a career.  The group began discussing the issues faced by women lawyers and became determined to understand fully and address effectively the underlying causes of the barriers to advancement faced by women lawyers. The Austin Manifesto calls for specific, concrete steps to tackle the obstacles facing women in the legal profession today. The center holds summits and meetings on issues affecting women in the legal profession.\n\nNational Women's Law Center (US)\nThe National Women's Law Center (NWLC) is a United States non-profit organization founded in 1972 and based in Washington, D.C. The Center advocates for women's rights through litigation and policy initiatives. It began when female administrative staff and law students at the Center for Law and Social Policy demanded that their pay be improved, that the center hire female lawyers, that they no longer be expected to serve coffee, and that the center create a women's program. Marcia Greenberger was hired in 1972 to start the program and Nancy Duff Campbell joined her in 1978. In 1981, the two decided to turn the program into the separate National Women's Law Center.\n\nWomen's Legal Education and Action Fund (Canada)\nWomen's Legal Education and Action Fund, referred to by the acronym LEAF, is the \"...only national organization in Canada that exists to ensure the equality rights of women and girls under the law.\". Established on April 19, 1985, LEAF was formed in response to the enactment of Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to ensure that there was fair and unbiased interpretation of women\u2019s Charter rights by the courts. LEAF performs legal research and intervenes in appellate and Supreme Court of Canada cases on women's issues . LEAF has been an intervener in many significant decisions of the Supreme Court of Canada, particularly cases involving section 15 Charter challenges. In addition to its legal work, LEAF also organizes speaking engagements and projects that allow lawyers interested in women\u2019s rights to educate one another, to educate the public, and to create collective responses to legal issues related to women\u2019s equality. LEAF was created by founding mother Doris Anderson and other women.\n\nWomen in Law and Litigation (India)\nWomen in Law and Litigation (WILL) was formed in India in 2014 by women lawyers, judges and legal professionals to deal with gender discrimination faced by women in the field of law. The litigating public prefers to deal with male lawyers. The society was formed under the supervision of Supreme Court of India and the justice of Supreme Court of India, Ranjana Desai. WILL was formed to provide professional support, advocacy skills, and a platform for discussion on ways for development of women lawyers. Justice Hima Kohli of the High Court (Delhi) defined WILL as the society would be a \"way to give back to the system for senior lawyers and legal practitioners who have \"reached high positions\".\n\nFeminist perspectives\nFeminist legal theory, also known as feminist jurisprudence, is based on the belief that the law has been fundamental in women's historical subordination. The project of feminist legal theory is twofold. First, feminist jurisprudence seeks to explain ways in which the law played a role in women's former subordinate status. Second, it is dedicated to changing women's status through a reworking of the law and its approach to gender. In 1984 Martha Fineman founded the Feminism and Legal Theory Project at the University of Wisconsin Law School to explore the relationships between feminist theory, practice, and law, which has been instrumental in the development of feminist legal theory.\n\nThe liberal model of equality under the law operates from within the liberal legal paradigm and generally embraces liberal values and the rights-based approach to law, though it takes issue with how the liberal framework has operated in practice. The difference model emphasizes the significance of gender differences and holds that these differences should not be obscured by the law, but should be taken into account by it. The dominance model views the legal system as a mechanism for the perpetuation of male dominance. Feminists from the postmodern camp have deconstructed the notions of objectivity and neutrality, claiming that every perspective is socially situated. See equality feminism, difference feminism, radical feminism, and postmodern feminism for context.\n\nNotable scholars include:\nRuth Bader Ginsburg\nCatharine MacKinnon\nMartha Fineman\nMari Matsuda\n\nFeminist philosophy of law\nFeminist philosophy of law \"...identifies the pervasive influence of patriarchy on legal structures, demonstrates its effects on the material condition of women and girls, and develops reforms to correct gender injustice, exploitation, or restriction.\"  Feminist philosophy of law uses approaches drawn from \"...feminist epistemology, relational metaphysics, feminist political theory, and other developments in feminist philosophy to understand how legal institutions enforce dominant masculinist norms.\" In the contemporary era, feminist philosophy of law also takes account of approaches such as \"...human rights theory, postcolonial theory, critical legal studies, critical race theory, queer theory, and disability studies.\"  As with feminism in general, there are many subtypes of feminist philosophy of law, including \"...radical, socialist and Marxist, relational, cultural, postmodern, dominance, difference, pragmatist, and liberal approaches.\"  Feminist philosophers of law argue that \"... law makes systemic bias (as opposed to personal biases of particular individuals) invisible, normal, entrenched, and thus difficult to identify and to oppose.\"  Feminist philosophers of law view laws as \"...patriarchal, reflecting ancient and almost universal presumptions of gender inequality.\"  Some of the legal issues analyzed by feminist philosophers of law include marriage, reproductive rights (e.g., pertaining to laws on abortion), the \"commodification of the body\" (as in sex work) and violence against women.\n\nHistory\n\nUnited Kingdom \n\nIn the United Kingdom, the first woman to pass a law degree was Eliza Orme, who graduated from University College London in 1888. She was not allowed to qualify to practice as either a solicitor or a barrister. It was not until 1919, with the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 that women could enter the legal profession. This had been challenged in 1914 in a case known as Bebb v Law Society, in which the Court of Appeal found that women did not fall within the legal definition of \"persons\" and so could not become lawyers. The 1919 Act also allowed women to serve on juries for the first time.\n\nSaudi Arabia \nSaudi Arabia, along with several other Gulf countries, has decided to put an emphasis on promoting jobs rather than oil production to help their economy. The Saudi government took initiatives to boost female participation in the labor force. Historically, women were not encouraged to participate in professional academic concentrations, including law.\n\nHowever, in 2004, the government allowed law degree programs to be studied in women's universities. Four years later, the first female students graduated with law degrees, but could not practice in courts, which consisted of an all-male judiciary. Women with law degrees could only work as \"legal consultants,\" which barred them from representing clients.\n\nIn 2011, amongst the political uprising climate in the Middle East, female lawyers pushed a social media campaign called ''I am a female lawyer.\" The campaign brought attention to the discriminatory treatment of women who were not allowed to practice law in their own countries, despite their degrees. In October 2012, King Abdullah announced his acceptance of a petition by a group of female law graduates. The 3,000 signatures permitted the registration by women for law licenses. However, the Ministry of Justice acted otherwise and refused to process registration applications from female law graduates.\n\nIn April 2013, the Justice Ministry allowed a King Abdulaziz University graduate from Jeddah, Arwa al-Hujaili, to become the first female legal trainee in Saudi Arabia. As a trainee, she was allowed to practice law, similar to a \"legal consultant,\" but given a full license after three years of apprenticeship.\n\nIn October 2013, a new policy passed allowing all women to seek a legal license to practice law after receiving a university degree in law and three years of apprenticeship.\n\nOn October 6, 2013, Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran received the first license from the Justice Ministry, thus becoming the first licensed female lawyer in Saudi Arabia. Zahran began her legal career with dedication to domestic violence issues, then focused on criminal law. The following month, Zahran represented a client, the first time for a Saudi woman, amongst the General Court in Jidda. In January 2014, Zahran opened the first female law firm. Her firm focuses on women's issues.\n\nAs of November 2015, thousands of Saudi women have degrees in law, but only sixty-seven are licensed to practice. In 2017, Saudi female students attended universities at a gross enrollment rate higher than Saudi male students, at 97.5% and 41.6%, respectively.\n\nNotable individuals\n\nUnited States\nAnnette Abbott Adams (1877\u20131956) was an American lawyer and judge who was the first woman to be the Assistant Attorney General in the United States. She obtained her law degree in 1912.  Before beginning her legal career, she  was one of the first female school principals in California. In 1950, she served by special assignment on a case in the California Supreme Court, becoming the first woman to sit on that court.\nFlorence Ellinwood Allen (1884 \u2013 1966) was an American judge who was the first woman to serve on a state supreme court and one of the first two women to serve as a United States federal judge. She finished a master's degree in Political Science from Western Reserve in 1908.  and took courses in constitutional law. She wanted to do a law degree, but at that time, Western Reserve's law school did not admit women.  Allen attended the law school at the University of Chicago for a year, and then transferred to New York University. In 1913, she got her law degree, graduating with honors.  She became interested in politics, and more committed to the cause of women's suffrage.  She began challenging local laws that limited women's participation in the political process. She argued one case that went all the way to the Ohio Supreme Court. In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting attorney for Cleveland's Cuyahoga County. By 1920, she was elected as a Common Pleas judge. In 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. She was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in 1934, making her one of the first women federal judges.\n\nSadie Tanner Mossell Alexander (1898 \u2013 1989), was the second African-American woman to receive a Ph.D. in the United States, and the first woman to receive a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She was the first African-American woman to practice law in Pennsylvania.  She was the first African-American woman appointed as Assistant City Solicitor for the City of Philadelphia. \nHelen Elsie Austin (1908\u20132004) was an American attorney and US foreign service officer who was among the first African Americans admitted to the practice of law in the United States. She received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1928 and a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1930 from the University of Cincinnati, becoming the first black woman to graduate from the UC Law School. Austin was on the staff of the Rocky Mountain Law Review and of the Cincinnati Law Review.  In 1938 she received a Doctor of Laws degree from Wilberforce University. She was the first black woman to serve as Assistant Attorney General in Ohio (1937\u201338) and became legal advisor to the District of Columbia government in 1939. \nElreta Melton Alexander-Ralston (1919\u20131998) was a black female American lawyer and judge in North Carolina at a time when there were only a handful of practising female or black lawyers in that state. She was a trial attorney and District Court Judge. She has remained largely unrecognized. She was the first black woman admitted to Columbia Law School in 1943 at the age of twenty-four. In 1947, Alexander became the first black woman to practice law in North Carolina. In 1968, Alexander became the first black judge elected in North Carolina and only the second black woman to be elected as a judge in the United States. \nBella Abzug (1920\u20131998), nicknamed \"Battling Bella\", was an American lawyer, U.S. Representative, social activist and a leader of the Women's Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to found the National Women's Political Caucus. She was appointed to chair the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year and to plan the 1977 National Women's Conference by President Gerald Ford and led President Jimmy Carter's commission on women.\nJoan Mahoney (born 1943) is a legal scholar and former dean of two law schools. She served as Dean at Wayne State University Law School in Detroit, Michigan, from 1998 to 2003, the first woman law school dean in Michigan and one of the very few women in the United States to have held the deanship at two different law schools. Prior to her tenure as Dean at Wayne State, she served from 1994 to 1996 as Dean of Western New England College School of Law in Springfield, Massachusetts. (Women law school deans remain a distinct minority; others have included Barbara Aronstein Black at Columbia Law School, Elena Kagan at Harvard Law School, Kathleen Sullivan at Stanford Law School, and the Hon. Kristin Booth Glenn and Michelle J. Anderson at the City University of New York School of Law).  She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees at the University of Chicago, attended Wayne State Law School and received her J.D. there, and received a PhD. from Wolfson College, University of Cambridge in England. A distinguished legal scholar, she has published widely on reproductive rights, constitutional law, legal history, comparative civil liberties, and bioethics.\nLinda Addison (born 1951) is an American lawyer, business executive and author. Addison is Managing Partner, U.S. of Norton Rose Fulbright, chairs the U.S. Management Committee, and serves on its Global Executive Committee. Crain's New York Business named Addison one of the \"50 Most Powerful Women in New York\" in 2015. She is a founder and Past President of the Center for Women in Law, and co-chaired the New York State Bar Association\u2019s Task Force on the Future of the Legal Profession.\nAnita L. Allen (born 1953) is the Henry R. Silverman Professor of Law and professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania Law School. She is also a senior fellow in the bioethics department of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, a collaborating faculty member in African studies, and an affiliated faculty member in the women\u2019s studies program. In 2010 President Barack Obama named Allen to the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. She is a Hastings Center Fellow. Allen holds a B.A. from New College of Florida. Allen received her M.A. and Ph.D. in philosophy from the University of Michigan. Allen was one of the first African-American women to earn a PhD in Philosophy, along with Adrian Piper.  She is the first African-American woman to hold both a J.D. and Ph.D. in philosophy. Allen received her J.D. from Harvard Law.\n\nCanada\n  \nAt the end of the nineteenth century, Canadian women were barred from participation in, let alone any influence on or control over, the legal system\u2013women could not become lawyers, magistrates, judges, jurors, voters or legislators. Clara Brett Martin (1874 \u2013 1923) became the first female lawyer in the British Empire in 1897 after a lengthy debate in which the Law Society of Upper Canada tried to prevent her from joining the legal profession. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1891, Martin submitted a petition to the Law Society to become a member. Her petition was rejected by the Society after contentious debate, with the Society ruling that only men could be admitted to the practice of law, because the Society's statute stated that only a \"person\" could become a lawyer. At that time, women were not considered to be \"persons\" in Canada, from a legal perspective. W.D. Balfour sponsored a bill that provided that the word \"person\" in the Law Society's statute should be interpreted to include females as well as males.  Martin\u2019s cause was also supported by prominent women of the day including Emily Stowe and Lady Aberdeen. With the support of the Premier, Oliver Mowat, legislation was passed on April 13, 1892, which permitted the admission of women as solicitors.\n\nHelen Kinnear  (1894 \u2013 1970) was a Canadian lawyer who was the first federally appointed woman judge in Canada. She was the first woman in the British Commonwealth to be created a King's Counsel and the first in the Commonwealth appointed to a county-court bench and the first female lawyer in Canada to appear as counsel before the Supreme Court in Canada in 1935. Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain  (born 1924) is a Quebec lawyer, judge and politician who was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court. Marlys Edwardh CM (born 1950) is a Canadian litigation and civil rights lawyer who was one of the first women to practice criminal law in Canada. Roberta Jamieson C.M. is a Canadian lawyer and First Nations activist who was the first Aboriginal woman ever to earn a law degree in Canada, the first non-Parliamentarian to be appointed an ex officio member of a House of Commons committee and the first woman appointed as Ontario Ombudsman. Delia Opekokew is a Cree woman from the Canoe Lake First Nation in Saskatchewan, who was the first First Nations lawyer  admitted to the law societies in Ontario and in Saskatchewan as well as the first woman ever to run for the leadership of the Assembly of First Nations. Opekokew graduated from Osgoode Hall in 1977, and was admitted to the Bar of Ontario in 1979 and to the Bar of Saskatchewan in 1983.\n\nBeverley McLachlin  (born 1943) is the 17th and current Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, the first woman to hold this position, and the longest serving Chief Justice in Canadian history. In her role as Chief Justice, she also serves as a Deputy of the Governor General of Canada. When Governor General Adrienne Clarkson was hospitalized for a cardiac pacemaker operation on 8 July 2005, Chief Justice McLachlin served as the Deputy of the Governor General of Canada and performed the duties of the Governor General as the Administrator of Canada. In her role as Administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act, effectively legalizing same-sex marriage in Canada.\n\nSome Canadian lawyers have become notable for their achievements in politics, including Kim Campbell, M\u00e9lanie Joly, Anne McLellan, Rachel Notley and Jody Wilson-Raybould.\n\nNotable Canadian legal professionals include:\nLouise Arbour  (born 1947) was the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, a former justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Court of Appeal for Ontario and a former Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. She made history with the indictment of a sitting head of state, Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, as well as the first prosecution of sexual assault under the articles of crimes against humanity.\nKim Campbell  (born 1947) is a Canadian politician,  diplomat, lawyer and writer who served as the 19th Prime Minister of Canada, from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. Campbell was the first, and to date, only female prime minister of Canada. She earned an LL.B. from the University of British Columbia in 1983. \nCatherine Fraser (born 1947) was appointed as Chief Justice of Alberta and Chief Justice of Northwest Territories in 1992. She was named as the Chief Justice of the Nunavut Court of Appeal on March 24, 1999. \nJennifer Stoddart (born 1949) was the sixth Privacy Commissioner of Canada. In 1980 she received a licence in civil law from McGill University. As a lawyer she worked to modernize regulations and remove barriers to employment based on gender or cultural differences. She headed the Quebec Commission on Access to Information and held senior positions at the Quebec Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission, the Canadian Human Rights Commission and the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women.\nMartha Hall Findlay (born 1959) is a Canadian businesswoman, entrepreneur, lawyer and politician from Toronto, Ontario. She was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as the Liberal Party of Canada's candidate in a Toronto riding.\nBeth Symes   Queen's University alumna is a Canadian lawyer who fought the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA, formerly known as Revenue Canada) all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada in order to deduct childcare expenses she incurred to earn income as a partner in her law firm. Symes practised law full-time as a partner in a law firm from 1982-1985. During that period she employed a nanny to care for her children, and deducted the wages paid to the nanny as a business expense on her personal income tax return. Revenue Canada initially allowed these deductions, but later disallowed them. Symes objected to the re-assessment, but CRA denied the objection. Symes appealed to the Federal Court, which ruled that the expenses were valid and legitimate business expenses. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC), which ruled in Symes v. Canada [1993] that her childcare expenses were not deductible as business expenses.  \n\nMarie Henein is a Canadian lawyer. She is a partner of Henein Hutchison LLP, a law firm in Toronto. Henein has developed a reputation in Toronto as one of the most \"respected and feared criminal lawyers in the country.\" The National Post called her the \"most high profile criminal defence lawyer in the country.\" In 2011, Canadian Lawyer magazine named her one of the \"Top 25 Most Influential\" saying she was \"one of the most sought-after criminal lawyers in the country\" and \"a key go-to lawyer for high-profile accused in Toronto.\"\nAnne McLellan   (born  1950) is a Canadian lawyer, academic and politician. She was a cabinet minister in the Liberal governments of Jean Chr\u00e9tien and Paul Martin, serving as Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. On February 26, 2015, she was appointed chancellor of Dalhousie University effective May 25. She was a professor of law at the University of New Brunswick and the University of Alberta Faculty of Law where she served at various times as associate dean and dean.  In 2009, McLellan was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada for her service as a politician and law professor, and for her contributions as a community volunteer. \nRachel Notley (born 1964) is a Canadian politician and the 17th and current Premier of Alberta, since 2015. Notley's career before politics focused on labour law, with a specialty in workers' compensation advocacy and workplace health and safety issues.\nM\u00e9lanie Joly   (born 1979) is a Canadian lawyer, public relations expert, and politician. She is a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Ahuntsic-Cartierville and also serves as the Minister of Canadian Heritage in the Cabinet, headed by Justin Trudeau.\nJody Wilson-Raybould  (born  1971) is a Kwakwaka\u2019wakw Canadian politician and the Liberal Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Granville. She was sworn in as Minister of Justice of Canada on November 4, 2015; the first Indigenous person to be named to that post. Before entering Canadian federal politics, she was a provincial Crown prosecutor, B.C. Treaty Commissioner and Regional Chief of the B.C. Assembly of First Nations. She earned a law degree from the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law.\n\nUnited Kingdom \n\n Brenda Hale, Baroness Hale of Richmond was the first, and only, Lord Justice of Appeal in Ordinary, and following the creation of the new Supreme Court, she became the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court. In 2017, she was appointed as the President of the Supreme Court. She was also the first woman to be appointed to the Law Commission.\n Elizabeth Butler-Sloss, Baroness Butler-Sloss was the first woman to be appointed to the Court of Appeal as a Lord Justice of Appeal.\n Ivy Williams was the first woman to be called to the bar, and the first woman to teach law at a British university.\n Carrie Morrison was the first woman solicitor in the United Kingdom.\n Helena Normanton was the first woman to become a barrister in the United Kingdom.\n Eliza Orme was the first woman to graduate with a law degree, in 1888. Women were not allowed to enter the legal profession until 1919 with the passage of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919.\n\nMiddle East and North Africa \n\n Suat Hilmi Berk was the first female judge in Turkey (1925).\n S\u00fcreyya A\u011fao\u011flu was the first female lawyer in Turkey (1927).\n Freda Slutzkin was the first female lawyer in Mandatory Palestine (1930).\n Rosa Ginossar was the first female lawyer in Israel (1930).\n Nina Trad was the first female lawyer in Lebanon (1932).\n Naima Ilyas al-Ayyubi was the first female lawyer in Egypt (1933).\n Emily Bisharat was the first female lawyer in Jordan.\n Zakia Hakki was the first female judge in Iraq (1959).\n Shirin Ebadi was the first female judge in Iran (1969).\n Suad al-Jassim was the first female lawyer in Kuwait (1973).\n Lulwa Al Awadhi and Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa were the first female lawyers in Bahrain (1979). \n Kamilia al Busaidy was the first female registered lawyer in Oman (1997).\n Haifa al-Bakr was the first female lawyer in Qatar (2000)\n Sheikha Maha Mansour al-Thani was the first female judge in Qatar (2010).\n Arwa al-Hujaili was the first female legal trainee in Saudi Arabia (2013).\n Bayan Mahmoud Al-Zahran was the first female licensed lawyer in Saudi Arabia (2013).\n\nSee also\n First women lawyers in the United States\n List of first women lawyers by nationality [International] \n Timeline of women lawyers in the United States\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nBartlett, K., 1990. \"Feminist Legal Methods,\" Harvard Law Review, 1039(4): 829\u2013888.\nBartlett, K. and R. Kennedy (eds.), 1991. Feminist Legal Theory, Boulder: Westview Press.\nChamallas, M., 2003. Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory, 2d edition, Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Law & Business.\nFrug, M.J., 1992. \"Sexual Equality and Sexual Difference in American Law,\" New England Law Review, 26: 665\u2013682.\nGould, C., 2003. \"Women's Human Rights & the U.S. Constitution,\" in S. Schwarwenbach and P. Smith (eds.), *Women and the United States Constitution, New York: Columbia University Press, pp.\u00a0197\u2013219.\nMacKinnon, C., 2006. Are Women Human?, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.\nOlsen, F. (ed.), 1995. Feminist Legal Theory, New York: New York University Press.\nManji (eds.), International Law: Modern Feminist Approaches, Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.\nScales, A., 2006. Legal Feminism:  Activism, Lawyering and Legal Theory, New York: New York University Press.\nSchwarzenbach, S. and P. Smith (eds.), 2003. Women & the United States Constitution, New York: Columbia University Press.\nSen, A., 1995. \"Gender Inequality & Theories of Justice,\" in M. Nussbaum and J. Glover (eds.) 1995, pp.\u00a0259\u2013273.\nSmith, P., 2005. \"Four Themes in Feminist Legal Theory: Difference, Dominance, Domesticity & Denial,\" in M. Golding and W. Edmundson, Philosophy of Law & Legal Theory, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp.\u00a090\u2013104. \n\u2013\u2013 (ed.), 1993. Feminist Jurisprudence, New York: Oxford University Press.\nStark, B., 2004. \"Women, Globalization, & Law,\" Pace International Law Review, 16: 333\u2013356.\n\nCategory:Employment discrimination\nCategory:Legal professions\n \nCategory:Women judges\nCategory:Women in society"}
-{"text": "1934 German Grand Prix\n\nThe 1934 German Grand Prix was a Grand Prix motor race held at the N\u00fcrburgring on 15 July 1934.\n\nClassification\n\nRace\n\nStarting Grid Positions\nStarting grid was determined by ballot.\n\nNotes\nManfred von Brauchitsch badly crashed in practice, and Mercedes employee Hanns Geier was called on short notice to replace him\nwww.kolumbus.fi\nwww.teamdan.com\nwww.racing-database.com\n\nCategory:German Grand Prix\nGerman Grand Prix\nGrand Prix"}
-{"text": "Mistral's Daughter\n\nMistral's Daughter is a 1984 American television miniseries,  adapted from Judith Krantz's 1982 novel of the same name.\n\nPlot summary\nIn 1925, Jewish artist model Maggy Lunel (Stefanie Powers) arrives in Paris and overcomes her shyness by posing nude for struggling artist Julien Mistral (Stacy Keach). She enrages the reigning artist model queen Kiki (Annie Jouzier) by bouncing her off the throne as Montmartre's newest sensation. Her paintings become an overnight success, and Mistral signs a contract with art dealer Adrien Avigdor (Ian Richardson). His businesses are arranged by wealthy American heiress Kate Browning (Lee Remick), who is in love with him. At an art gallery, Mistral sells a portrait of Maggy that he promised to her, prompting Maggy to leave him. Through good friend Paula Deslandes (St\u00e9phane Audran) she is set up with banker Perry Kilkullen (Timothy Dalton). Meanwhile, Mistral realizes he has lost his muse and moves to Provence with Kate, where he finds new inspiration. Mistral and Kate marry.\n\nKilkullen is pressured by his lawyer to break off his affair with Maggy, because he is still married \u2013 though just on paper \u2013 to American Mary Jane (Alexandra Stewart). Kilkullen refuses, though, and unsuccessfully attempts to divorce Mary Jane when he finds out that Maggy is pregnant. By 1929, Maggy has given birth to an illegitimate child whom she calls Teddy. Stuck in America trying to get a divorce, Kilkullen invites Maggy and Teddy to live with him in New York City. Upon arrival, Maggy learns that Kilkullen has died in a car accident. Broke, she attempts to sell her jewelry to Harry Klein (Shane Rimmer), who sets her up with dress designer Alberto Bianchi (Victor Spinetti). She climbs her way to the top in New York's fashion industry and befriends several of the city's elite, such as socialite Lally Longbridge (Joanna Lumley) and publisher Jason Darcy (Robert Urich). Meanwhile, Kate loses her entire fortune at the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and relocates to New York in attempt to sell Mistral's work in a new environment. The exposition is a success, though the elite quickly realizes that Maggy has posed nude for Mistral. Mary Jane convinces Bianchi that the scandal could badly influence his company, prompting him to fire Maggy. With the money that she earns from selling her jewelry, she starts her own modeling company.\n\nWhen World War II sweeps the world, Darcy is sent overseas and offers Maggy to elope before leaving, but she rejects the idea. Kate moves into a house in Connecticut and tries to convince Mistral and Avigdor to join her, but Mistral does not see any danger and is only invested with painting; while Avigdor \u2013 who is Jewish \u2013 cannot leave his sick mother behind. Paula joins the resistance and promises to help Avigdor cross the border, but she is caught by the Nazis before she can. Nazi officer Schmidt (Wolf Kahler), who sympathizes with Mistral's work and therefore allows him to continue to work \u2013 catches portraits from Avigdor in Mistral's residence, and warns him not to help Jews. When all of Avigdor's friends are shot by the Nazis, he tries to seeks refuge with Mistral, but Mistral refuses to help him in fear of being sent to a concentration camp as well. After the War, Kate moves back to France and gives birth to Mistral's daughter, Nadine. Back in America, Teddy (Stephanie Dunnam), now a young adult, has been kicked off boarding school for accompanying male Harvard students, and expresses her desire of becoming an artist model as well. She is set up with photographer Melvin Allen Berg, whom she used to date, and they become romantically involved. She leaves him to go to France in order to pose for Mistral. Mistral \u2013 who is unsatisfied with his private life: he does not love Kate, perceives his daughter Nadine as a mistake, and flirts with other women in front of Kate, such as Nancy (Kristin Scott Thomas) \u2013 becomes infatuated with Teddy and courts her. When Teddy becomes pregnant, Mistral vows to leave Kate, but Kate refuses to grant him the divorce. Their daughter, Fauve, is born as a bastard, and Teddy dies in a boating accident shortly after. Maggy takes Fauve to live with her in America.\n\nSixteen years later, Fauve (Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu) is sent to spend the summer with her father in Provence. He tries to help her with her painting skills, but she is more involved with dating Avigdor's son Eric (Pierre Malet) and reading about Jewish history and architecture. Fauve decides to remain in France to spend more time with Eric, much to Maggy's disdain. Julien fears that Fauve will estrange from him and decides to put her in his will (for 1/3rd of his paintings) to keep her close. Kate is infuriated upon finding out and takes her revenge by telling Fauve about Mistral's collaborating actions during the War. She immediately leaves her father and returns to America, where she decides to work at her grandmother's company. Kate, who has found out a year previous that she was terminally ill, dies of lung cancer, and Mistral's health deteriorates as well. Nadine (Caroline Langrishe), who has felt neglected by him for most of her life, is assigned to take care of him, but she ignores her father's cry for help when he has an attack, causing him to die. Nadine is happy to finally get her hands on his will, and is furious when she finds out that Fauve is entitled to his most important pieces of work. Fauve travels to France and is introduced to Mistral's most impressive life work. Through a letter, she learns that Mistral has written a letter to the Synagoge in Cavaillon to beg for mercy. She rekindles her relationship with Eric and decides to follow her true passion of painting. The miniseries ends with Maggy accepting Darcy's marriage proposal.\n\nCast\nStarring\n Stefanie Powers as Marjorie 'Maggy' Lunel\n Lee Remick as Katherine 'Kate' Browning\n Stacy Keach as Julien Mistral\n Robert Urich as Jason Darcy\n Timothy Dalton as Perry Kilkullen\n St\u00e9phane Audran as Paula Deslandes\n Ian Richardson as Adrien Avigdor\nStephanie Dunnam as Theodora 'Teddy' Lunel\n Cotter Smith as Frank\n Pierre Malet as Eric Avigdor\n Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu as Fauve Mistral\n\nCo-starring\n Alexandra Stewart as Mary Jane Kilkullen\n Joanna Lumley as Lally Longbridge\n Caroline Langrishe as Nadine\n Jonathan Hyde as Philippe, Nadine's husband\n Angela Thorne as Nanny Butterfield\n Wolf Kahler as Major Schmidt\n Michael Gough as Cardinal\n Fran\u00e7oise Brion as Patricia Falkland\n Shane Rimmer as Harry Klein\n Victor Spinetti as Alberto Bianchi\nFrancine Olivier as Marthe\nAlan Adair as Maxwell Browning\nSean O'Neil as Louis Fairmont\n Jean Claudio as Etienne Delage\n Jean-Fran\u00e7ois St\u00e9venin as Dr. Beauvoir\n Pierre Vernier as Maitre Duclos\nRobert Favard as Maitre Fresnais\n Jacques Balutin as Legrand\nPhilippe Sturbelle as Joseph Bernard\nChrista Lang as Concierge\n Kristin Scott Thomas as Nancy\n Liliane Rov\u00e8re as A Woman\n\nProduction\nCatherine Deneuve was originally offered the lead, but rejected it.\n\nBy the time Pierre Malet joined the cast as Eric Avigdor, nobody was assigned to play Fauve yet. Malet suggested his girlfriend Philippine Leroy-Beaulieu, who thus assumed the role. She received $100,000 for the role.\n\nThe impressionistic paintings featured in the film were actually the work of John Bratby, a member of the English provincial realist artist group known as the Kitchen Sink school, founded by Bratby in the late 1950s.\n\nThe series\u2019 theme song, performed instrumentally for the series, was later released by Greek singer Nana Mouskouri, titled \"Only Love\". She also released a French version, \"L'Amour en H\u00e9ritage\" and a German version, \"Aber die Liebe bleibt\". It has since been covered multiple times and became a major hit for Norwegian artist Sissel in a Norwegian version, called \"Kj\u00e6rlighet\".\n\nMost of the production was filmed on location in France, over a period of 20 weeks. The entire production reportedly cost over $15 million.\n\nReception\nJudith Krantz praised Leroy-Beaulieu for her portrayal of Fauve, going as far as predicting that she would become a great star.\n\nReviewer of The New York Times praised Lee Remick for portraying Kate \"to fresh-faced clawing perfection\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1980s American television series\nCategory:1984 American television series debuts\nCategory:1984 American television series endings\nCategory:1980s American television miniseries\nCategory:CBS original programming\nCategory:Television programs based on American novels\nCategory:Television shows set in France\nCategory:Television shows set in New York City\nCategory:Films directed by Kevin Connor\nCategory:Adaptations of works by Judith Krantz"}
-{"text": "August Christian Niemann\n\nAugust Christian Niemann (30 January 1761 \u2013 21 May 1832) was a German forestry engineer and political economist. \nHe is known as a composer and collector of student songs.\n\nBorn in Altona,  he studied law in Jena and Kiel.\nServing as Hofmeister for a fellow student of noble background, he moved to the University of G\u00f6ttingen in 1782.\nHe returned to Kiel in 1783, where he received his PhD, and lectured on statistics and political science from 1785.\n\nHis \"academic songbook\" (Akademisches Liederbuch), published in 1782, contained some of his own compositions. It was successful, a second volume being published in 1795. Niemann's song Landesvater, Schutz und Rater became standard part of the Landesvater ceremony, a ritual pledge of friendship practiced by German academic fraternities. \nHe was also the first to set German-language lyrics to the tune of \"God Save the King\", in his \"Heil, unserm Bunde Heil\", a patriotic song and early expression of Pan-German nationalism. This example would be imitated in various German patriotic songs and anthems during the 19th century, most notably in \"Heil dir im Siegerkranz\", the royal anthem of Prussia and later the imperial anthem of the German Empire.\n\nNiemann became extraordinary professor at Kiel University, director of the newly formed forestry institute, in 1787.\nHe was made ordinary professor in 1794, and he served as rector of Kiel University in the academic years 1811/12 and  1829/30.\nNiemann established the Kiel tree nursery (Forstbaumschule Kiel) in 1788.\n\nNiemann was active co-founder of a charitable organisation supporting the poor, the Gesellschaft freiwilliger Armenfreunde.\nThe city of Kiel named  Niemannsweg in his honour, on 4 June 1869.\n\nBibliography\nSongbooks\n1782  Akademisches Liederbuch\n1783 Notenbuch zu des akademischen Liederbuchs erstem B\u00e4ndchen\n1795 Akademisches Liederbuch, vol. 2\n1825 Wald und Wild: Allgemeines Liederbuch f\u00fcr Deutschlands Forst- und Weidm\u00e4nner\n\nPolitical economy\n1784  Von der Industrie, ihren Hindernissen und Bef\u00f6rderungsmitteln\n1796 Grunds\u00e4tze der Staatswirthschaft \n1796 \u00dcbersicht der Sicherungsmittel gegen Feuersgefahren und Feuersbr\u00fcnste \n1799 Handbuch der schleswig-holsteinischen Landeskunde\n1801 Schleswig-holsteinische Vaterlandskunde\n1823 Nebenstunden f\u00fcr die innere Staatenkunde\n\nForestry\n1791  Sammlungen zur Forstgeographie \n1814 Inbegriff der Forstwissenschaft\n1820\u20131822 Vaterl\u00e4ndische Waldberichte\n\nReferences \n\n     \n\nCategory:1761 births\nCategory:1832 deaths\nCategory:German academics\nCategory:University of Kiel faculty"}
-{"text": "Sarah Rowell\n\nSarah Louise Rowell (born 19 November 1962) is a British former long-distance runner. Born in Hostert, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, she ran 2:39:11 at the age of 20 at the 1983 London Marathon. Later that year she won the gold medal in the women's marathon at the 1983 Universiade in Edmonton. At the 1984 London marathon she improved her best to 2:31:28 to qualify for the British team for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. In the inaugural women's Olympic marathon, she finished 14th. She broke the British record when running her personal best for the marathon with 2:28:06, when finishing second behind Ingrid Kristiansen at the 1985 London Marathon.\n\nLater in her running career, Rowell was a prominent fell runner, winning the Three Peaks Race four times as well as Wasdale, Borrowdale and Ben Nevis. She finished second in the 1992 World Mountain Running Trophy and won both the British and English Fell Running Championships in 1995 and 1996.\n\nAchievements\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1962 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from North Rhine-Westphalia\nCategory:British female long-distance runners\nCategory:English female long-distance runners\nCategory:British fell runners\nCategory:British female marathon runners\nCategory:English female marathon runners\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Great Britain\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)\nCategory:British mountain runners\nCategory:Universiade gold medalists for Great Britain"}
-{"text": "Mirel Bolboa\u0219\u0103\n\nMirel Georgian Bolboa\u0219\u0103 (born 11 June 1989) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for UTA Arad.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Pite\u0219ti\nCategory:Romanian footballers\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Liga I players\nCategory:Liga II players\nCategory:FC Arge\u0219 Pite\u0219ti players\nCategory:FC Viitorul Constan\u021ba players\nCategory:FC Petrolul Ploie\u0219ti players\nCategory:FC Universitatea Cluj players\nCategory:ASA 2013 T\u00e2rgu Mure\u0219 players\nCategory:FC UTA Arad players"}
-{"text": "Aron, Mayenne\n\nAron is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.\n\nPopulation\n\nSee also\nCommunes of Mayenne\n\nReferences\nINSEE statistics\n\nCategory:Communes of Mayenne"}
-{"text": "Jannie Habig\n\nJannie \"Jan\" Habig is a South African rally driver and six-time champion in the South African National Rally Championship. He competed in the 2012 WRC season at Rally GB, having scored points there in 1994, as well as being ranked the first of the ARC-registered drivers in Rally South Africa 2013. He is South Africa's third most successful rally driver.\n\nHis co-driver is now Richard Paisley since 2011. Before then, it was Douglas Judd who navigated him to six South African titles.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n WRC Results (eWRC)\n Website\n\nCategory:South African rally drivers\nCategory:World Rally Championship drivers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Paruch\u00f3w\n\nParuch\u00f3w  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina \u017berk\u00f3w, within Jarocin County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of \u017berk\u00f3w,  north-east of Jarocin, and  south-east of the regional capital Pozna\u0144.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Jarocin County"}
-{"text": "Christian Zell\n\nChristian Zell (or Zelle) (c. 1683 \u2013 13 April 1763) was a German harpsichord maker.\n\nHe was probably a pupil of harpsichord maker Michael Mietke. The first mention of him is in 1722 in the register of citizens of Hamburg, the city where he was to spend the rest of his life. In that year, he took over the workshop of instrument maker Carl Conrad Fleischer after marrying his widow; they had three children.\n\nThere are three of his harpsichords surviving: a 1728 instrument in the Museum f\u00fcr Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg; a 1737 instrument in the Museu de la M\u00fasica de Barcelona; and a 1741 instrument in the Museum of the Organeum in Weener, Lower Saxony. They are noted for the richness of their decoration, with lacquered chinoiserie typical of Hamburg harpsichords, and most significantly, their 'matchless tone'.\n\nThe harpsichord played by American singer-songwriter Tori Amos on her 1996 album Boys For Pele and the subsequent Dew Drop Inn Tour is a replica of the 1728 Christian Zell harpsichord although without the elaborate paintings. It was made by  Robert Goble & Son.\n\nNotes and sources\n\nAlexander Pilipczuk: 'Zell [Zelle], Christian', Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 18 May 2007), http://www.grovemusic.com/\n\nSee also\nList of historical harpsichord makers\n\nCategory:German musical instrument makers\nCategory:Harpsichord makers\nCategory:1683 births\nCategory:1763 deaths"}
-{"text": "RUFC\n\nRUFC may refer to:\n\n Rotherham United F.C., an association football club in Rotherham, England\n A rugby union football club (see also :Category:Rugby union teams)\n\nOther football clubs:\n Rakhine United F.C.\n Ramsbottom United F.C.\n Retford United F.C.\n Risca United F.C.\n Rochester United F.C.\n Rossendale United F.C."}
-{"text": "Charlie Ellix\n\nCharlie Ellix (18 October 1941 \u2013 18 March 2002) was an English professional darts player.\n\nCareer\nEllix reached the final in the 1976 Indoor League, losing to Leighton Rees. He then reached the quarter finals of the 1977 Winmau World Masters, losing to eventual winner Eric Bristow. Ellix reached another final in the 1978 Denmark Open where he lost to John Lowe and then reached the quarter final in the 1978 World Masters, losing to Tony Sontag.\n\nEllix played in the 1979 BDO World Darts Championship, losing in the first round to Doug McCarthy. He returned to Jollees two years later for the 1981 BDO World Darts Championship, again losing in the first round to Dave Whitcombe.\n\nOn 29 April 1974 he threw the then fastest (in numbers of darts thrown) 3,001 when he achieved this score with only 79 darts, an average of 37.98 per dart.\n\nEllix died on March 18 2002.\n\nWorld Championships Results\n\nBDO\n 1979: Last 24 (lost to Doug McCarthy 1-2) (sets)\n 1981: Last 32 (lost to Dave Whitcombe 0-2)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nProfile and stats on Darts Database\n\nCategory:English darts players\nCategory:1941 births\nCategory:2002 deaths\nCategory:People from Billingham\nCategory:British Darts Organisation players\nCategory:Sportspeople from County Durham"}
-{"text": "Deivathin Deivam\n\nDeivathin Deivam () is 1962 Indian, Tamil Drama film, written and directed by K. S. Gopalakrishnan, with music by G. Ramanathan. It stars S. S. Rajendran, C. R. Vijayakumari, Kumari Manimala and S. V. Ranga Rao in the lead roles.\n\nCast\n\n S. S. Rajendran\n C. R. Vijayakumari\n Kumari Manimala\n S. V. Ranga Rao\n M. V. Rajamma\n T. K. Balachandran\n N. N. Kannappa\n Nagesh\n Manorama\n K. Natarajan\n Sandhiya\n R. M. Sethupathi\n Radha Bai\n A. M. Maruthappa\n Udaya Chandrika\n Karikol Raju\n\nDance\nGeetanjali (Song:Kannan Mananilaiyai)\n\nCrew\n Art: P. Anagmuthu\n Stills: P. K. Natarajan\n Publicity: Elegant \n Process: V. D. S. Sundaram by Vijaya Lab\n Audiography (dialogue): G. Mohan\n Audiography (Song): P. V. Kodieswara Rao\n Choreography: Vempatti Sathiyam and B. Jayaraman\n\nProduction\nThe film was heavily inspired by the short story Jadam by Bila Hari, that was published in Ananda Vikatan Magazine.\n\nSoundtrack\nMusic by was G. Ramanathan and lyrics were written by Subramania Bharathi, Kannadasan, A. Maruthakasi, Panju Arunachalam, Ra. Pazhanisamy and Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam.Kannan Mananilayai thangame thangam song - a ragamallika, the first ragam name being Abheri Playback singers are S. Janaki, P. Susheela, Renuka, T. M. Soundararajan, P. B. Srinivas and A. L. Raghavan. The song Kannanum Driver-um Onnu was released only on gramophone record.\n\nReception\nThe film had a fairly successful run and Vijayakumari as Kanmani excels, while S. S. Rajendran is equally brilliant with his dialogue delivery. Kumari Manimala, popular in Telugu cinema, is impressive too. Nagesh and Manorama provide comedy relief, while S. V. Ranga Rao is his usual debonair self as the rich man.\n\nTrivia\nThe film was G. Ramanathan's last completed film. He died of a heart attack in the midst of composing for his next film Arunagirinathar (film). T. R. Papa completed it.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1962 films\nCategory:1960s Tamil-language films\nCategory:Indian black-and-white films\nCategory:Films scored by G. Ramanathan\nCategory:Films set in 1962\nCategory:1960s drama films\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:Films based on short fiction\nCategory:Indian drama films\nCategory:Films about women in India\nCategory:Films about Indian weddings\nCategory:Films about widowhood in India"}
-{"text": "1986 Gabonese presidential election\n\nPresidential elections were held in Gabon on 9 November 1986. The country was a one-party state at the time, with the Gabonese Democratic Party as the sole legal party. GDP leader and incumbent president Omar Bongo was the only candidate, and was re-elected unopposed. Voter turnout was reported to be 99.9%.\n\nThese were the last one-party elections in Gabon, as the country returned to multi-party democracy in 1990.\n\nResults\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1986 in Gabon\nCategory:1986 elections in Africa\n1986\nCategory:One-party elections\nCategory:Single-candidate elections"}
-{"text": "Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)\n\nThe Revolutionary Left Movement - New Majority (; MIR-NM) is a social democratic political party in Bolivia. It was a member of the Socialist International.\n\nHistory\n\nThe MIR was founded in 1971 by a merger of a left-wing faction of Bolivia's Christian Democratic Party and the radical student wing of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). It has been led from the beginning by Jaime Paz Zamora. The MIR was becoming influential in the labor movement and politics during the early 1970s, but it was repressed by the government of Hugo Banzer later in the 1970s.\n\nIn 1978, the MIR joined the left-of-center UDP alliance of former president Hern\u00e1n Siles Zuazo. After a few years of unstable military rule, Siles Zuazo was proclaimed Constitutional President in 1982, based on the results of the 1980 elections, which had been annulled by general Luis Garc\u00eda Meza. The MIR's Jaime Paz Zamora accompanied Dr. Siles as his Vice-President. During the dire economic crisis that coincided with the coming to power of the UDP, Siles became considerably unpopular. At this point (1984), the MIR\u2014led by Vice-President Paz Zamora\u2014left the governing alliance and moved into the opposition. Prior to the 1985 elections, a faction of the party led by Antonio Aran\u00edbar left the party on ideological grounds and formed the rival Free Bolivia Movement. The faction of the MIR that remained loyal to Paz Zamora referred to itself as the MIR-New Majority, and espoused a much more moderate program than before, having disassociated itself from Marxist dogmas and any notion of class struggle.\n\nPresidency\n\nThe MIR was revitalized when it became one of the most vocal critics of the austerity and neoliberal measures of the president that followed Siles, V\u00edctor Paz Estenssoro of the MNR. After the 1989 elections, the MIR at long last attained the presidency of Bolivia, despite having finished third in the popular vote. Since no party had obtained the 50% majority needed for direct election, Congress was called upon to decide who should be Chief Executive; Paz Zamora got the nod, thanks to a most unlikely alliance with a former enemy, the right-wing candidate General Hugo Banzer. Perhaps limited by this co-governing pact with Banzer (called the Patriotic Accord), President Jaime Paz Zamora followed much of the course set by the MNR, disappointing many former adherents.\n\nLike the other traditionally dominant parties in Bolivia (such as the MNR and Banzer's Nationalist Democratic Action, or ADN), the MIR has lost ground in recent years. One of its most important leaders, Oscar Eid, even went to jail for links to narcotics trafficking, further tarnishing the party. Indeed, the MIR lost so much support that it chose not to run candidates for the 2005 presidential elections. Instead, it chose to focus its efforts in local and provincial contests. They are not doing particularly well in that sphere either.\n\nThe current leader of the MIR continues to be former President Jaime Paz Zamora, but the party's future is uncertain.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1971 establishments in Bolivia\nCategory:Democratic socialist parties in South America\nCategory:Former member parties of the Socialist International\nCategory:Political parties established in 1971\nCategory:Political parties in Bolivia\nCategory:Social democratic parties in South America\nCategory:Socialist parties in Bolivia"}
-{"text": "Nicholas Medforth-Mills\n\nNicholas Michael de Roumanie Medforth-Mills, formerly Prince Nicholas of Romania, (born 1 April 1985) is the eldest child and only son of Princess Elena of Romania and Robin Medforth-Mills. As a grandson of Michael I, the former king of Romania, he was third in line to the defunct throne of Romania according to a new family statute enacted in 2007, that also conferred the title of a \"prince of Romania\" on him which was abrogated in 2015. The statute and the titles it confers have no standing in present Romanian law.\n\nEarly life\n\nBirth\nNicholas Medforth-Mills was born on 1 April 1985 at La Tour Hospital in Meyrin, a commuter town near Geneva, Switzerland, the first child and son of Princess Elena of Romania and her first husband Robin Medforth-Mills and the second grandchild of King Michael I of Romania and his wife Queen Anne.\n\nHe was baptised in the Orthodox faith, his godparents being Queen Anne (his maternal grandmother) and Crown Princess Margareta of Romania (his maternal aunt).\n\nHe was followed by a sister, Elisabeta-Karina (born 1989).\n\nChildhood\nNicholas born at private hospital in. Meyrin, Geneva , Until the age of 4, Medforth-Mills lived with his sister and parents at the Romanian royal family's residence in Versoix, Switzerland. The family moved to England in 1989 where they took up residence at Flass Hall, Esh Winning in County Durham.\n\nMedforth-Mills joined the Beaver Scouts at age 5. During his childhood, he developed an interest in cars, an interest shared with King Michael I. During holidays in Versoix, Switzerland with his maternal grandparents, Nicholas spent hours in his grandfather's garage, watching him maintain his jeep collection. In an interview with historian Filip-Lucian Iorga, Nicholas recalled the time spent with King Michael, and how he had been allowed to drive one of his cars, a Ford which once belonged to General George S. Patton; the vehicle was given to his grandfather by Queen Anne's paternal uncle Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma as a gift. He also recalled spending time with Queen Anne at Versoix where they used to fish and play golf together.\n\nAs a descendant of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and King Christian IX of Denmark, he regularly met with many of his extended relatives.\n\nEducation\nMedforth-Mills attended Argyle House School, Sunderland, England which he left in 1999 with 8 GCSEs - English Language, English Literature, Mathematics, Science (Chemistry, Biology and Physics), French, German, Information Technology, and Geography.\n\nIn 1999, he enrolled with Shiplake College, Henley-on-Thames, England where he left with 3 A-levels of French, Business Sciences and Physical Education. During this time he also took part in the Duke of Edinburgh's Award.\n\nBefore enrolling for university he took a 5-year \"Gap year\", where:\n In 2004, before enrolling for university, Nicholas was assistant leader of an expedition to South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.\n In 2005, he lived in Kenya for four months and joined an expedition to Madagascar.\n In 2006, he was employed in Kenya as a rafting trainer for the British Armies.\n\nActivities in Romania\nMedforth-Mills' first major appearance in Romania was on 19 April 1992 on Easter Day along with his grandparents King Michael I and Queen Anne and with his mother and her second husband Alexander Nixon.\n\nMedforth-Mills came again for the second time on Christmas Day 1997, when the entire royal family set foot in Romania for the first time after nearly five decades of exile. In 2002, he visited Romania for the third time; he stayed at Elisabeta Palace. During this visit he started to consider his role as a member of the royal family, which required a fundamental transformation for him.\n\nSince the beginning of 2008, Medforth-Mills has become more involved in the public life of Romania, taking part, for instance, at the 2008 UNITER theatre gala and in visits throughout the country with his aunt, Crown Princess Margareta, and his maternal uncle, Radu Duda.\n\nRoyal status\n\nPrince of Romania\n\nIn 1997, Romanian monarchists intended to ask Michael to designate a male heir-presumptive from the House of Hohenzollern in keeping with the rules of the last royal constitution which were based on agnatic primogeniture and \"Salic law\"; The monarchists eventually agreed on a compromise and requested him to designate a male rather than female heir-presumptive, in the person of Nicholas. However, under the influence of Queen Anne, Michael rejected the monarchists' request, and at the end of 1997, he designated Princess Margareta as heir presumptive in keeping with the European Convention on Human Rights, which meant Nicholas would only succeed to the headship of the royal family after the deaths of King Michael, Crown Princess Margareta and his mother.\n\nIn 2005, Michael told Medforth-Mills that he could choose to have the chance of becoming a \"prince of Romania\" which would mean assuming responsibility in a conscious manner by starting to work for the country.\n\nOn 30 December 2007, the press office of King Michael announced that Nicholas Medforth-Mills would receive the title \"prince of Romania\" with the style of \"royal highness\", coming into effect on Nicholas's 25th birthday. On 1 April 2010, by virtue of his new title, he became a member of the Romanian royal family and was decorated with the Nihil Sine Deo, the highest of royal decorations at the time.\n\nIn February 2008, Nicholas stated in an interview with the Romanian daily newspaper Cotidianul that if the Romanian people asked him to become king, he would not refuse.\n\nIn September 2012, after his university studies, he moved to Romania to undertake more of the royal family's public activities.\n\nRemoval of succession rights and princely title\nOn 1 August 2015, former King Michael of Romania signed a document removing the title prince of Romania and the qualification of royal highness from his grandson. Medforth-Mills also has been removed from the line of succession. The former king took the decision after considering that Romania needed a ruler marked by modesty and moral principles, respect and thought for others after the \"reign and life\" of his eldest daughter, Crown Princess Margareta, will have finished. In issuing the declaration, the former king expressed the hope that \"Nicholas will find in future years a suitable way to serve the ideals and use the qualities that God gave him\". Nicholas's mother, Princess Elena, received notification of the former king's decision in a personal letter.\n\nThe move \"stunned Romanians\" and \"sparked speculation that a jealous relative had sought to edge Nicholas out of the succession.\" Marlene Eilers Koenig speculated that the exclusion of Nicholas from the royal succession was due to the birth of an illegitimate daughter, born from a short relationship with Nicoleta C\u00eerjan. The child, born 9 February 2016 and named Iris Anna, was not recognized by the former prince.\n\nNicholas released a press statement on 18 November 2017 from London about the child. Point 2 of the Press release stated, \"I returned to Romania in November 2015 to resolve the situation with my alleged child. Due to the constant lack of co-operation from the mother of my alleged child, this situation has remained unclear. So far, there is no medical evidence to support the mother's accusations. Therefore, any accusations that are related to this subject are unfounded.\"  On 27 May 2019, Nicholas confirmed via a Facebook post that paternity tests had confirmed the illegitimate child is his, and that he had assumed legal responsibility for the child.\n\nMarriage\nNicholas became engaged to Alina Maria Binder, on 29 July 2017 in Cornwall. They married civilly in Henley-on-Thames on 6 October 2017.\n\nOn 30 September 2018 the couple married religiously at Saint Elijah Church in Sinaia, and the wedding reception took place at Sinaia Casino.\n\nAllegation of assault\nOn 8 November 2017, during Michael I's final illness, the Romanian Royal House filed a complaint with Swiss police alleging that Nicholas tried to force his way into his grandfather's home. It alleged that Nicholas \"physically and verbally assaulted\" three staff members, while he accused his relatives of trying to stop him seeing his grandfather and discrediting his name. The former king died on 5 December 2017.\n\nHonours\n  House of Romania: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown\n  House of Romania: Knight of the Decoration of the Custodian of the Romanian Crown, 1st Class\n  House of Romania: Knight of the Decoration of Nihil Sine Deo\n\nAncestry\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Mosley, Charles. Blood Royal \u2013 From the time of Alexander the Great to Queen Elizabeth II (Ruvigny Ltd, London, 2002) () (page 288)\n\nExternal links\n\n Royal House of Romania\n  The Peerage\n Sykes, Tom.  \"Meet the Romanian Prince Who Will Never Be King,\" The Daily Beast, 19 August 2015.\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Geneva\nCategory:Romanian princes\nCategory:House of Romania\nCategory:Romanian people of English descent\nCategory:People educated at Shiplake College\nCategory:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)"}
-{"text": "Helvig of Schauenburg\n\nHelvig of Schauenburg () (1398\u20131436), also known as Hedvig of Holstein  and also Hedwig of Schauenburg, was a duchess of Schleswig and a countess of Holstein from the family of Schauenburg, and ancestor of the Danish Royal houses of Oldenburg and Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg.\n\nShe was a daughter of Gerhard VI of Holstein-Rendsburg and his wife, Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg. Her brother was Adolf VIII/I, Count of Holstein/Duke of Schleswig. Through their father, they were cognatic descendants of King Eric V of Denmark while through their mother, they were cognatic descendants of King Abel of Denmark.\n\nOn 18 April 1417 Helvig was married to Prince Balthasar of Mecklenburg, who died of the plague in 1421. In 1423 she was married to Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg. From her second marriage she had the following children:\n Christian (1426\u20131481), who succeeded his father as Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. In 1448, partly because of his mother's ancestry, he was elected King of Denmark. He also inherited the counties of Schleswig and Holstein upon the death of his childless uncle, Adolf VIII.\n Maurice V of Delmenhorst (1428\u20131464); when his elder brother became king, he was given the County of Delmenhorst.\n Gerhard VI of Oldenburg (1430\u20131500); when his eldest brother had become king, he was given the county of Oldenburg, and from his other brother's heirs he also inherited Delmenhorst in about 1483. \n Adelheid of Oldenburg (1425\u20131475); first married Ernest III, Count of Hohenstein (died 1454) and then in 1474 Gerhard VI, Count of Mansfeld (died 1492).\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nAncestry\n\nDanish royal descent\n\nSee also \n Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein\n\nCategory:1398 births\nCategory:1436 deaths\nCategory:15th-century German people\nCategory:15th-century German women\nCategory:Countesses of Oldenburg\nCategory:House of Mecklenburg\nCategory:House of Oldenburg\nCategory:House of Schauenburg"}
-{"text": "Ormosia nobilis\n\nOrmosia nobilis (sometimes incorrectly: Ormosia novilis) is a tree-forming plant species in the genus Ormosia. It grows in tropical South America, primarily in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Paraguay, and Venezuela.  The Ormosis nobilis tree is known as \"sirari\" and it produces a commercial hardwood which is also known as sirari.\n\nGrowth characteristics\nThe tree grows in the rain forests and reaches heights of up to , with very straight and cylindrical trunks.\n\nUses\nThe wood is commercially cut for hardwood floors. The seeds are used in native handicrafts.\n\nNames\nThe tree and the wood are known by a variety of names including: \n Amargo blanco, \n Baracara, \n Chocho, \n Jatobahy do igapo, \n Kokriki, \n Mekoe, \n Palo de matos, \n Peonio, and\n Tento\n\nVarieties\nVarieties include:\n Ormosia nobilis Tul. Var. bolivarensis Rudd\n Ormosia nobilis Tul. Var. nobilis\n Ormosia nobilis Tul. Var. santaremnensis (Ducke)Rudd\n\nNotes\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nnobilis\nCategory:Trees of Peru"}
-{"text": "Bleialf transmitter\n\nBleialf transmitter is a facility of the Deutsche Telekom AG on the Black Man mountain at Bleialf, Germany for FM- and TV-broadcasting. It uses as antenna tower a 224 metre tall guyed steel-tube mast.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&z=18&ll=50.254722,6.359167&spn=0.001468,0.003616&om=1\n\nCategory:Radio masts and towers in Germany\nCategory:Communication towers in Germany"}
-{"text": "Darryl Borlase\n\nDarryl Borlase is a former Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club.\n\nFootball \nBorlase was recruited by Port Adelaide from the Ceduna Football Club. He would debut for Port Adelaide in 1985 playing 5 games in his first season.\n\nBorlase would go on to have a successful career with Port Adelaide winning four South Australian National Football League (SANFL) premierships during his time at the club. \n\nHowever, he was also unfortunate to miss the 1988, 1989, 1999 and 1995 SANFL Grand Finals due to injury. \n\nIn his final year at Port Adelaide, he captained the SANFL side to victory in the 1998 Grand Final.\n\nAgriculture \nBorlase is an agribusiness executive being a graduate from the University of Adelaide. He began his career in agriculture  with the South Australian Cooperative Bulk Handler. He has also worked for the Australian Wheat Board both in Australia and overseas.\n\nDarryl currently works for Archer Daniel Midland.\n\nPersonal life \nDarryl is married to Jenny Borlase who represented Australia in netball from 1989-1999, and won a gold medal at the 1998 Commonwealth games and three netball world titles in 1991, 1995 and 1999.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from South Australia\nCategory:Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players\nCategory:Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Port Adelaide Magpies players"}
-{"text": "Zyryanka River\n\nZyryanka () is a river in Yakutia, Russia. A left tributary of the Kolyma River. Length - , basin area - .\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rivers of the Sakha Republic\nCategory:Drainage basins of the East Siberian Sea"}
-{"text": "XHSCAK-FM\n\nXHSCAK-FM is a community radio station broadcasting to Taxco de Alarc\u00f3n, Guerrero on 107.9 FM. It is known as Plata Radio and owned by Domi Bello de Tenorio, A.C.\n\nHistory\n\nDomi Bello de Tenorio filed for a station in Taxco on October 6, 2016. The concession was received on August 27, 2018 and the station began broadcasting in 2019.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Radio stations in Guerrero\nCategory:Community radio stations in Mexico"}
-{"text": "Juho Paksujalka\n\nJuho Paksujalka (29 April 1883, Hiitola - 13 September 1951, Anjala) was a Finnish farmer and politician. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1933 to 1936 and again from 1939 to 1948, representing the Agrarian League.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1883 births\nCategory:1951 deaths\nCategory:People from Lakhdenpokhsky District\nCategory:People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)\nCategory:Centre Party (Finland) politicians\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1933\u201336)\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1939\u201345)\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1945\u201348)\nCategory:Finnish people of World War II"}
-{"text": "Veronika Decides to Die (film)\n\nVeronika Decides to Die is a 2009 American psychological drama film directed by Emily Young from a screenplay by Roberta Hanley and Larry Gross, based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Paulo Coelho. It stars Sarah Michelle Gellar, Jonathan Tucker, Melissa Leo, David Thewlis, and Erika Christensen. While the novel originally takes place in Ljubljana, Slovenia, the film is set in New York City.\n\nPlot\nAlthough living what looks like a successful life, Veronika is depressed and cannot find meaning in her existence. Intending suicide, she takes an overdose, blaming her attempted suicide on the failure of the world to recognize what is \"real\". She wakes inside an exclusive and expensive mental asylum only to learn that the overdose has left her prone to an aneurysm that will kill her in a matter of weeks.\n\nAt first, Veronika wants only to accelerate the process, and even a visit by her adoptive parents fails to rekindle her will to live. Her parents love her, but while they are prepared to spend their dwindling resources to get her what help they can (not knowing her death is imminent anyway), they do not truly understand her. They discouraged her from accepting a full musical scholarship at Juilliard because they wanted her to get a degree that could earn her a living. They do not see how she despairs at their constraints.\n\nIn spite of herself and in spite of her disappointment with her materialistic life, Veronika finds renewed purpose through playing the asylum's piano and through observing and then connecting with the schizophrenic Edward. Not only does she recover her own will to live, Veronika helps Edward come out of his catatonic state, and the pair soon \"escape\" (Dr. Blake, looking out his window, observes them escaping, but does not send for anyone to bring them back) from the asylum together, determined to enjoy Veronika's final days as a couple.\n\nVeronika does not know that her aneurysm is the invention of her unorthodox psychiatrist Dr. Blake, who is testing his theory that convincing her she has only weeks to live will restore her to health and cure her desire to commit suicide. He explains his treatment through letter to his estranged wife, a colleague from the asylum. As long as she does not know the truth, he theorizes, she will consider each day as if it might be her last and thus treasure it. This is, he notes, actually true, as nobody knows when their end will come.\n\nWhen Veronika drifts off one morning on a bench at sunrise, Edward believes he has lost her, but his grief transforms to joy when she wakes. Celebrating what they believe might be one more day, the pair embrace and walk happily on the beach in the morning light, laughing and hold hands.\n\nCast\n Sarah Michelle Gellar as Veronika Deklava\n Jonathan Tucker as Edward\n Erika Christensen as Claire\n Melissa Leo as Mari\n David Thewlis as Dr. Blake\n Adrian Martinez as Male Nurse #1\n\nProduction\nShooting for the film began on May 12, 2008, in New York City and concluded on June 21. The novel was adapted for film by Muse Productions, Das Films, and Velvet Steamroller Entertainment. It was reported that Kate Bosworth was previously attached to the project.\n\nRelease\nVeronika Decides to Die had a special screening in Brazil on August 7, 2009, followed by an August 21 release. On its opening weekend, it grossed US$90,455 with 61 screens. The film was released in Poland on October 2, 2009, in Sweden on October 30, 2009, and in South Korea on November 19, 2009. It was released in Argentina on July 1, 2010, in Austria on November 18, 2010, in Germany on September 30, 2010, in Lithuania on April 23, 2010, and in Mexico on September 10, 2010. In Australia, it was released on a region-free PAL DVD. It was never officially released in the United Kingdom.\n\nIn the United States, the film was released by Entertainment One Films in select theaters and on VOD on January 20, 2015, and on DVD on March 17, 2015. To promote the release, a scene was shown on The Hollywood Reporters website in January 2015. That same year, the film was made available on Netflix.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2009 films\nCategory:2000s psychological drama films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American psychological drama films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films about depression\nCategory:Films about suicide\nCategory:Films based on Brazilian novels\nCategory:Films directed by Emily Young\nCategory:Films set in New York City\nCategory:Films set in psychiatric hospitals\nCategory:Films shot in New York City"}
-{"text": "Michael Raelert\n\nMichael Raelert (born 29 August 1980) is a German triathlete who is the 2009 and 2010 Ironman 70.3 World Champion. In 2010, Raelert won Ironman 70.3 races at Switzerland, California, and Germany, as well as the 28th Avia Wildflower Triathlon.\n\nRaelert's older brother, Andreas Raelert, is also an active triathlete.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Michael and Andreas Raelert website \n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:German male triathletes\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Ibanez GAX30\n\nThe Ibanez GAX30 is an entry-level guitar produced by the guitar company Ibanez, as part of the Ibanez GIO series.\n\nLike most entry level guitars produced today, it is produced in one or more countries in Asia (not Japan). It has 22 frets and humbucker pickups. It is finished in solid colors. Harmony Central users note that the neck is quite thin, and the finish is of high quality, relative to other entry-level guitars. Like most guitars in the entry-level category, the tuners and pickups are of lower quality than those on more costly production instruments. The GAX30 features a functioning Tone control, a feature that some other entry level guitars lack due to poor shielding of the electronics cavity or incorrect wiring. The GAX30 has been used by many young guitarists.\n\nExternal links\n https://web.archive.org/web/20051129160944/http://www.harmony-central.com/Guitar/Data4/Ibanez/GAX30-1.html - Harmony Central Reviews\n\nGAX30"}
-{"text": "Simple Man (Noiseworks song)\n\n\"Simple Man\" is a song by Australian rock-pop band Noiseworks. It was released in May 1989 as the third single from their second studio album Touch (1988) and peaked at number 47 on the ARIA singles chart.\n\nTrack listing\n7\" Vinyl / CD Single  (654845 7)\n\n12\" Vinyl / European CD Maxi  (654845 8)\n\nWeekly charts\n\nExternal links\n https://www.discogs.com/Noiseworks-Simple-Man/master/394034\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Noiseworks songs\nCategory:1988 songs\nCategory:1989 singles\nCategory:CBS Records singles\nCategory:Songs written by Jon Stevens"}
-{"text": "Nudiantennarius subteres\n\nNudiantennarius subteres, the deep-water frogfish, is a species of frogfish found in the Pacific Ocean around the Philippines and Indonesia.  They occur at depths of .  This species grows to a length of  SL.  This species is the only known member of its genus.\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Antennariidae\nCategory:Fish described in 1912\nCategory:Taxa named by Hugh McCormick Smith\nCategory:Taxa named by Lewis Radcliffe"}
-{"text": "Kita Kita\n\nKita Kita (I See You; \u30ad\u30bf \u30ad\u30bf) is a 2017 Philippine romantic comedy film written and directed by Sigrid Andrea P. Bernardo, and starring Alessandra de Rossi and Empoy Marquez. Set in Sapporo, Japan, the film follows Lea (De Rossi), a Filipino tourist guide living in Japan who goes blind having witnessed her Japanese fianc\u00e9's infidelity. After a while, fellow Filipino and charmer Tonyo (Marquez) makes a sudden appearance and befriends the visually impaired Lea in best possible ways; eventually, they fall for one another. The film is a was produced by Joyce Bernal and Piolo Pascual's Spring Films and distributed by Viva Films.\n\nKita Kita had its world premiere in Japan at the 12th Osaka Asian Film Festival in March 2017, before a general release in the Philippine on July 19, 2017. The film received generally favorable reviews and has been deemed a sleeper hit, grossing \u20b1100 million on its first week and  the following week, on a modest budget of . Kita Kita ended its theatrical run with a worldwide gross of , making it the highest-grossing Philippine independent film. Post-release, CNN Philippines considered Kita Kita to be one of the best romantic comedy films of the last 25 years.\n\nPlot \nLea is a Filipina tour guide living in Sapporo, Japan who is engaged to Nobu, a young Japanese man. One night, after receiving a note to meet up at a beer house, she discovers her fianc\u00e9 flirting with her own friend, a Filipino-Japanese woman. Before venting out her anger, she counts slowly from one to ten, and recalls all the happy memories she shared with Nobu with each count. As she walks out, a stress-induced blindness occurs and she collapses.\n\nLea struggles to adjust to a life with temporary blindness. Sometime later, Tonyo, Lea's next-door neighbor who is also a Filipino introduces himself to her and makes an effort to cook for her and cheer her up despite being rebuffed several times. Tonyo eventually gains Lea's acquaintance and persuades her to tour with him in and around the city. The two spend most of their time traveling around tourist spots in Sapporo, with Tonyo serving as Lea's eyes through all of their moments. The eventually fall in love and make a promise to re-visit all the places they went to as soon as Lea regains her eyesight. They later celebrate a pseudo-wedding where Tonyo gives Lea a Daruma doll\u2014a Japanese doll which is believed to fulfill wishes of the person who fills out its eyes\u2014and wishes her recovery from blindness.\n\nDuring one of their dates, Tonyo leaves Lea by the road to fetch a stuffed toy he intended to give Lea. At this point, Lea begins to regain her sight and, for the first time sees Tonyo waving at her from the other side of the road. Tonyo, surprised and filled with joy, dashes to Lea but is hit by a vehicle and dies.\n\nAfter Tonyo's death, Lea visits his home, and discovers a letter he left for her. She learns that Tonyo moved from Tokyo to Sapporo, having suffered a broken heart when he was cheated on. It is then revealed that Lea had in fact met him early on. He was a drunken man who slept on the street in front of Lea's home. Lea had been consistently taking care of him, providing him with stir-fried cabbage for food and a blanket. Touched by her kindness, he vowed to better himself, and moves to a house right across from Lea's. One night, a heartbroken Lea\u2014wearing a giant heart suit\u2014spends time instead with a banana mascot who, unbeknownst to her, is also Tonyo. He was the one who sent her a note to meet up at a beer house after discovering her fianc\u00e9's infidelity and carried her home after she collapsed the night she lost her sight. The letter also reveals that Tonyo was suffering from a heart problem. His heart had been enlarged since he was nine years old; he was told that it could burst anytime and he would die, thus his wanting to do everything for Lea before it happened\n\nOvercome with grief, Lea reminisces their moments and fulfills her promise by re-visiting all the places they had been to, putting on a blindfold in every place.\n\nCast \n\n Alessandra de Rossi as Lea, a Filipino tour guide in Sapporo. She was left heartbroken after catching her Japanese boyfriend cheating with a Filipino-Japanese woman, and went blind.\n Empoy Marquez as Tonyo, a fellow Filipino who lives across the street from Lea. Marquez portrayed the character which, according to co-producer Piolo Pascual, was specifically written for Marquez. Pascual had expressed his desire to do the role but later relinquished it to Marquez.\n Junpei Yamamoto as Nobu\n Carolle Urbano as Aiko\n Hiroshi Ito and Yukiyo Ichikawa as Old couple\n Yukiko Ohashi and Tricia Okada as Lesbian couple\n Hanano Koma as Girl\n Yuki Ishikawa as Bartender\n Mai Niizuma, Koharu Niizuma, Chie Narita, Riko Narita as Beer garden guests\n Hannah Espia as Tonyo's ex-girlfriend\n Director Sigrid Andrea Bernardo as Lea's sister (voice cameo only)\n\nProduction\n\nDevelopment\nLucky Blanco, one of the film's producers, was responsible for initiating the concept for Kita Kita. It was originally intended to be a romance story involving three people characterized as unattractive. Blanco forwarded a script to director Sigrid Andrea Bernardo, who then decided to give focus to only two characters that would be later portrayed by Empoy Marquez and Alessandra de Rossi. The concept was revised to a romantic-comedy story involving a \"not so good-looking\" man in a film which will be shot \"in a beautiful place\". Kita Kita was green-lit for production after the script's second draft was reviewed.\n\nBernardo said that she wanted Kita Kita to focus on the concept of \"falling in love even if you don\u2019t see the person\" and added that its story also focuses on the life of Overseas Filipino Workers, particularly on their experiences of entering into romantic relationships during their stay outside the Philippines.\n\nSpring Films, an independent film production outfit founded by actor Piolo Pascual and director Joyce Bernal, made Kita Kita with a budget of \u20b110 million (approximately US$211,000). It was co-produced by Viva Films.\n\nCasting\nDe Rossi chose to do the role because she wanted to portray a character being courted instead of her previous roles of someone who would steal the boyfriend of another character. She describes the film in relation to her role as her \"lightest film\" and remarks that she was used to roles which involved heavy drama which she did not like due to restrictions she experienced.\n\nDirector Sigrid Andrea Bernardo described Marquez as \"a discovery\" for his portrayal as Tonyo remarking that the actor is not only good in doing comedies but also \"has a heart for acting\". She says that Marquez's portrayal of his character will make the audience see beyond his physical attributes. Bernardo also wanted the audience to see Marquez, who has a reputation as a comedian, to see his \"serious side\", saying that she wanted to show a balance of Marquez's serious and comedic sides through the film.\n\nThe characters of de Rossi and Marquez was characterized by Bernardo as two lonely Filipinos in Japan who were brought together due to their shared isolation. According to the director, the story of the film would not have worked well had it been set in the Philippines.\n\nPascual did a voice role as the narrator.\n\nFilming\n\nBoy Y\u00f1iguez was the cinematographer of Kita Kita. Principal photography was done in Hokkaido, Japan. \nAmong the shooting locations in Sapporo are Odori Park, the Sapporo TV Tower, Susukino, the Sapporo Clock Tower, the Historical Village of Hokkaido, Fushimi Inari Shrine, Mount Moiwa, and Moerenuma Park. In Otaru, scenes were filmed at the Otaru Music Box Museum and the Otaru Canal. Scenes were also shot in the Shikisai Hill flower park of Biei town in Kamikawa Subprefecture and on Mount Asahi in Higashikawa.\n\nPost-production\nThe film was intended to be submitted as an entry to the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival. It was pulled out from the film festival because of a rule that all entry films are to be picture lock or bared from further editing once they are submitted to the film festival organizers. Spring Films saw the need for re-editing. One of their decisions was to trim the 85-minute runtime for its theatrical run.\n\nRelease\n\nMarketing\nIn March 2017, a promotional teaser video showing a scene between the characters of Empoy Marquez and Alessandra de Rossi having a romantic conversation while eating ramen was released.\n\nAn advance screening of Kita Kita was held at the University of the Philippines Cine Adarna on March 12, 2017 which led to the promotion of the film through word-of-mouth marketing in social media. The actors and producers made use of the radio and television platforms as well as made mall appearances to promote the film.\n\nThe full trailer of Kita Kita was released on May 16, 2017. On July 4, 2017, the trailer recorded 6.4 million views in Facebook.\n\nOsaka Asian Film Festival\nKita Kita premiered at the 12th Osaka Asian Film Festival which ran from March 3\u201312, 2017 and vied for the Grand Prix and Most Promising Talent awards. It was one of the three Philippine films competed for the honors aforementioned alongside Jerrold Tarog's Bliss and Borgy Torre's Tisay. The screening schedule of the film in the film festival was on March 10 and 11, 2017.\n\nTheatrical run\nKita Kita was submitted to the 2016 Metro Manila Film Festival as a candidate bidding to be selected as one of the eight films to be shown during the run of the film festival but Spring Films decided to pull out from the film festival before the official eight entries were announced.\n\nThe film premiered in the Philippines on July 19, 2017 and had a special screening attended by Filipino celebrities and filmmakers four days prior. It was also highly anticipated in social media by the viewers.\n\nDirector Bernardo expected that the film will be pulled out from theaters the day after its premiere and the producers only hoped for the gross receipt would break even with the  budget. Defying expectations, the film opened to  in its first week across 120 locations. On July 27, 2017, it has already screened in 150 locations. In August 2017, the gross receipt went to  and  later on. Three weeks later, it reached , surpassing Heneral Luna'''s  as the highest-grossing Philippine independent film.\n\n Critical reception Kita Kita was given an \"A\" grade by the Cinema Evaluation Board and was met with positive reviews from critics. Oggs Cruz of Rappler praised the film's lovable characters and the plot which did not rely heavily in romantic-comedy tropes; he said: \"Kita Kita pursued its novelty of molding captivating characters out of unexpected leads while creating around them a droll and exotic world where both hard heartaches and fast hope collide. It is buoyant, without being too eager.\" Wanggo Gallaga of Interaksyon offered similar commentary on the plot and characters, arguing that it is \"a charming film that gives us a fresh look into the rom-com genre. It doesn't rely on prefabricated chemistry or overly complicated plots\". Ro Manalo of Cosmopolitan Philippines gave praise to its visuals and cinematography, and found the plot and characters endearing. Fred Hawson of ABS-CBN News scored it 8/10 and commended the on-screen relationship between Marquez and De Rossi, saying: \"It was this unlikely pairing of De Rossi and Marquez that made Kita Kita work so well to engage its viewers to laugh and cry.\"\n\nWriting for Esquire Philippines, Angelica Gutierrez opined that while she found the film essentially favorable, she argued that it is a \"stalker's fantasy\", citing Empoy Marquez's character to be downright sinister for \"tak[ing] advantage\" of De Rossi's character's blindness throughout. She said:\n\nUnauthorized release\nThe film's complete version had been leaked on Facebook by the first week of August 2017. One of the site's registered users reportedly posted it on August 4, garnering almost 2,000 views and was subsequently shared 70 times at 3:40 ; it got taken down the following day at exactly 5 . Production outfits Spring Films and Viva Films denounced the leak in a joint warning, while co-producer Piolo Pascual and director Sigrid Andrea Bernardo through Instagram and Facebook.\n\nAdaptation\nIndonesia will have its own adaptation of the film and will be entitled as Cinta Itu Buta () with the film set in Busan, South Korea instead of in Japan. It premiered in Indonesian cinemas on October 10, 2019.\n\n Soundtrack \nKZ Tandingan recorded a version of \"Two Less Lonely People in the World\", originally by Australian soft rock duo Air Supply from their 1982 album Now And Forever'', which served as the theme song of the film. It was  As of August 21, 2017, the cover has peaked at #2 spot of Billboard Philippines Hot 100 chart.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2017 films\nCategory:Philippine romantic comedy films\nCategory:Films set in Sapporo\nCategory:Spring Films films\nCategory:Foreign films shot in Japan\nCategory:Viva Films films"}
-{"text": "Michael \u00d3g McFadden\n\nMichael \u00d3g McFadden (1885 \u2013 27 August 1958) was an Irish Fine Gael politician. A merchant and auctioneer, he was first elected to D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta D\u00e1la (TD) for the Donegal constituency at the June 1927 general election. He was re-elected at the September 1927 general election but lost his seat at the 1932 general election. He re-gained his seat at the 1933 general election and was re-elected at each subsequent election until he lost his seat again at the 1951 general election. At the 1951 Seanad election, he was elected to the 7th Seanad on the Agricultural Panel. He lost his seat at the 1954 Seanad election.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1885 births\nCategory:1958 deaths\nCategory:Cumann na nGaedheal TDs\nCategory:Fine Gael TDs\nCategory:Members of the 5th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 6th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 8th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 9th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 10th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 11th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 12th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 13th D\u00e1il\nCategory:Members of the 7th Seanad\nCategory:Politicians from County Donegal\nCategory:Fine Gael senators"}
-{"text": "Lithium tetrafluoroborate\n\nLithium tetrafluoroborate is an inorganic compound with the formula LiBF4.  It is a white crystalline powder.  It has been extensively tested for use in commercial secondary batteries, an application that exploits its high solubility in nonpolar solvents.\n\nApplications\nAlthough BF4\u2212 has high ionic mobility, solutions of its Li+ salt are less conductive than other less associated salts.  As an electrolyte in Lithium-ion batteries, LiBF4 offers some advantages relative to the more common LiPF6.  It exhibits greater thermal stability and moisture tolerance.  For example, LiBF4 can tolerate a moisture content up to 620 ppm at room temperature whereas LiPF6 readily hydrolyzes into toxic POF3 and HF gases, often destroying the battery's electrode materials. Disadvantages of the electrolyte include a relatively low conductivity and difficulties forming a stable solid electrolyte interface with graphite electrodes.\n\nThermal stability\nBecause LiBF4 and other alkali-metal salts thermally decompose to evolve boron trifluoride, the salt is commonly used as a convenient source of the chemical at the laboratory scale:\n\n LiBF4 \u2192 LiF + BF3\n\nProduction\nLiBF4 is a byproduct in the industrial synthesis of diborane:\n8 BF3  +  6 LiH  \u2192  B2H6  +  6 LiBF4\n\nLiBF4 can also be synthesized from LiF and BF3 in an appropriate solvent that is resistant to fluorination by BF3 (e.g. HF, BrF3, or liquified SO2):\n\n LiF + BF3 \u2192 LiBF4\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Tetrafluoroborates\nCategory:Lithium compounds\nCategory:Electrolytes"}
-{"text": "Fetlar\n\nFetlar is one of the North Isles of Shetland, Scotland, with a usually resident population of 61 at the time of the 2011 census. Its main settlement is Houbie on the south coast, home to the Fetlar Interpretive Centre. Fetlar is the fourth-largest island of Shetland and has an area of just over .\n\nHistory\nOne of the strange features of Fetlar is a huge wall that goes across the island known as the Funzie Girt or Finnigirt Dyke. It is thought to date from the Mesolithic period. So sharp was the division between the two halves of the island that the Norse talked of East and West Isle separately.\n\nAnother attraction on the island is the Gothic Brough Lodge, built by Arthur Nicolson in about 1820, and which is undergoing restoration by the Brough Lodge Trust. The Fetlar sheepdog trials take place annually, normally in July. The Fetlar Foy, once very popular with Shetlanders and tourists alike, took place at midsummer on the Links at Tresta where folk were entertained with music, food and drink.\n\nIts most famous son was Sir William Watson Cheyne Bt FRS FRCS, a close associate of Lord Lister and one of the pioneers of antiseptics. He was professor of surgery at King's College London, President of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and wrote many books on medical treatments. He was made a baronet for services to medicine in 1908, and later was an MP\u2014first for the Universities of Edinburgh and St Andrews, and then for the Combined Scottish Universities\u2014between 1917 and 1922. He was Lord Lieutenant of the Shetland Islands from 1919 to 1930. Cheyne died on Fetlar on 19 April 1932.\n\nFetlar was home to the Society of Our Lady of the Isles, an Anglican religious order for women, until it moved to Unst in 2015.\n\nFishing and shipwrecks\nThe island has a long tradition of fishing. According to Guinness World Records, in August 2012 what was then the oldest message in a bottle, released in June 1914, was found by Andrew Leaper, skipper of the Copious, coincidentally the same fishing vessel involved in a previous record recovery in 2006. The bottle, and Mr Leaper's World Record certificate, have been donated to the Fetlar Interpretative Centre. Fetlar also has an international selection of shipwrecks including Danish, Dutch, German, English and Soviet vessels.\n\nGeography and geology\nFetlar has a very complex geology, including gneiss in the west, metamorphosed gabbro and phyllite, and kaolin. There is also antigorite and steatite here. Talc was mined here. The east of the island is part of the Shetland ophiolite complex (a section of the Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed above sea level). \n\nFetlar is surrounded by a number of small islands, particularly in the sound between it and Unst. These include to the north: Daaey, Haaf Gruney, Sound Gruney, Urie Lingey and Uyea; and to the west: Hascosay and Linga.\n\nIt is separated from Hascosay and Yell by Colgrave Sound. Much further to the south are the Out Skerries and Whalsay.\n\nEtymology\nThere are three island names in Shetland of unknown and possibly pre-Celtic origin: Fetlar, Unst and Yell. The earliest recorded forms of these three names do carry Norse meanings: Fetlar is the plural of fetill and means \"shoulder-straps\", Omstr is \"corn-stack\", and \u00ed \u00c1la is from \u00e1l meaning \"deep furrow\". However, these descriptions are hardly obvious ones as island names, and are probably adaptations of a pre-Norse language. This may have been Pictish but there is no clear evidence for this. Haswell-Smith suggests a meaning of \"prosperous land\" and that the island's name may mean \"two islands strapped together\" by the Funzie Girt. It was recorded as \"F\u00f6til\u00f8r\" in 1490, and as \"Pheodor Oy\" in 1654.\n\nNature and conservation\nFetlar's wildlife is as varied as its geology. For example, over two hundred species of wild flower have been identified here. The island is known as \"The Garden of Shetland\", due to its highly fertile soil. \n\nThe northern part of Fetlar is a RSPB reserve, home to several important breeding species including Arctic skuas and Eurasian whimbrels. The Lamb Hoga peninsula and nearby Haaf Gruney have some of the largest colonies of storm petrel. In total the island supports 20,000 individual seabirds, including nationally important populations of Arctic skua, Northern fulmar, great skua, Arctic tern and red-necked phalarope. Of greatest importance are red-necked phalaropes, for which the Loch of Funzie is the most important breeding site in the United Kingdom, and for a while during the 1990s was the only breeding site in the country. A pair of snowy owls famously bred here in the 1960s and early 1970s, they lasted until the 1980s but are no longer present. However, a snowy owl was spotted on Fetlar in October 2018 . \n\nFetlar, and the seas around it, hold several overlapping conservation designations:\nThe North Fetlar Special Area of Conservation (SAC) covers  of the island, and protects the islands dry heaths and base-rich fens .\nThe Fetlar Special Protection Area (SPA), covers  of the island and surrounding seas due to the importance of this habitat for many species of seabirds.  \nThe Fetlar to Haroldswick Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area protects  of sea. It completely surrounds Fetlar, and extends to cover  all sea between the islands and the neighbouring islands of Yell and Unst from the Colgrave Sound to Haroldswick.\n\nInfrastructure\nFerries sail daily from Hamars Ness on Fetlar to Gutcher on Yell, and to Belmont on Unst. A new breakwater and berthing facility was added at Hamars Ness, and was officially opened on 1 December 2012.\n\nThere is a communications tower on Fetlar at: 60\u00b036'5.39\"N, 0\u00b055'35.44\"W. Fetlar is \"Under Evaluation\" for superfast broadband according to Digital Scotland.\n\nCommunity development\nFetlar Developments Ltd (FDL), a company limited by guarantee and a registered charity, was set up by the community to counter the depopulation of the island, which had fallen to just 48 in early 2009, when the 2001 total had been 86. The development company continue to work towards securing a sustainable future for the island both socially and economically.\n\nWork to install three wind turbines in a Community wind energy project began in December 2015.\n\nSchool\nCurrently there are 3 primary pupils and 1 nursery pupil at Fetlar primary school, situated at Baela near Houbie.\n\nSee also \n\n List of islands of Scotland\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n \n Gammeltoft, Peder (2010) \"Shetland and Orkney Island-Names \u2013 A Dynamic Group\". Northern Lights, Northern Words. Selected Papers from the FRLSU Conference, Kirkwall 2009, edited by Robert McColl Millar.\n\nExternal links\n\n Fetlar community website\n\n \nCategory:Islands of Shetland\nCategory:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds reserves in Scotland\nCategory:Parishes of Shetland\nCategory:Nature Conservation Marine Protected Areas of Scotland\nCategory:Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland\nCategory:Special Protection Areas in Scotland"}
-{"text": "RAB13\n\nRas-related protein Rab-13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAB13 gene.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading"}
-{"text": "Maicon da Silva\n\nMaicon da Silva Moreira, simply known as Maicon (born 10 March 1993), is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a right midfielder or right defender for FC Tulsa in the USL Championship.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. Maicon first played for clubs in the state.\n\nIn 2011, he moved to Italy and joined Reggina Calcio's youth setup. He made his professional debut on 6 May 2012, in a 1\u20133 loss at Sampdoria, and after a brief loan period with Pontedera, he established himself in the club's starting XI.\n\nMaicon joined American USL Championship club FC Tulsa in January 2020.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Serie B players\nCategory:Croatian First Football League players\nCategory:Reggina 1914 players\nCategory:A.S. Livorno Calcio players\nCategory:Sport Club do Recife players\nCategory:NK Istra 1961 players\nCategory:FC Tulsa players\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Italy\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Croatia\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Italy\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Croatia\nCategory:Expatriate soccer players in the United States\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States"}
-{"text": "Central Jail Lahore\n\nCentral Jail Lahore is a prominent jail situated in Lahore, Pakistan at Rakh Chandra (Kot Lakhpat). The jail is also known as Kot Lakhpat Jail with reference to its location. The jail houses more than four times the 4000 prisoner capacity it was built for. Some prisoners died in the prison in the past, including Indian prisoner Sarabjit Singh\n\nSee also\n\n Government of Punjab, Pakistan\n Punjab Prisons (Pakistan)\n Central Jail Faisalabad\n Central Jail Mianwali\n Headquarter Jail\n Central Jail Rawalpindi\n District Jail Rawalpindi\n National Academy for Prisons Administration\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Prisons in Pakistan"}
-{"text": "Xois\n\nXois (, ,  Strabo xvii. p, 802; Ptolemy iv. 5. \u00a7 50; , Stephanus of Byzantium s. v.) was a town of great antiquity and considerable size. It was located nearly in the center of the Nile Delta in Egypt, and is identified as the ancient Egyptian city of Khasut (Khaset or Sakha).\n\nHistory\nXois sat upon an island formed by the Sebennytic and Phatnitic branches of the Nile. It belonged to the Sebennytic Nome, and later was the capital of its own nome, the Xoite nome.\n\nThe Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt consisted, according to Manetho, of 76 Xoite kings. This dynasty immediately preceded that of the Hyksos during the Second Intermediate Period. It seems possible, therefore, that Xois, from its strong position among the marshes of the Nile Delta formed by the intersecting branches of the river, could have held out during the occupation of the Delta by the Hyksos, or at least compromised with the invaders by paying them tribute.\n\nThis hypothesis, however, is not shared by most Egyptologists today, who believe that the Fourteenth Dynasty was based in Avaris in the eastern Delta.\n\nBy some geographers, Xois is supposed to be the Papremis of Herodotus (ii. 59, iii. 12). Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion (l'Egypte sous les Pharaons, vol. ii. p.\u00a0214) identified Xois's remains at modern-day Sakha (Sakkra), which is the Arabic version of the Coptic S\u1e2beow and Egyptian s\u1e2bw (Niebuhr, Travels, vol. i. p.\u00a075). The road from Tamiathis to Memphis passed through Xois.\n\nThrough the Roman and Byzantine era, Xois was the center of a Christian diocese. It remains a vacant titular bishopric from the Roman Empire.\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Cities in ancient Egypt\nCategory:Ruins in Egypt\nCategory:Former populated places in Egypt\nCategory:Nile Delta"}
-{"text": "Synod of Twyford\n\nThe Synod of Twyford was a synod of the early English church held in 684 and described by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, Book IV, ch. 28. The synod was held at a place called \"Adtwifyrdi\", the location of which is unknown. Adtwifyrdi is the name used by the Venerable Bede to describe the meeting of river and tributary at the mouth of the River Aln.  Archbishop Theodore presided over the synod in the presence of King Ecgfrith; bishop Tunberht of Hexham was deposed there and Cuthbert elected bishop of Lindisfarne.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:7th-century Christian church councils\nCategory:684\nCategory:7th century in England\nCategory:History of Northumberland"}
-{"text": "Kaba languages\n\nThe Kaba languages, also called Sara Kaba but not to be confused with the Sara languages, comprise three to five languages of Chad and the Central African Republic. They are Bongo\u2013Bagirmi languages of the Central Sudanic language family. \n\nThe most populous Kaba languages are Kaba Deme and Kaba Naa (Kaba Na, Kaba Nar), spoken by about forty thousand people apiece. Others are Kaba proper (Ta Sara), Kaba/Sara Dunjo, and Kulfa (Kaba So, Kurmi). It is not clear that Naa, Dunjo, and Kaba proper (Ta Sara) are actually distinct languages. Kulfa speakers are ethnically distinct. \n\nThe terms \"Kaba\" and \"Sara\" are generic and often interchangeable, and do not correspond to the somewhat arbitrarily named Kaba and Sara branches of Central Sudanic. Kabba and Kabba Laka, for example, are Sara languages, and many of the Kaba languages go under the names \"Kaba\", \"Sara\", and \"Kaba Sara\".\n\nReferences  \n\nRoger Blench\n\nCategory:Bongo-Bagirmi languages\nCategory:Languages of Chad\nCategory:Languages of the Central African Republic"}
-{"text": "Live at Bonnaroo\n\nLive at Bonnaroo is the third album and second live album by Warren Haynes and was recorded at the Bonnaroo Music Festival on June 15, 2003. It is Warren Haynes' third release as a solo artist.\n\nTrack listing\n\"Lucky\" (C. Greenwood, J. Greenwood, Selway, Yorke) - 4:22\n\"Patchwork Quilt\" (Haynes) - 4:23\n\"To Lay Me Down\" (Garcia, Hunter) - 4:52\n\"Glory Road\" (Sisk) - 4:59\n\"The Real Thing\" (Haynes) - 5:54\n\"One\" (Bono) - 5:23\n\"In My Life\" (Haynes) - 4:19\n\"I'll Be The One\" (Haynes) - 5:03\n\"Fallen Down\" (Haynes) - 5:25\n\"Forevermore\" (Haynes) - 3:39\n\"Beautifully Broken\" (Haynes, Louis) - 3:34\n\"I've Got Dreams To Remember\" (O. Redding, Z. Redding, Rock) - 4:25\n\"Tastes Like Wine\" (Haynes) - 4:39\n\"Wasted Time\" (Henley, Frey) - 4:53\n\"Stella Blue\" (Garcia, Hunter) - 6:19 \n\"Soulshine\" (Haynes) - 6:42, with Vusi Mahlasela\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2004 live albums\nCategory:Warren Haynes albums"}
-{"text": "Teddy Bear Museum of Naples\n\nThe Teddy Bear Museum of Naples was a visitor attraction located in north Naples, Florida, United States. It opened in 1990 and closed in 2005. It operated as a non-profit organization, and received funding from donations, as well as profit from museum tickets, gift shop sales, and Hug Club membership.\n\nHistory\nThe museum started when Frances Pew Hayes received a small M&M's teddy bear from a grandchild. After this, she started collecting teddy bears and opened the museum six years later, in 1990. The collection expanded to around 5,500 individual bears until the museum closed. Many of the bears were donated from private collectors. In the late 1990s, the Museum was sold to North Collier Hospital, and the hospital planned to relocate the museum to a new location as part of a new children's hospital. The plan fell through, and the museum was again separated.\n\nIn 2005, a year after Hayes died, the museum director, George Black (known among museum staff and volunteers as 'Brownie'), announced that the museum would be closed and all of the exhibits would be sold off. Reasons included rising operating costs, a lack of volunteers, and flat admission numbers.\n\nThe museum\n\nThe main museum building itself was a circular shaped building with a central atrium. An auxiliary building contained a small gift shop.\nThe museum contained various exhibits, such as a Teddy Bears' Picnic, a parade, a wedding ceremony, a \"beard of directors\", and collections from around the world .\n\nTeddy Bear Fair\nOne of the annual events held by the Museum was the Teddy Bear Fair. It was usually held in October and consisted of various activities, such as games, performances by bands and groups, and petting zoos. The fair was initially located at Cambier Park in Naples, but during the North Collier Hospital ownership, the fair was held at the hospital.\n\nExternal links\nTeddy Bear Museum official website from Wayback Machine\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Museums established in 1990\nCategory:Museums disestablished in 2005\nCategory:Museums in Collier County, Florida\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Naples, Florida\nCategory:Teddy bear museums\nCategory:Defunct museums in Florida\nCategory:Toy museums in the United States\nCategory:1990 establishments in Florida\nCategory:2005 disestablishments in Florida"}
-{"text": "Louis J. and Harriet Rozier House\n\nLouis J. and Harriet Rozier House is a historic home located at De Soto, Jefferson County, Missouri.  It was built in 1887, and is a two-story, asymmetrical, Queen Anne style frame dwelling.  It sits on a rock-faced limestone foundation and has a hipped roof and lower cross gables.  It features a one-story wraparound porch, spindlework, and fishscale shingles.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri\nCategory:Queen Anne architecture in Missouri\nCategory:Houses completed in 1887\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Missouri\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Missouri"}
-{"text": "Carmarthen Bank\n\nCarmarthen Bank was a bank established and formerly operated in the  county of Carmarthenshire, Wales during the 19th century. It became bankrupt in 1832 and its name was then adopted by another Carmarthenshire-based bank.\n\nHistory\nThis bank was established in Carmarthen by the partnership known as  Waters, Jones & Co., and probably developed from one or more earlier banks operated under the name of Waters and variously referred to in the London Directory, for the years 1811\u20131816, as Waters; Waters & Co.; R. & R. Waters; and Thomas Waters & Sons.\n\nDuring the Panic of 1825, the Bank of England suspended cash payments due to frequent provincial bank failures, leading to a general run on British banks in December 1825. In December, 1825 public meetings were held at the Guildhall, Carmarthen and at Llandeilo, where votes of public confidence were passed in Waters, Jones & Co. and David Morris & Sons. Both enterprises survived the 1825 crisis but, on 19 January 1832, Waters, Jones & Co. suspended all payments. The partners in Carmarthen Bank at this time were John Waters, Arthur Jones and David Jones, all of Carmarthen.\n\nAttempts were made to avoid bankruptcy, and on 7 February 1832, an agreement was drawn up which recited that the accounts had been inspected on 21 January 1832, and that assets were sufficient to meet liabilities. Under this agreement, Waters, Jones & Co. would meet all the assets of Carmarthen Bank under the supervision of inspectors, who were to receive the proceeds of realisation of the assets on trust for the bank\u2019s creditors. This agreement contained a proviso that if the partners of Sir James Esdaile & Co., bankers of Lombard Street, London, and certain other creditors holding nine-tenths of the value of the bank\u2019s debts, did not execute the agreement before 1 May 1832, the agreement would be void and a commission of bankruptcy would be issued against Waters, Jones & Co. Although the partners in the bank, and some of the creditors, signed the agreement, the partners of Sir James Esdaile & Co., who were owed a large amount, did not. A fiat of bankruptcy was issued, and the notes exhibited at the Ivy Bush Hotel, Carmarthen on 11 September 1832, when a first dividend of 5 shillings in the pound was paid.\n\nAccording to one authority, the liabilities of Waters, Jones & Co. amounted to \u00a3300,000, and the failure of the bank was the result of \u2018issuing notes to the extent of nearly \u00a3100,000 upon unmarketable securities, and making advances in opposition to every principle of common sense and common safety. Money was freely lent, without security, to drovers to enable them to purchase cattle, and the wants of a large agricultural district were soothed in a similarly paternal manner.\u2019 It may be that such harsh criticism was due to the writer being a heavy depositor in the bank.\n\nSuccessor in name\nIt was probably after the failure of Carmarthen Bank that David Morris adopted the name, and changed the name of his bank from David Morris & Sons to Carmarthen Bank. David Morris & Sons had been formed from the amalgamation of Morris & Sons, which he had established in Carmarthen, in 1791, and Carmarthen Furnace Bank, which had been established by John Morgan of Furnace House, Carmarthen.\n\nBank notes\nThe earliest known bank note for this bank is for \u00a32 and is dated 10 October 1825. Existing specimens of bank notes issued by the bank are for \u00a31, \u00a32, \u00a35, \u00a38, and \u00a350. So far as is known, it is the only bank in England and Wales that issued a bank note for \u00a38\n\nOther Carmarthenshire banks\nOther Carmarthenshire banks include: Carmarthen Furnace Bank, Llandovery Bank, Llanelly Bank, and David Morris & Sons.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCarmarthenshire Archives Service, Carmarthen Bank Collection\nCarmarthen Bank Note specimen\nMoney and Coins in Wales\nBizFace News Forum, Banking Crisis: \"Lloyds was a safe bank in 1825\", posted 22 October 2008 at 17:35 by Royston\nGaian Economics site\n\nCategory:Banks of Wales\nCategory:Defunct companies of Wales\nCategory:History of Carmarthenshire\nCategory:19th-century establishments in Wales\nCategory:Companies based in Carmarthenshire"}
-{"text": "Bridgham\u2013Arch\u2013Wilson Streets Historic District\n\nThe Bridgham\u2013Arch\u2013Wilson Streets Historic District is a predominantly residential historic district in Providence, Rhode Island.  It is located southwest of downtown Providence, and was developed beginning in the 1840s as a suburban part of the city.  It is roughly in the shape of a boot, roughly bounded by Cranston, Bridgham, Elmwood, and Harrison Streets.  Most of the housing is architecturally reflective of the mid-19th century, with the Greek Revival, Italianate, and Second Empire styles well represented.  Development in the area slowed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, so there are only a modest number of Queen Anne, Stick style, and Colonial Revival properties.  Most of the houses are either 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 story wood frame structures, and are generally set on fairly small lots.  There are 175 primary buildings in the district, of which more than 150 are historically significant.\n\nThe district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.\n\nSee also\n\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Italianate architecture in Rhode Island\nCategory:Greek Revival architecture in Rhode Island\nCategory:History of Providence, Rhode Island\nCategory:Historic districts in Providence County, Rhode Island\nCategory:Geography of Providence, Rhode Island\nCategory:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Providence, Rhode Island"}
-{"text": "Devondrick Walker\n\nDevondrick Walker (born July 11, 1992) is an American professional basketball player for the South East Melbourne Phoenix of the National Basketball League (NBL). He played three years of college basketball for Texas A&M\u2013Commerce before spending the first three seasons of his professional career in the NBA Development League. He moved overseas for the first time in 2017 to play in Australia for the Perth Wildcats, only to return home prior to the 2017\u201318 season due to a foot injury.\n\nHigh school career\nWalker attended South Garland High School in Garland, Texas, where he was a three-year letterwinner. As a senior in 2009\u201310, he averaged 10 points, four assists and four steals per game, which earned him all-district honors.\n\nCollege career\nComing out of high school, Walker had no scholarship offers. Instead, he secured a last-second offer through a connection his high school assistant coach had. In May 2010, Walker signed a letter of intent to play basketball for Northwestern Oklahoma State University in the 2010\u201311 season. Walker played for former four-year Ranger basketball player and assistant coach at South Garland High School, Dominique Parker. He rarely played, however, and after one season transferred to Texas A&M University\u2013Commerce, a little known Division-II school outside of Dallas. It was there that Walker found someone who believed in him\u2014head coach Sam Walker. Devondrick said in January 2017, \"I had an amazing head coach (Sam Walker). He forced me to defend when I didn't want to, forced me to rebound when I didn't want to.\"\n\nAs a sophomore in 2011\u201312, Walker saw action in all 27 games with 21 starts, and averaged 28.1 minutes, 8.9 points, 3.9 rebounds, 1.7 assists and 1.0 steals per game. He ranked 10th in the Lone Star Conference in free throw percentage (76.9) and was named the Lone Star Conference Offensive Player of the Week on February 27, 2012. He scored in double digits in 11 contests, including a career-best 24 points in the regular season finale against Angelo State on February 25, 2012.\n\nAs a junior in 2012\u201313, Walker appeared in all 29 games for the Lions with 14 starts. He averaged 9.5 points, 3.2 rebounds, 1.3 assists and 0.9 steals in 24.7 minutes per game. He shot 41.5 percent from the floor, including 41.9 percent from three-point range, while hitting 82.3 percent of his free throws, ranking second in the Lone Star Conference. He posted 13 double figure point totals on the year, highlighted by his 20-point performance against Southern Arkansas on November 26, 2012.\n\nAs a senior in 2013\u201314, Walker was a second-team all-Lone Star Conference selection, his first such honor. He finished the season ranked in the top 10 in the league with 13.6 points per game and led the LSC with a 91.3-percent mark from the foul stripe. He also was named to the academic all-LSC team for the second time in his career, graduating in May. On June 5, 2014, he was named the recipient of the 2013\u201314 Lone Star Conference Scholar-Athlete Award for A&M-Commerce.\n\nProfessional career\n\nNBA D-League/G League (2014\u20132018)\n\n2014\u201315 season\nUpon graduating from college, Walker had no contract offers, and as a result, he thought his playing days had come to a close. However, after attending open tryouts with the Austin Spurs, Texas Legends and Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League, the Spurs added him to their training camp roster in early November 2014. In 2014\u201315, Walker helped Austin reach the Western Conference Finals of the 2015 NBA D-League Playoffs. In 37 games as a rookie, he averaged 3.0 points and 1.5 rebounds per game.\n\n2015\u201316 season\nOn October 30, 2015, Walker was reacquired by the Austin Spurs. However, on November 11, 2015, he was waived by the Spurs prior to the start of the 2015\u201316 D-League regular season. On January 18, 2016, Walker was acquired by the Westchester Knicks. He remained with Westchester for the rest of the 2015\u201316 season, and in 25 regular-season games, Walker averaged 4.8 points and 2.2 rebounds per game.\n\n2016\u201317 season\nOn October 31, 2016, Walker was reacquired by the Westchester Knicks. On December 14, 2016, he was traded to the Delaware 87ers in exchange for Von Wafer. Walker was averaging 10 points, two rebounds, one assist and one steal in 21 minutes per game with Westchester prior to the trade. Walker's best month of the 2016\u201317 season was January, when he averaged 14.9 points, 3.1 rebounds and 1.1 assists. At the 2017 D-League Showcase in Mississauga in late January, over the course of the 87ers' two games, Walker put on perhaps the greatest shooting display the Showcase has ever seen. In just 49 total minutes, he went 15-of-18 from the field, including 12-of-12 from downtown, on his way to 46 points. Five of his six 20-point games with Delaware came after December, including a career-high 24 points in a 131\u2013125 loss to the Maine Red Claws on February 4. Walker also tallied at least 17 points in 12 games, with 10 of those performances coming after December. Having demonstrated the most significant improvement during the 2016\u201317 NBA D-League season, on April 20, 2017, Walker was named the NBA D-League Most Improved Player. In his third season in the NBA D-League, Walker appeared in 48 games (38 with Delaware, 10 with Westchester), averaging 12.0 points, 2.8 rebounds and 1.3 assists.\n\n2017\u201318 season\nIn July 2017, Walker played for the Utah Jazz Summer League team in Utah and Las Vegas. In six games, he averaged 9.3 points in 20 minutes per game.\n\nOn July 21, 2017, Walker signed with the Perth Wildcats in Australia for the 2017\u201318 NBL season. He quickly established himself as a key part of the playing group, but on August 24, 2017, the Wildcats announced that Walker had suffered a fracture in his left foot that would sidelined him for a large portion of the season. After receiving advice from multiple specialists, Walker opted to take a non-surgical approach to repairing the injury. He was subsequently replaced in the squad by J. P. Tokoto.\n\nOn March 15, 2018, Walker returned to the Delaware 87ers. In July 2018, he played for the Philadelphia 76ers during the 2018 NBA Summer League.\n\nEurope (2018\u20132020)\nOn July 31, 2018, Walker signed a one-year deal with Italian team Pallacanestro Trieste for the 2018\u201319 LBA season. He left them after appearing in four games. On January 9, 2019, he signed with New Basket Brindisi for the rest of the LBA season. In seven games for Brindisi, he averaged 11.4 points and 3.0 rebounds per game.\n\nOn December 12, 2019, Walker signed with French team Chorale Roanne Basket of the LNB Pro A. He parted ways with Chorale Roanne on January 13, 2020. He appeared in four games for Roanne, averaging 9.3 points in 23 minutes per game.\n\nReturn to Australia (2020\u2013present)\nOn January 14, 2020, Walker signed with the South East Melbourne Phoenix for the rest of the 2019\u201320 NBL season, returning to Australia for a second stint.\n\nPersonal\nWalker is good friends with former Austin Spurs teammate and current NBA player Jonathon Simmons, and former NBA player Bryce Cotton. Walker grew up idolising Detroit Pistons' great Isiah Thomas.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nDevondrick Walker at lionathletics.com\n\nCategory:1992 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Australia\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in France\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Italy\nCategory:American men's basketball players\nCategory:Austin Spurs players\nCategory:Basketball players from Texas\nCategory:Chorale Roanne Basket players\nCategory:Delaware 87ers players\nCategory:Lega Basket Serie A players\nCategory:New Basket Brindisi players\nCategory:Northwestern Oklahoma State Rangers men's basketball players\nCategory:Pallacanestro Trieste players\nCategory:Shooting guards\nCategory:Small forwards\nCategory:South East Melbourne Phoenix players\nCategory:Texas A&M\u2013Commerce Lions men's basketball players\nCategory:Westchester Knicks players"}
-{"text": "Kollikodon\n\nKollikodon ritchiei is an australosphenidan species, often classified as a monotreme but more recently recovered as an outgroup. It is known only from an opalised dentary fragment, with one premolar and two molars in situ. The fossil was found in the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia, as was Steropodon.\n\nKollikodon lived in the lower Cretaceous period, during the middle Albian age (113-101 million years ago).\n\nLike Steropodon, Kollikodon was a relatively large mammal for the Mesozoic. The molars have a length of around 5.5\u00a0mm and a width of between about 4 and 6\u00a0mm (Clemens et al., 2003). Based upon these data, the potential body length could be up to a metre. Assuming the accuracy of such a guess, Kollikodon would be a contender for the largest Mesozoic mammal known, along with other possible giants such as Repenomamus, Schowalteria, and Bubodens.\n\nAside from its size, it is difficult to say what Kollikodon looked like. It is certain that its teeth were specialised to crush food, being perhaps a shellfish-eater or herbivore.\n\nBoth Kollikodon and Steropodon can be found at the Australian Museum in Sydney, along with Eric, the opalised pliosaur.\n\nEtymology\nKollix is an ancient Greek word (\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03be) for a bread roll. The strange teeth of Kollikodon, when seen from above, resemble hot cross buns, traditionally toasted and eaten on Good Friday. Originally, Michael Archer wanted to name it \"Hotcrossbunodon\", but met disapproval from his associates.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences \n\n Flannery, T.F., Archer, M., Rich, T.H., Jones, R. (1995) \"A new family of monotremes from the Cretaceous of Australia\". Nature 377: 418-420.\n\nExternal links \n Australian Museum online: Lightning Ridge Opal fossils from Oz.\n Australian Museum online Some observations on Hotcrossbunidon.\n Australian Museum online, Collection Highlights\n\nCategory:Cretaceous mammals of Australia\nCategory:Prehistoric mammal genera\nCategory:Fossil taxa described in 1995"}
-{"text": "Sir James Campbell, 1st Baronet\n\nLieutenant General Sir James Campbell, 1st Baronet (25 May 1763 \u2013 5 June 1819) , 3rd of Inverneill House was a Scottish soldier, politician and colonial administrator. He was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Ionian Islands, Adjutant-General to the British Forces and Heritable Usher of the White Rod for Scotland. He is buried at Westminster Abbey.\n\nBirth\n\nThe eldest son of Sir James Campbell (1737\u20131805), of Killean, 2nd of Inverneill House, Heritable Usher of the White Rod for Scotland and Member of Parliament for the Stirling Burghs. His father was recognized as the 9th Chief of Clan Tearlach, a branch of Campbell of Craignish, by the Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1791. He was a nephew of his father's brother, General Sir Archibald Campbell, the Governor of Madras who purchased the Inverneill estate in 1773. His mother, Jean (died 1805), was the daughter of John Campbell of Askomil, Argyll, of the Ballachlavan Campbells. His sister, Jane Campbell, was the first woman to petition a private bill get a full divorce in the United Kingdom.\n\nMilitary career\n\nCampbell was commissioned into the 1st Royal Scots Regiment of Foot in 1780, making Lieutenant the following year. He immediately exchanged into the 60th (Royal American) Regiment, serving with them during the last two campaigns of the American War of Independence. On its conclusion, he was promoted to Captain in 1783. In 1787, he joined the 73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot in India, as aide-de-camp to his uncle, General Sir Archibald Campbell, who served as the Governor of Madras until 1789. He exchanged into the 19th Light Dragoons, serving in the three campaigns of the Third Anglo-Mysore War under Lord Cornwallis against Tippoo Sahib.\n\nIn March 1794, he was promoted to Major, and on returning to England in November of that year was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel of the Cheshire Fencibles. He served in the Channel Islands and Ireland until 1800, when he was appointed assistant Adjutant-General at the Horse Guards. In 1801, he was promoted Colonel by brevet and in 1804 he was appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the 61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. In 1805, he was appointed Adjutant General to the force destined for the Mediterranean \tunder Sir James Henry Craig for the Anglo-Russian invasion of Naples. He acted in that capacity from 1805 to 1813, and was only absent on the occasion of the Battle of Maida, winning the confidence of all the generals who held command in Sicily.\n\nGovernor of the Ionian Islands\n\nIn 1810, General Cavaignac managed to get 3,500 men safely across the Straits of Messina, placing one battalion on the cliffs while the others were fast disembarking. Campbell, by a rapid attack with the Royal Scots Fusiliers, repelled the disembarking battalions and forced those already landed to surrender. Forty three officers and over eight hundred men were taken prisoners, with a loss to the British of only three men wounded.\n\nDuring his tenure of office, in 1808, he had been promoted Major General, and Lieutenant General in 1813. The following year, in 1814, he was appointed to take possession of the Ionian Islands, and when the French Governor, Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier Donzelot, refused to hand over the government of the Islands, Campbell threatened to open fire. He remained in the Ionian Islands as Governor and Commander-in-Chief until 1816, when Sir Thomas Maitland was appointed Lord High Commissioner. A French authority stated that Campbell acted in a most despotic way as governor, saying that  he abolished the university, the academy and the press established by the French. \t\t\n\nHe returned to England in 1816. The following year he was made Knight Grand Cross of Hanover of the Royal Guelphic Order. On 3 October 1818, he was created the 1st (and last) Baronet of Inverneill. He was a Commander of the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit.\n\nPrivate life\n\nFollowing the death of his father in 1805, he became the 10th Chief of Clan Tearlach and inherited the position of Heritable Usher of the White Rod for Scotland, selling the title to Sir Patrick Walker in 1806. In 1794, he had married Agnes Margaret, the daughter of one of the most distinguished surgeons and scientists of his day, John Hunter, for whom the  Hunterian Society of London is named. Agnes' mother, Anne (Home) Hunter, daughter of  Robert Boyne Home of Greenlaw Castle, Berwickshire, and the sister of Sir Everard Home, 1st Bt., of Well Manor, Southampton. She was described by the author Fanny Burney as \"extremely pretty and reckoned very ingenious\". Some of the poems of Agnes' mother, Anne Home were used to the music of Joseph Haydn.\n\nCampbell was very close to his mother-in-law, Anne Hunter, and provided her with a small annuity. As such, Mrs Hunter was greatly saddened and disappointed in her daughter when she separated from Campbell. Campbell died without issue 5 June 1819, and is buried with his own monument at Westminster Abbey, near to his distinguished uncle General Sir Archibald Campbell. After his death his baronetcy became extinct and the Inverneill estate was passed to his brothers, the 4th and 5th lairds of Inverneill.\n\nSee also\n Portrait of Lady Campbell, 1810\n Carter-Campbell of Possil\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1763 births\nCategory:1819 deaths\nCategory:Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order\nCategory:British Army generals\nCategory:Knights Commander of the Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit\nCategory:Burials at Westminster Abbey\nCategory:People from Inveraray\nCategory:Scottish generals\nCategory:18th-century Scottish people\nCategory:18th-century British politicians\nCategory:Scottish civil servants\nCategory:Royal Scots officers\nCategory:Scottish landowners\nJames\nCategory:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers\nCategory:73rd Regiment of Foot officers\nCategory:19th Light Dragoons officers\nCategory:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Mysore War\nCategory:British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War\nCategory:Royal Horse Guards officers\nCategory:British Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars"}
-{"text": "2017 Stallion Laguna F.C. season\n\nThe 2017 season is Stallion Laguna's 1st season in the top flight of Philippines football.\n\nPre-season and friendlies\n\nStallion Invitational Cup\n\nCompetitions\n\nPhilippines Football League\n\nRegular Season\n\nNote:\n a The home stadium of the club is located in Bantay, Ilocos Sur, a nearby town of Vigan. For administrative and marketing purposes, the home city of Ilocos United is designated as \"Vigan\"\n b Because of the ongoing works in the Marikina Sports Complex, the team will play its first few league games at the Bi\u00f1an Football Stadium and Rizal Memorial Stadium and will have to groundshare with Stallion Laguna and Meralco Manila, respectively.\n c Because of the unavailability of the Cebu City Sports Complex, the match was played instead in Rizal Memorial Stadium, Manila.\n\nLeague squad\n\nReferences\n\nStallion Laguna 2017\nStallion Laguna 2017"}
-{"text": "Lerema\n\nLerema is a genus of skipper butterflies in the family Hesperiidae.\n\nSpecies\nLerema accius (Smith, 1797) \u2013 clouded skipper\nLerema ancillaris (Butler, 1877)\nLerema caraca Mielke, 1992\nLerema duroca (Pl\u00f6tz, 1882)\nLerema lineosa (Herrich-Sch\u00e4ffer, 1865)\nLerema liris (Evans, 1955)\nLerema lumina (Herrich-Sch\u00e4ffer, 1869)\nLerema veadeira Mielke, 1968\nLerema viridis Bell, 1942\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hesperiinae\nCategory:Hesperiidae genera"}
-{"text": "List of flag bearers for Slovakia at the Olympics\n\nThis is a list of flag bearers who have represented Slovakia at the Olympics.\n\nFlag bearers carry the national flag of their country at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games.\n\nSee also\nSlovakia at the Olympics\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Slovakia at the Olympics\nSlovakia\nFlag bearers"}
-{"text": "Gattilusi\n\nThe Gattilusi (singular Gattilusio) were a powerful Genoese family who controlled a number of possessions in the northern Aegean from 1355 until the mid 15th century. Anthony Luttrell has pointed out that this family had developed close connections to the Byzantine ruling house of the Palaiologos\u2014\"four successive generations of Gattilusio married into the Palaiologos family, two to emperors' daughters, one to an emperor, and one to a despot who later became an emperor\"\u2014which could explain their repeated involvement in Byzantine affairs.\n\nHistory \n\nThe Gattilusi family was founded by two brothers, Francesco and Niccol\u00f2 Gattilusi, who were the nephew of Oberto Gattilusi. The name of their father is not known, although based on the heraldic evidence of their inscriptions, Anthony Luttrell argues that their mother was a member of the Doria family. Francesco gained the favor of Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos by helping him oust a rival to the throne, John VI Kantakouzenos, in 1354. As reward, Gattilusio was given lordship of the island of Lesbos (and its stronghold, Mytilene) from July 1355, as well as the hand in marriage of the emperor's sister, Maria. The Gattilusi possessions grew to include, among others, the islands of Imbros, Samothrace, Lemnos and Thasos, and the mainland city of Aenos (modern Enez in Turkey). From this position, they were heavily involved in the mining and marketing of alum, useful in textile production and a profitable trade controlled by the Genoese.\n\nAfter the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Gattilusi briefly retained control of their possessions under Ottoman suzerainty, but were forced out within a few years. In 1456, the Ottomans appointed a native Greek historian, Michael Critobulus, as governor of Imbros, and likewise removed the Gattilusi from power in the remainder of their possessions, with the exception of Lesbos, which they were permitted to retain in return for an annual payment of 4,000 gold pieces. The lord of Lesbos, Domenico Gattilusio, was strangled and briefly succeeded by his brother Niccol\u00f2, before an Ottoman fleet captured the island in September 1462, sending Niccol\u00f2 as prisoner to Constantinople (where he was later executed) and putting an end to the family's power.\n\nArchaeological excavations in the castle of Mytilene since 1984 by the University of British Columbia under the direction of Caroline and Hector Williams have uncovered the burial chapel of the Gattilusi and a few graves that probably belonged to dependents of the family.  The building was converted into a mosque after the Ottoman capture of Mytilene in 1462; an earthquake in February 1867 destroyed it. The Canadian excavations have also added a considerable number of Gattilusi coins to the known corpus, now published by Dr. Robert Weir\n\nLords of Lesbos\n Francesco I Gattilusio (1355\u20131384)\n Francesco II Gattilusio (1384\u20131404)\n Jacopo Gattilusio (1404\u20131428)\n Dorino I Gattilusio (1428\u20131455)\n Domenico Gattilusio (1455\u20131458)\n Niccol\u00f2 Gattilusio (1458\u20131462)\n\nLords of Ainos\n Niccol\u00f2 Gattilusio (1376\u20131409)\n Palamede Gattilusio (1409\u20131455)\n Dorino II Gattilusio (1455\u20131456)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \n Christopher Wright, The Gattilusio lordships and the Aegean world 1355-1462 (Leiden: Brill, 2014). \n\nCategory:Families of Genoa\nCategory:14th century in Greece\nCategory:15th century in Greece\n \nCategory:Medieval Lesbos"}
-{"text": "Harris v. McRae\n\nHarris v. McRae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that States that participated in Medicaid were not required to fund medically necessary abortions for which federal reimbursement was unavailable as a result of the Hyde Amendment, which restricted the use of federal funds for abortion. The Court also held that the funding restrictions of the Hyde Amendment did not violate either the Fifth Amendment or the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.\n\nBackground \nIn 1965 Congress amended Title XIX of the Social Security Act to create the Medicaid program. Medicaid is a voluntary program to provide federal funds to states that choose to provide reimbursement for certain medical expenses for the indigent.\n\nIn September 1976, Congress began, either by amendment to the annual appropriations bill for the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare or by joint resolution, to ban the use of federal funds to reimburse the cost of abortions under Medicaid. Initially, the only exception was where the life of the mother would be endangered if the fetus were carried to term.  The restrictions became known as the Hyde Amendment, named for the measure's original sponsor, Illinois Congressman Henry Hyde. The language of the 1980 Hyde Amendment provided:\n\nIn 1976, following passage of the original Hyde Amendment, an action was brought in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York seeking to enjoin enforcement of the Amendment's restrictions. Plaintiffs were Cora McRae, a New York Medicaid recipient then in the first trimester of a pregnancy that she wished to abort, the New York City Health and Hospitals Corp., which operated hospitals providing abortion services, officers of the Women's Division of the Board of Global Ministries of the United Methodist Church/and the Women's Division itself. McRae sought to bring the action as a class action, on behalf of other similarly situated women. The district court granted the class certification motion, and also permitted Senators James L. Buckley and Jesse Helms and Congressman Hyde to intervene as defendants.\n\nThe district court granted the injunction on January 15, 1980 and found that the Hyde Amendments violated the Fifth Amendment's Due Process clause and the First Amendment's Establishment clause.\n\nSupreme Court decision\n\nJustice Stewart delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Chief Justice Burger, Justice White, Justice Powell, and Justice Rehnquist joined.  Justice White wrote an opinion concurring the judgment.  Justice Brennan wrote a dissent, in which Justice Marshall and Justice Blackmun joined.  Justice Marshall and Justice Blackmun also authored separate dissents, as did Justice Stevens.\n\nThe Court held that states participating in the Medicaid program were not obligated to fund medically necessary abortions under Title XIX. The Court found that a woman's freedom of choice did not carry with it \"a constitutional entitlement to the financial resources to avail herself of the full range of protected choices.\" The Court ruled that because the Equal Protection Clause was not a source of substantive rights and because poverty did not qualify as a \"suspect classification,\" the Hyde Amendment did not violate the Fifth Amendment. Finally, the Court held that the coincidence of the funding restrictions of the statute with tenets of the Roman Catholic Church did not constitute an establishment of religion.\n\nSee also\nList of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 448\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:United States Supreme Court cases\nCategory:United States abortion case law\nCategory:1980 in United States case law\nCategory:Medicare and Medicaid (United States)\nCategory:United States Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court"}
-{"text": "Tower of the Winds\n\nThe Tower of the Winds or the Horologion of Andronikos Kyrrhestes is an octagonal Pentelic marble clocktower in the Roman Agora in Athens that functioned as a horologion or \"timepiece\". It is considered the world's first meteorological station. Unofficially, the monument is also called Aerides (), which means Winds. The structure features a combination of sundials, a water clock, and a wind vane. It was supposedly built by Andronicus of Cyrrhus around 50 BC, but according to other sources, might have been constructed in the 2nd century BC before the rest of the forum.  In summer of 2014, the Athens Ephorate of Antiquities began cleaning and conserving the structure; restoration work was completed in August 2016.\n\nSite\nThe 12-metre-tall structure has a diameter of about 8 metres and was topped in antiquity by a weathervane-like Triton that indicated the wind direction. Below the frieze depicting the eight wind deities\u2014Boreas (N), Kaikias (NE), Apeliotes (E), Eurus (SE), Notus (S), Lips (SW), Zephyrus (W), and Skiron (NW)\u2014there are eight sundials. In its interior, there was a water clock (or clepsydra), driven by water coming down from the Acropolis. Recent research has shown that the considerable height of the tower was motivated by the intention to place the sundials and the wind-vane at a visible height on the Agora, effectively making it an early example of a clocktower. According to the testimony of Vitruvius and Varro, Andronicus of Cyrrhus designed the structure. The tower's columns bore capitals of a design now known as \"Tower of the Winds Corinthian\", although they lack the volutes ordinarily found in Corinthian capitals.\n\nIn early Christian times, the building was used as the bell-tower of an Eastern Orthodox church. Under Ottoman rule it became a tekke and was used by whirling dervishes. At that time it was buried up to half its height, and traces of this can be observed in the interior, where Turkish inscriptions may be found on the walls. It was fully excavated in the 19th century by the Archaeological Society of Athens.\n\nBuildings inspired by the Tower of the Winds\nSeveral buildings are based on the design of the Towers of the Winds, including:\n\n The 18th-century Tower of the Winds on top of the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford, England, \n The Daniel S. Schanck Observatory (1865) an early astronomical observatory at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.\n The mausoleum of the founder of the Greek National Library Panayis Vagliano at West Norwood Cemetery, London. \n The 15th-century Torre del Marzocco in Livorno.\n The tower on St Luke's Church, West Norwood, in London, designed by Francis Octavius Bedford after he visited Athens on a Society of Dilettanti scholarship circa 1810.\n A similar tower in Sevastopol, built in 1849. \n The Temple of the Winds, which stands in the grounds of Mount Stewart near Newtownards in Northern Ireland.\n The Carnaby Temple near Carnaby, East Riding of Yorkshire, built in 1770.\n The Maitland Robinson building in Downing College Cambridge, designed by Quinlan Terry in 1992.\nThe \"Storm Tower\" in Bude, Cornwall (1835), by George Wightwick\n\nSee also\n Anemoi\n Antikythera mechanism\n Classical compass winds\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nJoseph V. Noble; Derek J. de Solla Price: The Water Clock in the Tower of the Winds, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 72, No. 4 (1968), pp.\u00a0345\u2013355.\nJames Beresford: A Monument to the Winds, Navigation News, Mar/Apr 2015, pp.\u00a017\u201319.\nPamela A. Webb, The Tower of the Winds in Athens.  Greeks, Romans, Christians, and Muslims: Two Millennia of Continual Use, (Philadelphia 2017)\n\nExternal links\n\nTower of the Winds and characters sculpted on it \n\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in the 1st century BC\nCategory:Hellenistic architecture\nCategory:Towers in Greece\nCategory:Meteorology in history\nCategory:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens\nCategory:Octagonal buildings\nCategory:Roman Athens\nCategory:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Greece"}
-{"text": "List of Araneidae species: B\u2013F\n\nThis page lists all described species of the spider family Araneidae as of Dec. 20, 2016, that start with letters B through F.\n\nBackobourkia\nBackobourkia Framenau et al., 2010\n Backobourkia brouni (Urquhart, 1885) \u2014 Australia, New Zealand\n Backobourkia collina (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 Australia\n Backobourkia heroine (L. Koch, 1871) (type species) \u2014 Australia, New Caledonia, Norfolk Islands, possibly New Zealand\n\nBertrana\nBertrana Keyserling, 1884\n Bertrana abbreviata (Keyserling, 1879) \u2014 Colombia\n Bertrana arena Levi, 1989 \u2014 Costa Rica\n Bertrana benuta Levi, 1994 \u2014 Colombia\n Bertrana elinguis (Keyserling, 1883) \u2014 Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, French Guyana\n Bertrana laselva Levi, 1989 \u2014 Costa Rica\n Bertrana nancho Levi, 1989 \u2014 Peru\n Bertrana planada Levi, 1989 \u2014 Colombia, Ecuador\n Bertrana poa Levi, 1994 \u2014 Ecuador\n Bertrana rufostriata Simon, 1893 \u2014 Venezuela, Brazil\n Bertrana striolata Keyserling, 1884 (type species) \u2014 Costa Rica to Argentina\n Bertrana urahua Levi, 1994 \u2014 Ecuador\n Bertrana vella Levi, 1989 \u2014 Panama, Colombia\n\nCaerostris\nCaerostris Thorell, 1868\n Caerostris almae Gregori\u010d, 2015 -   Madagascar \n Caerostris bojani Gregori\u010d, 2015 -  Madagascar \n Caerostris corticosa Pocock, 1902 \u2014 South Africa\n Caerostris cowani Butler, 1882 \u2014 Madagascar\n Caerostris darwini Kuntner & Agnarsson, 2010 \u2014 Madagascar\n Caerostris ecclesiigera Butler, 1882 \u2014 Madagascar\n Caerostris extrusa Butler, 1882 \u2014 Madagascar\n Caerostris hirsuta (Simon, 1895) \u2014 Madagascar\n Caerostris indica Strand, 1915 \u2014 Myanmar\n Caerostris linnaeus Gregori\u010d, 2015 - Mozambique \n Caerostris mayottensis Grasshoff, 1984 \u2014 Comoro Islands\n Caerostris mitralis (Vinson, 1863) (type species) \u2014 Central Africa, Madagascar\n Caerostris pero Gregori\u010d, 2015 - Madagascar \n Caerostris sexcuspidata (Fabricius, 1793) \u2014 Africa, Madagascar, Comoro Islands, Aldabra\n Caerostris sumatrana Strand, 1915 \u2014 India to China, Borneo\n Caerostris tinamaze Gregori\u010d, 2015 - South Africa \n Caerostris vicina (Blackwall, 1866) \u2014 Central, Southern Africa\n Caerostris wallacei Gregori\u010d, Blackledge, Agnarsson & Kuntner, 2015 -  Madagascar\n\nCarepalxis\nCarepalxis L. Koch, 1872\n Carepalxis beelzebub (Hasselt, 1873) \u2014 Victoria\n Carepalxis bilobata Keyserling, 1886 \u2014 Queensland\n Carepalxis camelus Simon, 1895 \u2014 Paraguay, Argentina\n Carepalxis coronata (Rainbow, 1896) \u2014 New South Wales\n Carepalxis lichensis Rainbow, 1916 \u2014 Queensland\n Carepalxis montifera L. Koch, 1872 (type species) \u2014 Queensland\n Carepalxis perpera (Petrunkevitch, 1911) \u2014 Mexico\n Carepalxis poweri Rainbow, 1916 \u2014 New South Wales\n Carepalxis salobrensis Simon, 1895 \u2014 Jamaica, Mexico to Brazil\n Carepalxis suberosa Thorell, 1881 \u2014 New Guinea\n Carepalxis tricuspidata Chrysanthus, 1961 \u2014 New Guinea\n Carepalxis tuberculata Keyserling, 1886 \u2014 Queensland, New South Wales\n\nCelaenia\nCelaenia Thorell, 1868\n Celaenia atkinsoni (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) \u2014 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand\n Celaenia calotoides Rainbow, 1908 \u2014 New South Wales\n Celaenia distincta (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869) \u2014 New South Wales, Tasmania\n Celaenia dubia (O. P.-Cambridge, 1869) \u2014 New South Wales, Victoria\n Celaenia excavata (L. Koch, 1867) (type species) \u2014 Australia, Tasmania\n Celaenia hectori (O. P.-Cambridge, 1879) \u2014 New Zealand\n Celaenia olivacea (Urquhart, 1885) \u2014 New Zealand\n Celaenia penna (Urquhart, 1887) \u2014 New Zealand\n Celaenia tuberosa (Urquhart, 1889) \u2014 New Zealand\n Celaenia tumidosa Urquhart, 1891 \u2014 Tasmania\n Celaenia voraginosa Urquhart, 1891 \u2014 Tasmania\n\nCercidia\nCercidia Thorell, 1869\n Cercidia levii Marusik, 1985 \u2014 Kazakhstan\n Cercidia prominens (Westring, 1851) (type species) \u2014 Holarctic\n Cercidia punctigera Simon, 1889 \u2014 India\n\nChorizopes\nChorizopes O. P.-Cambridge, 1870\n Chorizopes albus Mi, Wang & Peng, 2016 - China \n Chorizopes anjanes Tikader, 1965 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes antongilensis Emerit, 1997 \u2014 Madagascar\n Chorizopes calciope (Simon, 1895) \u2014 India\n Chorizopes congener O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes dicavus Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes frontalis O. P.-Cambridge, 1870 (type species) \u2014 Sri Lanka to Sumatra\n Chorizopes goosus Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes kastoni Gajbe & Gajbe, 2004 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes khandaricus Gajbe, 2005 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes khanjanes Tikader, 1965 \u2014 India, China\n Chorizopes khedaensis Reddy & Patel, 1993 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes longus Mi, Wang & Peng, 2016 -  China \n Chorizopes madagascariensis Emerit, 1997 \u2014 Madagascar\n Chorizopes mucronatus Simon, 1895 \u2014 Sri Lanka\n Chorizopes nipponicus Yaginuma, 1963 \u2014 China, Korea, Japan\n Chorizopes orientalis Simon, 1909 \u2014 Vietnam\n Chorizopes pateli Reddy & Patel, 1993 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes quadrituberculata Roy, Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2014 -  India \n Chorizopes rajanpurensis Mukhtar & Tahir, 2013 \u2014 Pakistan\n Chorizopes shimenensis Yin & Peng, 1994 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes stoliczkae O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes tikaderi Sadana & Kaur, 1974 \u2014 India\n Chorizopes trimamillatus Schenkel, 1963 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes tumens Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes wulingensis Yin, Wang & Xie, 1994 \u2014 China\n Chorizopes zepherus Zhu & Song, 1994 \u2014 China\n\nCladomelea\nCladomelea Simon, 1895\n Cladomelea akermani Hewitt, 1923 \u2014 South Africa\n Cladomelea debeeri Roff & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2004 \u2014 South Africa\n Cladomelea longipes (O. P.-Cambridge, 1877) (type species) \u2014 Congo\n Cladomelea ornata Hirst, 1907 \u2014 Central Africa\n\nClitaetra\nClitaetra Simon, 1889\n Clitaetra clathrata Simon, 1907 \u2014 West Africa\n Clitaetra episinoides Simon, 1889 \u2014 Comoro Islands\n Clitaetra irenae Kuntner, 2006 \u2014 South Africa\n Clitaetra perroti Simon, 1894 \u2014 Madagascar\n Clitaetra simoni Benoit, 1962 \u2014 Congo\n Clitaetra thisbe Simon, 1903 \u2014 Sri Lanka\n\nCnodalia\nCnodalia Thorell, 1890\n Cnodalia ampliabdominis (Song, Zhang & Zhu, 2006) \u2014 China\n Cnodalia flavescens Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010 \u2014 China\n Cnodalia harpax Thorell, 1890 (type species) \u2014 Sumatra, Japan\n Cnodalia quadrituberculata Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010 \u2014 China\n\nCoelossia\nCoelossia Simon, 1895\n Coelossia aciculata Simon, 1895 (type species) \u2014 Sierra Leone\n Coelossia trituberculata Simon, 1903 \u2014 Mauritius, Madagascar\n\nColaranea\nColaranea Court & Forster, 1988\n Colaranea brunnea Court & Forster, 1988 \u2014 New Zealand\n Colaranea melanoviridis Court & Forster, 1988 \u2014 New Zealand\n Colaranea verutum (Urquhart, 1887) \u2014 New Zealand\n Colaranea viriditas (Urquhart, 1887) (type species) \u2014 New Zealand\n\nCollina\nCollina Urquhart, 1891\n Collina glabicira Urquhart, 1891 \u2014 Tasmania\n\nColphepeira\nColphepeira Archer, 1941\n Colphepeira catawba (Banks, 1911) \u2014 USA, Mexico\n\nCryptaranea\nCryptaranea Court & Forster, 1988\n Cryptaranea albolineata (Urquhart, 1893) \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea atrihastula (Urquhart, 1891) \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea invisibilis (Urquhart, 1892) (type species) \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea stewartensis Court & Forster, 1988 \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea subalpina Court & Forster, 1988 \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea subcompta (Urquhart, 1887) \u2014 New Zealand\n Cryptaranea venustula (Urquhart, 1891) \u2014 New Zealand\n\nCyclosa\nCyclosa Menge, 1866\n Cyclosa alayoni Levi, 1999 \u2014 Cuba, Puerto Rico\n Cyclosa alba Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Japan\n Cyclosa albisternis Simon, 1888 \u2014 India, Andaman Islands, Hawaii\n Cyclosa albopunctata Kulczynski, 1901 \u2014 Africa, New Guinea, New Caledonia\n Cyclosa algerica Simon, 1885 \u2014 Mediterranean\n Cyclosa andinas Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia, Ecuador\n Cyclosa angusta Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Japan\n Cyclosa argentata Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 \u2014 Taiwan\n Cyclosa argenteoalba B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa atrata B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 Russia, China, Korea, Japan\n Cyclosa baakea Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa bacilliformis Simon, 1908 \u2014 Western Australia\n Cyclosa banawensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa berlandi Levi, 1999 \u2014 USA, Hispaniola to Ecuador\n Cyclosa bianchoria Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa bifida (Doleschall, 1859) \u2014 India to Philippines, New Guinea\n Cyclosa bifurcata (Walckenaer, 1841) \u2014 Costa Rica, Hispaniola to Argentina\n Cyclosa bihamata Zhang, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa bilobata Sen, Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2012 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa bituberculata Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyclosa bulleri (Thorell, 1881) \u2014 New Guinea\n Cyclosa cajamarca Levi, 1999 \u2014 Peru\n Cyclosa caligata (Thorell, 1890) \u2014 Sumatra\n Cyclosa camargoi Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa camelodes (Thorell, 1878) \u2014 Seychelles, New Guinea\n Cyclosa caroli (Hentz, 1850) \u2014 USA, West Indies to Bolivia\n Cyclosa centrifaciens Hingston, 1927 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyclosa centrodes (Thorell, 1887) \u2014 India to Singapore\n Cyclosa cephalodina Song & Liu, 1996 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa chichawatniensis Mukhtar & Mushtaq, 2005 \u2014 Pakistan\n Cyclosa circumlucens Simon, 1907 \u2014 Guinea-Bissau, Sao Tome\n Cyclosa concolor Caporiacco, 1933 \u2014 Libya\n Cyclosa confraga (Thorell, 1892) \u2014 India, Bangladesh to Malaysia\n Cyclosa confusa B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa conica (Pallas, 1772) (type species) \u2014 Holarctic\n Cyclosa conigera F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 \u2014 Mexico to Honduras\n Cyclosa coylei Levi, 1999 \u2014 Mexico, Guatemala\n Cyclosa cucurbitoria (Yin et al., 1990) \u2014 China, Thailand\n Cyclosa cucurbitula Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa curiraba Levi, 1999 \u2014 Bolivia\n Cyclosa cylindrata Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa cylindrifaciens Hingston, 1927 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyclosa damingensis Xie, Yin & Kim, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa deserticola Levy, 1998 \u2014 Egypt, Israel\n Cyclosa dianasilvae Levi, 1999 \u2014 Ecuador, Peru\n Cyclosa diversa (O. P.-Cambridge, 1894) \u2014 Mexico, Cuba to Argentina\n Cyclosa dives Simon, 1877 \u2014 China, Philippines\n Cyclosa donking Levi, 1999 \u2014 Bolivia\n Cyclosa dosbukolea Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa durango Levi, 1999 \u2014 Mexico\n Cyclosa elongata Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyclosa espumoso Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa fililineata Hingston, 1932 \u2014 Panama to Argentina\n Cyclosa formosa Karsch, 1879 \u2014 West Africa\n Cyclosa formosana Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 \u2014 Taiwan\n Cyclosa fuliginata (L. Koch, 1872) \u2014 New South Wales, Victoria\n Cyclosa ginnaga Yaginuma, 1959 \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa gossypiata Keswani, 2013 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa groppalii Pesarini, 1998 \u2014 Balearic Islands\n Cyclosa gulinensis Xie, Yin & Kim, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa haiti Levi, 1999 \u2014 Hispaniola, Jamaica, Mona Islands\n Cyclosa hamulata Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Russia, Japan\n Cyclosa hexatuberculata Tikader, 1982 \u2014 India, Pakistan\n Cyclosa hova Strand, 1907 \u2014 Madagascar\n Cyclosa huila Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia\n Cyclosa imias Levi, 1999 \u2014 Cuba\n Cyclosa inca Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia to Argentina\n Cyclosa informis Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa insulana (Costa, 1834) \u2014 Mediterranean to Philippines, Australia\n Cyclosa ipilea Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa jalapa Levi, 1999 \u2014 Mexico\n Cyclosa japonica B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa jose Levi, 1999 \u2014 Costa Rica\n Cyclosa kashmirica Caporiacco, 1934 \u2014 Karakorum\n Cyclosa kibonotensis Tullgren, 1910 \u2014 Central, East Africa, Seychelles\n Cyclosa koi Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 \u2014 Taiwan\n Cyclosa krusa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Pakistan, Philippines\n Cyclosa kumadai Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Russia, Korea, Japan\n Cyclosa laticauda B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa lawrencei Caporiacco, 1949 \u2014 Kenya\n Cyclosa libertad Levi, 1999 \u2014 Ecuador, Peru\n Cyclosa litoralis (L. Koch, 1867) \u2014 Samoa, Fiji, Tahiti\n Cyclosa longicauda (Taczanowski, 1878) \u2014 Colombia to Argentina\n Cyclosa machadinho Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil, Argentina\n Cyclosa maderiana Kulczynski, 1899 \u2014 Madeira, Canary Islands\n Cyclosa maritima Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Japan\n Cyclosa mavaca Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia, Venezuela\n Cyclosa meruensis Tullgren, 1910 \u2014 East Africa\n Cyclosa micula (Thorell, 1892) \u2014 India, Singapore\n Cyclosa minora Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa mocoa Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia\n Cyclosa mohini Dyal, 1935 \u2014 Pakistan\n Cyclosa monteverde Levi, 1999 \u2014 Costa Rica, Panama\n Cyclosa monticola B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906 \u2014 Russia, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa moonduensis Tikader, 1963 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa morretes Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell, 1887) \u2014 Africa to Japan, Philippines\n Cyclosa neilensis Tikader, 1977 \u2014 Andaman Islands\n Cyclosa nevada Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia\n Cyclosa nigra Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa nodosa (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 Guatemala to Costa Rica\n Cyclosa norihisai Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 China, Japan\n Cyclosa oatesi (Thorell, 1892) \u2014 Andaman Islands\n Cyclosa octotuberculata Karsch, 1879 \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa oculata (Walckenaer, 1802) \u2014 Palearctic\n Cyclosa ojeda Levi, 1999 \u2014 Cura\u00e7ao\n Cyclosa okumae Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Russia, Korea, Japan\n Cyclosa olivenca Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa olorina Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa omonaga Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan\n Cyclosa onoi Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 China, Japan\n Cyclosa oseret Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa otsomarka Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa pantanal Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa parangdives Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013 - China \n Cyclosa parangmulmeinensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa parangtarugoa Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa paupercula Simon, 1893 \u2014 Borneo\n Cyclosa pedropalo Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia\n Cyclosa pellaxoides Roewer, 1955 \u2014 Singapore\n Cyclosa pentatuberculata Yin, Zhu & Wang, 1995 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa perkinsi Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa picchu Levi, 1999 \u2014 Peru\n Cyclosa pichilinque Levi, 1999 \u2014 Mexico\n Cyclosa pseudoculata Schenkel, 1936 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa psylla (Thorell, 1887) \u2014 Myanmar, Japan\n Cyclosa punctata Keyserling, 1879 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa punjabiensis Ghafoor & Beg, 2002 \u2014 Pakistan\n Cyclosa purnai Keswani, 2013 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa pusilla Simon, 1880 \u2014 New Caledonia\n Cyclosa quinqueguttata (Thorell, 1881) \u2014 India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Taiwan\n Cyclosa reniformis Zhu, Lian & Chen, 2006 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa rhombocephala (Thorell, 1881) \u2014 Queensland\n Cyclosa rubronigra Caporiacco, 1947 \u2014 Costa Rica to Brazil\n Cyclosa sachikoae Tanikawa, 1992 \u2014 Japan\n Cyclosa saismarka Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Pakistan, Philippines\n Cyclosa sanctibenedicti (Vinson, 1863) \u2014 Reunion\n Cyclosa santafe Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia\n Cyclosa sedeculata Karsch, 1879 \u2014 China, Korea, Japan\n Cyclosa senticauda Zhu & Wang, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa serena Levi, 1999 \u2014 Chile, Argentina\n Cyclosa seriata (Thorell, 1881) \u2014 Java\n Cyclosa shinoharai Tanikawa & Ono, 1993 \u2014 Taiwan\n Cyclosa sierrae Simon, 1870 \u2014 Europe to Georgia\n Cyclosa simoni Tikader, 1982 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa simplicicauda Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa simplicicauda rufescens Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa spirifera Simon, 1889 \u2014 India, Pakistan\n Cyclosa tamanaco Levi, 1999 \u2014 Trinidad\n Cyclosa tapetifaciens Hingston, 1932 \u2014 Panama to Argentina\n Cyclosa tardipes (Thorell, 1895) \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyclosa tardipes ignava (Thorell, 1895) \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyclosa tauraai Berland, 1933 \u2014 Marquesas Islands\n Cyclosa teresa Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa tricolor (Leardi, 1902) \u2014 Philippines\n Cyclosa trilobata (Urquhart, 1885) \u2014 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand\n Cyclosa tripartita Tullgren, 1910 \u2014 East Africa\n Cyclosa triquetra Simon, 1895 \u2014 Mexico, West Indies to Peru\n Cyclosa tropica Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyclosa tuberascens Simon, 1906 \u2014 India\n Cyclosa turbinata (Walckenaer, 1841) \u2014 USA to Panama, West Indies, Galapagos Islands, Hawaii\n Cyclosa turvo Levi, 1999 \u2014 Brazil\n Cyclosa vallata (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan to Australia\n Cyclosa vicente Levi, 1999 \u2014 Colombia, Brazil, Argentina\n Cyclosa vieirae Levi, 1999 \u2014 Peru, Brazil\n Cyclosa walckenaeri (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 USA to Guyana, West Indies\n Cyclosa woyangchuan Zhang, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Cyclosa xanthomelas Simon, 1900 \u2014 Hawaii\n Cyclosa yaginumai Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 1998 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyclosa zhangmuensis Hu & Li, 1987 \u2014 China\n\nCyphalonotus\nCyphalonotus Simon, 1895\n Cyphalonotus assuliformis Simon, 1909 \u2014 Vietnam\n Cyphalonotus benoiti Archer, 1965 \u2014 Congo\n Cyphalonotus columnifer Simon, 1903 \u2014 Madagascar\n Cyphalonotus elongatus Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyphalonotus larvatus (Simon, 1881) (type species) \u2014 Congo, East Africa, Socotra\n Cyphalonotus selangor Dzulhelmi, 2015 - Malaysia \n Cyphalonotus sumatranus Simon, 1899 \u2014 Sumatra\n\nCyrtarachne\nCyrtarachne Thorell, 1868\n Cyrtarachne akirai Tanikawa, 2013 - China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan \n Cyrtarachne avimerdaria Tikader, 1963 \u2014 India\n Cyrtarachne bengalensis Tikader, 1961 \u2014 India, China\n Cyrtarachne bicolor Thorell, 1898 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne bigibbosa Simon, 1907 \u2014 Sao Tome, Bioko\n Cyrtarachne bilunulata Thorell, 1899 \u2014 Cameroon\n Cyrtarachne biswamoyi Tikader, 1961 \u2014 India\n Cyrtarachne bufo (B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906) \u2014 China, Korea, Japan\n Cyrtarachne cingulata Thorell, 1895 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne conica O. P.-Cambridge, 1901 \u2014 Malaysia\n Cyrtarachne dimidiata Thorell, 1895 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne fangchengensis Yin & Zhao, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne finniganae Lessert, 1936 \u2014 Mozambique\n Cyrtarachne flavopicta Thorell, 1899 \u2014 Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea\n Cyrtarachne friederici Strand, 1911 \u2014 New Guinea\n Cyrtarachne gibbifera Simon, 1899 \u2014 Sumatra\n Cyrtarachne gilva Yin & Zhao, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne grubei (Keyserling, 1864) (type species) \u2014 Mauritius\n Cyrtarachne guttigera Simon, 1909 \u2014 Vietnam\n Cyrtarachne heminaria Simon, 1909 \u2014 Vietnam\n Cyrtarachne histrionica Thorell, 1898 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne hubeiensis Yin & Zhao, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne ignava Thorell, 1895 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne inaequalis Thorell, 1895 \u2014 India to Japan\n Cyrtarachne invenusta Thorell, 1891 \u2014 Nicobar Islands\n Cyrtarachne ixoides (Simon, 1870) \u2014 Mediterranean to Georgia, Madagascar\n Cyrtarachne jucunda Tanikawa, 2013 -  Japan \n Cyrtarachne lactea Pocock, 1898 \u2014 East Africa\n Cyrtarachne laevis Thorell, 1877 \u2014 Sumatra, Flores, Sulawesi\n Cyrtarachne latifrons Hogg, 1900 \u2014 Victoria\n Cyrtarachne latifrons atuberculata Hogg, 1900 \u2014 Victoria\n Cyrtarachne lepida Thorell, 1890 \u2014 Sumatra\n Cyrtarachne madagascariensis Emerit, 2000 \u2014 Madagascar\n Cyrtarachne melanoleuca Ono, 1995 \u2014 Thailand\n Cyrtarachne melanosticta Thorell, 1895 \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtarachne menghaiensis Yin, Peng & Wang, 1994 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne nagasakiensis Strand, 1918 \u2014 China, Korea, Japan\n Cyrtarachne nodosa Thorell, 1899 \u2014 Cameroon, Bioko, Yemen\n Cyrtarachne pallida O. P.-Cambridge, 1885 \u2014 Yarkand\n Cyrtarachne perspicillata (Doleschall, 1859) \u2014 Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, New Guinea\n Cyrtarachne perspicillata possoica Merian, 1911 \u2014 Sulawesi\n Cyrtarachne promilai Tikader, 1963 \u2014 India\n Cyrtarachne raniceps Pocock, 1900 \u2014 India, Sri Lanka\n Cyrtarachne rubicunda L. Koch, 1871 \u2014 New South Wales\n Cyrtarachne schmidi Tikader, 1963 \u2014 India\n Cyrtarachne sinicola Strand, 1942 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne sundari Tikader, 1963 \u2014 India\n Cyrtarachne sunjoymongai Ahmed, Sumukha, Khalap, Mohan & Jadhav, 2015 -  India \n Cyrtarachne szetschuanensis Schenkel, 1963 \u2014 China\n Cyrtarachne termitophila Lawrence, 1952 \u2014 Congo\n Cyrtarachne tricolor (Doleschall, 1859) \u2014 Moluccas to Australia\n Cyrtarachne tricolor aruana Strand, 1911 \u2014 Aru Islands\n Cyrtarachne tuladepilachna Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyrtarachne xanthopyga Kulczynski, 1911 \u2014 New Guinea\n Cyrtarachne yunoharuensis Strand, 1918 \u2014 China, Korea, Japan\n\nCyrtobill\nCyrtobill Framenau & Scharff, 2009\n Cyrtobill darwini Framenau & Scharff, 2009 \u2014 Australia\n\nCyrtophora\nCyrtophora Simon, 1864\n Cyrtophora admiralia Strand, 1913 \u2014 Admiralty Islands\n Cyrtophora beccarii (Thorell, 1878) \u2014 Laos, Malaysia to Northern Territory\n Cyrtophora bicauda (Saito, 1933) \u2014 Taiwan\n Cyrtophora bidenta Tikader, 1970 \u2014 India\n Cyrtophora bimaculata Han, Zhang & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Cyrtophora caudata B\u00f6senberg & Lenz, 1895 \u2014 East Africa\n Cyrtophora cephalotes Simon, 1877 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyrtophora cicatrosa (Stoliczka, 1869) \u2014 Pakistan to Northern Territory\n Cyrtophora citricola (Forsskal, 1775) (type species) \u2014 Old World, Greater Antilles, Costa Rica, Colombia\n Cyrtophora citricola abessinensis Strand, 1906 \u2014 Ethiopia\n Cyrtophora citricola lurida Karsch, 1879 \u2014 West Africa\n Cyrtophora citricola minahassae Merian, 1911 \u2014 Sulawesi\n Cyrtophora cordiformis (L. Koch, 1871) \u2014 New Guinea, Queensland, Lord Howe Islands\n Cyrtophora crassipes (Rainbow, 1897) \u2014 New South Wales\n Cyrtophora cylindroides (Walckenaer, 1841) \u2014 China to Queensland\n Cyrtophora cylindroides scalaris Strand, 1915 \u2014 New Britain\n Cyrtophora diazoma (Thorell, 1890) \u2014 Sumatra\n Cyrtophora doriae (Thorell, 1881) \u2014 New Guinea, Bismarck Archipel\n Cyrtophora eczematica (Thorell, 1892) \u2014 Malaysia, Java, Sulawesi, New Guinea\n Cyrtophora exanthematica (Doleschall, 1859) \u2014 Myanmar to Philippines, New South Wales\n Cyrtophora feai (Thorell, 1887) \u2014 India to Myanmar\n Cyrtophora forbesi (Thorell, 1890) \u2014 Sumatra\n Cyrtophora gazellae (Karsch, 1878) \u2014 New Britain\n Cyrtophora gemmosa Thorell, 1899 \u2014 Cameroon\n Cyrtophora guangxiensis Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Cyrtophora hainanensis Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Cyrtophora hirta L. Koch, 1872 \u2014 Queensland, New South Wales\n Cyrtophora ikomosanensis (B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906) \u2014 Taiwan, Japan\n Cyrtophora jabalpurensis Gajbe & Gajbe, 1999 \u2014 India\n Cyrtophora koronadalensis Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyrtophora ksudra Sherriffs, 1928 \u2014 India\n Cyrtophora lacunaris Yin et al., 1990 \u2014 China\n Cyrtophora lahirii Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyrtophora larinioides Simon, 1895 \u2014 Cameroon\n Cyrtophora limbata (Thorell, 1898) \u2014 Myanmar\n Cyrtophora lineata Kulczynski, 1910 \u2014 Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipel\n Cyrtophora moluccensis (Doleschall, 1857) \u2014 India to Japan, Australia\n Cyrtophora moluccensis albidinota Strand, 1911 \u2014 Caroline Islands, Palau, Yap\n Cyrtophora moluccensis bukae Strand, 1911 \u2014 Solomon Islands\n Cyrtophora moluccensis cupidinea (Thorell, 1875) \u2014 New Caledonia\n Cyrtophora moluccensis margaritacea (Doleschall, 1859) \u2014 Java\n Cyrtophora moluccensis rubicundinota Strand, 1911 \u2014 Keule Islands, near New Guinea\n Cyrtophora monulfi Chrysanthus, 1960 \u2014 New Guinea, Northern Territory\n Cyrtophora nareshi Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2004 \u2014 Bangladesh\n Cyrtophora parangexanthematica Barrion & Litsinger, 1995 \u2014 Philippines\n Cyrtophora parnasia L. Koch, 1872 \u2014 Australia, Tasmania\n Cyrtophora petersi Karsch, 1878 \u2014 Mozambique\n Cyrtophora rainbowi (Roewer, 1955) \u2014 New South Wales\n Cyrtophora sextuberculata Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2015 -  Thailand \n Cyrtophora subacalypha (Simon, 1882) \u2014 Aden\n Cyrtophora trigona (L. Koch, 1871) \u2014 Queensland, New Guinea\n Cyrtophora unicolor (Doleschall, 1857) \u2014 Sri Lanka to Japan, Philippines, New Guinea, Christmas Islands\n\nDeione\nDeione Thorell, 1898\n Deione lingulata Han, Zhu & Levi, 2009 \u2014 China\n Deione ovata Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010 \u2014 China\n Deione renaria Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010 \u2014 China\n Deione thoracica Thorell, 1898 (type species) \u2014 Myanmar\n\nDeliochus\nDeliochus Simon, 1894\n Deliochus pulcher Rainbow, 1916 \u2014 Queensland\n Deliochus pulcher melanius Rainbow, 1916 \u2014 Queensland\n Deliochus zelivira (Keyserling, 1887) (type species) \u2014 Australia, Tasmania\n\nDemadiana\nDemadiana Strand, 1929\n Demadiana carrai Framenau, Scharff & Harvey, 2010 \u2014 New South Wales\n Demadiana cerula (Simon, 1908) \u2014 Western Australia\n Demadiana complicata Framenau, Scharff & Harvey, 2010 \u2014 Queensland\n Demadiana diabolus Framenau, Scharff & Harvey, 2010 \u2014 South Australia, Tasmania\n Demadiana milledgei Framenau, Scharff & Harvey, 2010 \u2014 New South Wales, Victoria\n Demadiana simplex (Karsch, 1878) (type species) \u2014 Southern Australia\n\nDolophones\nDolophones Walckenaer, 1837\n Dolophones bituberculata Lamb, 1911 \u2014 Queensland\n Dolophones clypeata (L. Koch, 1871) \u2014 Moluccas, Australia\n Dolophones conifera (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 Australia\n Dolophones elfordi Dunn & Dunn, 1946 \u2014 Victoria\n Dolophones intricata Rainbow, 1915 \u2014 South Australia\n Dolophones macleayi (Bradley, 1876) \u2014 Queensland\n Dolophones mammeata (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 Australia\n Dolophones maxima Hogg, 1900 \u2014 Victoria\n Dolophones nasalis (Butler, 1876) \u2014 Queensland\n Dolophones notacantha (Quoy & Gaimarg, 1824) (type species) \u2014 New South Wales\n Dolophones peltata (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 Australia, Lord Howe Islands\n Dolophones pilosa (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 Australia\n Dolophones simpla (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 New South Wales\n Dolophones testudinea (L. Koch, 1871) \u2014 Australia, New Caledonia\n Dolophones thomisoides Rainbow, 1915 \u2014 South Australia\n Dolophones tuberculata (Keyserling, 1886) \u2014 New South Wales\n Dolophones turrigera (L. Koch, 1867) \u2014 Queensland, New South Wales\n\nDubiepeira\nDubiepeira Levi, 1991\n Dubiepeira amablemaria Levi, 1991 \u2014 Peru\n Dubiepeira amacayacu Levi, 1991 \u2014 Colombia, Peru, Brazil\n Dubiepeira dubitata (Soares & Camargo, 1948) (type species) \u2014 Venezuela to Brazil\n Dubiepeira lamolina Levi, 1991 \u2014 Ecuador, Peru\n Dubiepeira neptunina (Mello-Leitao, 1948) \u2014 Colombia, Peru, Guyana, French Guiana\n\nEdricus\nEdricus O. P.-Cambridge, 1890\n Edricus productus O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 \u2014 Mexico\n Edricus spiniger O. P.-Cambridge, 1890 (type species) \u2014 Panama to Ecuador\n\nEnacrosoma\nEnacrosoma Mello-Leitao, 1932\n Enacrosoma anomalum (Taczanowski, 1873) (type species) \u2014 Colombia, Peru to Brazil, French Guiana\n Enacrosoma decemtuberculatum (O. P.-Cambridge, 1890) \u2014 Guatemala\n Enacrosoma frenca Levi, 1996 \u2014 Mexico to Panama\n Enacrosoma javium Levi, 1996 \u2014 Costa Rica, Panama\n Enacrosoma multilobatum (Simon, 1897) \u2014 Peru\n Enacrosoma quizarra Levi, 1996 \u2014 Costa Rica\n\nEncyosaccus\nEncyosaccus Simon, 1895\n Encyosaccus sexmaculatus Simon, 1895 \u2014 Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil\n\nEpeiroides\nEpeiroides Keyserling, 1885\n Epeiroides bahiensis (Keyserling, 1885) \u2014 Costa Rica to Brazil\n\nEriophora\nEriophora Simon, 1864\n Eriophora biapicata (L. Koch, 1871) \u2014 Australia\n Eriophora conica (Yin, Wang & Zhang, 1987) \u2014 China\n Eriophora edax (Blackwall, 1863) \u2014 USA to Brazil\n Eriophora flavicoma (Simon, 1880) \u2014 New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands\n Eriophora fuliginea (C. L. Koch, 1838) \u2014 Honduras to Brazil\n Eriophora nephiloides (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 Guatemala to Guyana\n Eriophora neufvilleorum (Lessert, 1930) \u2014 Congo, Ethiopia\n Eriophora pustulosa (Walckenaer, 1841) \u2014 Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand\n Eriophora ravilla (C. L. Koch, 1844) (type species) \u2014 USA to Brazil\n Eriophora transmarina (Keyserling, 1865) \u2014 New Guinea, Australia, Samoa\n\nEriovixia\nEriovixia Archer, 1951\n Eriovixia cavaleriei (Schenkel, 1963) \u2014 China\n Eriovixia enshiensis (Yin & Zhao, 1994) \u2014 China\n Eriovixia excelsa (Simon, 1889) \u2014 India, Pakistan, China, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia\n Eriovixia gryffindori Ahmed, Khalap & Sumukha, 2016 \u2014 India\n Eriovixia hainanensis (Yin et al., 1990) \u2014 China\n Eriovixia huwena Han & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Eriovixia jianfengensis Han & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Eriovixia laglaizei (Simon, 1877) \u2014 India, China to Philippines, New Guinea\n Eriovixia mahabaeus (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) \u2014 Philippines\n Eriovixia menglunensis (Yin et al., 1990) \u2014 China\n Eriovixia napiformis (Thorell, 1899) \u2014 Cameroon to East Africa, Yemen\n Eriovixia nigrimaculata Han & Zhu, 2010 \u2014 China\n Eriovixia palawanensis (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) \u2014 , Philippines\n Eriovixia patulisus (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) \u2014 Philippines\n Eriovixia poonaensis (Tikader & Bal, 1981) \u2014 India, China\n Eriovixia pseudocentrodes (B\u00f6senberg & Strand, 1906) \u2014 China, Laos, Japan\n Eriovixia rhinura (Pocock, 1899) (type species) \u2014 West, Central Africa\n Eriovixia sakiedaorum Tanikawa, 1999 \u2014 Hainan, Taiwan, Japan\n Eriovixia sticta Mi, Peng & Yin, 2010 \u2014 China\n Eriovixia turbinata (Thorell, 1899) \u2014 Cameroon, Congo\n Eriovixia yunnanensis (Yin et al., 1990) \u2014 China\n\nEustacesia\nEustacesia Caporiacco, 1954\n Eustacesia albonotata Caporiacco, 1954 \u2014 French Guiana\n\nEustala\nEustala Simon, 1895\n Eustala albicans Caporiacco, 1954 \u2014 French Guiana\n Eustala albiventer (Keyserling, 1884) \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala anastera (Walckenaer, 1841) (type species) \u2014 North, Central America\n Eustala andina Chamberlin, 1916 \u2014 Peru\n Eustala bacelarae Caporiacco, 1955 \u2014 Venezuela\n Eustala banksi Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Mexico, Costa Rica\n Eustala belissima Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala bifida F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 \u2014 USA to Panama\n Eustala bisetosa Bryant, 1945 \u2014 Hispaniola\n Eustala brevispina Gertsch & Davis, 1936 \u2014 USA, Mexico\n Eustala bucolica Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala californiensis (Keyserling, 1885) \u2014 USA, Mexico\n Eustala cameronensis Gertsch & Davis, 1936 \u2014 USA\n Eustala catarina Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala cazieri Levi, 1977 \u2014 USA, Bahama Islands\n Eustala cepina (Walckenaer, 1841) \u2014 North America\n Eustala cidae Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala clavispina (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 USA to El Salvador\n Eustala conchlea (McCook, 1888) \u2014 USA, Mexico\n Eustala conformans Chamberlin, 1925 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala crista Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala cuia Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala delasmata Bryant, 1945 \u2014 Hispaniola\n Eustala delecta Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala devia (Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936) \u2014 USA to Panama, West Indies\n Eustala eldorado Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala eleuthera Levi, 1977 \u2014 USA, Bahama Islands, Jamaica\n Eustala emertoni (Banks, 1904) \u2014 USA, Mexico\n Eustala ericae Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala essequibensis (Hingston, 1932) \u2014 Guyana\n Eustala exigua Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala farroupilha Poeta, 2014 - Brazil \n Eustala fragilis (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 Guatemala, Panama\n Eustala fuscovittata (Keyserling, 1864) \u2014 Mexico, Cuba to South America\n Eustala gonygaster (C. L. Koch, 1838) \u2014 Brazil, Guyana\n Eustala guarani Poeta, 2014 -  Brazil \n Eustala guianensis (Taczanowski, 1873) \u2014 Peru, French Guiana\n Eustala guttata F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1904 \u2014 Mexico to Brazil\n Eustala histrio Mello-Leitao, 1948 \u2014 Panama, Guyana\n Eustala illicita (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 Mexico to Brazil\n Eustala inconstans Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala ingenua Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Guatemala to Panama\n Eustala innoxia Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala itapocuensis Strand, 1916 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala lata Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala latebricola (O. P.-Cambridge, 1889) \u2014 Guatemala to Panama\n Eustala levii Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala lisei Poeta, 2014 - Brazil, Uruguay \n Eustala lunulifera Mello-Leitao, 1939 \u2014 French Guiana, Guyana\n Eustala maxima Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala meridionalis Baert, 2014 - Galapagos Is. \n Eustala mimica Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala minuscula (Keyserling, 1892) \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala monticola Chamberlin, 1916 \u2014 Peru\n Eustala montivaga Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala mourei Mello-Leitao, 1947 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala mucronatella (Roewer, 1942) \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala nasuta Mello-Leitao, 1939 \u2014 Panama, Guyana, Brazil\n Eustala nigerrima Mello-Leitao, 1940 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala novemmamillata Mello-Leitao, 1941 \u2014 Argentina\n Eustala oblonga Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala occidentalis Baert, 2014 -  Galapagos Is. \n Eustala orientalis Baert, 2014 -  Galapagos Is. \n Eustala pallida Mello-Leitao, 1940 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala palmares Poeta, Marques & Buckup, 2010 \u2014 Brazil, Uruguay\n Eustala perdita Bryant, 1945 \u2014 Hispaniola\n Eustala perfida Mello-Leitao, 1947 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala photographica Mello-Leitao, 1944 \u2014 Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina\n Eustala redundans Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala rosae Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 \u2014 USA, Mexico\n Eustala rubroguttulata (Keyserling, 1879) \u2014 Peru\n Eustala rustica Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala saga (Keyserling, 1893) \u2014 Brazil, Uruguay\n Eustala sagana (Keyserling, 1893) \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala scitula Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Mexico to Panama\n Eustala scutigera (O. P.-Cambridge, 1898) \u2014 Mexico to Panama\n Eustala secta Mello-Leitao, 1945 \u2014 Brazil, Argentina\n Eustala sedula Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala semifoliata (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899) \u2014 Central America\n Eustala smaragdinea (Taczanowski, 1878) \u2014 Peru\n Eustala tantula Chickering, 1955 \u2014 Panama\n Eustala taquara (Keyserling, 1892) \u2014 Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina\n Eustala tribrachiata Badcock, 1932 \u2014 Paraguay\n Eustala tridentata (C. L. Koch, 1838) \u2014 Brazil, French Guiana\n Eustala trinitatis (Hogg, 1918) \u2014 Trinidad\n Eustala tristis (Blackwall, 1862) \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala ulecebrosa (Keyserling, 1892) \u2014 Brazil, Argentina\n Eustala uncicurva Franganillo, 1936 \u2014 Cuba\n Eustala unimaculata Franganillo, 1930 \u2014 Cuba\n Eustala vegeta (Keyserling, 1865) \u2014 Mexico to Brazil, Hispaniola\n Eustala vellardi Mello-Leitao, 1924 \u2014 Brazil\n Eustala viridipedata (Roewer, 1942) \u2014 Peru\n Eustala wiedenmeyeri Schenkel, 1953 \u2014 Venezuela\n\nExechocentrus\nExechocentrus Simon, 1889\n Exechocentrus lancearius Simon, 1889 (type species) \u2014 Madagascar\n Exechocentrus madilina Scharff & Hormiga, 2012 \u2014 Madagascar\n\nFaradja\nFaradja Grasshoff, 1970\n Faradja faradjensis (Lessert, 1930) \u2014 Congo\n\nFriula\nFriula O. P.-Cambridge, 1896\n Friula wallacei O. P.-Cambridge, 1896 \u2014 Borneo\n\nReferences\n\n  (2014): The world spider catalog, version 17.5. American Museum of Natural History. \n\nCategory:Lists of spider species by family"}
-{"text": "Christoph Kr\u00f6pfl\n\nChristoph Kr\u00f6pfl (born 4 May 1990) is an Austrian footballer who currently plays as a midfielder for TSV Hartberg.\n\nClub career\nBorn in Graz, Kr\u00f6pfl started playing football with the ESV Austria Graz. Later he joined the Sturm Graz Akademie to make his professional debut for SK Sturm Graz in the 2007/2008 season against SV Ried. In summer 2009 he joined FC Red Bull Salzburg. There he plays for the second Team, Salzburg Juniors, at first. In December 2009 he gave his debut in the first squad playing versus FC K\u00e4rnten, where he came in minute 63 for Somen Tchoyi.\n\nSince 2010 he is on loan in Kapfenberg playing for SV Kapfenberg.\n\nHe played for the Austrian soccer nationalteam from U-16 to U-21.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1990 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Graz\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Austrian footballers\nCategory:SK Sturm Graz players\nCategory:FC Red Bull Salzburg players\nCategory:Kapfenberger SV players\nCategory:TSV Hartberg players\nCategory:Austrian Football Bundesliga players\nCategory:Austrian Football Second League players"}
-{"text": "Dylon\n\nDylon International is a British brand of textile dyes and other household chemicals. It was founded in 1946 by the Mayborn Group. The Mayborn Group sold Dylon International to European homecare company Spotless Group in 2008. Spotless Group was acquired by Henkel in 2014 which is the current owner of Dylon.\n\nDylon products are made in the Republic of Ireland. Dylon's former London factory has been redeveloped as the Dylon Works. \n\nDye brands include Cold Water Dye, Machine Fabric Dye and Multipurpose Dye.\n\nHot water dye \nThis a range of textile dyes which are used at high temperatures. They are reactive azo dyes and dichlorotriazine is the main group present. They require hot fix (sodium carbonate) and common salt (sodium chloride). It comes in 2 colours.\n\nMachine Fabric Dye \nDylon's machine fabric dye and hand dye both contain reactive azo dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. The reactive groups are either pyrimidine or vinylsulphone. Machine Fabric Dye comes in 32 colours, Hand Dye in 21 colours.\n\nMultipurpose Dye \nThis range contains a mixture of 3 different dyes - direct, acid and disperse. Direct dyes are for cellulose based fabrics, acid dyes for wool and nylon and disperse for some plastics. None of these are reactive dyes and are less wash fast than the other ranges. It comes in 26 colours.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \nDylon's UK web site\nDylon Australia\nDylon's South Korea web site\n The Chemical Structure and Properties of Dyes\nDylon's Turkey web site\n\nCategory:Dyes\nCategory:Chemical companies of the United Kingdom\nCategory:Chemical companies established in 1946\nCategory:1946 establishments in England"}
-{"text": "South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center\n\nThe South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center is a prison located in South Cotabato province, Soccsksargen region, Mindanao, Philippines.\n\nPrison\nA security check is performed in the prison on monthly basis called \u2032Greyhound operation\u2032.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n South Cotabato prison documentary on Youtube\n\nCategory:Prisons in the Philippines\nCategory:Buildings and structures in South Cotabato\nCategory:Department of Justice (Philippines)\nCategory:Crime in the Philippines\nCategory:Koronadal"}
-{"text": "Kanevsky\n\nKanevsky or Kanevskoy (masculine), Kanevskaya (feminine), or Kanevskoye (neuter) may refer to:\n\nPeople \nViktor Kanevskyi (1936\u20132018), retired Soviet soccer player\nVictor Kanevsky (dancer) (born 1963), American ballroom dancer, dance sport coach\nGiselle Ka\u00f1evsky (born 1985), Argentinian field hockey player\nLeonid Kanevsky (born 1939), Russian/Israeli actor\nAlex Kanevsky (born 1963), painter currently based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\nVitali Kanevsky (born 1935), Soviet film director and screenwriter\n\nOther \nKanevskoy District, a district in Krasnodar Krai, Russia\nKanevskaya, a rural locality (a stanitsa) in Krasnodar Krai, Russia\nKanevskaya TV Mast, a among the tallest structures\n\nSee also\nKanievsky (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "The Road and the Radio\n\nThe Road and the Radio is the tenth studio album by American country music artist Kenny Chesney, released on November 8, 2005. The album debuted at number one on the US Top Country Albums and US Billboard 200 charts.\n\nContent\nThe album produced five singles between 2005 and 2007 with the songs \"Who You'd Be Today\", \"Living in Fast Forward\", \"Summertime\", \"You Save Me\", and \"Beer in Mexico\".  All singles made it to the Top 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. \"Living in Fast Forward\", \"Summertime\", and \"Beer in Mexico\" all reached number one. \"Who You'd Be Today\" peaked at number 2, and \"You Save Me\" went to number 3.\n\nTrack listing\n\nPersonnel\n\nCompiled in liner notes\nJeff Bailey - trumpet\nWyatt Beard - piano, background vocals\nPat Buchanan - electric guitar\nBuddy Cannon - background vocals\nMelonie Cannon - background vocals\nKenny Chesney - lead vocals\nJ. T. Corenflos - electric guitar\nChad Cromwell - drums\nDan Dugmore - steel guitar\nChris Dunn - trombone\nKenny Greenberg - acoustic guitar, electric guitar\nRob Hajacos - fiddle\nTim Hensley - banjo, ukulele, background vocals\nSteve Hinson - steel guitar\nJohn Hobbs - piano, keyboards, B3 organ, synthesizer\nJim Horn - baritone saxophone\nMike Johnson - steel guitar\nJohn Jorgenson - acoustic guiar, electric guitar, baritone guitar\nPaul Leim - drums, percussion\nSamuel B. Levine - tenor saxophone\nB. James Lowry - acoustic guitar, electric guitar, nylon string guitar\nRandy McCormick - piano, keyboards, B3 organ, Wurlitzer electric piano\nSteve Nathan - synthesizer\nSteve Patrick - trumpet\nLarry Paxton - bass guitar\nMichael Rhodes - bass guitar\nJohn Willis - acoustic guitar, nylon string guitar, banjo\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nSingles\n\nCertifications\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:2005 albums\nCategory:Kenny Chesney albums\nCategory:BNA Records albums\nCategory:Albums produced by Buddy Cannon\nCategory:Albums produced by Norro Wilson"}
-{"text": "WJSR\n\nWJSR is an adult hits formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Lakeside, Virginia, serving Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia.  WJSR is owned and operated by SummitMedia.  The station's studios are located west of Richmond proper in unincorporated Chesterfield County, and its transmitter is located in Mechanicsville, Virginia.\n\nProgramming and corporate history\n\n101.1 FM\nWhen WRFK-FM (106.5) was planning to sign off as an NPR station in March 1988, it was clear that a new NPR station must be found. Commonwealth Public Broadcasting Corporation, owners of WCVE-TV and WCVW-TV, applied for and received, a license to temporarily broadcast at 101.1 until a suitable permanent frequency could be found. From March 1988 to October 1989, 101.1 was the home of WCVE-FM and NPR. After WCVE-FM moved to a permanent home at 88.9, the 101.1 frequency went dark.\n\nWDYL\nIn December 1968, WDYL signed on first as a country station, then later as a religious station, where it operated on 92.1 FM until 1995.  Throughout its first stage of operation, WDYL-FM was a Christian music and ministry station, focusing on Contemporary Christian music. WDYL also was home to several sports teams, such as VCU basketball, VMI football, Virginia Tech football and basketball, and the Richmond Renegades pro hockey team.\n\nIn a complicated series of events, on November 8, 1995, WDYL moved to 105.7 to allow WCDX (which was on 92.7 FM at the time) to move closer to the city with more power on 92.1. The 101.1 frequency was allotted to Chester (the former city of license of 92.1).   \n\nIn September 1998, Sinclair Telecable sold the 101.1 frequency to Hoffman, who moved the WDYL call sign and format to 101.1 and traded the 105.7 frequency to Sinclair. Sinclair then signed off WSMJ, which had been on 101.1 doing a smooth jazz format, and debuted the country-formatted WJRV on their newly purchased 105.7 frequency.  \n\nWDYL then continued on 101.1 with Christian music. On July 16, 1999, Hoffman signed off the original Christian station, and sold the dark 101.1 frequency to Radio One, who brought it back as modern rock as \"Y101\" on October 13, 1999, to fill the void after WBZU flipped to oldies. In 2001, Radio One sold WDYL to Cox Radio.\n\nOn September 1, 2009, WDYL moved to 100.9 FM, and kept the \"Y101\" moniker.\n\nOn April 23, 2010, WDYL began redirecting listeners to WMXB, which flipped to adult album alternative \"103.7 The River\" the previous day. This led to rumors of a possible format change. Six days later, on April 29, at 2 p.m., after playing \"Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)\" by Green Day, WDYL flipped to Rhythmic Top 40, branded as \"Hot 100.9.\" The first song on \"Hot\" was \"Rude Boy\" by Rihanna. On May 6, WDYL changed call letters to WHTI to match the \"Hot\" branding.\n\nOn January 6, 2012, at Midnight, WHTI shifted to Mainstream Top 40, while retaining the \"Hot\" moniker.\n\nOn July 20, 2012, Cox Radio, Inc. announced the sale of WHTI and 22 other stations to SummitMedia for $66.25 million. The sale was consummated on May 3, 2013.\n\nOn May 7, 2014, WHTI began redirecting listeners to new translator W291CL, which began simulcasting WHTI via WURV-HD2. After a 15-day simulcasting period, \"Hot\" officially moved to W291CL on May 22, and 100.9 FM began stunting with nature sounds. At 8 a.m. on May 23, 2014, WHTI flipped to Soft AC, branded as \"Easy 100.9.\" The first song on \"Easy\" was \"Easy\" by The Commodores.\n\nOn January 27, 2016, WHTI flipped to Classic Hits, branded as \"Star 100.9.\" Bill Bevins and Shelly Perkins continued to host the morning show. The station's call letters changed to WJSR on February 9, 2016.\n\nOn October 24, 2018, at 6AM, after playing \"Don't You (Forget About Me)\" by Simple Minds, WJSR dumped its classic hits format after two-and-a-half years and flipped to adult hits as \u201c100.9 Jack FM\u201d. The first song on Jack FM was \u201cRock and Roll All Nite\u201d by Kiss.\n\nWJSR is licensed by the FCC to broadcast in the HD Radio (hybrid) format.\n\nFormer logos\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n100.9 Jack FM Online\n\nCategory:1968 establishments in Virginia\nCategory:Radio stations established in 1968\nJSR\nCategory:Adult hits radio stations in the United States"}
-{"text": "Dangerous Money\n\nDangerous Money, also known as Hot Money, is a 1946 American film directed by Terry O. Morse, featuring Sidney Toler as Charlie Chan. This is the second and last appearance of Willie Best as Chattanooga Brown, the cousin of Charlie Chan's usual chauffeur, Birmingham Brown (Mantan Moreland).\n\nPlot \nAboard an ocean liner in the South Pacific, US Treasury agent Scott Pearson confidentially asks Charlie Chan for help. There have been two attempts on his life. Chan rescues him from a third, but not the fourth (a knife in the back). The captain asks Chan to complete the dead man's mission and find out who is responsible for the recent surfacing of counterfeit dollars and stolen art. Chan declines, citing urgent business in Australia, but sets out to find the murderer.\n\nCast \n Sidney Toler as Charlie Chan\n Victor Sen Yung as Jimmy Chan (Number 2 son)\n Joseph Crehan as Captain Black\n Willie Best as Chattanooga Brown\n John Harmon as Freddie Kirk\n Bruce Edwards as Harold Mayfair\n Dick Elliott as P.T. Burke\n Joseph Allen as George Brace, the Purser\n Gloria Warren as Rona Simmonds, an English tourist with a crush on the purser George Brace\n Rick Vallin as Tao Erickson\n Amira Moustafa as Laura Erickson, Tao's wife\n Tristram Coffin as Scott Pearson\n Selmer Jackson as Ship's Doctor\n Dudley Dickerson as Big Ben\n Rito Punay as Pete the Steward\n Emmett Vogan as Professor Martin\n Elaine Lange as Cynthia Martin, the professor's wife\n Leslie Denison as missionary, Reverend Whipple (alias for Theodore M. Lane)\n Alan Douglas as Joe Murdock, man posing as Mrs. Whipple\n\nProduction\nThe film entered the public domain due to the omission of a valid copyright notice on its original prints.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1946 films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:Charlie Chan films\nCategory:Comedy mystery films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Terry O. Morse\nCategory:Films set in Samoa\nCategory:Articles containing video clips\nCategory:American mystery films\nCategory:1940s mystery films"}
-{"text": "Angela (The Lumineers song)\n\n\"Angela\" is a song recorded by American folk rock band The Lumineers for their second studio album, Cleopatra, and released as the album's third single on April 1, 2016.\n\nBackground\nThe Lumineers have said that the song \"Angela,\" is about \"a small town beauty struggling to escape her past.\" During an interview, The Lumineers also mentioned how the name \"Angela\" comes from lead singer Wesley Schultz's ex-girlfriend Angela Henard; noting:\n Through Facebook, The Lumineers premiered a twenty-one second long snippet of a live performance of the song on April 1, 2016.\n\nMusic Video\nThe official music video was  released via the Lumineers' YouTube and Vevo accounts on September 13, 2016. As of November, 2019, it has gained over 44 million views.\n\nThe Ballad of Cleopatra \nThe Ballad of Cleopatra is a compilation of the story in the music videos for Ophelia, Cleopatra, Sleep on the Floor, Angela and My Eyes, all songs from the album Cleopatra. The video was released on the Lumineers YouTube channel on April 27, 2017.\n\nLive performances\nOn April 1, 2016, The Lumineers premiered the song \"Angela,\" with a live performance at the iHeartRadio music theater in LA. The performance was aired on Audience Network, at 9pm on April 8, 2016. The Lumineers also performed the song for KEXP at the Columbia City Theater; and on April 16, 2016, they performed the song for The Saturday Sessions, a weekly music slot featured on the daily morning news program, CBS This Morning. They also performed the song at the 2016 Americana Music Honors & Awards.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:The Lumineers songs\nCategory:2016 songs\nCategory:2016 singles\nCategory:Dualtone Records singles"}
-{"text": "SystemSoft Alpha\n\nSystemSoft Alpha Corporation is a Japanese software development company.\n\nFormerly just \"SystemSoft\", they have a long series of mainly military strategic simulation games (generally hex-based) popular in the Japan market.  Notable among these are the many Daisenryaku and Master of Monsters series games that have been ported to multiple platforms from PCs to consoles.\n\nIn 1998, SystemSoft spun off their video game business into SystemSoft Production. In 1999, Alpha Shock was founded, and SystemSoft invested 25.1% of the initial capital. In 2001, SystemSoft sold all investments of Alpha Shock, and they transferred the video game business from SystemSoft Production to Alpha Shock. Alpha Shock were renamed to SystemSoft Alpha, although they are independent from SystemSoft. The main website for the game division, regardless of platform, is now SystemSoft Alpha, but \"Alpha\" still is not seen in the logo of the company on game boxes.\n\nOnly a handful of the dozens of games in their portfolio have ever been translated to make it to English-speaking markets, including two Master of Monsters games for the Sega Genesis and Sony PlayStation (\"Disciples of Gaia\"), and some of the Daisenryaku games (Iron Storm, Daisenryaku VII, Daisenryaku VII Exceed). Part of the reason for this is that the main platform for their games for almost a decade was the NEC PC-9801. However, several of their games were remakes of Infocom games for the PC-98 system. Since Infocom was an American company, these games were released to English-speaking markets first.\n\nSystemSoft has produced many wargames that are from the perspective of the Japanese Military, circa World War II.  These games fill a niche in the hex wargaming market that Japanese Military enthusiasts cannot expect from Western game developers who often portray the Japanese as the \"enemy\" in games, if at all.  Similarly, if less controversial, is the guaranteed inclusion of the Japanese Self Defense Forces in modern wargames like the Daisenryaku series.\n\nNotable games\nDaisenryaku series\nBarbarossa\nEnchanter (originally developed by Infocom\nMaster of Monsters series\nMoonmist (originally developed by Infocom)\nPlanetfall (originally developed by Infocom)\nZork I (originally developed by Infocom)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Developer's Website \n List of SystemSoft video games at GameFAQs\n List of SystemSoft Alpha video games at GameFAQs\n\nCategory:Video game companies of Japan\nCategory:Video game development companies"}
-{"text": "Rohan Gunaratna\n\nRohan Gunaratna (born 1961) is a political analyst specializing in international terrorism. He is the former Head of the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.\n\nEducation\nGunaratna received his Masters from the University of Notre Dame (USA), where he was Hesburgh Scholar and his doctorate from the University of St Andrews (Scotland), where he was British Chevening Scholar.\n\nCareer\nGunaratna is the lead author of Jane's Counter Terrorism.\n\nCriticism and controversy\n\nHambali claims \nIn 2003, Gunaratna claimed that Al-Qaeda commander Riduan Isamuddin alias Hambali regularly visited Australia plot fly planes into the British Houses of Parliament were dismissed by Australian authorities including the ASIO as lacking in evidence. Commenting on one of his books, the Pacific Journalism Review said in its review that \"his writing here on Indonesia reveals a remarkably narrow selection of sources, a profound lack of knowledge, and a flawed understanding of the history of the Indonesian armed forces and of their intelligence operates\".  Australian journalist and commentator on intelligence issues Brian Toohey has called him a \"self-proclaimed expert\". He has also made bogus claims to be a \"principal investigator\" at the UN's Terrorism Prevention Branch. IN reality, he had spoken  at a seminar organized by the parliamentary library, given evidence to a congressional hearing on terrorism and delivered a research paper at a conference organized by the UN's Department for Disarmament Affairs.\n\nIn 2004, New Zealand journalist Martin Bright, described Gunaratna as \u201cthe least reliable of the experts on bin Laden\u201d His claim to the New Zealand Herald that \"sympathisers and supporters of various terrorist groups were in New Zealand\u201d and claimed to have seen their fundraising leaflets were also dismissed by New Zealand's Financial Intelligence Unit.\n\nOthers\nIn 2013, Sri Lankan member of parliament Wijeyadasa Rajapakshe wrote in op-ed in which said that \"he (Gunaratna) insisted the importance of combating terrorism, he did not address on the cause for the emergence of terrorism.\" In 2017, Inspector General of Bangladesh Police dismissed his claims of ISIS presence in Bangladesh by saying that he had no experience in \"real issues.\"\n\nOntario Superior Court of Justice's verdict against Gunaratna\nIn a February 2011 article in Lakbima News, Gunaratna claimed that the Canadian Tamil Congress (CTC) was a front for the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The CTC sued Gunaratna, and on 21 January 2014, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled against Gunaratna, ordering home to pay the CTC damages of $37,000, and costs of $16,000. In his ruling judge Stephen E. Firestone stated that Gunaratna's claims were unequivocally and incontrovertibly \"false and untrue\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStaff Profile of Rohan Gunaratna, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, A Graduate School of Nanyang Technological University, Singapore\nInternational Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research\nBradley Hope, How Commissioner Kelly Reads His Way To Vigilance on Crime, New York Sun October 2006.\nDaniel Hoare, Gareth Evans downplays terrorist risk in Australia\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Alumni of the University of St Andrews\nCategory:Terrorism in Singapore\nCategory:Experts on terrorism\nCategory:Singaporean Buddhists\nCategory:Singaporean people of Sri Lankan descent\nCategory:1961 births"}
-{"text": "Tarapur Mandir\n\nTarapur Mandir is a Hindu temple of the Puthia Temple Complex in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. Its construction is dated to the 18th century. It is also known by other names as Rath Bagicha Tarapur and Hawakhana among the local residents.\n\nThe temple is situated  to the west of the Puthia Rajbari. Access is from the Rajshahi-Natore road. The temple is in Puthia town which is  away by road from Rajshahi city; the city is also a rail head and is on the Dhaka Rajashahi Highway.\n\nFeatures\nThe temple, which faces to the east, is a double storied structure. It has a flat roof. It is built over a high raised plinth in the middle of a big pond, which is an unusual feature in Bangladesh. The structure is built in brick masonry. In the ground floor there is an oblong shaped cell which is enclosed within a gallery of small width. The frontage on the southern, northern and eastern side of the temple in the ground floor has three arches in each face. The first floor of the temple has only one chamber and the facade on this floor also has triple arches on the southern, northern and eastern sides. The interior and external walls of the temple are simply plastered without any decoration, except for a few panels on the external face which have decorations. The temple and the pond are in a state of ruin.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Puthia Temple Complex"}
-{"text": "\u0218esuri\n\n\u015eesuri may refer to several villages in Romania:\n\n \u015eesuri, a village in M\u0103gire\u0219ti Commune, Bac\u0103u County\n \u015eesuri, a village in Bucure\u0219ci Commune, Hunedoara County\n \u015eesuri, a village in C\u00e2rlibaba Commune, Suceava County"}
-{"text": "Toonturama\n\nToonturama is an American children's programming block that airs on the Spanish-language television network UniM\u00e1s which debuted on January 15, 2002. The three-hour block\u2014which airs Saturday and Sunday mornings from 8 to 11a.m. ET/PT\u2014features live action and animated series aimed at children between the ages of 2 and 14.\n\nPrograms featured on the block consist of a mix of series originally produced in Spanish and dubbed versions of series that were originally produced and broadcast in English. All shows featured on Toonturama are designed to meet federally mandated educational programming guidelines defined by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) via the Children's Television Act.\n\nHistory\nOn January 15, 2002, one day after the network launched, UniM\u00e1s (then known as TeleFutura) debuted three children's program blocks aimed at different youth audiences. Two of these, Toonturama and Toonturama Junior, aired on weekend mornings. Toonturama featured a three-hour lineup that consisted mainly of dubbed versions of American and European animated series natively produced in English (including Bob the Builder, Tales from the Cryptkeeper, The Dumb Bunnies, Flight Squad, Toad Patrol, and Problem Child), as well as anime series (Lost Universe, Tenchi Universe, and Red Baron). Toad Patrol was an exception to the dubbing as an English dub had to be used to fix translation issues. Toonturama Junior was a two-hour companion block that preceded Tooturama on Saturday and Sunday mornings, featuring programs aimed at preschoolers that fulfilled educational programming requirements defined by the Children's Television Act. The third block, Mi Tele (\"My TV\"), was a two-hour animation block on weekday mornings featuring a mix of imported Spanish-language cartoons, such as Fantaghiro and El Nuevo Mundo de los Gnomos (The New World of the Gnomes).\n\nAmong the programs featured on Toonturama Junior was Plaza S\u00e9samo (\"City Square Sesame\"), Televisa and Sesame Workshop's Spanish-language adaptation of Sesame Street. It features a mix of original segments featuring characters based on its U.S.-based parent series and interstitials from Televisa. The program moved to TeleFutura after a seven-year run on Univision.\n\nProgramming\n\nCurrent programming\n El Mundo es Tuyo (May 7, 2018-present)\n Super Genios (May 14, 2016\u2013present)\n\nFormer programming\n\nToonturama\n Anatole (January 15, 2002 \u2013 October 6, 2002)\n Animal Atlas (September 10, 2005 \u2013 June 9, 2018) (now aired on Estrella TV)\n Betty Toons (July 8, 2006 \u2013 December 28, 2008)\n Cadillacs and Dinosaurs (March 23, 2002 \u2013 July 27, 2003)\n The Dumb Bunnies (November 2, 2002 \u2013 January 8, 2005)\n Fairy Tale Police Department\n Flight Squad\n Li'l Elvis and the Truckstoppers\n Lost Universe\n Marcelino Pan y Vino (August 2, 2003 \u2013 January 1, 2006)\n Masha and the Bear (September 9, 2018 \u2013 December 29, 2019)\n Mythic Warriors (January 15, 2002 \u2013 December 29, 2002)\n Ned's Newt (March 23, 2002 \u2013 January 8, 2005)\n The New World of the Gnomes (January 15, 2002 \u2013 October 6, 2002)\n Plaza S\u00e9samo (February 19, 2002 \u2013 May 7, 2016)\n Problem Child\n Red Baron\n Tales from the Cryptkeeper (March 23, 2002 \u2013 January 8, 2005)\n Tenchi Universe\n Toad Patrol (September 6, 2003 \u2013 March 11, 2012)\n The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat\n La Vida Animal (November 4, 2007 \u2013 September 30, 2012)\n Widget (November 2, 2002 \u2013 July 27, 2003)\n Zoo Clues (October 7, 2012 \u2013 April 29, 2018)\n\nToonturama Jr.\n Bob the Builder (August 2, 2003 \u2013 September 4, 2005)\n El Club de los Tigritos (2002\u20132005)\n El Cubo de Donal\u00fa (2002\u20132005)\n El Espacio de Tatiana (2002\u20132005)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:UniM\u00e1s original programming\nCategory:Television programming blocks in the United States\nCategory:2002 American television series debuts"}
-{"text": "Tatiana \u0160tefanovi\u010dov\u00e1\n\nTatiana \u0160tefanovi\u010dov\u00e1 (born 10 March 1934, in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia) is a Slovak archaeologist and historian, one of leading experts in early history of Slovakia. Along with other research activities, she worked on excavations = unearthing the oldest archeological remains of Bratislava at most Bratislava_Castle.\n\nSelected works \n 1969 Bratislavsk\u00fd hrad [Bratislava Castle] (co-author)\n 1975 Bratislavsk\u00fd hrad v 9. a\u017e 12. storo\u010d\u00ed [Bratislava Castle in the 9th-12th centuries]\n 1988 Osudy star\u00fdch Slovanov [Fate of the Ancient Slavs]\n 1993 Najstar\u0161ie dejiny Bratislavy [The Oldest History of Bratislava]\n 2004 D\u00f3m sv. Martina v Bratislave [St. Martin's Cathedral in Bratislava]\n 2012 Dejiny Bratislavy 1 [History of Bratislava I] (co-author)\n\nAwards \n Pribina Cross, II. class (President of the Slovak Republic)\n Silver Plaque (Archaeological Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences) \n Award for the work \"Dejiny Bratislavy 1\" (Slovak Archaeological Society)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1934 births\nCategory:Slovak historians\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences\n\nThe University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences (CNS) is the largest school at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The College of Natural Sciences consists of thirteen departments ranging from the physical to the life sciences and two schools, the Stockbridge School of Agriculture and the School of Earth and Sustainability. In addition, CNS hosts numerous institutes and centers promoting national and international collaboration in scientific research across disciplines.\n\nDepartments\nThe College of Natural Sciences at University of Massachusetts Amherst consists of thirteen departments including:\n Astronomy\n Biochemistry and Molecular Biology\n Biology\n Chemistry\n Environmental Conservation\n Food Science\n Geosciences\n Mathematics and Statistics\n Microbiology\n Physics\n Polymer Science and Engineering\n Psychological and Brain Sciences\n Veterinary and Animal Sciences\n\nResearch Centers\nThe College of Natural Sciences at UMass Amherst hosts a number of research centers including;\nAmherst Center for Fundamental Interactions (ACFI)\nCenter for Applied Mathematics and Mathematical Computation\nCenter for Evolutionary Materials\nCenter for Hierarchical Manufacturing\nCenter for Neuroendocrine Studies\nCenter for Research on Families\nClimate System Research Center\nFergus M. Clydesdale Center for Foods for Health and Wellness\nInstitute for Massachusetts Biofuel Research\nLarge Millimeter Telescope (LMT)\n Massachusetts Center for Autonomous Materials (Mass CAM)\nNortheast Climate Science Center\n UMass Research Forests\n Water Resources Research Center\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n College of Natural Sciences official site\n\nCategory:University of Massachusetts Amherst schools\nCategory:University subdivisions in Massachusetts"}
-{"text": "Yazdan, Fars\n\nYazdan (, also Romanized as Y\u016bzd\u0101n) is a village in Jangal Rural District, in the Central District of Fasa County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 44, in 11 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Fasa County"}
-{"text": "Tuman bay\n\nTuman bay can refer to one of the two sultans of the Mamluk Sultanate:\n\n Al-Adil Sayf ad-Din Tuman bay I (1501)\n Al-Ashraf Tuman bay II (1516\u20131517)\n\nSee also \nTumanbay (radio drama), a historical drama podcast from BBC Radio"}
-{"text": "TRIM31\n\nTripartite motif-containing protein 31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIM31 gene.\n\nThe protein encoded by this gene is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family. The TRIM motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region. The protein localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Its function has not been identified.\n\nInteractions\nTRIM31 has been shown to interact with TRIM23.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading"}
-{"text": "Pigeon Bay\n\nPigeon Bay is a body of water that lies between Minnesota, United States and Ontario, Canada and is part of Lake Superior. The international boundary between the two countries lies in the middle of the bay.  The name of \"Pigeon\" Bay was most likely from the prevalence of the passenger pigeon which was common in the US/Canada border region.\n\nGrand Portage State Park is on the Minnesota side of the bay, and Pigeon River is on the Ontario side of the bay.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Grand Portage State Park\n Pigeon River Provincial Park\nHeight of Land Portage at Google Maps\n\nCategory:Border rivers\nCategory:Canada\u2013United States border\nCategory:Rivers of Cook County, Minnesota\nCategory:International rivers of North America\nCategory:Rivers of Minnesota\nCategory:Rivers of Thunder Bay District\nCategory:Tributaries of Lake Superior"}
-{"text": "Rainfall in Karnataka\n\nThe state of Karnataka in India has a bittersweet relationship with rains. While its regions of Malnad and Coastal Karnataka receive copious amount of rainfall; its north Bayaluseemae region in the Deccan Plateau is one of the most arid regions in the country. Most of the rains received in the state is during the monsoon season. Being an agrarian economy with a large percentage of its citizens engaged in agriculture, the failure of rains can have a crippling effect on the economy of the state. Apart from the benefits in agriculture, the Government of Karnataka has tried to avail other benefits of rainfall using scientific methods. An example of this is the project, Rainwater Harvesting in Rural Karnataka which is initiated by the Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology and is one of the largest rainwater harvesting projects in the world. Agumbe in the Shimoga district , Amagaon in Belgaum District, Hulikal again in Shimoga district and Talakaveri in Madikeri are some of the known places with the highest annual rainfall in South India. Of this Amagaon has received over 10000 mm rain fall twice in 10 years.\n\nAgumbe and Hulikal in Shivamogga District of Western Ghat region is considered as \"Cheerapunji of South India\" but still some places in Western Ghats region had resulted much more rainfall than these two villages. Amagaon in Belgaum District recorded magical number of 10,068mm in the year 2010 , Mundrote in Kodagu district recorded 9974mm in the year 2011.\n\nThe table below compares rainfall\u00a0 between Agumbe in Thirthahalli taluk in Shimoga district, Hulikal in Hosanagara taluk in Shimoga district, Amagaon in Khanapur Taluk in Belgaum district and Talacauvery  and Mundrote in Madikeri taluk in Kodagu district, Kokalli of Sirsi Taluk ,Nilkund of Siddapur Taluk, CastleRock of Supa(Joida) Taluk in Uttara Kannada District, Kollur in Udupi District to show which one can be called the \"Cherrapunji of South India\".\n\nThe following were the top 5 places that recorded highest rainfall in statistics [2010-2017] \nThe following places recorded highest rainfall with respect to each year [2010-2017]\n\nImportance\nThe economy of Karnataka is mainly agrarian and most of it is dependent on the rainfall; mainly the southwest monsoon. The extent of arid land in the state is second only to Rajasthan. Only 26.5% of sown area (30,900\u00a0km\u00b2) is subjected to irrigation and hence the rest of the cultivated land is entirely dependent on rainfall. Rainfall also influences the quantity of water available in the rivers which in turn influences the amount of drinking water available to the population and the amount of electricity that can be generated in the hydroelectric power stations in the state. The importance of rainfall is such that Karnataka sometimes had to resort to costly artificial methods like cloud seeding in order to induce rain artificially. Rainfall is also crucial to recharge the depleting ground water and Karnataka has come up with innovative methods like rainwater harvesting in order to solve the drinking water scarcity in the state.\n\nRainwater harvesting\nKarnataka is a pioneer in the concept of rainwater harvesting with The Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology (KSCST) implementing one of the largest rainwater harvesting projects in the world. 23683 schools in rural Karnataka were selected for this project with the main goal of providing drinking water by using the method of rooftop harvesting. In this project, rainwater collected on the rooftop is channeled through a system of PVC pipes and stored in an enclosed surface tank. The pipeline consists of a first-flush filter which flushes out the first rainfall along with other contaminants that may exist on the roof and then subsequent cleaner rainwater is allowed to pass on to the tank. A sand bed filter is used to further eliminate impurities in the water before it gets collected in the tank. Further precautions are taken to prevent dust and insects from entering the tank.\n\nConsequences\n\nDeficient rainfall\nA year of deficient rainfall leads to the following consequences:\n Agricultural output will be impacted: While this has a direct impact on the economy of the state, it also leads to other social issues like the suicide of farmers. Due to the crop failure, the farmers would not be in a position to repay the loans they had taken for agriculture and few of them take an extreme step of suicide.\n Drinking water scarcity: A lot of towns and cities in Karnataka are dependent on rivers for the supply of drinking water and any deficiency in rainfall leads to lesser amount of drinking water being supplied to the homes.\n Shortage of electricity: Deficient rainfall leads to a drop in the amount of electricity produced by hydroelectric projects and hence drastic measures like compulsory power cuts have to be employed to counter this shortage.\n\nExcess rainfall\nHeavy rains can lead to a significant loss of life and property and also cause damage to the crops. Excess rains also cause an impact in major cities with inundated roads causing traffic jams. An example of this was in the year 2005 when the Madivala lake overflowed on to the Hosur Road in Bangalore forcing many schools and offices to close.\n\nRainfall distribution\nThe average annual rainfall in Karnataka is 1248\u00a0mm. The state is divided into three meteorological zones viz. North Interior Karnataka, South Interior Karnataka and Coastal Karnataka. Coastal Karnataka with an average annual rainfall of 3456\u00a0mm is one of the most rainy regions in the country. Contrasting this, the region of South Interior Karnataka and North Interior Karnataka receive only 1286 and 731\u00a0mm of average annual rainfall.\n\nDistricts\nThe average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka varies from 562\u00a0mm in the Bagalkot district to 4119\u00a0mm in the Udupi District. Bagalkot, Chitradurga and Koppal are the districts which receive the least rainfall whereas Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Chickmagalur and Shivamogga districts receive the heaviest rainfall.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Environment of Karnataka\nCategory:Climate of India"}
-{"text": "Chiliocephalum\n\nChiliocephalum is a genus of Ethiopian flowering plants in the aster family.\n\n Species\n Chiliocephalum schimperi Benth. - Ethiopia\n Chiliocephalum tegetum Mesfin- Ethiopia\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Asteraceae genera\nCategory:Inuleae\nCategory:Flora of Ethiopia"}
-{"text": "To Matthieu\n\nTo Matthieu () is a 2000 French drama film written and directed by Xavier Beauvois and starring Nathalie Baye.\n\nThe film was entered into the main competition at the 57th Venice International Film Festival.\n\nPlot\n\nCast \n Beno\u00eet Magimel as Matthieu\n Nathalie Baye as Claire \n Antoine Chappey as Eric \n Fred Ulysse as Francis\n Jean-Marie Winling as The Factory's Owner \n Fran\u00e7oise Bette as Simone\n M\u00e9lanie Leray as Dominique\n Virginie Dess\u00e8vre as Virginie\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:French films\nCategory:French drama films\nCategory:2000s drama films\nCategory:Films directed by Xavier Beauvois"}
-{"text": "African hoe money\n\nAfrican hoe money was a form of currency which became standard in many African countries.\n\nImplements such as hoes, spades, trowels, knives and spears served a utilitarian function in many African countries. The scarcity of metals such as iron, copper, brass and bronze meant that they became useful trading materials leading to their use as currency. Objects made from these metals came in the shape of a heart, spade, paddle, teardrop, trowel, anchor or blade, often reworked into implements as needed.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Currencies of Africa"}
-{"text": "Qin Kai (diver)\n\nQin Kai (; born January 31, 1986) is a Chinese athlete who competes in diving. He competed for Team China at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, and the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.\n\nCareer\n\nAt the 2001 World Junior Championships, he won the gold on the 3m Springboard and the silver medal on the Platform. At the 2006 National Championships, he won the silver medal on the springboard. At the 2006 World Cup, he won the gold on the 3m springboard. At the 2007 World Championships, he won the gold on the springboard and in the synchro springboard. At the 2008 World Cup, he won the gold in the 3m Synchro Springboard.\n\nHe is the 2008 Olympic Champion on the 3m Synchronized Springboard with Wang Feng and won bronze in the Men's 3m Springboard.\n\nIn 2009, he again won the 3m Synchronized Springboard with Wang Feng at the World Championships in Rome.  He also won the individual gold at the 1m Springboard at the same championships.\n\nAt the 2012 Summer Olympics, he again competed in the men's 3 m synchronised springboard and the men's individual 3 m springboard. He retained his synchronised springboard title, this time with Luo Yutong, and won the silver medal in the individual event.\n\nIn 2013, he won gold with He Chong at the men's 3m synchro springboard World Championships in Barcelona.\n\nIn 2015, he partnered with Cao Yuan on the men's 3m synchro springboard at the World Championships in Kazan and won gold.\n\nAt the 2016 Summer Olympics, Qin won bronze in 3m synchronized dive with Cao Yuan. He retired from international competition after the Olympics.\n\nPersonal life\nQin Kai proposed to fellow diver and girlfriend of 6 years He Zi, right after she won silver in the women's 3m individual springboard at the Rio Olympics. They married in June 2017, and their daughter was born in October 2017.\n\nAccolades\nIn 2011, Qin was named Top Ten Athlete of Shanxi province. In 2012, he was awarded the May 1st Labour Medal in the People's Republic of China.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Beijing 2008 Profile\n FINA profile \n\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Xi'an\nCategory:Chinese male divers\nCategory:Olympic divers of China\nCategory:Olympic medalists in diving\nCategory:Divers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Divers at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Divers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic gold medalists for China\nCategory:Olympic silver medalists for China\nCategory:2016 Olympic bronze medalists for China\nCategory:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:World Aquatics Championships medalists in diving\nCategory:Asian Games gold medalists for China\nCategory:Asian Games silver medalists for China\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in diving\nCategory:Divers at the 2010 Asian Games\nCategory:Divers at the 2006 Asian Games\nCategory:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games\nCategory:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games\nCategory:Universiade medalists in diving\nCategory:Universiade gold medalists for China"}
-{"text": "Kopytko Triangle\n\nScott M. Kopytko Triangle is a  public green space in the Flushing neighborhood of Queens, New York City. It is bound by 158th Street, Oak Avenue, and Quince Avenue.  The triangle\u2019s shape is the result of two street grids intersecting with each other to form this small green space. To the park\u2019s west, streets named after plants, such as Poplar, Quince, and Rose, recall Flushing\u2019s past as America's premier horticultural center at the site of what is now Kissena Park. William Prince established the New World's first commercial nursery in Flushing 1735.\n\nThis triangle honors Scott Michael Kopytko (1968\u20132001) who once lived near this triangle. He was among the 343 members of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) killed in the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. In 2002, the City Council passed legislation to name the triangle for Kopytko.\n\nA lifelong resident of Queens, Kopytko attended local schools, including St. Ann\u2019s School, P.S. 163, Francis Lewis High School, and St. John\u2019s University. He worked as a Commodities Broker in the World Trade Center, but changed his career in 1998, realizing his dream of becoming a New York City Firefighter. His assigned firehouse, Ladder Company 15 and Engine Company 4, is located on South Street in Manhattan\u2019s Financial District, the neighborhood where he worked in his previous career. He was one of 12 men from his firehouse killed in the South Tower.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Parks in Queens, New York\nCategory:Flushing, Queens\nCategory:Memorials for the September 11 attacks"}
-{"text": "John Barnhill (basketball)\n\nJohn Anthony \"Rabbit\" Barnhill (March 20, 1938 \u2013 November 11, 2013) was an American former professional basketball player.\n\nBarnhill, along with Porter Meriwether, led the Evansville Lincoln High School Lions to an undefeated regular season and the city co-championship in 1954\u201355.\n\nBorn in Sturgis, Kentucky, the 6'1\" guard was raised in Evansville, Indiana; he attended Tennessee State University, where he won an NAIA championships in 1957, 1958 and 1959. Barnhill's 1957 TSU Tigers were notable as the first all-black team to win a major American basketball tournament. Meriwether joined him in time for the 1959 title.\n\nHe finished his career as the #2 scorer (1,253 points) behind Dick Barnett on the all-time TSU scoring list; today, he ranks #18. He was a 3 time NAIA All-American (1957, 1958 and 1959) and helped the Tigers to a 3-year record of 94-8 (.922).\n\nAfter his 1st season with the Pipers, he was selected for an American All-Star that toured the Soviet Union; other members of the U.S. State Department-sponsored team included Jerry Lucas, Les Lane, Dan Swartz, Ben Warley, Roger Taylor, Jack Adams, Mike Moran, Jerry Shipp, Gary Thompson, Jim Frances and Tom Meschery.\n\nFrom 1962 to 1969, Barnhill played in the National Basketball Association as a member of the St. Louis Hawks, Detroit Pistons, Baltimore Bullets, and San Diego Rockets. He averaged 8.6 points per game in his NBA career. Barnhill later spent time in the rival American Basketball Association, mainly as a member of the Indiana Pacers.  Additionally, Barnhill was selected in three separate NBA expansion drafts in three consecutive years, 1966 (Chicago Bulls), 1967 (San Diego Rockets), and 1968 (Phoenix Suns).\n\nFollowing his playing career, Barnhill was an NBA assistant coach for the Los Angeles Lakers, assisting Bill Sharman; he acted as the Lakers' interim coach during the 1974\u201375 season, while Sharman's wife was ill with cancer.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:1938 births\nCategory:2013 deaths\nCategory:Amateur Athletic Union men's basketball players\nCategory:American Basketball League (1961\u201362) players\nCategory:American men's basketball players\nCategory:Baltimore Bullets (1963\u201373) players\nCategory:Basketball players from Indiana\nCategory:Chicago Bulls expansion draft picks\nCategory:Denver Rockets players\nCategory:Detroit Pistons players\nCategory:Indiana Pacers players\nCategory:Phoenix Suns expansion draft picks\nCategory:San Diego Rockets expansion draft picks\nCategory:San Diego Rockets players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Evansville, Indiana\nCategory:St. Louis Hawks draft picks\nCategory:St. Louis Hawks players\nCategory:Tennessee State Tigers basketball players\nCategory:Guards (basketball)"}
-{"text": "Benjamin H. Adams\n\nBenjamin Harrison Adams (November 5, 1888 \u2013 May 27, 1989), was a medical officer in the United States Navy that served during World War I and World War II, and reached the rank of Rear Admiral.\n\nEarly life and education \nAdams was born in Armour, South Dakota, son of Winthrop Lucius and Ellen Amelia Adams (n\u00e9e Moore). In 1912 he began attending Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. In 1913 he transferred to Cornell College, in Mount Vernon, Iowa, and again in 1914 to the University of Iowa in Iowa City. He graduated with a Doctor of Medicine in 1918 and briefly served with the United States Army.\n\nCareer \nAdams transferred to Naval Service on 15 June 1918 and was given the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade). His first assignment was at the Naval Hospital at Great Lakes, Illinois. LTJG Adams spent the remainder of World War I there, and completed a 15-month internship. In September 1919 LTJG Adams transferred to the Naval Reserve on inactive duty and returned to Sioux City, Iowa to practice medicine. August 31, 1921 Adams returned to active duty in the Regular Navy, Medical Corps and was promoted to Lieutenant.\n\nLT Adams returned to the Naval Hospital at Great Lakes as a Ward Medical Officer. After two years at Great Lakes, Adams was assigned to the USS Idaho (BB-42) as a Junior Medical Officer and spent 11 months at sea. Upon returning, Adams was transferred to the USS Vega (AK-17) as a Medical Officer for ten months. In July 1925, he reported for duty at the Naval Hospital at Puget Sound, Washington until March 1927. His next assignment was Medical Examiner at the Navy Recruiting Station in Seattle, Washington.\n\nAdams was among the first Navy doctors to be designated as a Submarine Medical Officer. In September 1928 he reported for duty as a Submarine Personnel Examiner at the Submarine Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After completing this assignment in June 1930, Adams spent a year studying at the Naval Medical School in Washington DC. He then went on to study Physiology at the School of Public Health, Harvard University in Cambridge Massachusetts. On April 25, 1932, Adams was named a Research Fellow in Physiology.\n\nIn September 1932, Adams reported to his next assignment as a Medical Examiner at the Submarine Base in New London, Connecticut. In October 1934, he finished his assignment and was transferred to the light cruiser USS Raleigh (CL-7). Adams served on the USS Raleigh for a year, and then spent another year aboard the minelayer USS Oglala. In September 1936, Adams returned to shore duty and conducted chemical warfare research at the Medical Research Unit, Edgewood Arsenal in Edgewood, Maryland. After completing his research he attended the staff officers course in chemical warfare.\n\nIn July 1940, CDR Adams joined the Submarine Squadron FIVE, part of the Asiatic Fleet as a Staff Medical Officer and served aboard the flagship USS Canopus (AS-9). The USS Canopus was moored at Manila during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines. Adams established the first aid stations ashore and removed valuable medical supplies before the Japanese could capture them. For his actions, CDR Adams was awarded a Letter of Commendation with Ribbon with combat distinguishing \"V\" device. With the withdraw of US Forces from Manila to Bataan, CDR Adams became the Senior Naval Medical Officer in the Bataan-Corregidor area. CDR Adams was ordered to Java, traveling there aboard the USS Seadragon (SS-194) and then to Southwest Australia aboard the USS Holland (AS-3). In July 1942, CAPT Adams was transferred to the USS Otus (ARG-20) and returned to the United States.\n\nIn November 1942, CAPT Adams became the Executive Officer of the Naval Hospital in St. Albans, New York. Finishing his assignment in February 1944, he received his second Letter of Commendation from the Secretary of the Navy for his service there. From March 1944 until January 1946, CAPT Adams served in the Navy's Bureau of Medicine and Surgery in Washington, DC. In February 1947, CAPT Adams became the Medical Officer in Command of the US Naval Academy Hospital in Annapolis, Maryland. In August 1949 he became a member of the Naval Retiring Review Board. A few months later, CAPT Adams became a Senior Medical Member of the Physical Evaluation Board of the Potomac River Naval Command in Washington DC. He kept this position until his retirement on December 1, 1950. After his retirement, CAPT Adams was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral \n\nRADM Adams and his wife settled on a farm in the Abingdon, Maryland area after his retirement. Adams was a member of the Mayflower Society and a volunteer with the American Red Cross. RADM Adams was honoured in 1985, when he was designated as a Harford County Living Treasure. He died at Church Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland at age 100. His body was interred in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery in Annapolis, Maryland.\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1888 births\nCategory:1989 deaths\nCategory:American centenarians\nCategory:United States Navy rear admirals (lower half)\nCategory:American naval personnel of World War II"}
-{"text": "Turnaround management\n\nTurnaround management is a process dedicated to corporate renewal. It uses analysis and planning to save troubled companies and returns them to solvency, and to identify the reasons for failing performance in the market, and rectify them. Turnaround management involves management review, root failure causes analysis, and SWOT analysis to determine why the company is failing. Once analysis is completed, a long term strategic plan and restructuring plan are created. These plans may or may not involve a bankruptcy filing. Once approved, turnaround professionals begin to implement the plan, continually reviewing its progress and make changes to the plan as needed to ensure the company returns to solvency.\n\nTurnaround Managers\nTurnaround Managers are also called Turnaround Practitioners, and often are interim managers who only stay as long as it takes to achieve the turnaround. Assignments can take anything from 3 to 24 months depending on the size of the organization and the complexity of the job. Turnaround management does not only apply to distressed companies, it in fact can help in any situation where direction, strategy or a general change of the ways of working needs to be implemented. Therefore turnaround management is closely related to change management,  transformation management and post-merger-integration management. High growth situation for example are one typical scenario where turnaround experts also help. More and more turnaround managers are becoming a one-stop-shop and provide help with corporate funding (working closely with banks and the Private Equity community) and with professional services firms (such as lawyers and insolvency practitioners) to have access to a full range of services that are typically needed in a turnaround process. Most turnaround managers are freelancers and work on day rates. The job often involves frequent travel. Others work for large corporations and have permanent positions.\n\nStages\nStages in repositioning of an organization:\n The evaluation and assessment stage\n The acute needs stage\n The restructuring stage\n The stabilization stage\n The revitalization stage\n\nThe first stage is delineated as onset of decline (1). Factors that cause this circumstance are new innovations by competitors or a downturn in demand, which leads to a loss of market share and revenue. But also stable companies may find themselves in this stage, because of maladministration or the production of goods that are not interesting for customers. In public organisations are external shocks, like political or economical, reasons that could cause a destabilization of a performance. \n \nSometimes an onset of decline can be temporary and through a corrective action and recovery (2) been fixed. \n\nThe reposition situation (3) is the point in the process, where the minimally accepted performance is long-lasting below its limits. In empirical studies a performance of turnaround is measured through financial success indicators. These measures ignore other performance indicators such as impact on environment, welfare of staff, and corporate social responsibility. The organizational leaders need to decide, if a strategy change should happen or the current strategy be kept, which could lead on the other hand to a company takeover or an insolvency. In the public sector performances are characterized by multiple aims that are political contested and constructed. Nevertheless, are different criteria of performances used by different stakeholders and even if its use results in the same criteria, it is likely that different weights apply to them. So if a public organization is situated in a turnaround situation, it is subject to the dimensions of a performance (e.g. equity, efficiency, effectiveness) as well as its approach of their relative importance. This political point of view suggests that a miscarriage in a public service may happen when key stakeholders are ongoing dissatisfied by a performance and therefore the existence of an organisation might be unclear. In the public sector success and failure is judged by the higher bodies that bestow financial, legal, or other different resources on service providers.\n   \nIf decision maker choose to take a new course, because of the realization that actions are required to prevent an ongoing decline, they need at first to search for new strategies (4). Question that need to be asked here are, if the search for a reposition strategy should be participative and decentralized or secretive and centralized or intuitive and incremental or analytic and rational. Here, the selection must be made quickly, since a second turnaround may not be possible after a new or existing poor performance. This means, that a compressed strategy process is necessary and therefore an extensive participation and analysis may be precluded. The same applies to the public sector, because the public authorities are highly visible and politically under pressure to rapidly implement a recovery plan. \n\nIs the fifth stage reached, the selection of a new strategy (5a) has been made by the company. Especially researcher typically concentrates on this one of the reposition process. Most of them focus on the structure and its impact on the performance of the strategy that was implemented. It is even stated by the scientist, that a commercial success is again possible after a failing of the company. But different risk-averse groups, like suppliers, customers or staff may be against a change or are sceptical about the implementation of the strategy. These circumstances could result in a blockade of the realization. Also the conclusion is conceivable, that no escape strategy is found (5b), as a result that some targets can\u2019t be achieved. In the public sector it is difficult to find a recoverable strategy, which therefore could lead to a permanent failure. The case may also be, that though a recovery plan is technically feasible, it might not be political executable. \n\nThe implication of the new strategy (6) ensues in the following sixth stage. It is a necessary determinant of organizational success and has to be a fundamental element of a valid turnaround model. Nevertheless, it is important to note, that no empirical study sets a certain turnaround strategy. \n\nThe outcomes of the turnaround strategies can result in three different ways. First of all a terminal decline (7a) may occur. This is possible for situations, where a bad strategy was chosen or a good strategy might have been implemented poorly. Another conceivable outcome is a continued failure (7b). Here is the restructuring plan failed, but dominant members within the company and the environment still believe that a repositioning is possible. If that\u2019s the case, they need to restart at stage four and look for a new strategy. Does an outcome of the new strategy turns out to be good, a turnaround (7c) is called successful. This is achieved, when its appropriate benchmark reaches the level of commercial success, like it was the case before the onset of decline. This is commonly measured in a timeframe between two and four year.\n\nTechniques\n\nThere are different techniques that can be applied to cause a repositioning. The four main techniques are known as Retrenchment, Repositioning, Replacement and Renewal:\n\nRetrenchment\n\nThe Retrenchment strategy of the turnaround management describes wide-ranging short-term actions, to reduce financial losses, to stabilize the company and to work against the problems, that caused the poor performance.\nThe essential content of the Retrenchment strategy is therefore to reduce scope and the size of a business through Shrinking Selective Strategy. This can be done by selling assets, abandoning difficult markets, stopping unprofitable production lines, downsizing and outsourcing. These procedures are used to generate resources, with the intention to utilize those for more productive activities, and prevent financial losses. Retrenchment is therefore all about an efficient orientation and a refocus on the core business.\nDespite that many companies are inhibited to perform cutbacks, some of them manage to overcome the resistance. As a result they are able get a better market position in spite of the reductions they made and increase productivity and efficiency.  Most practitioners even mention, that a successful turnaround without a planned retrenchment is rarely feasible.\n\nRepositioning\n\nThe repositioning strategy, also known as \"entrepreneurial strategy\", attempts to generate revenue with new innovations and change in product portfolio and market position. This includes development of new products, entering new markets, exploring alternative sources of revenue and modifying the image or the mission of a company.\n\nReplacement\n\nReplacement is a strategy, where top managers or the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) are replaced by new ones. This turnaround strategy is used, because it is theorized that new managers bring recovery and a strategic change, as a result of their different experience and backgrounds from their previous work.  \nIt is also indispensable to be aware, that new CEO\u2019s can cause problems, which are obstructive to achieve a turnaround. For an example, if they change effective organized routines or introduce new administrative overheads and guidelines.\nReplacement is especially qualified for situations with opinionated CEO\u2019s, which are not able to think impartial about certain problems. Instead they rely on their past experience for running the business or belittle the situation as short-termed. The established leaders fail therefore to recognize that a change in the business strategy is necessary to keep the company viable. There are also situations, where CEO\u2019s do notice that a current strategy isn\u2019t successful as it should be. But this hasn\u2019t to imply, that they are capable or even qualified enough to accomplish a turnaround.\nIs a company against a Replacement of a leader, could this end in a situation, where the declining process will be continued. As result qualified employees resign, the organisation discredits and the resources left will run out as time goes by.\n\nRenewal\n\nWith a Renewal a company pursues long-term actions, which are supposed to end in a successful managerial performance. The first step here is to analyze the existing structures within the organization. This examination may end with a closure of some divisions, a development of new markets/ projects or an expansion in other business areas. A Renewal may also lead to consequences within a company, like the removal of efficient routines or resources. On the other hand are innovative core competencies implemented, which conclude in an increase of knowledge and a stabilization of the company value.\n\nHurdles or challenges\nThree critical hurdles or challenges that management faces in any repositioning program:\n Design: What type of restructuring is appropriate for dealing with the specific challenge, problem, or opportunity that the company faces?\n Execution: How should the restructuring process be managed and the many barriers to restructuring overcome so that as much value is created as possible?\n Marketing: How should the restructuring be explained and portrayed to investors so that value created inside the company is fully credited to its stock price?\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Insolvency\nCategory:Management"}
-{"text": "John Butcher (British politician)\n\nJohn Patrick Butcher (13 February 1946 \u2013 25 December 2006) was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.\n\nButcher was born in Doncaster but grew up in Huntingdonshire where he was educated at Huntingdon Grammar School and the University of Birmingham. He fought the seat of Birmingham Northfield in February 1974 and was a Birmingham City Councillor from 1972 until 1978.\n\nHe was Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry South West from 1979 until 1997, when the seat was abolished by boundary changes. He was later chairman of Texas Instruments (1990\u201398) and the Institute of Directors (1997\u20132001).\n\nHe was married with three children and despite living in Solihull was a common sight at the Carlton Club in London.\n\nWestminster\nFollowing his election in 1979, Butcher was appointed PPS to Leon Brittan in 1981 and became a Parliamentary Under-Secretary in 1982 at the Department of Trade. Butcher also served as Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Education and Science between 1988 and 1989, after being moved from what was then called the Department of Trade and Industry.\n\nDuring his time as minister at the Department of Trade and Industry during the eighties he deregulated the mobile telephone market in the UK.\n\nAfter he left ministerial office he introduced the Property Misdescriptions Act, which aimed to curb \"the more extravagant claims of estate agents\".  He was also a euro-sceptic and was one of the Maastricht rebels who voted against the Government in 1993.\n\nAfter politics\nWhen he left politics due to heart problems which would eventually take his life, he became chairman of the Institute of Directors. In 1997, he became a director of Pertemps Group and two years later became a director of Phoenic Telecom. He even ran his own company, John Butcher Associates in West Midlands.\n\nHe died of heart failure at the age of 60, on Christmas Day 2006, at 1500 feet, beside Alcock Tarn in the Lake District with his three children.\n\nThe initial John Butcher Memorial lecture was held at University of Warwick on 19 March 2008. The first guest speaker was Michael Howard QC MP.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nObituary, The Times, 5 January 2007\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1946 births\nCategory:2006 deaths\nCategory:People from Doncaster\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Birmingham\nCategory:Councillors in Birmingham, West Midlands\nCategory:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nCategory:UK MPs 1979\u20131983\nCategory:UK MPs 1983\u20131987\nCategory:UK MPs 1987\u20131992\nCategory:UK MPs 1992\u20131997"}
-{"text": "Edward Turner Bale\n\nEdward Turner Bale (1810 \u2013 October 9, 1849) was an English immigrant physician who built the Bale Grist Mill in Napa County, California.\n\nLife\nHe arrived from England in Monterey, California in 1837 on the H.M.S. Harriet, having served as the ship's surgeon. He soon became Surgeon-In-Chief of the Mexican Army under General Mariano Vallejo, and on March 21, 1839, married Vallejo's niece Maria Ignacia Soberanes. After becoming a citizen of Mexico in March 1841, in June, Bale was granted the Rancho Carne Humana, which comprised the land between what is now Rutherford and Calistoga, California.\n\nConstruction of the Bale Grist Mill located between St. Helena and Calistoga was completed in 1846, the same year the Bear Flag Revolt claimed independence from Mexico. Bale's connection to the Bear Flag Party is uncertain, but there is evidence that they met at his mill before the capture of Sonoma. Several of Bale's acquaintances were members of the Bear Flag Party.\n\nDuring the California Gold Rush, Bale tried his hand at mining, and eventually caught a fever from which he never recovered. He died on October 9, 1849.\n\nLegacy\nOn December 26, 1860, his daughter Carolina married winemaker Charles Krug. Bale's wife made sure the daughter was protected in a prenuptial that allowed for her to keep  of land north of St. Helena, California, on which Krug planted a vineyard.\n\nBale, California is named for him.\n\nReferences\n\n Napa County Chronology, based on information from the book From Golden Fields to Purple Harvest\n WineDay: How to Start a Winery by Fred McMillin\n reproduced at pashnit.com: Bale Grist Mill brochure\n Dean Albertson, 1949, Dr. Edward Turner Bale, Incorrigible Californio, California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Sep., 1949), pp.\u00a0259\u2013269\n\nCategory:19th-century English medical doctors\nCategory:People of the Conquest of California\nCategory:Mexican people of the Mexican\u2013American War\nCategory:American people of the Mexican\u2013American War\nCategory:1810 births\nCategory:1849 deaths\nCategory:American emigrants to Mexico\nCategory:English emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Naturalized citizens of Mexican California\nCategory:People from Napa County, California\nCategory:History of Napa County, California"}
-{"text": "Sofular, A\u011fa\u00e7\u00f6ren\n\nSofular is a village in the District of A\u011fa\u00e7\u00f6ren, Aksaray Province, Turkey.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Aksaray Province\nCategory:A\u011fa\u00e7\u00f6ren District\nCategory:Villages in Turkey"}
-{"text": "Alzina\n\nAlzina is the name of:\n\nGiven name \nAlzina Stevens (1849\u20131900), American labor leader, social reformer and editor\nAlzina Toups, American chef\n\nSurname \nC\u00e9cile Alzina (born 1981), French snowboarder\nIgnatio Francisco Alzina\n, Swiss artistic gymnast"}
-{"text": "1991 Football League Third Division play-off Final\n\nThe 1991 Football League Third Division play-off Final was a football match contested between Bolton Wanderers and Tranmere Rovers. The match was played at Wembley Stadium on 1 June 1991. Tranmere Rovers won 1\u20130 to earn promotion to the 1991\u201392 Football League Second Division.\n\nMatch Details\n\nReferences\n\n3\nCategory:EFL League One play-off finals\nCategory:Bolton Wanderers F.C. matches\nCategory:Tranmere Rovers F.C. matches"}
-{"text": "Massieville, Ohio\n\nMassieville is an unincorporated community in Ross County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.\n\nHistory\nVariant names were \"Massie\" and \"Waller\". The community has the name of Waller Massie, the proprietor of a local sawmill.\n\nNotable person\nWill Huff, a composer, was born at Massieville in 1875.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Ross County, Ohio\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Ohio"}
-{"text": "Watling Estate\n\nThe Watling Estate is in Burnt Oak, in the Edgware district of the London Borough of Barnet. It was one of twelve London County Council cottage estates built between the wars to provide \"homes fit for heroes\". There are 4032 homes set in .\n\nLocation\nIn the 1850s, Burnt Oak referred to no more than a field on the eastern side of the Edgware Road (Watling Street), by the 1860s plans were in place to build three residential streets: North Street, East Street, and South Street. The area was generally known as Red Hill until the opening of Burnt Oak tube station on the Northern line of London Underground on 27 October 1924. It was the on farmland to the south-east of the community in Edgware Road, that London Transport constructed a new road, Watling Avenue, and London County Council built the Watling Estate housing estate. In September 1931 Jack Cohen opened his first Tesco store at 54 Watling Avenue, Burnt Oak.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Housing of the Working Classes Act 1890, encouraged the London authority to improve the housing in their areas. It also gave them the power acquire land and to build tenements and houses (cottages).  The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the army was noted with alarm. This led to a campaign known as 'Homes fit for Heroes'. In 1919 the Government, through The Addison Act (Housing Act 1919) the required councils to provide housing built to the  Tudor Walters standards.  It helped them to do so through the provision of subsidies, These were then removed by the Geddes Axe of 1922, and partially restored by the Wheatley Act of 1924.\n\nThus LCC was actively looking for suitable land, when the Northern Line was extended in 1934 opening up a new transport corridor. LCC quickly purchased  of farmland adjacent to the new Burnt Oak tube station.  The plans were drawn up by the LCC's Chief Architect, George Forrest. He set aside  for allotments and parks and  for schools and public buildings. The rest was for housing.\n\nDesign\n\nPlanning the estate\nIn 1912 Raymond Unwin, published a pamphlet Nothing gained by Overcrowding. These ideas influenced the Tudor Walters Report of 1918. The report recommended housing in short terraces, spaced at  at a density of 12 to the acre: and this defined the Watling Estate. The estate shows all the signs of the \"garden city movement\". Care was taken to exploit the undulating ground, offering vistas and long views. There are cul de sacs. The terraces are indeed short and stepped back at road corners to open up the space. Throughout the estate runs the Silk Stream, and the banks have been used to create parks and internal open-space.\n\nHouses and flats\n\nThere were 4012 dwellings on the estate, Most were traditional brick; there were 252 'Atholl' steel and 464 timber-frame homes built as experiments. It was hoped that they would be cheaper and quicker to build. Most were larger family homes: there was a mix of parlour and non-parlour types. There were also around 320 flats, built in low-rise blocks.\n\nThe facilities\nThe main shopping parade on Watling Avenue was built in 1930.\nThe first school opened in 1928, the large Watling Central School in 1931.\n\nCommunity\nThe initial tenants were selected by LCC. Like  other estates, they were a relatively well-off though overwhelmingly working-class population with small families. 20% were skilled manual, 20% transport workers and 10% clerical with wages between \u00a33 and \u00a34 a week. Almost half of the incomers were under 18.\n\nThe estate was seen as a threat by the older citizen of Edgware who dubbed it \"Little Moscow\". and likened initiative as one of the \"raw, red tentacles of that housing octopus, the London County Council\".\n\nConservation area\nThe Watling Estate was made a conservation area in 2007.\n\nSee also\nDownham Estate\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Housing estates in the London Borough of Barnet\nCategory:Districts of the London Borough of Barnet"}
-{"text": "Paula Denk\n\nPaula Denk (18 January 1908 in Namibia \u2013 9 January 1978 in Munich) was a German actress. She was a star of stage, screen, radio and television whose career spanned five decades.\n\nDenk\u2019s list of acting credits begins in the 1930s, with films such as Das verliebte Hotel (1933, as Lilo), Eskapade (1936, as Vera, the bride) and the comedy Peter, Paul und Nanette (1935, as Adele), in which she was described as \u201ca slender brunette, especially attractive as a pert maid\u201d in a 1940 New York Times review.\n\nDuring this period she also appeared in many stage productions, and was immortalized as one of the stars featured in a now-collectible set of cigarette cards in 1936, along with such popular international stars of the day as Marlene Dietrich and Cary Grant.\n\nDenk was part of a circle that included writer Klaus Mann and famous actor/director Gustaf Gr\u00fcndgens.  Among collaborations between Gr\u00fcndgens and Denk is a 1948 stage production of Anton Chekhov\u2019s The Seagull, in which they starred as Trigorin and Irina.  In 1951, Denk played Lavinia Chamberlayne in a radio adaptation of TS Eliot\u2019s play The Cocktail Party (staged as Die Cocktail Party).  Gr\u00fcndgens directed the production, which also starred his ex-wife, Marianne Hoppe.  Recordings of the play remain available today.\n\nIn the 1950s, Denk began appearing in television roles, highlighted by a performance as Margot in Besuch Aus Der Zone (1958), and Leonida in Ein Tag in Paris (1966), in which Denk co-starred with Horst Tappert, who in 1975 would invite her to appear in an episode of his popular and long-running hit series, Derrick (TV series).  Denk also appeared as Frau Price-Ridley in a popular adaptation of Agatha Christie\u2019s The Murder at the Vicarage, produced in German as Mord im Pfarrhaus (1970).\n\nSelected filmography\n The Love Hotel (1933)\nRosen aus dem S\u00fcden (1934)\nPeter, Paul and Nanette (1935)\n Family Parade (1936)\n Escapade (1936)\nDas Konzert (1956)\nBesuch Aus Der Zone (1958)\nGeliebt in Rom (1963)\nEin tag in Paris (1966)\nMord in Pfarrhaus (1970)\nDerrick - Season 2, Episode 4: \"Madeira\" (1975)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1908 births\nCategory:1978 deaths\nCategory:20th-century German actresses"}
-{"text": "Osteoarthritis and Cartilage\n\nOsteoarthritis and Cartilage is  monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research in orthopedics and rheumatology. It is an official journal of the Osteoarthritis Research Society International, published on their behalf by Elsevier.\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Elsevier academic journals\nCategory:English-language journals\nCategory:Rheumatology journals\nCategory:Monthly journals\nCategory:Orthopedics journals\nCategory:Publications established in 1993"}
-{"text": "Humberto Martins\n\nHumberto Martins Duarte (born 14 April 1961) is a Brazilian actor.\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Brazilian male telenovela actors\nCategory:1961 births\nCategory:People from Nova Igua\u00e7u\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Bill Harvey (Australian footballer)\n\nBill Harvey (10 October 1926 \u2013 6 September 1957) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Melbourne in the Victorian Football League (VFL).\n\nHarvey, a key forward, managed just two VFL appearances, against Collingwood and Footscray in the 1948 season.\n\nHe then played in the Diamond Valley Football League for Heidelberg and kicked 102 goals in 1950, the most by any player that season.\n\nIn 1951 he joined Preston.\n\nHe was the grandfather of North Melbourne games record holder Brent Harvey.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1926 births\nCategory:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)\nCategory:North Melbourne Football Club players\nCategory:Heidelberg Football Club players\nCategory:Northern Blues players\nCategory:1957 deaths"}
-{"text": "Fever Daydream\n\nFever Daydream is the debut studio album by American electronic band The Black Queen, released independently on January 29, 2016. The album was released in Australia under Universal Music Australia and was initially limited to 1,000 copies.\n\nBackground and composition\nIn January 2013, Greg Puciato of The Dillinger Escape Plan revealed plans for a new project with Joshua Eustis in an interview with Revolver, later releasing a teaser video on their official homepage under the name The Black Queen in 2015. \n\nOn June 14, 2015, the band revealed the first single from their then-unnamed album, \"The End Where We Start\" on BBC Radio 1 Rock Show. They released its accompanying music video on their official YouTube account two days later. The single was later released physically with 233 limited edition copies made available for purchase on 12\" vinyl, sold only from the band's official website.\n\n233 limited edition 12\" vinyl copies of \"Ice to Never\" were made available for purchase on the band's homepage. The release contains the album version of the song, a shorter \"single\" version, and an extended version. The music video for \"Ice to Never\" was released in September 2015. \n\nFever Daydream became available for purchase through their official Bandcamp account on January 29, 2016, limited to 1,000 copies on black vinyl and CD, as well as worldwide in independent record stores. A final version of Fever Daydream, limited to 233 copies, was released on white vinyl with an alternate cover. This cover is an inversion of the cover from the clear vinyl release.\n\nThe music of Fever Daydream has been described by music critics as new wave, dream pop, and ambient music.\n\nReception \n{{Album ratings\n| MC = 74/100\n| rev1 = AllMusic\n| rev1score = \n| rev2 = Alternative Press\n| rev2Score = \n| rev3 = Exclaim!\n| rev3Score = 6/10\n| rev4 = Kerrang!\n| rev4score = \n| rev5 = Revolver\n| rev5Score = \n| rev6 = Spin\n| rev6score = 7/10\n}}Fever Daydream'' received positive reviews by music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 74 based on 7 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nPersonnel \nThe Black Queen\n Greg Puciato \u2212 lead vocals, production\n Joshua Eustis \u2212 keyboards, programming, guitar, production\n Steven \"Asian Steve\" Alexander \u2212 keyboards, guitar, programming, production\n\nTechnical\nJustin Meldal-Johnsen \u2212 executive production\nJesse Draxler \u2212 artwork and design\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2016 albums\nCategory:The Black Queen albums\nCategory:Universal Records albums"}
-{"text": "When the White Lilacs Bloom Again\n\nWhen the White Lilacs Bloom Again (German: Wenn der wei\u00dfe Flieder wieder bl\u00fcht) may refer to:\n\n A popular German song of the 1920s\n  When the White Lilacs Bloom Again (1929 film), a German silent film directed by Robert Wohlmuth \n  When the White Lilacs Bloom Again (1953 film), a West German film directed by Hans Deppe"}
-{"text": "Tuzly Lagoons\n\nTuzly Lagoons (, ) are a group of marine lagoons (limans) in southern Bessarabia (Budjak), Ukraine. The lagoons are part of the Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park, proclaimed on January 1, 2010. The name of the lagoons originates from the , which means salty.\n\nThe group includes three main lagoons: Shahany, Alibey, and Burnas, and also smaller lagoons: Solone Ozero, Khadzhyder, Karachaus, Budury, Kurudiol, Martaza, Mahala, Malyi Sasyk, and Dzhantshey.\n\nThe total area of the lagoons is 206\u00a0km\u00b2, depth 1.6\u20132.5 m, averaging 1.0\u20131.3 m. The lagoons are separated from the Black Sea by a 29-km long sandbar, which is 60\u2013400 m wide and 1\u20133 m high.\n\nNotes and references\n\nExternal links \n \n\n \nCategory:Saline lakes of Europe\nCategory:Lagoons of Ukraine\nCategory:Ramsar sites in Ukraine\nCategory:Landforms of Odessa Oblast\nCategory:Budjak"}
-{"text": "ODV\n\nODV may refer to:\n\nOmni Directional Vehicle, a ground support utility vehicle\nOcean Data View, a software package for the analysis and visualization of oceanographic and meteorological data sets"}
-{"text": "George Brown (sociologist)\n\nGeorge William Brown (born 1930) is a medical sociologist who works in the field   of   social nature of mental illness.\n\nLife and work\nBrown was born in Portobello, London, in 1930, as one of non-identical twins. His father was a lens maker and his mother had been a waitress.    He left school at 16 and initially moved between a number of jobs, including work in the Post Office. In 1948, he was called up for national service \u2013 in the Air Force.  He then went to University College London in 1951 studying archaeology and anthropology.  After a series of jobs he obtained a research post at the Social Psychiatry Research Unit at the Maudsley Hospital, London. It was here that he began his research into schizophrenia.\n\nIn 1968 he moved to the Social Research Unit at Bedford College, London, where he became first Deputy Director, then joint Director. It was here that he developed his research into the social aspects of depression.  He also developed with Margot Jefferys a very influential MSc in Medical Sociology.\n\nPublications\n Wing, J.K., & Brown, G.W. (1970). Institutionalism and Schizophrenia: A Comparative Study of Three Mental Hospitals 1960-1968. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.\n Brown, G.W., & Harris, T. (1978). Social origins of depression: A study of psychiatric disorder in women. London:Tavistock.\n\nAwards\n1986 Fellow of the British Academy\n2002 DUniv, University of Essex\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1930 births\nCategory:British sociologists\nCategory:Academics of Bedford College (London)\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Henderson State Reddies football\n\nFor information on all Henderson State University sports, see Henderson State Reddies\n\nThe Henderson State Reddies football program is a college football team that represents Henderson State University. The team is a member of the Great American Conference which is in the Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The Reddies are currently coached by Scott Maxfield, who is in his seventh year at the university. Home games are played at Carpenter-Haygood Stadium in Arkadelphia, Arkansas. Henderson State shares the longest rivalry in Division II football with Ouachita Baptist University Tigers, the Battle of the Ravine, which began in 1895. Head Coach Of Auburn, Gus Malzahn is one of their most famous alumni by playing Wide Receiver for the  Reddies.\n\nRivalries\n\nOuachita Baptist Tigers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n*\nCategory:Sports clubs established in 1905"}
-{"text": "Battlefields Forever\n\nBattlefields Forever is the fourth studio album by American band Big Business. It was recorded at Entourage Studios in North Hollywood, CA.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Chump Chance\" - 2:20\n \u201cNo Vowels\u201d - 3:48\n \u201cBattlefields\u201d - 4:35\n \u201cTrees\u201d - 6:11\n \u201cAurum\u201d - 1:33\n \u201cDoomsday, Today!\u201d - 4:09\n \u201cHeavy Shoes\u201d - 3:30\n \u201cOur Mutant\u201d - 2:05\n \u201cLonely Lyle\u201d - 9:18\n\nPersonnel \nBig Business\n Jared Warren - bass, vocals\n Coady Willis - drums, vocals\n Scott Martin - guitar, vocals\n\nTechnical personnel\n Dave Curran and Big Business \u2013 Producing\n Dave Curran - recording\n Andrew Schneider and Dave Curran - Mixing\n Scott Martin - Mixing on Aurum\n Carl Saff - Mastering\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2013 albums\nCategory:Big Business (band) albums"}
-{"text": "Gunawan Maryanto\n\nGunawan Maryanto (born Yogyakarta April 10, 1976) is an Indonesian author and theatre director. Aside from managing Teater Garasi, he also organises the yearly Indonesian Dramatic Reading Festival with Joned Suryatmoko. His poetry, prose, and literary criticism have featured in a variety of Indonesian mass media.\n\nMaryanto has staged his works in several countries, received arts grants from the Manage Institute, and won a number of competitions. In 2017, Maryanto won the Best Lead Actor award at the Umar Ismail Awards for his performance as poet Widji Thukul in the film Istirahatlah Kata-kata.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Vazha Lortkipanidze\n\nVazha Lortkipanidze (; born November 29, 1949) is a Georgian politician, former State Minister of Georgia and Ambassador of Georgia to Russia, member of the Parliament of Georgia.\n\nEarly years\nLortkipanidze was born on November 29, 1949 in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1973, he graduated from Mathematics Department of Tbilisi State University and Moscow Academy of Sciences with bachelor's and then doctoral degrees.\n\nIn 1983-1986, he was second and then first secretary of Central Committee of Georgian Komsomol during Eduard Shevardnadze's tenure as the First Secretary of Georgian SSR. In 1986-1988, he was the First Secretary of Mtatsminda Regional Committee of Communist Party of Georgia and then worked as the head of department in the CC of Communist Party of Georgia and in 1989-1990 as Deputy Chairman of Cabinet of Ministers of Georgia.\n\nPolitical career\nWhen Zviad Gamsakhurdia took over with independence of Georgia, Lortkipanidze left government work finding a job at Tbilisi Research Institute, but with Shevardnadze's return to power in January 1992, he was immediately appointed Chief of Staff of Presidential Administration of Georgia, a post he held until January 17, 1995. From 1995 through 1998, he was the Ambassador of Georgia to Russia. His additional duties were representing the Georgian side in the Russian-mediated negotiations with Abkhazia. He had good relations with high-ranking officials in the Russian government but at home he was considered pro-Russian by the opposition parties. Lortkipanidze was appointed State Minister of Georgia on July 31, 1998 shortly after Nikoloz Lekishvili resigned from the post on July 26 due to criticism on economic policies. Lortkipanidze left the post on May 11, 2000 and was replaced by Giorgi Arsenishvili. He was elected the leader of Christian-Democratic Union of Georgia in November 2002.\n\nConsidered a close ally to Shevardnadze, he was appointed the head of the campaign for pro-presidential block Alliance for New Georgia in the Georgian presidential election campaign.\n\nHe has a PhD in Economics and is currently a professor at Tbilisi State University. He married Irine Khomeriki in 1983 and they have two children: Nino (1984) and \nAna (1993).\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Diplomats of Georgia (country)\nCategory:Government ministers of Georgia (country)\nCategory:1949 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ambassadors of Georgia (country) to Russia\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of Georgia\nCategory:People from Tbilisi\nCategory:Tbilisi State University alumni\nCategory:20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)"}
-{"text": "Flavonol-3-O-triglucoside O-coumaroyltransferase\n\nIn enzymology, a flavonol-3-O-triglucoside O-coumaroyltransferase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction\n\n4-coumaroyl-CoA + a flavonol 3-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside]  CoA + a flavonol 3-O-[6-(4-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)- beta-D-glucoside]\n\nThe 3 substrates of this enzyme are 4-coumaroyl-CoA, flavonol, and [[3-O-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucoside]], whereas its 4 products are CoA, flavonol, [[3-O-[6-(4-coumaroyl)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-]], and beta-D-glucoside].\n\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, to be specific those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-coumaroyl-CoA:flavonol-3-O-[beta-D-glucosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucosid e] 6-O-4-coumaroyltransferase'''.\n\nReferences \n\n \n\nCategory:EC 2.3.1\nCategory:Enzymes of unknown structure\nCategory:Flavanols metabolism"}
-{"text": "Wake Me When the War Is Over\n\nWake Me When the War Is Over is a 1969 American made-for-television comedy film directed by Gene Nelson and starring Ken Berry and Eva Gabor. It first aired as the ABC Movie of the Week on October 14, 1969.\n\nPlot\nThe film tells the story of Lieutenant Roger Carrington (Berry), a soldier fighting for the United States Army Air Forces during the closing days of World War II. After accidentally falling out of a plane and landing in German territory, he is hidden by a local baroness named Marlene (Gabor). Luckily, Marlene is against the Nazis, and sympathizes with Carrington, taking him under her wing to recover, and eventually falling in love with him.\n\nUnfortunately, when World War II ends, Marlene realizes that Carrington will leave when he finds this out. Not wanting him to go yet, she decides not to tell him about the war ending so he will stay, and she manages to keep him with her for nearly five years. Around then is when Carrington convinces himself that it's his duty to continue fighting and he leaves Marlene's estate, not realizing he's now in a peacetime country. The only problem is, no one can tell him the war is over because no one around him speaks English including the Baroness' maid Eva who accompanies him.\n\nCast\n Ken Berry as Roger Carrington\n Eva Gabor as Baroness Marlene\n Werner Klemperer as Erich Mueller\n Danielle De Metz as Eva\n Hans Conried as Erhardt\n Jim Backus as Colonel\n Parley Baer as Erhardt's Butler\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1969 television films\nCategory:1960s comedy films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American comedy films\nCategory:World War II films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:ABC Movie of the Week"}
-{"text": "Megachile semibarbata\n\nMegachile semibarbata is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1937.\n\nReferences\n\nSemibarbata\nCategory:Insects described in 1937"}
-{"text": "Louis-Charles Foucher\n\nLt-Colonel The Hon. Louis-Charles Foucher (September 13, 1760 \u2013 December 26, 1829) was Solicitor General for Lower Canada and elected to the  2nd Parliament of Lower Canada for Montreal West, and afterwards for York and Trois-Rivi\u00e8res. His final position held was Judge of the Court of King's Bench at Montreal. His home from 1820, Piedmont, was one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile.\n\nBackground\n\nBorn 1760, at Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies, Quebec, he was the son of Antoine Foucher (1717-1801) and his first wife Marie-Joachim Ch\u00e9nier (1723-1786), daughter of Jean-Baptiste Ch\u00e9nier (1684-1760), of Lachine, Quebec. Antoine Foucher's father had come to New France as a young man but had returned to his native Bourges in France, where Louis-Charles' father was born, before he too came to Montreal in 1739. Originally a baker, Antoine Foucher had a successful career as a notary at Terrebonne, but he is best remembered as the owner of the first Francophone theatre (staging in 1774 the first production of Moli\u00e8re with various English officers at his home in Montreal) to which he dedicated his small fortune. Louis-Charles' mother's family had been settled in New France since at least 1651.\n\nCareer\n\nFrom 1773 to 1780, Louis-Charles Foucher studied at the Coll\u00e8ge Saint-Rapha\u00ebl. From 1780, he was part of Fleury Mesplet's Enlightenment Circle. Foucher qualified to practice as a notary in 1784 and was admitted to the Bar of Montreal in 1789, setting up his own legal practice with Joseph B\u00e9dard. Just six years later in 1795, Foucher was named Solicitor General for Lower Canada. The following year, in 1796, he was elected to the 2nd Parliament of Lower Canada in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West; he had also run unsuccessfully for Effingham County. In 1800, he was defeated again in Effingham but elected in York County. He was elected in Trois-Rivi\u00e8res in 1804. In 1803, Foucher was appointed Puisne judge in the provincial court for Trois-Rivi\u00e8res district and, in 1812, he was named to the Court of King's Bench at Montreal.\n\nUnusually for a Francophone, politically Foucher was a Tory. In 1817, the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, led by the Parti patriote, brought charges against him for misdemeanor and delinquency in the exercise of his functions, and demanded his dismissal. The matter was referred to the Prince Regent, who in 1819 decided in his favour, and as such he kept his judicial seat.\n\nPrivate life and family\n\nDuring the War of 1812, Foucher served as a Lieutenant-Colonel in the militia. In 1820, he moved into Piedmont, one of the early estates of the Golden Square Mile, which after his death was sold to John Frothingham.\n\nIn 1787, he had married Marie-\u00c9lizabeth, daughter of Pierre Foretier, Seigneur d'\u00cele Bizard. Madame Foucher's sister was married to The Hon. Denis-Benjamin Viger, Joint Prime Minister of the Canadas. Foucher died at Montreal in 1829. His daughter Marie-L\u00e9ocadie married her first cousin The Hon. Hugues Heney, who had inherited their grandfather's Seigneury at \u00cele Bizard.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1760 births\nCategory:1829 deaths\nCategory:Members of the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada\nCategory:Lower Canada judges\nCategory:People from Rivi\u00e8re-des-Prairies\u2013Pointe-aux-Trembles"}
-{"text": "Iya Nla\n\n\u00ccy\u00e1 Nl\u00e1 is the primordial spirit of all creation in Yoruba cosmology. She is believed to be the source of all existence.\n\nEtymology\nIya Nla literally means \u201cGreat Mother\u201d in the Yoruba language (\u00ccy\u00e1: Mother;  Nl\u00e1: Big or Great).\n\nDescription\nIn The G\u1eb9\u0300l\u1eb9\u0300d\u1eb9\u0301 Spectacle: Art, Gender, and Social Harmony in an African Culture, art historian Babatunde Lawal reveals that \u00ccy\u00e1 Nl\u00e1 in Yoruba cosmology is the orisha who is the \u201cMother of All Things, including the deities.\u201d  Lawal also asserts that the female principle in nature has been personified as \u00ccy\u00e1 Nl\u00e1 (The Great Mother), whereby human beings can relate to one another as children of the same mother.\u201d  Teresa N. Washington\u2019s Our Mothers, Our Powers, Our Texts: Manifestations of \u00c0j\u1eb9\u0301 in Africana Literature, states that \u00ccy\u00e1 Nl\u00e1 \u2014 the Mother of All, who is also known as Yew\u00e1j\u1ecdb\u00ed, Od\u00f9, Od\u00f9duw\u00e0, and \u00c0j\u1eb9\u0301 \u2014 is not merely an orisha; \u00ccy\u00e1 Nl\u00e1 is the primordial force of all creation.\n\nReferences\n\nRecommended Reading \n\nDrewal, Henry John and Margaret Thompson Drewal. G\u1eb9l\u1eb9d\u1eb9: Art and Female Power among the Yoruba. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.   \n\nFatunmbi, Awo F\u00e1\u2019lokun.  \u00ccwa-p\u1eb9\u0300l\u1eb9\u0301: If\u00e1 Quest: The Search for the Source of Santer\u00eda and Lucum\u00ed. Bronx: Original, 1991. .\n\nLawal, Babatunde. The G\u1eb9\u0300l\u1eb9\u0300d\u1eb9\u0301 Spectacle: Art, Gender, and Social Harmony in an African Culture. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.  .\n\nOduyoye, Modupe. \u201cThe Spider, the Chameleon and the Creation of the Earth.\u201d In Traditional Religion in West Africa. Ed. E. E. Ade Adegbola. Accra: Asempa, 1983. 374\u2013388. .\n\nWashington, Teresa N. The Architects of Existence: \u00c0j\u1eb9\u0301 in Yoruba Cosmology, Ontology, and Orature. \u1eccya\u2019s Tornado, 2014.  .\n\nWashington, Teresa N. Our Mothers, Our Powers, Our Texts: Manifestations of \u00c0j\u1eb9\u0301 in Africana Literature. 2005. Revised and expanded edition, \u1eccya\u2019s Tornado, 2015. . \n\nCategory:Yoruba mythology\nCategory:Yoruba words and phrases"}
-{"text": "Hunter Eats Hunter (song)\n\n\"Hunter Eats Hunter\" is the second single from Chevelle's seventh studio album, La G\u00e1rgola. The song debuted on June 24, 2014.\n\nTrack listing\n\nCharts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2014 songs\nCategory:2014 singles\nCategory:Songs written by Pete Loeffler\nCategory:Epic Records singles\nCategory:Chevelle (band) songs\nCategory:Songs written by Sam Loeffler"}
-{"text": "The Willow Copse\n\nThe Willow Copse is an English play by Dion Boucicault adapted from the French play La Closerie des Gen\u00eats by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Souli\u00e9.\n\nIt debuted in England at the Adelphi Theatre on November 26, 1849 with a cast included Madame C\u00e9leste as Rose Fielding and Henry Hughes as Luke Fielding.  The original bill identified that it was written by \"two popular authors,\" the second of which has been credited as Charles Lamb Kenney.  It ran for 91 consecutive performances through March 16, 1850.\n\nThe play had its American debut in May 1852 at the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, with Celeste, and also with Charles Walter Couldock playing the role of Luke Fielding, and who later toured widely playing the same role for a number of years (with his daughter eventually playing the role of Rose Fielding), still reviving the role as late as 1885.\n\nA September 1859 revival at the Adelphi played for thirty-six consecutive nights, and featured Benjamin Nottingham Webster as Luke Fielding, Sarah Woolgar as Meg, and John Lawrence Toole as  Augustus de Rosherville.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Willow Copse: A Drama. In Five Acts (Boston, 1855) (via Google books)\n\nCategory:1849 plays"}
-{"text": "Octomom Home Alone\n\nOctomom Home Alone is a pornographic film featuring prominent American mother Nadya Suleman, also known as \"Octomom\", masturbating. The DVD was released on 16 July 2012  by Wicked Pictures and drew media attention given Suleman's celebrity and recognition from the AVN Awards.\n\nProduction\nIn 2009, Suleman gave birth to the Suleman octuplets. News of the octuplets caused an international media sensation. Public response was largely negative, including death threats. \n\nAlthough under severe financial pressure from raising 14 children, Suleman had publicly stated she would not do pornography. She explained that stance, saying \"I\u2019ve been celibate for 14 years and I\u2019m a regular church-goer.\" She also claimed she had never masturbated. However, in 2012 Suleman filed for bankruptcy in federal court, claiming a $1 million debt. She thus reversed her earlier position, saying \"If it's a job, and it's a well-paying job, and it's going to allow me to get out of here and move in a very safe, huge home that they deserve, I'm going to do it.\" She was paid a five-figure amount and monthly royalties.\n\nUnder director Brad Armstrong, Suleman filmed her scenes in a San Fernando Valley mansion. She was reportedly nervous upon her arrival, but calmed after speaking with other adult performers. The producers also showed Suleman pornographic films to prepare her and gave her advice on her performance. Suleman also credited her manager, pornographic actress Gina Rodriguez of DD Entertainment (now GR Media), for producing and marketing the video.\n\nSuleman later said of the video, \"It was such a positive experience for me and helped me embrace my sexuality.\" She also described the scenes as \"empowering and liberating\".\n\nIn January 2013, Suleman went back on welfare, leading to questions of whether she may have to make more pornography.\n\nReception\nOctomom Home Alone was nominated for four AVN Awards, namely Best Celebrity Sex Tape, Best Solo Release, Best DVD Extras and Best Marketing Campaign. It ultimately won the Best Celebrity Sex Tape category, over competition by Leola Bell and Phil Varone. However, it lost Best Solo Release to All Natural Glamour Solos, II.\n\nSuleman had reportedly said after the nominations that \"I am so proud of my video Octomom Home Alone and I am more than honored to find out it was nominated so many times!\" She also said she would be at the award show, but later Gina Rodriguez said Suleman would not go. On her win for Best Celebrity Sex Tape, she said \"This is fantastic, what an honor. Hopefully this will open the doors to more opportunities.\"\n\nAlexander Espinoza of XCritic gave the film one out of five stars, saying it was disappointing and didn't deserve its award nominations. Adult actress Amber Peach critiqued the film, saying \"The whole video from a porn standpoint just looks awkward and uncomfortable... and don't get me started on the part where she's lying naked in a pile of baby clothes, that's just disturbing.\" Conversely, Rob Perez of XCritic recommended the film, stating, \"Octomom looks really damn good.\"\n\nControversy\nAccording to The Huffington Post, the film cast doubt among the public on Suleman's parenting abilities.\n\nIn October 2012, TMZ reported one of Suleman's nannies spoke with the Orange County Department of Children and Family Services about Suleman's 11-year-old son watching Octomom Home Alone'' on the Internet. Suleman was upset by the incident and said she would talk to her son about not accessing pornography.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOctomom Home Alone at the Internet Movie Database\n\nCategory:2012 films\nCategory:2010s pornographic films\nCategory:American pornographic films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:Masturbation\nCategory:Female masturbation\nCategory:AVN Award winners"}
-{"text": "Thomas Ellison\n\nThomas Rangiwahia Ellison, also known as Tom Ellison or Tamati Erihana (c. 1867\u00a0\u2013 2 October 1904) was a New Zealand rugby union player and lawyer. He led the first New Zealand representative rugby team organised by the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU) on their 1893 tour of Australia. Ellison also played in the 1888\u201389 New Zealand Native football team on their epic 107-match tour, scoring 113 points, and 43 tries with the side.\n\nBorn in Otakou, Otago Heads, Ellison was educated at  Te Aute College, where he was introduced to rugby. After moving to Wellington, Ellison played for the Poneke Football Club, and was selected to play for Wellington province. He was recruited into Joe Warbrick's privately organised Native football team in 1888, and continued to play for both Poneke and Wellington on his return from that tour. In 1892, he started to refine and popularise the wing-forward system of play, which was a vital element of New Zealand rugby's success until 1932. At the first NZRFU annual general meeting in 1893, he proposed that the playing colours of the New Zealand side should be predominantly black with a silver fern\u2014a playing strip that would give the team their famous name of All Blacks. He retired from playing rugby after captaining the 1893 New Zealand side to New South Wales and Queensland, but continued in the sport as a coach and administrator. Ellison was the author of a coaching manual, The Art of Rugby Football, published in 1902.\n\nAs well as being one of the first M\u0101ori admitted to the bar, practising as a solicitor, and later as a barrister, Ellison also stood unsuccessfully for the Southern Maori parliamentary seat several times. After contracting tuberculosis in 1904, he was briefly institutionalised before dying later that year.\n\nEarly life \nThomas Rangiwahia Ellison was born in Otakou at Otago Heads, to Raniera Taheke Ellison and Nani Weller, sometime between 1866 and 1868. He was named after his paternal grandfather, and his middle name, Rangiwahia, was given in honour of his great-uncle. Ellison was M\u0101ori:  of Ng\u0101i Tahu and K\u0101ti M\u0101moe tribal heritage through his mother, and of Te \u0100ti Awa heritage through his father. Introduced to rugby at the age of around 14 by his cousins at Otakou, Ellison later wrote of his first game:\n\nAfter completing his education at Otakou Native School, Ellison was awarded a scholarship in 1882 to attend the famous M\u0101ori secondary school Te Aute College in the Hawke's Bay. He started playing organised rugby there, and during his final two years played in the school team that won the Hawke's Bay senior club championship. Later in life Ellison claimed that at Te Aute he learned, \"nearly all I ever knew of forward play\".\n\nAfter moving to Wellington, Ellison joined the Poneke Football Club in 1885. The Poneke team played junior club rugby at the time, but were promoted to the senior competition after winning all their matches that year. Following their promotion the side won the Wellington club championship each year from 1886 to 1889. Ellison was selected to play for the Wellington provincial team in 1885, and continued to be selected for Wellington until 1892. He eventually earned 23 caps\u2014a large number for the time. Initially Ellison played as a forward or on the wing, but later played half-back.\n\nNew Zealand Native football team \n\nIn early 1888 Joe Warbrick attempted to organise a private party of M\u0101ori players to tour Great Britain\u2014later known as the New Zealand Native football team. A cousin of Ellison's, Jack Taiaroa, who had toured with the New Zealand team that travelled to New South Wales in 1884, helped Warbrick recruit players for his proposed tour. It was most likely because of Taiaroa that Ellison was persuaded to join Warbrick's Natives team. Warbrick eventually assembled a side that included both M\u0101ori and non-M\u0101ori New Zealand-born players, and several players born overseas. The final team consisted of 26 players, and toured New Zealand before departing to Melbourne. They then toured Great Britain, Australia, and finally New Zealand again\u2014the trip lasted 14 months. Ellison played mostly as a forward throughout the tour, and played at least 83 of the team's 107 matches; including a minimum of 58 in Britain.\n\nEllison played all of the Natives' three internationals\u2014against Ireland, Wales, and England. The Ireland match was the first international of the tour, two months after their arrival in the British Isles. The fixture was played at Lansdowne Road, Dublin, on 1 December 1888, with Ellison in the forwards. Ireland led 3\u20130 at half-time, but the Natives improved considerably in the second-half, scoring four tries. The third try scored was by Ellison after a counter-attack by George Williams. The try was not converted, but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the team a 13\u20134 victory. The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team, but Ireland went on to defeat Wales later that season. The match against Wales was later that month, 22 December, in Swansea. Again Ellison played in the forwards, and the Natives dominated for significant periods of the match. Ellison made several strong runs, and at one point crossed the try-line only to be carried back into play. They failed to score, however, and Wales were victorious 5\u20130 (one conversion and two tries to nil).\n\nOne of the most notable events of the Natives' tour occurred during the match against England at Blackheath. Owing to a dispute over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board, England had not played an international in nearly two years. This contributed to at least twelve of their team lacking international experience\u2014however many of their players were from strong club and county sides. The match was notable for a dispute between the New Zealanders and the match referee\u2014Rowland Hill. Early in the second half Ellison attempted to tackle the English player Andrew Stoddart, and in the process managed to rip his shorts off. The Natives' players promptly formed a circle around Stoddart to allow him to replace his clothing without being exposed to the gazes of the crowd. While this was happening one of the English players, Frank Evershed, picked up the ball and scored a try. The New Zealanders protested, believing that play had stopped after claiming Stoddart had called \"dead ball\". Hill awarded the try however, causing several of the Native players to leave the field in protest. The aggrieved players were eventually persuaded to return, but not before Hill had restarted play. Ellison was very critical of Hill; particularly because Hill was also Secretary of England's Rugby Football Union. Writing after the tour, Ellison said of the incident: \"gross as these errors were, they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game, viz, refereeing at all in that game\".\n\nThe team was generally very well received outside London, and especially in north, where rugby was dominated by the working-class. Reaction to the team in the south, where the public school establishment controlled the game, was less positive, and the sportsmanship of the team was criticised. Despite this, Ellison clearly enjoyed the experience of touring with the team, and in 1902 he wrote\u2014\"I shall never forget the trip, notwithstanding the extremely heavy programme of fixtures we had to go through. Perhaps the most delightful part of our experiences was tasted not so much on the field of play as off it\".\n\nThomas Eyton, one of the promoters of the tour, said of Ellison's contribution\u2014\"His knowledge of the finer points of the game, his weight, strength and activity rendered his services invaluable.\" Ellison participated in most of the Natives' matches, scoring 113 points, and 43 tries on tour; this included 23 tries in Britain and Ireland, four in New South Wales, five in Queensland, and ten in New Zealand.\n\nWing-forward \n\nAfter completion of the tour, Ellison continued to play for Poneke and Wellington. While playing with his club, Ellison implemented the use of a wing-forward and seven-man scrum positional system. It is not known exactly who invented the position of wing-forward, but Ellison claimed in The Art of Rugby Football that he had developed it; historian Greg Ryan claims the position was developed in northern England, and that Ellison only refined it after discovering it during the Natives' tour. The distinctive feature of wing-forward play was their role of feeding the ball into the scrum, and subsequently holding onto one of the hookers while the ball progressed through the scrum to the half-back. With the wing-forward bound to the side of the scrum, the opposing half-back would then have to manoeuvre past them to tackle the player with the ball; this would increase the amount of time the half-back would have in possession of the ball before their opposite could tackle them. Ellison claimed that he devised the position while playing for Poneke after he \"found it impossible for the smartest of referees to detect and amply penalize off-side interferences of opponents bent on spoiling my passes\".\n\nRegardless of the origins of the position, Ellison was instrumental in promoting its adoption throughout New Zealand. Although it is unclear whether the wing-forward was used during the 1893 tour of Australia, by the time of the All Blacks' first Test match, played during their 1903 Australian tour, the position was engrained within the New Zealand style of play. The use of a wing-forward provoked controversy both in New Zealand, and later in the British Isles after the All Blacks toured there in 1905; wing-forwards were often accused of off-side obstruction of the opposition half-back. According to Ellison however, if the position was implemented properly, then there would be no cause for complaint. The wing-forward continued as a vital component of New Zealand rugby until long-standing complaints from the unions of the Home Nations resulted in the position being outlawed by the International Rugby Football Board in 1932.\n\nLater rugby career \nIn 1892, the New Zealand Rugby Football Union (NZRFU\u2014later renamed New Zealand Rugby Union) was formed by the majority of New Zealand's provincial rugby unions. Ellison was a Wellington provincial administrator, and in 1893 at the inaugural NZRFU annual general meeting proposed the playing strip for the first officially sanctioned New Zealand side\u2014black cap, black jersey with white fern, white knickerbockers and black stockings. The white knickerbockers were eventually replaced with black shorts, and the uniform itself was based upon that worn by the Native team Ellison had toured with. The black uniform inspired the moniker All Blacks\u2014a name which has been adopted by the New Zealand national team since their  Northern Hemisphere tour.\n\nThe first NZRFU sanctioned New Zealand team was formed to tour New South Wales and Queensland in 1893, and Ellison was selected as their captain. Three other members of the New Zealand Natives' team were also selected for the side. Ellison played seven matches on the tour, including matches against New South Wales and Queensland. The team won ten of their eleven matches\u2014the one loss being to New South Wales in Sydney. In addition to scoring two tries, Ellison kicked six conversions and a goal from a mark to give him 23 points for the tour\u2014the second highest of any player. The tour was the end of his participation in the sport as a player.\n\nEllison's complete playing record comprised 117 matches, 68 of which were first-class games. He scored a total of 160 career points, including 51 tries. Ellison continued involvement with rugby as a provincial administrator, provincial referee, and manager. As an administrator, he proposed that players be financially compensated for wages missed while on long tours; this was in 1898\u2014nearly a century before rugby relinquished its amateur status. This proposal applied specifically to tours that travelled outside New Zealand; writing at the time regarding the amateur regulations, Ellison said \"I think that these laws were never intended to apply to extended tours abroad.\" In 1902 he published The Art of Rugby Football, a coaching manual on rugby that also included accounts of his experiences as a player. According to journalist Hayden Meikle the book was one of rugby's \"pioneering texts\", while Greg Ryan wrote that the book \"remains a classic work on early rugby strategy.\"\n\nProfessional and personal life \nOutside of his involvement in rugby, Ellison was a lawyer, and was one of the first M\u0101ori admitted to the bar. He practised as an interpreter for the Land Courts and as a solicitor; later, he worked as a barrister in the practices of Brandon & Hislop in Wellington. Ellison was also involved in politics, and stood unsuccessfully for the Southern Maori parliamentary seat several times against Tame Parata, as well as working for government consideration of Ng\u0101i Tahu land claims. He married Ethel May Howell, a daughter of John Howell, on 22 March 1899; the couple had three children, only one of whom survived infancy, daughter Hinemura who died in 1989. In 1904 Ellison was struck down with tuberculosis, and was admitted to Porirua Lunatic Asylum before dying on 2 October that same year. Ellison was buried in Otakou, Otago Heads, following the original plan of a burial at Karori. Representatives of Ellison's parents intercepted the body in Porirua, and his wife and Public Trustee then agreed for him to be buried at Otakou. There his gravestone reads \"One of the greatest rugby footballers New Zealand ever possessed\".\n\nEllison's influence on New Zealand rugby is such that M\u0101ori researcher Malcolm Mulholland stated he was \"arguably the player who contributed the most to New Zealand rugby\". In 1916, when discussing the question of the greatest player New Zealand had produced, the pseudonymous \"Touchline\" wrote: \"I am prepared to say that the late T. R. Ellison... was the greatest of them all.\" He went on to say: \n\nEllison has been inducted into the M\u0101ori Sports Hall of Fame, and in 2005 was listed as one of New Zealand's Top 100 History Makers. The New Zealand Native Football team was inducted into the World Rugby Hall of Fame (then the International Rugby Board Hall of Fame) in 2008, the first side awarded the honour.\n\nSee also \n List of 1888\u201389 New Zealand Native football team matches\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nBooks and articles\n\nNews\n\nWeb\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:1860s births\nCategory:1904 deaths\nCategory:New Zealand international rugby union players\nCategory:New Zealand M\u0101ori rugby union players\nCategory:Ng\u0101i Tahu\nCategory:New Zealand rugby union players\nCategory:People from Otago Peninsula\nCategory:People educated at Te Aute College\nCategory:M\u0101ori politicians\nCategory:Te \u0100ti Awa\nCategory:New Zealand lawyers\nCategory:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis\nCategory:Wellington rugby union players\nCategory:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1896 New Zealand general election\nCategory:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1890 New Zealand general election\nCategory:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1887 New Zealand general election\nCategory:19th-century New Zealand politicians\n*\nCategory:Ellison family\nCategory:M\u0101ori All Blacks players"}
-{"text": "Peaceful (song)\n\n\"Peaceful\" is a song written by Kenny Rankin, and recorded by several artists. It is best known in the hit singles for Georgie Fame (1969) and Helen Reddy (1973).\n\nIntroduced by Rankin on his 1967 debut album Mind Dusters on Mercury Records, \"Peaceful\" was recorded by Bobbie Gentry for her 1968 album Local Gentry on Capitol Records. A 1969 single recording by Georgie Fame\u2014produced by Mike Smith and arranged/conducted by Keith Mansfield for CBS\u2014reached number 16 in UK that summer. Fame's version of \"Peaceful\" had a concurrent single release in the US by Epic Records, prompting Mercury to issue Rankin's original track as a single, but neither single charted. \"Peaceful\" was also recorded in 1969 by The Friends of Distinction for their Grazin album on RCA.\n\nRankin re-recorded the song in 1972, in a new arrangement for his album Like a Seed, his Atlantic Records debut and first chart appearance. That same year Helen Reddy recorded \"Peaceful\" for her 1972 I Am Woman album. Issued as the follow-up to the number 1 hit \"I Am Woman\" in February 1973, Reddy's version of \"Peaceful\" peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 that May. \"Peaceful\" also became Reddy's second consecutive number 2 Easy Listening hit: the follow-up \"Delta Dawn\" would be Reddy's first Easy Listening #1 (the first of six consecutive and eight overall). In Canada, \"Peaceful\" spent two weeks at number 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.\n\nIn September 1996 Rhino issued a retrospective Kenny Rankin album with \"Peaceful\" as the title cut, the full title being Peaceful: The Best of Kenny Rankin.\n\nChart performanceGeorgie Fame versionHelen Reddy version'\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1967 songs\nCategory:1969 singles\nCategory:1973 singles\nCategory:Helen Reddy songs\nCategory:Capitol Records singles\nCategory:RPM Adult Contemporary number-one singles"}
-{"text": "Pityriasis alba\n\nPityriasis alba is a common skin condition mostly occurring in children and young adults usually seen as dry, fine-scaled, pale patches on the face. It is self-limiting and usually only requires use of moisturizer creams.\n\nThe condition is so named for the fine scaly appearance initially present (pityriasis) and the pallor of the  patches that develop (while \"alba\" is Latin for white, the patches in this condition are not totally depigmented).\n\nSigns and symptoms\nThe dry scaling appearance is most noticeable during the winter as a result of dry air inside people's homes. During the summer, tanning of the surrounding normal skin makes the pale patches of pityriasis alba more prominent.\n\nIndividual lesions develop through 3 stages and sometimes are itchy:\n Raised and red \u2013 although the redness is often mild and not noticed by parents\n Raised and pale\n Smooth flat pale patches\n\nLesions are round or oval raised or flat, of 0.5\u20132\u00a0cm in size although may be larger if they occur on the body (up to 4\u00a0cm), and usually number from 4 or 5 to over 20. The patches are dry with very fine scales. They most commonly occur on the face (cheeks), but in 20% appear also on the upper arms, neck, or shoulders.\n\nThe diagnostic differential should consider tinea and vitiligo amongst other causative factors.\n\nCause\nAny dermatitis may heal leaving pale skin, as may excessive use of corticosteroid creams used to treat episodes of eczema. The hypopigmentation is due to both reduced activity of melanocytes with fewer and smaller melanosomes.\n\nThe condition is most often seen in children between the ages of 3 and 16 years and is more common in males than females. However adults can also suffer from this disease.\nIt may occur more frequently in lighter-skinned patients, but is more apparent in those with darker complexions.\n\nUp to a third of US school children may at some stage have this condition. Single-point prevalence studies from India have shown variable rates from 8.4%,\nto 31%.\nOther studies have shown prevalence rates in Brazil of 9.9%,\nEgypt 13.49%,\nRomania 5.1%,\nTurkey 12% where higher rates were seen in those with poor socioeconomic conditions,\nand just 1% in school children in Hong Kong.\n\nDiagnosis\nDiagnosis is mainly done by clinical examination. \nD/d to rule out is Pytriasis versicolor and leprosy\n\nTreatment\nNo treatment is required and the patches in time will settle.\nThe redness, scale and itch if present may be managed with simple emollients and sometimes hydrocortisone, a weak steroid, is also used.\n\nAs the patches of pityriasis alba do not darken normally in sunlight, effective sun protection helps minimise the discrepancy in colouration against the surrounding normal skin. Cosmetic camouflage may be required.\n\nTacrolimus has been reported as speeding resolution.\n\nIn exceptionally severe cases PUVA therapy may be considered.\n\nPrognosis\nThe patches of pityriasis alba may last from 1 month to about one year, but commonly on the face last a year. However it is possible that the white patches may last for more than 1 year on the face..\n\nSee also\n Leprosy\n List of cutaneous conditions\n Vitiligo which, by comparison, causes total loss of skin colour or on the face and tends to occur around the mouth and eyes.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Disturbances of human pigmentation"}
-{"text": "Richard Pine\n\nRichard Pine (born 21 August 1949) is the author of critical works on the Irish playwright Brian Friel and the Anglo-Irish novelist Lawrence Durrell. He worked for the Irish national broadcaster RT\u00c9 Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann before moving to Greece in 2001 to found the Durrell School of Corfu which he directed until 2010. In 2012, to mark the centenary of the birth of Lawrence Durrell, Pine edited and introduced a previously unpublished novel by Durrell, \"Judith\". He writes regular columns on Greek affairs in Kathimerini and The Irish Times and is also an obituarist for The Guardian. His work on Friel has been described by the writer and critic David Ian Rabey as 'immensely stimulating, courageous and encouraging\u00a0...' Lawrence Durrell described Pine's work as 'the best unpacking of my literary baggage I have heard.'\n\nEarly life \nRichard Pine was born in London on 21 August 1949, the only child of Leslie Pine and his wife Grace (n\u00e9e Griffin). After attending Westminster School (1962\u201366), he began higher education in Ireland taking a BA in 1971 at Trinity College, Dublin (TCD) and a H.Dip.Ed in 1972, being President and gold medallist of the University Philosophical Society and winner of the Vice-Chancellor's Prize for English.\n\nCareer in Ireland \nAfter university, Pine remained in Ireland, joining Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann (RT\u00c9) as Concerts Manager, responsible (among other ensembles) for the Irish National Symphony Orchestra. In 1983 he became a senior editor in RT\u00c9's Public Affairs Division; a post he held for 16 years. He also wrote and presented many programmes for RT\u00c9 Radio, including a 15-part documentary, \"Music, Place and People: the Irish Experience 1740\u20131940\" on RT\u00c9's classical music channel, Lyric FM.\n\nFrom 1988 to 1990 Pine was Secretary of the Irish Writers' Union and a music critic for The Irish Times. From 1990 to 1994 he was co-editor of the New York-published Irish Literary Supplement.\n\nBetween 1978 and 1988 Pine was a consultant to the Council of Europe on cultural development programmes. A seminal essay on cultural democracy was published by the Finnish Committee of UNESCO in 1982. He has lectured on this at the Cultural Research Centre, Belgrade (Yugoslavia) and at the City University, London.\n\nPine has held guest lectureships in literature and Irish studies at University of California, Berkeley, Emory (Atlanta), New York University, Georgia Southern, University of Central Florida, Centre for Irish Studies at CUA, Washington, and the Princess Grace Library, Monaco.\n\nIn 1989 he was elected a Governor (trustee) of the Royal Irish Academy of Music, which, in 1998, bestowed on him a Fellowship honoris causa.   He resigned from the RIAM in 2006.\n\nSince 1978 Pine has been a prolific author of articles and books on Irish theatre and Irish playwrights including Oscar Wilde and Brian Friel. Of Pine's book The Diviner: the Art of Brian Friel, the Nobel poet Seamus Heaney wrote \"The particularity of quotation joined with the meditative, associative habit of your mind is the book's strength. It provokes a thoughtful response in return and, as such, will be a welcome addition to the critical reaction to Friel. It should deepen the sense of his complexity and modernity, while rendering a sense of those 'truths, immemorially posited'.\"\n\nThe Newsbrands Ireland Journalism Awards 2018 voted Richard Pine as \"Critic of the Year\", citing his \"great erudition, fine judgement; elegant style.\"\n\nGreece \nContinuing his career as a writer, Pine moved, in 2001, to the Ionian Island of Corfu in Greece to found the Durrell School of Corfu (DSC) which, for twelve years, hosted seminars on literature and the protection of the environment. The school aimed to enrich international understanding of the writings of Lawrence Durrell and his brother, the innovative ecologist and zoologist, Gerald Durrell. It closed in 2014 and was succeeded in 2016 by the Durrell Library of Corfu, an online library and website which re-commenced international seminars in 2017. Pine is a frequent guest lecturer at the Ionian University, Corfu. \nIn 2019 he inaugurated the online \"C.20 - an international journal\" under the aegis of the Durrell Library of Corfu. He continues his association with the National Symphony Orchestra of Ireland as a writer of concert programme notes.\n\nFamily \nIn 1972 Pine married Melanie Craigen. They have two daughters, Emilie Pine (b. 1977), an essayist and a lecturer in film and drama at University College Dublin and Vanessa Pine (b. 1981), an artist and cookery writer. Pine and Craigen separated in 1983. From 1994 to 2008, Pine's partner was the concert artist and piano professor Patricia Kavanagh. In 2018, Emilie Pine published a memoir Notes to Self which was voted Book of the Year in the Irish Book Awards.\n\nBibliography \nAll for Hecuba: The Dublin Gate Theatre 1928\u20131978 (Dublin: Dublin Gate Theatre,1978)\nOscar Wilde (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1983/97)\nThe Dublin Gate Theatre 1928\u20131978 (Cambridge: Chadwyck-Healey, 1984) \nThe Dandy and the Herald: Manners, Mind and Morals from Brummell to Durrell (London and New York: The Macmillan Press/St Martin's Press, 1988)\nBrian Friel and Ireland's Drama (London: Routledge, 1990)\nDark Fathers into Light: Brendan Kennelly (ed.) (Newcastle upon Tyne: Bloodaxe Books, 1994)\nThe Thief of Reason: Oscar Wilde and Modern Ireland (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1995)\nMusic in Ireland 1848\u20131998 (ed.) (Dublin and Cork: Mercier Press, 1998), Thomas Davis lectures\nTo Talent Alone: the Royal Irish Academy of Music 1848\u20131998 (ed. with Charles Acton) (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1998)\nThe Diviner: the Art of Brian Friel (Dublin: University College Dublin Press, 1999)\n 2RN and the Origins of Irish Radio (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2002)\nMusic and Broadcasting in Ireland (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2005)\nCreativity, Madness and Civilisation (ed.) (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007) [seminar proceedings on \"Madness and Creativity\"]\nThe Literatures of War (ed. with Eve Patten) (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008)\nNostos: Proceedings of the Durrell School of Corfu 2002\u20132005 (ed.) (Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, 2008)\nCharles: the Life and World of Charles Acton 1914\u20131999 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2010)\nTheodore Stephanides, Corfu Memoirs and Poems (ed.) (Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, 2011)\nJudith \u2013 a novel by Lawrence Durrell (ed.) (Corfu: Durrell School of Corfu, 2012)\nThe Disappointed Bridge: Ireland and the Post-Colonial World (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014)\nGreece through Irish Eyes (Dublin: Liffey Press, 2015)\nMinor Mythologies as Popular Literature: a student's guide to texts and films (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018)\nThe Placebo by Lawrence Durrell edited by Richard Pine and David Roessel (Colenso Books, 2018)\n Lawrence Durrell's Endpapers and Inklings 1933-1988 (2 volumes, editor: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1949 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People educated at Westminster School, London\nCategory:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin\nCategory:British writers\nCategory:Irish musicologists\nCategory:Irish music critics\nCategory:Irish journalists\nCategory:Irish biographers\nCategory:Irish male non-fiction writers\nCategory:Irish male writers\nCategory:Male biographers\nCategory:British expatriates in Greece\nCategory:Irish literature\nCategory:Classical music in Ireland\nCategory:Postcolonial literature"}
-{"text": "2012 Abierto Mexicano Telcel \u2013 Women's Singles\n\nGisela Dulko was the defending champion, but withdrew due to gastrointestinal illness.\nSara Errani won the title, defeating Flavia Pennetta 5\u20137, 7\u20136(7\u20132), 6\u20130 in the final.\n\nSeeds\n\nDraw\n\nFinals\n\nTop Half\n{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3\n| RD1=First Round\n| RD2=Second Round\n| RD3=Quarterfinals\n| RD4=Semifinals\n\n| RD1-seed01=1\n| RD1-team01= R Vinci\n| RD1-score01-1=6\n| RD1-score01-2=77\n| RD1-score01-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed02=WC\n| RD1-team02= S Soler-Espinosa\n| RD1-score02-1=2\n| RD1-score02-2=65\n| RD1-score02-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed03=\u00a0\n| RD1-team03= M Johansson\n| RD1-score03-1=4\n| RD1-score03-2=65\n| RD1-score03-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed04=\u00a0\n| RD1-team04= S Foretz Gacon\n| RD1-score04-1=6\n| RD1-score04-2=77\n| RD1-score04-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed05=\u00a0\n| RD1-team05= M Krajicek\n| RD1-score05-1=7\n| RD1-score05-2=3\n| RD1-score05-3=6\n| RD1-seed06=\u00a0\n| RD1-team06= A Cadan\u021bu\n| RD1-score06-1=5\n| RD1-score06-2=6\n| RD1-score06-3=3\n\n| RD1-seed07=\u00a0\n| RD1-team07= A Cornet\n| RD1-score07-1=6\n| RD1-score07-2=3\n| RD1-score07-3=3\n| RD1-seed08=8\n| RD1-team08= A Brianti\n| RD1-score08-1=3\n| RD1-score08-2=6\n| RD1-score08-3=6\n\n| RD1-seed09=3\n| RD1-team09= S Errani\n| RD1-score09-1=6\n| RD1-score09-2=6\n| RD1-score09-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed10=\u00a0\n| RD1-team10= I Falconi\n| RD1-score10-1=1\n| RD1-score10-2=1\n| RD1-score10-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed11=Q\n| RD1-team11= E Gallovits-Hall\n| RD1-score11-1=7\n| RD1-score11-2=7\n| RD1-score11-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed12=\u00a0\n| RD1-team12= G Arn\n| RD1-score12-1=5\n| RD1-score12-2=5\n| RD1-score12-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed13=\u00a0\n| RD1-team13= S Dubois\n| RD1-score13-1=66\n| RD1-score13-2=3\n| RD1-score13-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed14=\u00a0\n| RD1-team14= M Czink\n| RD1-score14-1=78\n| RD1-score14-2=6\n| RD1-score14-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed15=\u00a0\n| RD1-team15= L Dom\u00ednguez Lino\n| RD1-score15-1=4\n| RD1-score15-2=4\n| RD1-score15-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed16=LL\n| RD1-team16={{nowrap| E Cabeza Candela}}\n| RD1-score16-1=6| RD1-score16-2=6| RD1-score16-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD2-seed01=1\n| RD2-team01= R Vinci| RD2-score01-1=7| RD2-score01-2=6| RD2-score01-3=\u00a0\n| RD2-seed02=\u00a0\n| RD2-team02= S Foretz Gacon\n| RD2-score02-1=5\n| RD2-score02-2=4\n| RD2-score02-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD2-seed03=\u00a0\n| RD2-team03= M Krajicek| RD2-score03-1=6| RD2-score03-2=3\n| RD2-score03-3=77| RD2-seed04=8\n| RD2-team04= A Brianti\n| RD2-score04-1=3\n| RD2-score04-2=6| RD2-score04-3=62\n\n| RD2-seed05=3\n| RD2-team05= S Errani| RD2-score05-1=6| RD2-score05-2=6| RD2-score05-3=\u00a0\n| RD2-seed06=Q\n| RD2-team06= E Gallovits-Hall\n| RD2-score06-1=4\n| RD2-score06-2=1\n| RD2-score06-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD2-seed07=\u00a0\n| RD2-team07= M Czink\n| RD2-score07-1=4\n| RD2-score07-2=65\n| RD2-score07-3=\u00a0\n| RD2-seed08=LL\n| RD2-team08=| RD2-score08-1=6| RD2-score08-2=77| RD2-score08-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD3-seed01=1\n| RD3-team01= R Vinci| RD3-score01-1=6| RD3-score01-2=6| RD3-score01-3=\u00a0\n| RD3-seed02=\u00a0\n| RD3-team02= M Krajicek\n| RD3-score02-1=2\n| RD3-score02-2=0\n| RD3-score02-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD3-seed03=3\n| RD3-team03= S Errani| RD3-score03-1=6| RD3-score03-2=6| RD3-score03-3=\u00a0\n| RD3-seed04=LL\n| RD3-team04=\n| RD3-score04-1=4\n| RD3-score04-2=3\n| RD3-score04-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD4-seed01=1\n| RD4-team01= R Vinci\n| RD4-score01-1=4\n| RD4-score01-2=1\n| RD4-score01-3=\u00a0\n| RD4-seed02=3\n| RD4-team02= S Errani| RD4-score02-1=6| RD4-score02-2=6| RD4-score02-3=\u00a0\n}}\n\nBottom Half\n\nQualifying\n\nSeeds\n\nQualifiers\n\nLucky Losers\n  Estrella Cabeza CandelaDraw\n\nFirst Qualifier\n\nSecond Qualifier\n\n{{8TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes\n| RD1=First Round\n| RD2=Second Round\n| RD3=Qualifying Competition\n\n|team-width=175\n\n| RD1-seed1=2\n| RD1-team1=\n| RD1-score1-1=1\n| RD1-score1-2=4\n| RD1-score1-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed2=\u00a0\n| RD1-team2= Maria Elena Camerin| RD1-score2-1=6| RD1-score2-2=6| RD1-score2-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed3=\n| RD1-team3= Leticia Costas-Moreira\n| RD1-score3-1=5\n| RD1-score3-2=6| RD1-score3-3=2r\n| RD1-seed4=\u00a0\n| RD1-team4= Petra Rampre| RD1-score4-1=7| RD1-score4-2=4\n| RD1-score4-3=3\n\n| RD1-seed5=\u00a0\n| RD1-team5= Estrella Cabeza Candela| RD1-score5-1=6| RD1-score5-2=6'''\n| RD1-score5-3=\u00a0\n| RD1-seed6=WC\n| RD1-team6= Ana Sof\u00eda S\u00e1nchez\n| RD1-score6-1=0\n| RD1-score6-2=3\n| RD1-score6-3=\u00a0\n\n| RD1-seed7=\u00a0\n| RD1-team7=\n\nThird Qualifier\n\nFourth Qualifier\n\nReferences\n Main Draw\n Qualifying Draw\n\nAbierto Mexicano Telcel - Singles\nCategory:2012 Abierto Mexicano Telcel"}
-{"text": "List of PAOK FC seasons\n\nPAOK FC is a football club based in Thessaloniki, that competes in Superleague, the most senior football league in Greece. The club was formed on 20 April 1926 by Greek refugees from Constantinople, and played their first official encounter on 12 December 1926, prevailing 3-1 over Nea Genea. Initially PAOK played against other local clubs in Macedonia FCA (EPSM). In 1927-28, PAOK took part in the Macedonia FCA A\u2019 League for the first time. In 1930-31 they qualified for their maiden participation in the Panhellenic Championship. From 1930 to 1959 PAOK played in the Macedonia FCA and participated many seasons to the Panhellenic Championship. \nAs of 2017, PAOK is one of only three clubs never to have been relegated from the top level of Greek football, the others being Olympiacos and Panathinaikos.\n\nKey\n\nKey to league:\n Pos. = Final position\n Pl. = Played\n W = Games won\n D = Games drawn\n L = Games lost\n GF = Goals scored\n GA = Goals against\n Pts = Points\n\nKey to rounds:\n W = Winners\n F = Final (Runner-up)\n SF = Semi-finals\n QF = Quarter-finals\n R16/R32 = Round of 16, round of 32, etc.\n PO = Play-off round\n FR = Fourth Round\n 3rTh\t = 3rd round thessaloniki's\n GS = Group stage\n AR = Additional Round\n\nSeasons\nIn 1927, a national championship was organised in the form of a round-robin tournament between the champions of the three governing bodies, Macedonia FCA (EPSM)- Athens FCA (EPSA)- and Piraeus FCA (EPSP). This national championship was set up again in 1929, and over the next years evolved into a tournament in which multiple teams took part. In 1959 the Alpha Ethniki - the precursor of the current Superleague - was set up as a national round-robin tournament. \nAt present, 16 clubs compete in the Superleague, playing each other in a home and away series. The second through fifth place teams in the Superleague enter a play-off for the second Greek entry. In the play-off, the teams play each other in a home and away round robin. However, they do not all start with 0 points. Instead, a weighting system applies to the teams' standing at the start of the play-off mini-league. The team finishing fifth in the Superleague will start the play off with 0 points. The fifth place team\u2019s end of season tally of points is used to calculate the sum of the points that other teams will have. The point difference of each of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th team from the fifth place team is then divided by five (if the result is a decimal number it is then rounded to a full number, with .5 or more being rounded up) and the resulting number respectively for each team is the number of points with which they will start the mini-league. On 18 August 2017, Superleague decided that they will not be held play-offs for 2017-2018.\n\nNotes\nA. The Panhellenic Championship not held on 1928-29, 1934-35, 1949-50, and 1951-52.\n\nB. \u2014 , (n/a) = Stats missing. \n\nC. x = PAOK are not participated.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nseasons\nCategory:Greek football club seasons"}
-{"text": "Eug\u00e8ne Balme\n\nEug\u00e8ne Jean Fran\u00e7ois Balme (22 November 1874 \u2013 24 February 1914) was a French shooter who competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics and 1908 Summer Olympics.\n\nHe was born in Oullins and died in Paris. He committed suicide by shooting himself.\n\nIn 1900 at Paris he won the bronze medal in the 25 metre rapid fire pistol event.\n\nEight years later at London he won another bronze medal in the team free rifle event and was fourth in team military rifle event.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nprofile\n\nCategory:1874 births\nCategory:1914 deaths\nCategory:French male sport shooters\nCategory:ISSF pistol shooters\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists for France\nCategory:Olympic shooters of France\nCategory:Shooters at the 1900 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Place of birth missing\nCategory:Olympic medalists in shooting\nCategory:Sports competitors who committed suicide\nCategory:Suicides by firearm in France\nCategory:Medalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Male suicides"}
-{"text": "Marci Geller\n\nMarci Anne Geller is an American singer-songwriter from Long Island, New York, United States. She is an internationally acclaimed touring artist with numerous soundtrack placements on VH1, MTV, A&E, ABC Family, Discovery, FoodTV, etc.  She is a member of SESAC and was also named one of the \"Top 10 Best Singer/Songwriters\" by Independent Songwriter Magazine.  She co-owns the independent music production company/label Sonic Underground with Gian DiMauro.  The label was birthed from Sonic Underground the recording studio which opened its doors in 1990.\n\nEarly years \nShe was the opening act for and a member of Ritchie Blackmore's group Blackmore's Night (1999\u20132000) playing keyboard and singing background vocals.\n\nShe has collaborated and shared the stage with noted musicians and composers such as David Amram, Christine Lavin, Buskin and Batteau, Vance Gilbert, James Maddock, Adam Forgione, Alex Alexander (Drummer for Dido), Brian Dunne, Kevin Dunne, John Tabacco, Chris Pati, Jim Dexter.  Her husband/manager, musician and recording engineer Gian DiMauro, co-produced the CD Here On The Edge along with producer David Warner Cook. Her song \"We Carry On\" was performed live on the Regis and Kathie Lee show.\n\nMarci was a founding member of the acoustic trio  Lucky 13, along with Susan DeVita and Cathy Kreger. Lucky 13 was active from 2008 to early 2011. They released one album.\n\nRecent projects \nGeller released the full-length solo CD Open Book in 2012. Open Book has attained accolades of #33 on the Folk-DJ Charts and was named one of the Top 100 Albums of 2012 on the Roots Music Report: Folk Chart.\n\nSquare Peg, Marci's latest project, was funded by a Kickstarter campaign. The album was released in early 2016. A social media campaign ensued with the hashtage \"ImASquarePeg, in which individuals posted pictures of themselves with the album they received.  Square Peg charted at #8 Folk-DJ charts in May 2016.\n\nDiscography \n\nMust Be The Moon (1997) (ep \u2013 CD)\n\"Must Be The Moon\"\n\"Falling Down\"\n\"We Carry On\"\n\"Girls' Nite Out\"\n\nHere On The Edge (1999) (CD)\n\"I'm So Angry\"\n\"Skin\"\n\"World Falls Down\"\n\"Here On The Edge\"\n\"We Carry On\"\n\"Not That Girl Anymore\"\n\"Light On My Face\"\n\"Make It Feel Better\"\n\"Look What You've Done\"\n\"What's Going on Here\"\n\"Falling Down\"\n\"Say Goodbye\"\n\nNaked (2004) (ep -CD)\n\"Me Versus The Pill\"\n\"Suicide\"\n\"Home\"\n\"The Day I Disappeared\"\n\"Ok\"\n\nBox of Truth (2008) (CD)\n\"Me Versus the Pill\"\n\"Suicide\"\n\"Day I Disappeared\"\n\"Home\"\n\"Close Your Eyes\"\n\"OK (The la, la song)\"\n\"That's Good\"\n\"My Last Mistake\"\n\"Last Night\"\n\"Secret She Keeps\"\n\"Truth About Lies\"\n\nOpen Book (2012) (CD)\n\"Day Without the Kids\"\n\" Gotta Love That Man\"\n\" Awakened Mind featuring James Maddock\"\n\"Another Breakdown\"\n\" Driving In Manhattan\"\n\"Thank You featuring John Tabacco\"\n\" No Weather Down featuring Vance Gilbert\"\n\" Little Light\"\n\" Promets-Moi featuring Jean-Philippe Martignoni\"\n\"Jack Sang On-Tribute to Jack Hardy\"\n\"Tom McCarthy\"\n\"Surf the Undertow\"\n\nAwards \n 2017 Selected artist/song for Dunst Music Project for Social Justice\n 2016 Sync Summit Official Showcase Artist\n 2016 Durango Songwriters Expo Official Showcase\n Top 100 Folk Albums of 2016 Int'l Folk DJ\n 2015/2014 South Florida Folk Festival Main Stage\n 2014 NERFA 1-Day, New Jersey Area\n 2014 Feature Showcase Folk Alliance International Conference, Kansas City, MO\n 2014 South Florida Folk Festival Main Stage\n 2013 Huntington Folk Festival Main Stage\n Official Showcase 2013 NERFA 1-Day\n Finalist 2013 CT Folk Festival Song Competition\n Top 100 Folk Albums of 2012 Int'l Folk DJ\n #33 Top Album on Folk DJ for September 2012\n Climbed to # 10 on the Cashbox Magazine/Roots Music Report's Folk Top 50\n Climbed to # 3 on the Cashbox Magazine/Roots Music Report's NY: Roots Radio Airplay Chart\n Track 1 & 13 chosen as a \u201cRich\u2019s Pick\u201d Midnight Special by Rich Warren, WFMT, 98.7\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official website\n \"CSA Pro Workshop from New York City: Marci Geller\" \u2013 Connecticut Songsmith\n \"An Interview with Marci Geller\" \u2013 The future of the music business\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Musicians from New York (state)\nCategory:People from Stony Brook, New York\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Richard Watts (politician)\n\nRichard Watts (born 1975), is a Labour Party politician, currently Council Leader of Islington London Borough Council, England.\n\nHe was elected to the role in October 2013. In the borough elections of May 2014 he led the Islington Labour Party to an increased majority on the Council.\n\nEarly life\nWatts attended Haywood Comprehensive School, Nottingham. He graduated with a degree in politics from Durham University and before this worked in the Pretty Polly tights factory in Nottinghamshire.\n\nCareer\nWatts has lived in Islington for 15 years, representing Tollington ward in the north of Islington since 2006.\n\nBefore becoming a full-time member of Islington Council\u2019s Executive, Watts ran the Children\u2019s Food Campaign, a national campaign to improve children\u2019s diets. Previously he worked for a number of different campaigns and a consultancy organisation, which led to some work in the Balkans, including working in Kosovo helping develop democratic political parties.\n\nHe is a governor of City and Islington College.\n\nWatts is concerned about the effects of austerity on local government provision.  Watts stated \u201cunprecedented\u201d funding pressure also demand for services addressing adult and children\u2019s social care and homelessness was \u201cpushing councils to the limit.  As a result less money is being spent on the other services that keep our communities running such as libraries, local roads, early intervention and local welfare support.  Losing a further \u00a31.3bn of central government funding at this time is going to tip many councils over the edge. Many local authorities will reach the point where they only have the funds to provide statutory responsibilities and it will be our local communities and economies that will suffer the consequences.\u201d\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Politics of the London Borough of Islington\nCategory:Labour Party (UK) councillors\nCategory:Councillors in the London Borough of Islington\nCategory:Alumni of Collingwood College, Durham\nCategory:Leaders of local authorities of England"}
-{"text": "Downbeat\n\nDownbeat, down beat or Down Beat may refer to:\nDownbeat and upbeat, the first and last beats, respectively, of a measure in music\nDownBeat, an American jazz magazine\nDowntempo or downbeat, a laid-back electronic music style similar to ambient music\n Down Beat, the NATO reporting name of the Leninets PN radar carried by the Russian/Soviet Tupolev Tu-22K bomber\n Downbeat Jazz Club, a jazz club in New York City"}
-{"text": "Gudazran\n\nGudazran (, also Romanized as G\u016bdazr\u0101n; also known as G\u016bdarz\u0101n) is a village in Esfandaqeh Rural District, in the Central District of Jiroft County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 87, in 20 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Jiroft County"}
-{"text": "Frosthardr\n\nFrosthardr is a Norwegian Christian unblack metal band, formed in 1997. The band plays a rawer type of black metal music with occasional punk influences and lyrics from Christian point of view. The drummer P\u00e5l Daehlen (Savn) is a former member of the influential dark metal group Vaakevandring, and the vocalist/guitarist Jokull has played as a live member for the ground breaking act Antestor. Frosthardr has achieved some media notice: They appeared on the British 2007 documentary film Murder Music: A History of Black Metal, and are one of the featured bands on the 2008 documentary film, Light in Darkness \u2013 Nemesis Divina, focused on Christian black metal. Signed to Momentum Scandinavia, the band has released a demo and two EPs. In 2007, they played concerts at Cornerstone Festival, Bushnell, Illinois, USA.\n\nA full-length album was released in late 2018 on Nordic Mission Productions.\n\nHistory\nIn March 1997, the bass player Jokull formed Frosthardr and was joined by vocalist Dr. E. He switched from vocals to guitar and Jokull did vocals while still playing bass. After a while, Jokull started playing guitar along with vocals.\n\nIn 2001, a drummer known as Savn joined them. Frosthardr recorded a two-song demo titled Necrodisaster 2002 in the summer of 2001. They performed live as a three-piece band alongside the gothic metal band Gr\u00f8de and Diamondog. In January 2002, Ozol joined Frosthardr on bass. Necrodisaster 2002 was released in March, and Frosthardr did their first real live performance at Askim Metal Night among with groups such as Drottnar, Mondo Revolver, Bleedience, and Questor. Later that summer they played at DP-Arts & Music festival in Blaker, Norway, alongside over 50 other groups and artists.\n\nThe band was a part of a sampler album for Tarantula Promotions, titled Arachnid Terror Sampler, which featured bands such as Soul Embraced, Tortured Conscience, Kekal and Frost Like Ashes.\n\nIn between writing new songs during 2003, Frosthardr played at Destructionfest in London, UK, and Nordicfest in Oslo, Norway before entering the studio to record their debut EP Maktesl\u00f8s. The EP was recorded and mixed during the winter and released through Momentum Scandinavia in March 2004. During the same month Frosthardr and Drottnar did a small tour in Switzerland and Czech Republic, including a concert at the Elements of Rock festival in Switzerland. They also played Metalafton in Alings\u00e5s in April, and a couple of shows in December 2004. Jokull played bass in Antestor's live performances during Bobfest 2004. During early 2005 Frosthardr made a minitour with the Dutch band Slechtvalk.\n\nFrosthardr recorded new material in 2006 and first released an EP, Varg, in 2007. In 2007 they played at Cornerstone Festival, appeared on the documentary film Murder Music: A History of Black Metal in which vocalist Ravn Furfjord reveals that \"It is difficult to find people who are interested in this kind of music and share our point of view, the Christian point of view.\" The band was featured on the 2008 documentary, Light in Darkness \u2013 Nemesis Divina, which was shown at film and music festivals throughout the world and deals with the commonly viewed as 'paradoxal' concept of Christian black metal. The documentary was produced by Stefan Rydehed, whose previous works include a documentary on the Norwegian black metal band Mayhem.\n\nThey released the self-titled album \"Frosthardr\" the 1st of December 2018 on physical formats, and the album was later released digitally the 21st of January 2019.\n\nMembers\nCurrent\nRavn \"Jokull\" Furfjord - guitar, vocals (1997\u2013present), bass (1997)\nDr. E - guitar, additional vocals (1997\u2013present)\nOddmund \"Ozol\" - bass (2002\u2013present)\nP\u00e5l \"Savn\" D\u00e6hlen - drums (2001\u2013present)\n\nLive\n Morten \"Sygmoon\" Sigmund - keyboards\n David \"Djerv\" Ryste - vocals (2015\u2013present)\n\nDiscography\nNecrodisaster (demo, 2002)\nMaktesl\u00f8s (EP, 2004)\nVarg (EP, 2007)\nFrosthardr (album, 2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Norwegian unblack metal musical groups\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1997\nCategory:1997 establishments in Norway\nCategory:Musical groups from Oslo"}
-{"text": "World at War\n\nWorld at War could be an alternative name for World War II\n\nIt may also refer to:\n\n Another name for the Darkness Series (2000\u20132005) by Harry Turtledove\n The World at War (film) (1942), propaganda film produced by the Office of War Information\n The World at War (1973\u201374), British television series documenting World War II\n Call of Duty: World at War (2008), video game developed by Treyarch\n A World at War (2003), World War II-themed board wargame by GMT Games\n Left Behind: World at War (2005), video film, second sequel to Left Behind\n World at War (2006\u20132010), a (now defunct) modification for the video game Half-Life 2"}
-{"text": "List of King George V Playing Fields in West Sussex\n\n\n\nReferences\n\nWest Sussex\nCategory:West Sussex-related lists\nCategory:Sports venues in West Sussex\nCategory:Parks and open spaces in West Sussex"}
-{"text": "Tajabad-e Sofla\n\nTajabad-e Sofla or Taj Abad Sofla (), also known as Tajabad-e Pain, may refer to:\n Tajabad-e Sofla, Fars\n Tajabad-e Sofla, Hamadan"}
-{"text": "General Carrera Province\n\nGeneral Carrera Province () is one of four provinces of the southern Chilean region of Aisen (XI). Its capital city is Chile Chico.\n\nAdministration\nAs a province, General Carrera is a second-level administrative division, governed by a provincial governor appointed by the president. The province comprises two communes, R\u00edo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez and Chile Chico; each is governed by a municipality, headed by an alcalde.\n\nGeography and demography\nAccording to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute (INE), the province spans an area of  and had a population of 7,531 inhabitants (4,022 men and 3,509 women), giving it a population density of . It is the sixth least populated province in the country. Of these, 3,042 (44%) lived in urban areas and 3,879 (56%) in rural areas, according to the 2002 census. \n\nBetween the 1992 and 2002 censuses, the population grew by 6% (392 persons) while, between the 2002 and 2017 ones, it grew by 9.2% (610 persons)..\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Provinces of Ays\u00e9n Region\nCategory:Provinces of Chile"}
-{"text": "Saarbr\u00fccken Zoo\n\nThe Saarbr\u00fccken Zoo () is with over 200.000 visitors annually, and over 1.700 animals from 160 Species the largest Zoo in Saarland. The Zoo is specialized in African animals.\n\nHistory \n\nIn 1870, the land for the present Zoo was used as a quarry, and until 1926 a funicular. The old Zoo was founded in 1932, but became totally destroyed during world war II. 1956 the work started to rebuild the zoo on a new site, consisting  on the foot of the hill Eschberges.\n\nIn February 1995 the elephant Danka killed the head elephantkeeper Uwe Rothe, by headbutting him against a wall, and a year later, in March 2006, both elephants were sold to Alexandria Zoo in Egypt where both elephants died the same day a month later.\n\nDuring the end of 2005 the north gate closed due to less visitors coming to the zoo, and some northern parts of zoo was redesigned to residential building. The longtime Director Vaclav Ceska was removed from office, and plans were made to renew the popularity among the public of Saarbr\u00fccken.\n\nSince 2008 a lot of improvements has been made, including renewing of enclosures and contact with financing sponsors.\n\nPictures\n\nLiterature \n Eugen Grittmann: 80 Jahre Saarbr\u00fccker Zoo. 1932\u20132012. Hrsg.: Zoologischer Garten Saarbr\u00fccken. Saarbr\u00fccken 2012.\n\nSee also \n List of zoos in Germany\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Saarbr\u00fccken Zoo at Zoo-Infos.de (in German)\n Elephant Database:All elephants at Saarbr\u00fccken Zoo in Germany\n\nCategory:Zoos in Germany\nCategory:Zoos established in year 1956\nZoological Garden\nZoological Garden"}
-{"text": "Frumu\u0219ica\n\nFrumu\u015fica may refer to:\n\nRomania\n Frumu\u0219ica, Boto\u0219ani, a commune in Boto\u015fani County\n Frumu\u015fica, a village in M\u0103d\u00e2rjac Commune, Ia\u015fi County\n\nMoldova\n Frumu\u0219ica, Flore\u0219ti, a commune in Flore\u0219ti District, along with its village of Frumu\u015fica Nou\u0103\n Frumu\u015fica, a village in B\u0103cioi Commune, Chi\u015fin\u0103u municipality\n Frumu\u015fica, a village in Chioselia Mare Commune, Cahul District\n Frumu\u015fica, a village in C\u0103lug\u0103r Commune, F\u0103le\u015fti District\n Frumu\u015fica, a village in Cazangic Commune, Leova District"}
-{"text": "Hoogstede\n\nHoogstede is a community in the district of Grafschaft Bentheim in Lower Saxony.\n\nGeography\n\nLocation\nHoogstede lies northwest of Nordhorn on the German-Dutch border. The Vechte flows through town, and its tributary, the Lee empties into it here. The community belongs to the Joint Community (Samtgemeinde) of Emlichheim, whose administrative seat is in the like-named community.\n\nConstituent communities\nThe community\u2019s seven centres are Hoogstede, Kalle, Tinholt, Arkel, Bathorn, Scheerhorn and Berge.\n\nHistory\nHoogstede\u2019s history begins in 1821 when the Evangelical-Reformed parish\u2019s chapel was moved from Arkel to Hoogstede. In 1859, the Catholic church was built, and by and by a population centre developed. In 1953, the Evangelical-Old Reformed church was built, and in 1961 the Lutheran church.\n\nToday, roughly 2,900 people live in Hoogstede and its outlying centres.\n\nReligion\nHoogstede is home to four churches:\n Evangelical-Reformed\n Evangelical-Old Reformed\n Evangelical-Lutheran\n Catholic\n\nPolitics\n\nMunicipal council\nHoogstede\u2019s council is made up of 13 councillors.\nCDU 10 seats\nSPD 2 seats\nFDP 1 seat\n(as of municipal election on 10 September 2006)\n\nMayor\nThe honorary mayor Jan Ensink was elected on 14 November 2006 at the municipal council\u2019s constitutive meeting.\n\nClubs and associations\nVarious clubs and associations have established themselves:\n Hoogsteder Sportverein (sport club)\n Landjugend Hoogstede (\u201crural youth\u201d)\n Ortsfeuerwehr Hoogstede (fire brigade)\n DRK-Ortsverein Hoogstede (German Red Cross)\n Grafschafter Autocross Club GACC\n Heimatverein Hoogstede-Arkel (\u201chomeland club\u201d)\n Sch\u00fctzenverein Hoogstede (shooting club)\n Sch\u00fctzenverein Niedergrafschafter Edelwei\u00df-Sch\u00fctzen Bathorn (shooting club)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nHoogstede\u2019s website\nJoint community\u2019s webpage\n\nCategory:Bentheim"}
-{"text": "List of elections in 1906\n\nThe following elections occurred in the year 1906.\n\n 1906 Brazilian presidential election\n 1906 Chilean presidential election\n 1906 Danish Folketing election\n 1906 Danish Landsting election\n 1906 French legislative election\n 1906 Norwegian parliamentary election\n 1906 Russian legislative election\n\nAsia \n 1906 Persian legislative election\n\nEurope\n April 1906 Portuguese legislative election\n August 1906 Portuguese legislative election\n 1906 Russian legislative election\n\nUnited Kingdom\n 1906 United Kingdom general election\n List of MPs elected in the 1906 United Kingdom general election\n 1906 Bodmin by-election\n February 1906 City of London by-election\n 1906 Cockermouth by-election\n 1906 Dulwich by-election\n\nNorth America\n\nCanada\n 1906 Edmonton municipal election\n 1906 Nova Scotia general election\n\nUnited States\n United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1906\n 1906 California gubernatorial election\n 1906 New York state election\n United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina, 1906\n 1906 South Carolina gubernatorial election\n 1906 United States House of Representatives elections\n 1906 and 1907 United States Senate elections\n United States Senate election in Massachusetts, 1907\n\nOceania\n\nAustralia\n 1906 Australian federal election\n 1906 Australian referendum\n 1906 South Australian state election\n\nNew Zealand\n 1906 Manukau by-election\n 1906 Westland by-election\n\nSee also\n :Category:1906 elections\n\nCategory:Lists of elections by year\nElections"}
-{"text": "Vatican City Heliport\n\nVatican City Heliport (, ) consists of a  rectangular concrete landing area linked with a circular parking area. It is used for short journeys from or to Vatican City by the pope and visiting heads of state.\n\nStructure \nThe heliport is at  above sea level, in the French-style portion of the Vatican Gardens, and is referred to also as a helipad. It is situated in the westernmost bastion of the Leonine Wall, which marks the westernmost point of Vatican City State.\n\nHistory\nIt was constructed in 1976 under Pope Paul VI (1963\u20131978), facilitating transfers between Vatican City and the summer papal residence at Castel Gandolfo for occasions such as the regular Wednesday general audience, when travel by car could take a couple of hours each way and would cause inconvenience to other road users.\n\nIn 1978, Pope John Paul II had a bronze statue representing Our Lady of Cz\u0119stochowa placed nearby.\n\nOperation \nFlights are conducted only in visual meteorological conditions by visual flight rules.\n\nWorldwide publicity was given to the heliport on the afternoon of 28 February 2013, when Pope Benedict XVI departed Vatican City for Castel Gandolfo mere hours before his resignation took effect.\n\nSince 2015, the heliport also serves\u2014in urgent cases\u2014the Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital to transport patients, personnel, and medical equipment.\n\nThe helicopter now used for the pope is an AgustaWestland AW139 of the Italian Air Force. Initially and until 2012, a Sikorsky SH-3D was used.\n\nSee also\n Index of Vatican City-related articles\n Transport in Vatican City\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n A visit to the Vatican Gardens (page 2)\n Vatican City Heliport\n\nCategory:Transport in Vatican City\nCategory:Heliports"}
-{"text": "An Occasional Hell\n\nAn Occasional Hell is a crime novel by the American writer Randall Silvis.\n\nSet in 1990s in the lower Monongahela River Valley below Pittsburgh, it tells the story of Ernest DeWalt, a former Chicago private investigator and successful novelist who is now a college professor. DeWalt's new life is interrupted when a philandering colleague, Alex Catanzaro, is killed in a farmland trysting place and his widow asks the former PI for help. It was made into a film starring Tom Berenger in 1996.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1993 American novels\nCategory:American crime novels\nCategory:Novels set in Pennsylvania"}
-{"text": "Christian Stauffer\n\nChristian Stauffer born 1579 in the village of Eggiwil, Switzerland was a leader in the Anabaptist movement during the 17th century.\n\nPersonal life \n\nChristian Stauffer was born and raised at Luchsmatt Farm in the village of Eggiwil.\n\nChristian first married Adelheid Opplinger (born 1588) June 18, 16?? in Rothenbach, Bern, Switzerland. They had 11 children from 1611 to 1629.\n\nPrison and exile \nIn 1644, Christian who was an Anabaptist preacher may have been part of a great \"T\u00e4ufer Jagen\" (Baptist Hunt)  along with Uli Zaugg and Uli Neuhaus. They were all captured and placed in Thun Castle, where the authorities were warned to keep obstinate preachers out of Emmenthal valley (where the Eggiwil is located). The Emmenthal valley was a hub for Anabaptists and the numbers were growing which alarmed the authorities in Bern. Authorities arrested and exiled anyone who was thought to a follower or support of the Anabaptist movement.\n\nChristian and his second wife, were exiled from Eggiwil in the fall of 1671 to Dirmstein, Germany.\n\nDeath \nA few months after his exile, (April 6, 1672) Christian died of old age in Dirmstein, Germany. He was 93 years old.\n\nDescendants \n\nStauffer is connected to family members that eventually headed to the United States and Canada:\n\n Abraham Stouffer  American born settler founder of what is now Stouffville, Ontario, Canada\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1579 births\nCategory:Swiss Anabaptists\nCategory:1672 deaths\nCategory:Swiss exiles"}
-{"text": "FemTechNet\n\nFemTechNet is a feminist network of scholars, artists, and activists known for its feminist, decentralized pedagogy experiments. FemTechNet became the focus of various media outlets when it broadcast its efforts to \"storm\" Wikipedia under its \"wikistorming\" initiative. Beyond its 2013 Wikipedia project, FemTechNet has been described as \"a new approach to collaborative learning\", and a \"feminist anti-MOOC.\"\n\nBackground\n\nThe network began in Southern California in 2012 with Anne Balsamo and Alexandra Juhasz as co-founders and co-facilitators. FemTechNet describes itself as \u201can activated network of scholars, artists and students who work on, with, and at the borders of technology, science and feminism in a variety of fields including STS, Media and Visual Studies, Art, Women's, Queer and Ethnic Studies.\u201d In a peer-reviewed concept paper, the founders more concretely described the project as one of interdisciplinary community building.\n\nDistributed open collaborative courses (DOCC), FemTechNets primary initiative, uses networked technologies in many innovative ways, including developing \u201cnodal\u201d classes around shared themes that are augmented by video discussions available on FemTechNet's website by participating university instructors. The first DOCC, \"Dialogues in Feminism and Technology,\" was initiated in 2013 as for-credit courses at the following institutions: \n Rutgers University \n The New School\n CUNY \n University of California at San Diego \n University of Illinois \n Ohio State University\n Bowling Green State University \n Pitzer College \n Colby-Sawyer College \n Penn State University \n California Polytechnic University \n Ontario College of Art and Design \n Brown University\n Yale University\nCalifornia State University, Fullerton \n\nNon-traditional students take the course via the FTN website's free, self-directed learner component. In 2014 - 2015 the second Distributed Open Collaborative Course (DOCC) series was offered at the following nodes.\n\nIn 2013 FemTechNet launched \"Storming Wikipedia\", which aimed to encourage students to engage in Wikipedia editing. Portrayed as a response to Wikipedia's gender imbalance, the assignment is also used to highlight \"the significant contributions of feminists to technology\". \"Wikistorming\" got the attention of mainstream media networks, including a story by Fox News and CampusReform.org, which framed the effort as biased not critically corrective.\n\nSee also\n Cyberfeminism\n Feminist technoscience\n Networked feminism\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFemTechNet (Old Site)\nFemTechNet (New site)\n\"We Are FemTechNet\" (Group Manifesto)\nTechnical Report on the DOCC\nFAQ for FemTechNet\nConnected Courses, Unit 4, Class 3: Teaching Wikipedia Editing\n\nCategory:Feminist websites\nCategory:American educational websites\nCategory:Wikipedia"}
-{"text": "Gus Worland\n\nGus Worland is an Australian television and radio personality. He is best known for his series of reality television programs Man Power An Aussie Goes Barmy, An Aussie Goes Bolly and An Aussie Goes Calypso which aired on Fox8.\n\nHe is one of the hosts of the Triple M Sydney breakfast radio show The Grill Team.\n\nEarly life\nWorland grew up in Sydney, Australia. He attended Knox Grammar School, where he met lifelong friend Hugh Jackman. During his schooling, Worland played a number of sports and was heavily involved with the extra curricular activities at Knox Grammar School. After graduating from high school, he worked in sales. After marrying and having children in England, he returned to Australia and began his media career.\n\nMedia career\n\nTelevision\nWith Hugh Jackman, Worland co-created and starred in Fox8's An Aussie Goes series, following the Australian cricket team around the world. The first series in 2006 was An Aussie Goes Barmy. His mission was to follow the Barmy Army from England to Australia for all five cricket test matches. The next series was An Aussie Goes Bolly. The third series brought Worland to the West Indies for An Aussie Goes Calypso. Worland had a program on A&E Australia called Gus Worland: Marathon Man.\n\nRadio\nWorland has been a host on Triple M's breakfast program The Grill Team since 2009. He left the show in October 2019 to focus on his charity. He still has a regular role at triple M as part of the dead set legends Saturday morning program\n\nPersonal life\nWorland started men's mental health support charity Gotcha4Life after the suicide of close friend Angus Roberts.\n\nAwards\nWorland has won two ASTRA Awards: one for Best Entertainment Show in 2007 for his role as Team Leader in Fox8's The Singing Office and the second in 2008 when he was awarded Best Sports Show on Pay TV for An Aussie Goes Bolly. Worland was recognised as the Best Newcomer On-Air in the Metropolitan Division at the 2010 Australian Commercial Radio Awards.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Triple M presenters\nCategory:Australian television presenters\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Albert Sutanto\n\nAlbert Christiadi Sutanto (born December 24, 1975) is an Indonesian former swimmer, who specialized in butterfly and medley events. He is a two-time Olympian (2000 and 2004), and multi medalist 9 Gold 5 Silver and 16 Bronze at the Southeast Asian Games (1991 to 2005).\n\nSutanto made his first Indonesian team, along with his twin brother Felix, at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He failed to reach the top 16 in any of his individual events, finishing fifty-fifth in the 100 m butterfly (56.50), and forty-second in the  200 m butterfly (2:05.13).\n\nAt the 2003 Southeast Asian Games in Hanoi, Vietnam, Sutanto won a bronze medal in the 200 m butterfly with a time of 2:05.03. He also blasted an Indonesian record of 2:06.09 in the 200 m individual medley, but managed to pull off a fourth-place effort in the final.\n\nSutanto shortened his swimming program at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, as his spots in both 100 and 200 m butterfly were respectively taken by Andy Wibowo and Donny Utomo. Instead, he qualified only for the 200 m individual medley. After breaking his own record from the SEA Games, his entry time of 2:06.09 was officially accredited under a FINA B-standard. He challenged seven other swimmers in heat three, including Denmark's Jacob Carstensen and South Korea's Kim Bang-Hyun, who both competed at their third Olympics. Sutanto upset SEA Games bronze medalist Gary Tan of Singapore to take a sixth seed by less than nearly a second in 2:07.55. Sutanto failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed fortieth overall in the preliminaries.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Indonesian people of Chinese descent\nCategory:Indonesian male swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Indonesia\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Male butterfly swimmers\nCategory:Male medley swimmers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Surabaya\nCategory:Southeast Asian Games medalists in swimming\nCategory:Southeast Asian Games bronze medalists for Indonesia\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1994 Asian Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2003 Southeast Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games competitors for Indonesia"}
-{"text": "Kevin East\n\nKevin East (born March 29, 1971) is a retired U.S. soccer goalkeeper who currently coaches the Rutgers\u2013Newark men's soccer team.  He spent six seasons in the USISL and two as a backup keeper with the MetroStars in Major League Soccer.   He is a member of the National Soccer Coaches Association of America National Rating Board and is a former president of the College Soccer Association of New Jersey.\n\nPlayer\n\nYouth\nEast graduated from Montgomery High School where he was an all-state soccer player.  He then attended Kean University where he was a member of the men's soccer team from 1989 to 1992.  In 1992, he and his teammates won the NCAA Division III national championship.  He holds the school record for single season and career saves as well as career shutouts.  He graduated with a bachelor's degree in political science and criminal justice in 1993 and was inducted into the Kean University Hall of Fame in 2004.\n\nProfessional\nIn 1994, he signed with the Jersey Dragons in the USISL.  He then played the 1995 season with the Dragons before being drafted by the Columbus Crew in the 3rd round (30th overall) of the 1996 MLS Supplemental Draft.  He broke his wrist during the preseason and was released soon after.  On May 15, 1996, he signed a two-year contract with the Central Jersey Riptide of USISL.  In 1998, he began the season with the New Jersey Stallions before being sent on loan to the MetroStars of Major League Soccer when regular backup Tim Howard joined the U.S. U-20 national team in preparation for the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship qualification.  He shared time during the 1999 season with the MetroStars and the North Jersey Imperials.  In 2000 and 2001, he played a handful of games for the New Jersey Stallions.\n\nCoach\nIn 1993, East became an assistant coach at Kean University, a position he held through 1996.  In 1998, he was hired as the men's soccer coach by New Jersey City University.  Over the next nine seasons, he compiled a 123-66-11 record and was the 2005 New Jersey Athletic Conference Coach of the Year.  In 2004, he coached the NJCU women's soccer team for a single season, compiling a 5-13-1 record.  In January 2007, he was hired by Rutgers\u2013Newark as the school's head soccer coach, a position he holds today.\n\nHe is a member of the National Soccer Coaches Association of America National Rating Board.  He is also a former president of the College Soccer Association of New Jersey.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nCareer overview\n\nCategory:1971 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American soccer coaches\nCategory:American soccer players\nCategory:Central Jersey Riptide players\nCategory:Jersey Dragons players\nCategory:New York Red Bulls players\nCategory:New Jersey Stallions players\nCategory:North Jersey Imperials players\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:USISL players\nCategory:USISL Pro League players\nCategory:USISL D-3 Pro League players\nCategory:Columbus Crew SC draft picks"}
-{"text": "Zhaltusha\n\nZhaltusha () is a village in Ardino Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern-central Bulgaria.  It is located  southeast of Sofia. It covers an area of 6.452 square kilometres and as of 2013 had a population of 926 people.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Kardzhali Province"}
-{"text": "Electroatopos\n\nElectroatopos castaneus is an extinct species of ant-like stone beetle, described in 2010, and the only species in the genus Electroatopos. It existed in what is now Myanmar during the Middle Cretaceous period.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Staphylinidae genera\nCategory:Cretaceous insects\nCategory:Fossil taxa described in 2010\nCategory:Cretaceous insects of Asia\nCategory:Burmese amber\nCategory:Fossils of Myanmar"}
-{"text": "List of Hong Kong films of 2006\n\nA list of films produced in Hong Kong in 2006:\n\n2006\n\nExternal links\n IMDB list of Hong Kong films\n Hong Kong films of 2006 at HKcinemamagic.com\n Hong Kong Filmography (1913-2006) at Hong Kong Film Archive\n\n2006\nFilms\nHong Kong"}
-{"text": "Deranged (2012 film)\n\nDeranged () is a 2012 South Korean science fiction thriller film starring Kim Myung-min, Kim Dong-wan, Moon Jung-hee and Lee Ha-nui. It is Korea's first medical thriller on an infectious disease epidemic (another related film, Flu, was released the next year in 2013). The film was directed by Park Jung-woo and produced by Lim Ji-young and Oz One Film. Distributed by CJ E&M, the film was released on July 5, 2012 and runs at 109 minutes.\n\nPlot\nJae-hyuk (Kim Myung-min) is a former professor with a doctorate in biochemistry who is currently working as a pharmaceutical sales representative after losing his life savings and his job due to a bad investment he made in the stock market on the advice of his younger brother. When a series of dead bodies are found floating in the Han River, the public is shocked to discover that the deaths are related to a fatal outbreak of virus-infected mutant parasitic horsehair worms, called Yeongasi, that can control the human brain. Those infected show symptoms of increased hunger without appropriate weight gain and excessive thirst when the worms are mature and ready to reproduce. Hence, they jump into the river to allow the worms to come out of the body. While the authorities work to find a cure, Jae-hyuk and his brother Jae-pil (Kim Dong-wan), a detective who is agonized with guilt for squandering Jae-hyuk's money in the stock market, struggle to save Jae-hyuk's family when they exhibit similar symptoms to the infected.\n\nStarting with Seoul, dead bodies with similar signs of malnutrition are found every morning in rivers all across the country. The police have trouble understanding the cause of the sudden deaths, as all the victims don't show any physical symptoms but look gruesome as soon as they jump into the water. One victim is found dead in his bathtub, but there are also unidentifiable worm-like organisms swimming next to his dead body. Officials at the Ministry of Health find out that these organisms are parasitic horsehair worms that normally use insects as hosts but became mutated into a new form that allows them to infect human bodies as well. The sudden change in appearance that was seen consistently in all victims was caused when the parasites escaped the bodies in the water. As soon as the news gets out and the government makes a public announcement urging people who have been in or near water and show symptoms of hunger and thirst to get checked out, countless people rush to hospitals. Pharmacies are crowded with people desperate to get anthelmintics. Matters become worse when more people jump into rivers overnight and dead bodies float around every morning. \n\nThen it is discovered that using any type of anthelmintic actually causes more excruciating pain and eventual death. Chaos ensues and worsens until one patient claims that he was cured by a specific type of drug called Windazole. The country goes crazy in order to get a hold of the drug, but pharmacies run out of supply in less than a day. Government officials contact the pharmaceutical company in charge of making Windazole, ChoA Pharmaceuticals, and demand that they increase supply. However, ever since being acquired by an investment company, the devices involved in creating the drug were poorly managed and the company fails to make a single pill. Public hearings follow as the government requests the company to reveal the drug's composition, but the CEO says that the company's major stockholders refuse to do so, and the government has no legal grounds to force the company to disclose the drug's \u201crecipe\u201d either.\n\nJae-pil then discovers evidence that this was all planned out by workers at ChoA Pharmaceuticals. He finds someone who used to work at the research team at ChoA and threatens him to tell the truth. The researcher confesses the entire story. A few years back, the researchers at ChoA learned about the parasite Yeongasi and thought that finding out the protein involved in controlling the brain might help with finding a cure to other brain diseases such as Alzheimer's. The team was successful in making a mutant version that used mammals as hosts and seemed to be on the way to success with their research when the company was sold over, and the research team was disbanded. Some of the researchers who were angry about the whole incident came together and agreed to take part in a collective stock manipulation scheme in which they bought a bunch of stocks and released the parasite after storing away 100,000 packets of the drug. Consequently, hundreds of thousands of tourists became infected over the summer as they went to rivers for vacation. One of the researchers then acted as if he had been treated by the drug in order to raise stock prices.\n\nGiven this information, Jae-pil calls Jae-hyuk, and the two go to the storage the researcher admitted to having kept away the rest of the drugs. When Jae-hyuk finally is about to get a hold of the medicine, someone locks the door to the storage and sets the building on fire. The two survive, but the researcher who had been giving Jae-pil the information is murdered by a mysterious man (who later turns out to be the researcher to claim that Windazole worked), and all of the drugs burn down. Jae-pil then finds out that the murdered researcher had actually been the head of the research team and was a close friend to the CEO. Jae-pil learns that the other researchers had already run away overseas and that the head of the team was just staying behind to see how things panned out. Thus, the entire plan was premeditated and taken out by the CEO and the researchers from the beginning. Meanwhile, the CEO suggests that the government buy the company in its entirety, which would then allow them to find out the drug's composition and make more of it for the rapidly increasing number of patients. The price the CEO offers is completely unreasonable at 5 billion won and most government officials are against the idea, but the Prime Minister says there is no other option and is about to sign the contract. In the nick of time, he is informed of the whole scam and the CEO is arrested. Jae-hyuk is in despair when he suddenly realizes, based on his knowledge of chemistry, that as long as he is able to create a drug with the same active ingredient as Windazole, he should be able to treat his family\u2014he does not necessarily need Windazole itself. Other people join in on the plan and pharmaceutical companies hastily create an effective drug that treats everyone.\n\nThe movie ends with Jae-hyuk and is family spending time at an amusement park. Jae-hyuk suggests the family go on vacation overseas all together, preferably to a place with many drugstores. His wife laughs and asks if Jae-hyuk is worried that there might be Yeongasi in other countries as well. Jae-hyuk smiles but suddenly freezes and whips around as the film suddenly transitions to a scene with a dead body floating in New York Harbor.\n\nCast\n\n Kim Myung-min - Jae-hyuk\n Moon Jung-hee - Gyung-seon \n Kim Dong-wan - Jae-pil, an investigator and younger brother of Jae-hyuk\n Lee Ha-nui - Yeon-joo, Jae-pil's fianc\u00e9\n Eom Ji-seong - Joon-woo \n Yeom Hyun-seo - Ye-ji \n Kang Shin-il - Doctor Hwang \n Jo Deok-hyeon - Tae-won /Yhengmorada\n Jeon Kuk-hwan - Prime Minister \n Choi Jung-woo -  Minister of Health and Welfare\n Lee Hyung-chul - James Kim \n Jung In-gi - Sales Office Manager \n Song Young-chang - Doctor Kim \n Choi Il-hwa - South Korean president \n Kim Se-dong - Production Director\n\nReception\nOn the first day of its theatrical release, Deranged sold 190,953 tickets, making it number one on the daily box office chart (beating Hollywood film The Amazing Spider Man which sold 149,170 tickets). The film grossed a total of  after only five weeks of screening, with 4,515,665 total tickets sold nationwide.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:2010s science fiction horror films\nCategory:2010s horror thriller films\nCategory:2012 films\nCategory:2012 horror films\nCategory:Films about viral outbreaks\nCategory:Films set in Seoul\nCategory:South Korean films\nCategory:South Korean horror thriller films\nCategory:South Korean science fiction films\nCategory:Films directed by Park Jung-woo"}
-{"text": "Frenks Razgals\n\nFrenks Razgals (born August 8, 1996) is a Latvian professional ice hockey player for HC V\u00edtkovice Ridera in the Czech Extraliga (ELH) and the Latvian national team. He's the son of Latvian coach and former hockey player, Aigars Razgals.\n\nHe participated for Latvia at the 2017 IIHF World Championship.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1996 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Dinamo Riga players\nCategory:HK Riga players\nCategory:Latvian ice hockey forwards\nCategory:Sportspeople from Riga"}
-{"text": "Margaret Adebisi Sowunmi\n\nMargaret Adebisi Sowunmi (n\u00e9e Jadesimi) (September 24, 1939 -) is a Nigerian botanist and environmental archaeologist. She was Professor of Palynology and Environmental Archaeology at the University of Ibadan. She pioneered the study of environmental archaeology and palaeoethnobotany in Nigeria and is the founder and president of the Palynological Association of Nigeria.\n\nEarly life \nSowunmi was born in Kano, Northern Nigeria on September 24, 1939. Her father was a pastor in the Church of Nigeria. She studied for a BSc in Special Botany in the Department of Botany, at University College Ibadan, graduating in 1962. She received a postgraduate scholarship in 1963 to undertake Phd research in palynology. In order to undertake research in palynology, Sowunmi travelled to Sweden to study with Gunnar Erdtman, who supervised her Phd. She earned her Phd in botany from the University of Ibadan in 1967.\n\nCareer \nIn 1967 Sowunmi was appointed a postdoctoral research fellow in the Archaeology Unit at the Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. In 1971 she established the Nigerian University Palynology Laboratory. Sowunmi was appointed Professor of Palynology and Environmental Archaeology in 1982. Throughout her career Sowunmi held various visiting positions, in 1997 in the Department of African Archaeology, Uppsala University, and in 1998 at the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and the Departments of African Archaeology and African Archaeobotany, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\u00e4t. During the course of her career she supervised seven phd students, and is noted for being an inspirational teacher. Sowunmi has worked on gender issues in archaeology in Nigeria, including modifying androcentric course titles.\n\nSowunmi was the founder and president of the Palynological Association of Nigeria, and president of the West African Archaeological Association. \n\nSowunmi retired in 2004.\n\nResearch \nSowunmi's research achievements include the first identifications of the age and paleoenvironment of the Gwandu Formation, the first descriptions of Eocene pollen of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, the first study of Late Quaternary vegetation and environmental history of Nigeria, and the first study of pollen from an archaeological site in Nigeria.\n\nAwards and honours \nIn 2003, Sowunmi received an honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Humanities by Uppsala University to recognised her outstanding scholarship and research and teaching contributions in environmental archaeology and paleobotany.\n\nSelected publications \nM.A. Sowunmi. 1972. Pollen morphology of the Palmae and its bearing on taxonomy. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology\nM.A. Sowunmi. 1973. Pollen grains of Nigerian plants: I. Woody species. Grana\nR.J. du Ch\u00eane, M.S. Onyike & M.A. Sowunmi 1978. Some new Eocene pollen of the Ogwashi-Asaba Formation, south-eastern Nigeria. Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Micropaleontolog\u00eda 10(2), p. 285-322.\nM.A Sowunmi. 1981. Aspects of Late Quaternary Vegetational Changes in West Africa. Journal of Biogeography 8: 457-474.\nM.A. Sowunmi. 1985. The beginnings of agriculture in West Africa: botanical evidence. Current Anthropology\nM.A. Sowunmi. 1995. Pollen grains of Nigerian plants: II. Woody Species. Grana 34: 120-141.\nM.A. Sowunmi. 1998. Ecological archaeology in west Africa : the state of the discipline in ANDAH (B.W.) et al., Africa: the challenge of archaeology. Ibadan, Heinemann Educational Books, pp.\u00a065\u2013100\nM.A. Sowunmi, 1998. Beyond academic archaeology in Africa: The human dimension. African Archaeological Review\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1939 births\nCategory:Nigerian scientists\nCategory:Nigerian women scientists\nCategory:20th-century botanists\nCategory:20th-century archaeologists\nCategory:Women botanists\nCategory:Women archaeologists\nCategory:Archaeobotanists\nCategory:Uppsala University faculty\nCategory:University of Ibadan alumni\nCategory:Palynologists\nCategory:Paleobotanists\nCategory:People from Kano\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Academics of the UCL Institute of Archaeology"}
-{"text": "Expedition 28\n\nExpedition 28 was the 28th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station, and began on 23 May 2011 with the departure of the members of Expedition 27. The first three members of Expedition 28 arrived on the ISS aboard the Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft on 4 April 2011, and were joined on 9 June 2011 by the three other crew members, who arrived aboard Soyuz TMA-02M. The expedition saw a number of significant events, including the final Space Shuttle mission, STS-135, which took place in July 2011. Expedition 28 was superseded by Expedition 29 on 16 September 2011.\n\nCrew\n\nSource NASA\n\nMission highlights\n\nSoyuz TMA-20 undocking\n\nExpedition 28 began with the undocking and departure of the crew of Expedition 27 on 23 May 2011 at 21:35 UTC. The crew of Soyuz TMA-20 landed safely with Expedition 27 crew members Dmitri Kondratyev, Catherine Coleman and Paolo Nespoli aboard at 2:27 UTC on 24 May.\n\nBefore departing the vicinity of the International Space Station, the crew of TMA-20 photographed the exterior of the station during a fly-around, capturing photos of the Space Shuttle Endeavour docked with the ISS on its final mission, STS-134.\n\nSTS-134\n\nAt the time Expedition 28 began, Space Shuttle Endeavour was docked to the ISS on her final mission, STS-134. During this mission, the crew of Endeavour installed on the station's exterior the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer and several spare parts to aid in station operations after the retirement of the Space Shuttle. STS-134 was the 36th Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station.\n\nEndeavour and her crew, consisting of Mark Kelly, Gregory Johnson, Michael Fincke, Roberto Vittori, Andrew Feustel, and Gregory Chamitoff, returned to Earth on 1 June 2011, at 6:34 UTC. STS-134 was the second-to-last mission of the Space Shuttle.\n\nSoyuz TMA-02M docking\n\nThe remainder of the Expedition 28 crew (Sergey Volkov, Michael E. Fossum, and Satoshi Furukawa) launched aboard Soyuz TMA-02M from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at 20:12 UTC on 7 June 2011. Originally scheduled to dock to the ISS on 9 June at approximately 21:22 UTC, the Soyuz did so several minutes early at 21:18.\n\nJohannes Kepler ATV undocking\n\nOn 20 June 2011, the European Space Agency's robotic cargo ship Johannes Kepler disengaged from the ISS, having been docked since February 2011. On 21 June 2011, the ATV was deorbited, burning up in the atmosphere over the southern Pacific Ocean at around 22:44 CET.\n\nProgress M-11M docking\n\nA Russian Progress cargo ship, designated M-11M (Progress 42 or 42P by NASA) was launched on 21 June 2011 to resupply and deliver equipment to the International Space Station. Progress M-11M transferred more than 2.5 tons of cargo to the Space Station, including food, water, scientific hardware, propellant, and cargo. The cargo ship docked with the Zvezda service module of the Space Station at 16:37 UTC on 23 June 2011. The docking occurred 245 miles above eastern Kazakhstan.\n\nSTS-135\u2014final space shuttle mission\n\nOn 8 July 2011, Space Shuttle Atlantis launched on the STS-135 mission, the final mission in NASA's Space Shuttle program. Atlantis docked to the ISS on 10 July 2011 at 15:07 UTC. The mission was crewed by NASA astronauts Christopher Ferguson, Douglas Hurley, Sandra Magnus, and Rex Walheim, and departed from the ISS on 19 July 2011. The purpose of the mission was to deliver the Raffaello MPLM, stocked with supplies, to the space station.\n\nSoyuz TMA-21 undocking\n\nThe Soyuz TMA-21 spacecraft departed from the International Space Station on 16 September 2011 at 00:38 UTC. Soyuz Commander Aleksandr Samokutyayev and Flight Engineers Andrei Borisenko and Ronald Garan returned to Earth on 16 September at 03:59 UTC, landing safely in central Kazakhstan. Their landing marked the beginning of Expedition 29.\n\nSpacewalks\n\nGallery\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n NASA's Space Station Expeditions page\n Expedition 28 Photography\n\nCategory:Expeditions to the International Space Station\nCategory:2011 in spaceflight"}
-{"text": "Jerrard Tickell\n\nEdward Jerrard Tickell (14 February 1905 \u2013 27 March 1966) was an Irish writer, known for his novels and World War II historical books.\n\nBiography\n\nJerrard Tickell was born in Dublin and educated in Tipperary and, from 1919 until 1922 at Highgate School in London. He joined the Royal Army Service Corps in 1940 and was commissioned in 1941, when he was appointed to the War Office. Between 1943 and 1945 his official duties took him to Africa, the Middle East, Washington DC, Canada, the West Indies and Europe. He was appointed to the General Staff in 1945.\n\nHe was married to the author and psychical researcher Ren\u00e9e Haynes, the daughter of the eminent English social moralist E. S. P. Haynes and Oriana Huxley Waller (a granddaughter of Thomas Henry Huxley) and they had three sons: Crispin, Patrick, and Tom.\n\nTickell wrote 21 novels, including the bestselling Appointment with Venus (1951), which was made into a film of the same name starring David Niven and a 1962 Danish film Venus fra Vest\u00f8.\n\nHis non-fiction work includes a memoir of SOE agent Odette Hallowes, an account of No. 138 Squadron RAF (the \"moon squadron\"), and a history of \"Ascalon\", Winston Churchill's personal Avro York transport aircraft.\n\nScandal\n\nA book, The West End Front (published in 2011) by Matthew Sweet, gives details of a forgotten family incident in London during WW2 which resulted in Jerrard facing trail at the Old Bailey for a charge for which he was acquitted. Sweet recounts how he broke the news of this rediscovered chapter of family history to Jerrard's two surviving son's Sir Crispin, formerly Britain's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and Tom Tickell, former Guardian newspaper columnist.\n\nPublications\n\nNon-fiction\nOdette: The Story of a British Agent (1949)\nMoon Squadron (1956)\nAscalon: The Story of Sir Winston Churchill's Wartime Flights from 1943 to 1945 (1964)\n\nFiction\nYolan of the Plains (1928)\nSee How They Run (1936)\nFly Away Blackbird (1936)\nSilk Purse (1937)\nJill Fell Down (1938)\nGentlewomen Aim to Please (1938)\nAt Dusk All Cats Are Grey (1940)\nSoldier from the Wars Returning (1942)\nAppointment with Venus (1951)\nThe Hand and Flower (1952)\nDark Adventure (1952)\nThe Dart Players (1953)\nThe Hero of Saint Roger (1954)\nMiss May: The Story of an Englishwoman (1958)\nWhither Do You Wander? (1959)\nThe Hunt for Richard Thorpe (1960)\nVilla Mimosa (1960)\nHussar Honeymoon (1963)\nHigh Water at Four (1965)\n\nSee also\nHuxley family\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1905 births\nCategory:1966 deaths\nCategory:People from Dublin (city)\n\nCategory:People educated at Highgate School\nCategory:Royal Army Service Corps soldiers\nCategory:Royal Army Service Corps officers\nCategory:Huxley family\nCategory:20th-century Irish novelists\nCategory:20th-century male writers\nCategory:Irish male novelists"}
-{"text": "Garage Rock! - A Collection of Lost Songs from 1996 - 1998\n\nGarage Rock! - A Collection of Lost Songs From 1996 - 1998 is a compilation album released by Canadian rock band Danko Jones. It was released on April 8, 2014.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Who Got It?\" - 2:00\n \"Make You Mine\" - 1:37\n \"I\u2019m Your Man\" - 2:21\n \"She\u2019s Got A Bomb\" - 2:15\n \"Rock And Roll Is Black And Blue\" - 1:28\n \"Dirty Mind Too\" - 0:52\n \"I\u2019m Drinking Alcohol?\" - 2:06\n \"Love Travel\" (demo) - 3:02\n \"Bounce\" (demo) - 2:24\n \"Sexual Interlude\" - 1:21\n \"I Stand Accused\" - 3:15\n \"Best Good Looking Girl In Town\" - 1:47\n \"Payback\" - 1:19\n \"Lowdown\" - 2:04\n \"One Night Stand\" - 1:40\n \"Instrumental\" - 1:44\n \"Move On\" (Live in Washington, DC @ The Black Cat on May 23rd, 1998) - 5:54\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Danko Jones albums\nCategory:2009 greatest hits albums"}
-{"text": "Ahmed Abid Ali\n\nAhmad Abid Ali Mohammed known as Kobi () (born 1 January 1986 in Iraq) is an Iraqi former football midfielder.\n\nHonours\n\nCountry \n 2006 Asian Games Silver medallist.\n 2007 Asian Cup winners\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Iraqi footballers\nCategory:Iraq international footballers\nCategory:2007 AFC Asian Cup players\nCategory:AFC Asian Cup-winning players\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Al-Zawraa SC players\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Baghdad\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Amanat Baghdad players\nCategory:Asian Games medalists in football\nCategory:Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games\nCategory:Asian Games silver medalists for Iraq\nCategory:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games"}
-{"text": "Tirora (Vidhan Sabha constituency)\n\nTirora (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is one of the 288 Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) constituencies of Maharashtra state, western India. This constituency is located in Gondiya district. The delimitation of the constituency happened in 2008.\n\nGeographical scope\nTirora taluka and Tirora Municipal Council, parts of Gondiya taluka viz. revenue\ncircle Gangazari, part of Goregaon taluka viz. revenue circle\nGoregaon.\n\nRepresentatives\n 2014: Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale, Bharatiya Janata Party.\n 2019: Vijay Bharatlal Rahangdale, Bharatiya Janata Party.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra"}
-{"text": "El Gordo, C\u00e1ceres\n\nEl Gordo  is a municipality in the province of C\u00e1ceres and autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. The municipality covers an area of  and as of 2011 had a population of 385 people.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Province of C\u00e1ceres"}
-{"text": "Marrow (novel)\n\nMarrow is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert Reed published in 2000.\n\nPlot\nWhen a jovian sized, artificially-created structure enters the galaxy, a society of technologically advanced humans (capable of interstellar flight and functionally immortal) are the first to intercept and investigate it.  Finding it to be an intergalactic ship, they decide to convert it into a cruise ship, inviting alien races to join them in its massive, uncharted interior as it makes a slow circumnavigation of the Milky Way .\n\nAfter thousands of years, with over 200 billion creatures living in its upper levels, a group of explorers discover a planet hidden in the core of the Great Ship.  As they explore it, however, an ionic blast cuts them off from the rest of the ship and destroys much of their technology. Because this planet, Marrow, is slowly expanding, the explorers reason that a new bridge can be built in another 5,000 years. They thus begin a civilization on the surface of Marrow.\n\nThe descendants of these original explorers come to believe that the large superstructure has been built to contain the Bleak, a race of nearly unstoppable insect-like creatures.  Calling themselves the Wayward, they take over the ship when the bridge is completed and attempt to steer it towards a black hole to destroy the Bleak.\n\nOne of the original explorers sees a vision of the Builders of the ship fighting the Bleak, containing them within the heart of Marrow and constructing the ship around it as a prison.  The Bleak, it is concluded, have twisted the Wayward into destroying the ship so that they may escape.  They stop the Wayward's plan by undermining the ship's control and command systems to divert the engines' thrust just enough to skim past the black hole .\n\nThe book ends with the suggestion that, with Marrow being a prison for the Bleak and the Great Ship an extension of that prison, the universe itself could be a further layer constructed by the Builders.\n\nReviews and criticism \n\nWhile many readers had generally positive reactions to the novel, numerous criticisms were drawn. Some reviewers argue that the novel, while grand in premise, ends up muddled. Many note that Robert Reed visited on the Marrow planet/ship concept in three of his earlier works, \"The Remoras\", \"Aeon's Child\", and a short story also named \"Marrow\". Clause Lalumi\u00e8re viewed Marrow as essentially a world-building exercise unnaturally constrained into the novel form and would rather have seen a collection of short stories flesh out the world he'd created. Peter Tillman felt the novel had too many scientific errors to be true sci-fi and would be better classified as sci-fantasy.\nNevertheless, most reviewers agreed the book is entertaining and novel in its scope and premise. Reed himself defends his non-strict approach to science in his sci-fi writings, and seems to have intentionally left much of his work in the realm of fantasy.\n\nSequels \n\nThe sequel to Marrow is The Well of Stars (2004).\n\nTranslations \n French: \"\" (\"The Great Ship\"), Bragelonne, 2006, \n Russian: \"\" (\"The Vital Force\"), AST, 2003, .\n Spanish:  (\"Marrow\"), La Factor\u00eda de Ideas, 2007,\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2000 American novels\nCategory:American science fiction novels\nCategory:Novels by Robert Reed\nCategory:Tor Books books\nCategory:Black holes in fiction\nCategory:Novels about extraterrestrial life\nCategory:Novels set in prison"}
-{"text": "Marbletown, Wayne County, New York\n\nMarbletown is a hamlet in the Town of Arcadia, Wayne County, New York, United States near the Ontario County line. It is located 3 miles (5 km) southeast of the Village of Newark, at an elevation of 486 feet (148 m). The primary cross roads where the hamlet is located are Marbletown Road (CR 336), Silver Hill Road and Miller Road.\n\nMarbletown Schoolhouse (built 1876), a historic building, is located on the corner of Marbletown Road and Miller Road. The school served as an educational place for area children until it closed in 1947.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Hamlets in Wayne County, New York\nCategory:Hamlets in New York (state)\nCategory:Populated places in Wayne County, New York"}
-{"text": "Andalusia Molesworth\n\nAndalusia Molesworth born Andalusia Carstairs also known as Andalusia Grant; Lady Molesworth and Andalusia West ( \u2013 16 May 1888) was a British singer and society hostess.\n\nLife\nMolesworth did not come from a noble family. She entered the Royal Academy of Music and on leaving she demonstrated her abilities as a soprano singer at Covent Garden, although her acting abilities were unimpressive. She was known as Miss Grant and she appeared in a play about Rob Roy MacGregor, Guy Mannering and Isidore de Merida with the tenor John Braham.\n\nShe retired and married an older landowner, Temple West, in 1831. When he died in 1839 she moved in from the provinces and took a house at 29 Half Moon Street in London.\n\nShe married Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet after a one-month engagement on 9 July 1844. His family were not keen given her lack of background and that she was maybe too old to deliver an heir. Sir William had enjoyed the support of Harriet Grote and her husband, but Harriet broke with him over his marriage. An ambitions and scheming character in Dickens' Bleak House was said to be based on Molesworth. She became known as a hostess inviting notable people to stay at Pencarrow House in Cornwall including Charles Dickens, Sir Arthur Sullivan and Emperor Napoleon III.\n\nGeorge Byng, 7th Viscount Torrington was her companion after she became a widow. When she died she left her fortune to Byng's nephew and heir as she was estranged from her dead husband's family. However she still remembered her last husband and in 1869 she had the Molesworth Mausoleum constructed at Kensal Green Cemetery.\n\nMolesworth continued to be a society hostess for thirty years until she died in Eaton Place on 16 May 1888.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1888 deaths\nCategory:British singers"}
-{"text": "KJIK\n\nKJIK (100.7 FM, \"Majik 100.7\") is a radio station licensed to serve Duncan/Safford and Eastern Arizona, United States. The station is owned by WSK Family Credit Shelter Trust UTA. It airs a Variety music format.\n\nThe station was assigned the KJIK call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 6, 2003.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nKJIK official website\n\nJIK\nCategory:Greenlee County, Arizona\nCategory:Graham County, Arizona"}
-{"text": "NBA Live 09\n\nNBA Live 09, sometimes called NBA Live 2009, is the 2008 installment in the NBA Live series, developed and published by Electronic Arts. The original release date was October 7, 2008. The game features Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs on the cover in most markets. The Wii version of the game, developed by HB Studios, is titled NBA Live 09 All-Play and launched under EA Sports' new All-Play brand exclusive to the platform. This was the final NBA Live game released for the PlayStation 2 and the Wii.\n\nCover\nWhile Parker appears on the cover in the US and most international markets, some international versions feature players from those areas:\n UK and Ireland: Luol Deng\n Italy: Andrea Bargnani (also appeared on the Italian cover of NBA Live 08)\n Spain: Pau Gasol (has appeared on the Spanish cover of all versions since NBA Live 06)\n\nFeatures\n\nDynamic DNA\nDynamic DNA is a new feature in NBA Live 09 for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii and PlayStation 2, though it is not available for the PlayStation Portable. It breaks down how a team scores, sets up offense and how individual players go about on offense. It also updates players accessories, haircuts, facial hair changes and shoes. It is updated daily through NBA Live 365. It has been claimed that this new feature adds a more realistic feel to the gameplay featured.\n\nNBA LIVE 365\nNBA Live 365 is an addition to the NBA Live franchise. An update is downloadable every three or four months, updating player trades/injured players, and is not updating rosters for the 2009-2010 season.\n\nLive Rewind\nThe gamer can replay previous games with the updated statistical data that recreates identical conditions including injuries, hot/cold streaks, tendencies and player DNA. If the game player does not have internet the gamer can still play games from the playoffs of the 2007-08 season.\n\nPick-and-Roll Control\nThis new two-man game mechanic lets you control both the ball handler and the screener, as you set screens and run two man plays, with on court instructions popping up to guide you through each play.\n\n5-on-5 Online Play\nUp to 5 players on each team for each starting position are user controlled.  Club play allows your set team to play against other teams in a league type game as you gain rankings and move up divisions for each win. It is also possible to play on team play without a club.\n\nQuickstrike Anklebreakers\nA defender can be forced to step up and guess what the player will do next. Players can trigger the turbo button and use the right analog stick for ball-handling moves to fake out their defenders and create scoring opportunities.\n\nLockdown Defense\n\nThis feature allows a player to stay with his opponent the whole way and cause a turnover or bad shot.\n\nSignature Play Calling\nAn in-game play calling system has been introduced. Linked to LIVE 365, this feature will suggest authentic plays for NBA's stars to run on the court. The gamer can bring up plays by pressing a button and tendencies of the player successfully completing that move will be displayed. The players who will be shown on the play calling menu can be changed by changing it in the options menu e.g. if the gamer has Ben Wallace doing a post-up move, it can be changed  to LeBron James doing an off-the-ball screen.\n\nExpanded FIBA teams\nThere are now 24 FIBA teams compared to NBA Live 08, which only had 8. An international tournament using authentic FIBA rosters and teams is available.\n\nReception\n\nThe Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions received \"generally favorable reviews\", while the PSP, PlayStation 2 and Wii versions received \"mixed\" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.  In Japan, Famitsu gave the game a score of three eights and one nine for the PS3 and Xbox 360 versions; all four sevens for the PSP version; and two sevens, one six, and one seven for the PS2 version.\n\nGameSpot nominated the game for the dubious honor of Least Improved Sequel in its 2008 video game awards (the award went to Animal Crossing: City Folk).\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n EA Sports official website\n NBA Live 09 official website\n NBA Live 09 achievements\n \n \n \n\nCategory:2008 video games\nCategory:Electronic Arts games\nCategory:National Basketball Association video games\nCategory:Xbox 360 games\nCategory:PlayStation 3 games\nCategory:PlayStation 2 games\nCategory:PlayStation Portable games\nCategory:Wii Wi-Fi games\nCategory:Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games\nCategory:EA Sports games\nCategory:Wii games\nCategory:Video games developed in Canada\nCategory:Video games set in 2008\nCategory:Video games set in 2009\nCategory:Mobile games"}
-{"text": "Antun Poga\u010dnik\n\nAntun \"Toni\" Poga\u010dnik (6 January 1913 \u2013 21 May 1978) was a Croatian footballer who played for both Yugoslavia and Croatia. He is notable for being a manager of Indonesia between 1954 and 1963 and is considered one of the best in the history of the Indonesian national football team.\n\nClub career \n\nPoga\u010dnik started his football career in SA\u0160K Sarajevo in 1931. In 1934 he was transferred to Gra\u0111anski Zagreb and then in 1938 to Concordia Zagreb where he ended his club career.\n\nInternational career \n\nPoga\u010dnik played two matches for Yugoslavia, one against Turkey (3:1) and the other against Romania (2:1). Both matches were played in Belgrade. He also played one match for Croatia against Germany in Vienna on 15 June 1941 (1:5).\n\nManager career \n\nPoga\u010dnik led arguably the most successful Indonesian national team. Under him, Indonesia held the Soviet Union to a 0\u20130 draw in the 1956 Melbourne Olympics quarter final game before losing 0\u20134 in the replay two days later. It was a strong Soviet team captained by the great Lev Yashin which then went on to win the gold medal.\n\nAs the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia competed in the 1938 World Cup but since then has not appeared in a world tournament at a senior level. Antun Poga\u010dnik is the only coach who has been able to take the Indonesian national team to the Olympic Games. He is remembered very fondly in Indonesian football circles.\n He later became a manager, with Metalac Zagreb, FK Partizan, Grasshopper Club Z\u00fcrich.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile at Serbian federation site\n\nCategory:1913 births\nCategory:1978 deaths\nCategory:Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers\nCategory:Croatian footballers\nCategory:Croatia international footballers\nCategory:Sportspeople from Livno\nCategory:Dual internationalists (football)\nCategory:Yugoslav footballers\nCategory:Yugoslavia international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:H\u0160K Gra\u0111anski Zagreb players\nCategory:H\u0160K Concordia players\nCategory:Bosnia and Herzegovina football managers\nCategory:Croatian football managers\nCategory:Yugoslav football managers\nCategory:FK Partizan managers\nCategory:Grasshopper Club Z\u00fcrich managers\nCategory:Indonesia national football team managers\nCategory:Expatriate football managers in Switzerland\nCategory:Expatriate football managers in Indonesia\nCategory:Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina"}
-{"text": "Tiny Sandford\n\nStanley J. \"Tiny\" Sandford (February 26, 1894October 29, 1961) was a tall, burly actor who is best remembered for his roles in Laurel and Hardy and Charlie Chaplin films. He was usually cast as a comic heavy, and often played policemen, doormen, prizefighters, or bullies.\n\nBiography\nSandford was born in Osage, Iowa, in 1894. After working in stock theater he began acting in movies around 1910. He appeared in The Gold Rush with Charlie Chaplin. Other Chaplin films that he appeared in include The Circus (1928) and Modern Times (1936), where he plays \"Big Bill\". His films with Laurel and Hardy include Big Business (1929),  Double Whoopee (1929), The Chimp (1932), and Our Relations (1936). He appeared in The Warrior's Husband as a clumsy and cowardly Hercules. Sandford also acted in Way Out West, but his sequence was cut from the final take.\n\nHe also appeared in dramas such as The World's Champion (1922) and The Iron Mask (1929).\n\nHe retired from acting in 1940, the year he had a very small role in Charlie Chaplin's The Great Dictator. He died in Los Angeles, California on October 29, 1961.\n\nFilmography\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nMaltin, Leonard (1973). The Laurel & Hardy Book. New York: Curtis.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nCategory:1894 births\nCategory:1961 deaths\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male silent film actors\nCategory:Hal Roach Studios actors\nCategory:Male actors from Iowa\nCategory:People from Osage, Iowa\nCategory:20th-century American male actors"}
-{"text": "Jim Redman\n\nJames Albert Redman,  (born 8 November 1931) is a British-born Rhodesian former professional motorcycle racer. He is a six-time Grand Prix world champion road racer.\n\nHistory\n\nBorn in London, England, he emigrated to Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1952, where he began his racing career. He met with John Love who was changing from motorcycle racing to single-seat cars. Redman enthusiastically helped Love prepare and maintain his Cooper F3 with a Manx Norton 500\u00a0cc engine. In recognition for Redman's assistance, Love allowed Redman to ride his Triumph Grand Prix including use of his riding gear for his first racing experiences.\n\nRedman acquired more experience on his home tracks, culminating in winning the 350\u00a0cc Rhodesian Championship, after which he aspired to European racing, starting at Brands Hatch in the company of Geoff Duke and a young, rising Mike Hailwood. After changing his riding style to better-suit the European circuits, Redman achieved some success, but retired from motorcycle racing and returned to Rhodesia in 1959. Still wanting to race, Redman returned to Europe where he hoped to secure a contract riding for Walter Kaaden's MZ team in 125\u00a0cc and 250\u00a0cc classes. He unexpectedly gained factory rides in selected races with Honda for part of the 1960 season due to an injury suffered by regular rider Tom Phillis, and became himself contracted for the 1961 season.\n\nRedman would go on to claim four consecutive 350cc World Championships from 1962 to 1965. In 1962 and 1963 he claimed double championships winning both the 250cc and 350cc World Championships. In 1964, he became the first rider in history to claim 3 Grand Prix victories in one day, the only other rider to achieve this being Mike Hailwood in 1967. After being injured at the 1966 Belgian Grand Prix, Redman made the decision to retire.\n\nRedman was also a six-time Isle of Man TT winner, taking double wins in 1963, 1964 and 1965 in the Lightweight & Junior TT Races. He achieved a total of 45 Grand Prix victories. Redman was awarded the MBE for his achievements.\n\nPersonal life\nIn 1966, Jim Redman published a book about his racing career, Wheels of Fortune. In 2013, he published his book, Jim Redman: Six Times World Motorcycle Champion \u2013 The Autobiography.\n\nGrand Prix motorcycle racing results \n\n(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)\n\n\u2020 The 1963 350cc Japanese Grand Prix was a non-championship event.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nRedman images at Roy Hesketh Circuit motorcycle gallery\n\nCategory:Rhodesian motorcycle racers\nCategory:500cc World Championship riders\nCategory:350cc World Championship riders\nCategory:250cc World Championship riders\nCategory:125cc World Championship riders\nCategory:Isle of Man TT riders\nCategory:Members of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:1931 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English motorcycle racers\nCategory:British emigrants to Rhodesia\nCategory:White Rhodesian people"}
-{"text": "Minuscule 1582\n\nMinuscule 1582 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the four Gospels. It is dated 948. According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents the Alexandrian text-type as a core member.\n\nSee also \n List of New Testament minuscules\n Textual criticism\n Biblical manuscript\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Greek New Testament minuscules\nCategory:10th-century biblical manuscripts"}
-{"text": "34th Infantry Division (United States)\n\nThe 34th Infantry Division is an infantry division of the United States Army, part of the National Guard, that participated in World War I, World War II and multiple current conflicts. It was the first American division deployed to Europe in World War II, where it fought with great distinction in the Italian Campaign.\n\nThe division was deactivated in 1945, and the 47th \"Viking\" Infantry Division was later created in the division's former area. In 1991 the 47th Division was redesignated the 34th. Since 2001, division soldiers have served on homeland security duties in the continental United States, in Afghanistan, and in Iraq. The 34th has also been deployed to support peacekeeping efforts in the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere.\n\nThe division continues to serve today, with most of the division part of the Minnesota and Iowa National Guard. In 2011, it was staffed by roughly 6,500 soldiers from the Minnesota National Guard, 2,900 from the Iowa National Guard, about 300 from the Nebraska National Guard, and about 100 from other states.\n\nWorld War I\n\nThe division was established as the 34th Division of the National Guard in August 1917, consisting of units from Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. On 25 August 1917, it was placed under the command of Maj. Gen. Augustus P. Blocksom, who was succeeded by Brig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin briefly on 18 September 1917, but was back in command by 10 December 1917.\n\nThe division initially included the 67th Infantry Brigade, formed in August 1917 in the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards and the 68th Infantry Brigade. The 67th Brigade comprised the 133rd Infantry Regiment and the 134th Infantry Regiment. The 68th Brigade comprised the 135th Infantry Regiment and the 136th Infantry Regiment.\n\nThe division takes its name from the shoulder sleeve insignia designed for a 1917 training camp contest by American regionalist artist Marvin Cone, who was then a soldier enlisted in the unit. Cone's design evoked the desert training grounds of Camp Cody, New Mexico, by superimposing a red steer skull over a black Mexican water jug called an \"olla.\" In World War I, the unit was called the \"Sandstorm Division.\" German troops in World War II, however, called the U.S. division's soldiers \"Red Devils\" and \"Red Bulls,\" the division later officially adopted the divisional nickname Red Bulls.\n\nBrig. Gen. Frank G. Mauldin took command. The 34th Division arrived in France in October 1918, but it was too late for the division to be sent to the front, as the end of hostilities was near, an armistice being signed the following month.\n\nBrig. Gen. John Alexander Johnston took command 26 October 1918, and some personnel were sent to other units to support their final operations.  Charles Dudley Rhodes took command in December and led the division until its departure for the United States in January 1919. The 34th was disbanded on 18 February 1919 at Camp Grant, Illinois.\n\nBetween the world wars \n\nThe units of the 34th Division returned to their home stations and reverted to their state designations, to prepare for the reorganization of the National Guard in the early 1920s. On 17 January 1921, the Observation Squadron, Minnesota National Guard was federally recognized as the first aviation unit in the Minnesota National Guard. Per War Department naming conventions, he squadron was re-designated the 109th Observation Squadron on 25 January 1923.\n\nPer the National Defense Act of 1920, the 34th Division was allotted the states of Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota, and assigned to the VII Corps in 1921. War Department policy mandated that National Guard division headquarters could not be organized and federally recognized until 75 percent of their intended subordinate units had been organized and federally recognized; the headquarters of the 34th Division was organized and federally recognized on 14 July 1924.\n\nOn 16 May 1934, the truck driver's union initiated a strike (Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934), which quickly degenerated into open violence in the streets of Minneapolis. Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson activated the National Guard and 4,000 guardsmen to suppress the chaos. Utilizing roving patrols, curfews, and security details, the 34th quickly restored order, thus enabling negotiated settlement of the labor dispute.\n\nOn 18 June 1939, a tornado hit Anoka, Minnesota, and Governor Harold E. Stassen called on the Guard again. 300 Guardsmen patrolled the streets and imposed a quasi-martial law while the community was stabilized.\n\nPrelude to World War II \nThe expanding war in Europe threatened to draw a reluctant United States into the conflict. As the potential of U.S. involvement in World War II became more evident, initial steps were taken to prepare troops what for lay ahead through \"precautionary training.\" The division was deemed one of the most service-ready units, and Ellard A. Walsh was promoted to major general in June 1940, and then succeeded to division commander in August, following month-long command tours intended to honor senior generals Lloyd D. Ross (Iowa), George E. Leach (Minnesota), and David S. Ritchie (North Dakota) before their retirements.\nGamer\n\nThe Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was signed into law 16 September, and the first conscription in U.S. history during peacetime commenced.\n\nThe 34th was subsequently federalized on 10 February 1941, with troops from North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Iowa. The division was transported by rail and truck convoys to the newly constructed Camp Claiborne in Rapides Parish, Louisiana near Alexandria.\n\nThe soldiers started rigorous training including maneuvers in Alexandria starting 7 April 1941. The climate during the summer was especially harsh. The division then participated in what became known as the Louisiana Maneuvers, and became a well-disciplined, high-spirited, and well-prepared unit.\n\nIn the early phase of the maneuvers, General Walsh, who suffered from chronic ulcers, became too ill to continue in command, and was replaced by Major General Russell P. Hartle on 5 August 1941.\n\nWorld War II\n\nOrder of battle\n\nHeadquarters, 34th Infantry Division\n133rd Infantry Regiment\n135th Infantry Regiment\n168th Infantry Regiment\n Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 34th Infantry Division Artillery\n 125th Field Artillery Battalion (125th FAB) (105\u00a0mm)\n 151st Field Artillery Battalion (151st FAB) (105\u00a0mm)\n 175th Field Artillery Battalion (175th FAB) (105\u00a0mm)\n 185th Field Artillery Battalion (185th FAB) (155\u00a0mm)\n 109th Engineer Combat Battalion (109th ECB)\n 109th Medical Battalion\n 34th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (34th CRT) (Mechanized)\n Headquarters, Special Troops, 34th Infantry Division\n Headquarters Company, 34th Infantry Division\n 734th Ordnance Light Maintenance Company (734th OLMC)\n 34th Quartermaster Company\n 34th Signal Company\n Military Police Platoon\n Band\n 34th Counterintelligence Corps Detachment (34th CCD)\n\nIn common with other U.S. Army divisions during World War II the 34th was reorganized from a square to a triangular division before seeing combat. The division's three infantry regiments became the 133rd, 135th, and 168th Infantry Regiments, together with supporting units.\n\nCombat chronicle\n\nOn 8 January 1942, the 34th Division was transported by train to Fort Dix, New Jersey to quickly prepare for overseas movement. The first contingent embarked at Brooklyn on 14 January 1942 and sailed from New York the next day. The initial group of 4,508 men stepped ashore at 12:15 hrs on 26 January 1942 at Dufferin Quay, Belfast, Northern Ireland. They were met by a delegation including the Governor (Duke of Abercorn), the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (John Miller Andrews), the Commander of British Troops Northern Ireland (Lieutenant General Sir Harold Franklyn), and the Secretary of State for Air (Sir Archibald Sinclair).\n\nWhile in Northern Ireland, Hartle was tasked with organizing an American version of the British Commandos, a group of small \"hit and run\" forces, and promoted his aide-de-camp, Captain William Orlando Darby to lead the new unit. Darby assembled volunteers, and of the first 500 U.S. Army Rangers, 281 came from the 34th Infantry Division. On 20 May 1942, Hartle was designated commanding general of V Corps and Major General Charles Ryder, a distinguished veteran of World War I, took command of the 34th Division. The division trained in Northern Ireland until it boarded ships to travel to North Africa for Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa, in November 1942.\n\nThe 34th, under command of Major General Ryder, saw its first combat in French Algeria on 8 November 1942. As a member of the Eastern Task Force, which included two brigades of the British 78th Infantry Division, and two British Commando units, they landed at Algiers and seized the port and outlying airfields. Elements of the 34th Division took part in numerous subsequent engagements in Tunisia during the Allied build-up, notably at Sened Station, Sidi Bou Zid and Faid Pass, Sbeitla, and Fondouk Gap. In April 1943 the division assaulted Hill 609, capturing it on 1 May 1943, and then drove through Chouigui Pass to Tebourba and Ferryville. The Battle of Tunisia was won, and the Axis forces surrendered.\n\nThe division skipped the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) and instead trained intensively for the invasion of the Italian mainland, with the main landings being at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) on 9 September 1943, D-Day, to be undertaken by elements of the U.S. Fifth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Mark Clark. The 151st Field Artillery Battalion went in on D-Day, 9 September, landing at Salerno, while the rest of the division followed on 25 September. Engaging the enemy at the Calore River, 28 September, the 34th, as part of the VI Corps under Major General John Lucas, relentlessly drove north to take Benevento, crossed the winding Volturno three times in October and November, assaulted Monte Patano, and took one of its four peaks before being relieved on 9 December.\n\nIn January 1944, the division was back on the front line battering the Bernhardt Line defenses. Persevering through bitter fighting along the Mignano Gap, the 34th used goat herds to clear the minefields. The 34th took Monte Trocchio without resistance as the German defenders withdrew to the main prepared defenses of the Gustav Line. On 24 January 1944, during the First Battle of Monte Cassino they pushed across the Gari River into the hills behind and attacked Monastery Hill which dominated the town of Monte Cassino. While they nearly captured the objective, in the end their attacks on the monastery and the town failed. The performance of the 34th Infantry Division in the mountains has been called one of the finest feats of arms carried out by any soldiers during the war. The unit sustained losses of about 80 per cent in the infantry battalions. They were relieved from their positions 11\u201313 February 1944. Eventually, it took the combined force of five Allied infantry divisions to finish what the 34th nearly accomplished on its own.\n\nAfter rest and rehabilitation, the 34th Division landed at the Anzio beachhead 25 March 1944. The division maintained defensive positions until the offensive of 23 May, when it broke out of the beachhead, took Cisterna, and raced to Civitavecchia and the Italian capital of Rome. After a short rest, the division, now commanded by Major General Charles Bolte, drove across the Cecina River to liberate Livorno, 19 July 1944, and continued on to take Monte Belmonte in October during the fighting on the Gothic Line. Digging in south of Bologna for the winter, the 34th manned the line opposite the German 65th Infantry Division. The Red Bull Division jumped off as part of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, 15 April 1945, and captured Bologna on 21 April after hard fighting against the 65th. Pursuit of the routed enemy to the French border was halted on 2 May upon the German surrender in Italy and the end of World War II in Europe.\n\nOn 27 June 1944 the 16th SS-Panzer Grenadiers command post in San Vincenzo, Italy was overrun by the 1st Battalion of the 133rd Infantry Regiment. The command post was a town center apartment which had been commandeered, when the owners returned to their apartment they found a signed large leather-bound Stieler's Hand Atlas which had been left behind.\n\nThe division participated in six major Army campaigns in North Africa and Italy. The division is credited with amassing 517 days of front-line combat, second only to the 654 days of fighting by the 32nd Infantry Division. One or more 34th Division units were engaged in actual combat for 611 days.\n\nUnit history\nActivated: 10 February 1941 (National Guard Division from North Dakota, South Dakota, Iowa, Minnesota)\nOverseas: May 1942\nDays of combat: 517\n Distinguished Unit Citations: 3\nAwards:\n Medals of Honor: 11\n Distinguished Service Crosses: 98\n Distinguished Service Medals: 1\n Silver Stars: 1,153\n Bronze Stars: 2,545\n Legions of Merit: 116\n Soldier's Medals: 54\n Purple Hearts: 15,000\nForeign awards:\nFrench Croix de Guerre\nCasualties:\nKilled in action: 2,866\nWounded in action: 11,545\nMissing in action: 622\nPrisoner of war: 1,368\nTotal battle casualties: 16,401\nCommanders:\nMajor General Ellard A. Walsh (February\u2013August 1941)\nMajor General Russell P. Hartle (August 1941 \u2013 May 1942)\nMajor General Charles W. Ryder (May 1942 \u2013 July 1944)\nMajor General Charles L. Bolte (July 1944 to inactivation)\nReturned to U.S.: 3 November 1945\nInactivated: 3 November 1945\nReorganized in Iowa\nMajor General Ray C. Fountain (19 Nov 1946 \u2013 31 Aug 1954)\nMajor General Warren C. Wood (1 Sept 1954 \u2013 30 Nov 1962)\nMajor General Frank P. Williams (1 Dec 1962 \u2013 31 Dec 1967)\nInactivated: 1968\n\nCold War to 2001\n\nThe 34th was inactivated on 3 November 1945. The division was reformed within the Iowa and Nebraska National Guards in 1946\u20137.\n\nIn 1960 its units comprised the 1 BG-133 Inf, 2 BG-133 Inf, 1 BG-134 Inf, 2 BG 134 Inf, 1 BG-168 Inf, 1st and 2nd Bns 168th Arty, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Battalions 185th Arty, 1st Bn 133rd Armor, 2nd Squadron 133rd Armor (Cav), 734th Ord Bn, 128th Engineer Battalion, 109th Med Bn, 234th Signal Bn, 234th Transportation Battalion, 34th QM Co., 34th Avn Co, 34th Admin Co., 34th Aircraft Maintenance Detachment.\n\nIt disbanded again in 1963, being replaced in part by the 67th Infantry Brigade. It also retained its Division HQ as a Command HQ to supervise training of combat and support units in the former division area for some years. The 47th Infantry Division was headquartered at St Paul, MN, by 1963, as the National Guard division covering the former 34th's area.\n\nThe division was reactivated as a National Guard division (renaming the 47th Division) for Minnesota and Iowa on 10 February 1991 upon the fiftieth anniversary of its federal activation for World War II. At that point the division transitioned into a medium division, with a required strength of 18,062 soldiers.\n\nIn 2000 the Minnesota Legislature renamed all of Interstate 35 in Minnesota the \"34th Division (Red Bull) Highway,\" in honor of the division and its service in the World Wars.\n\nTwenty-first century\n\nShortly after its rebirth in 1991, the division began a process of reorganization and change that has continued to the present. One of the most significant developments was transformation from its old brigade structure into brigade combat teams and the broadening of its multi-state base. The Rosemount-based 34th Red Bull Infantry Division provides command and control for 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in eight different states. In Minnesota the 34th ID includes the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 34th Combat Aviation Brigade, 84th Troop Command and the 347th Regional Support Group. Known as the Red Bulls, the 34th Infantry Division is capable of deploying its Main Command Post, Tactical Command Post, and Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion to provide command and control for Army brigades.\n\nOutside Minnesota, the 34th Infantry Division provides training and operational guidance to the 1\u2013112th Security & Support Battalion, ND National Guard; 1\u2013183rd Aviation Battalion, Idaho National Guard; 1\u2013189th Aviation Battalion, Mont. National Guard; 115th Fires Brigade, Wyo. National Guard; 116th Heavy Brigade Combat Team, Idaho National Guard; 141st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, ND National Guard; 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, Wis. National Guard; 196th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade, SD National Guard; 2nd Brigade Combat Team, Iowa National Guard; and the 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Wis. National Guard. Combined, the division represents 23,000 Citizen-Soldiers in units stationed across eight different states.\n\nSince October 2001, division personnel served in Operation Joint Forge in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Operation Joint Guardian in Kosovo. Other deployments during the same time period have included Operation Vigilant Hammer in Europe, the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and Egypt, and Joint Task Force Bravo \u2013 Honduras.\n\nThe 34th Infantry Division has deployed approximately 11,000 soldiers on operations since October 2001. At home this has included troops deployed for Operation Noble Eagle; abroad, units and individual soldiers have deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq.\n\nAfghanistan\n2004  In May 2004, the 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry Regiment (augmented by Company D, 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment), 2nd Brigade, 34th Infantry Division, and with nearly 100 key positions filled by members of the 1st Battalion (Ironman), 133rd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade, 34th Infantry Division, commenced combat operations at 13 Provincial Reconstruction Team sites throughout Afghanistan as part of Operation Enduring Freedom, returning the 34th Infantry Division to combat after 59 years and becoming first unit in the division to wear the Red Bull patch as a right-shoulder combat patch since World War II. The 2011 book Words in the Dust by former 34th ID soldier Trent Reedy is a novel based on the experiences of the 34th ID soldiers assigned to the Farah, Afghanistan PRT.\n2010  In August 2010, nearly 3,000 Iowa National Guard soldiers, with 28 hometown send-offs, left for a year-long deployment to Afghanistan, making it the largest deployment of the Iowa National Guard since World War II. Augmented by the 1\u2013134th Cavalry Reconnaissance and Surveillance Squadron of the Nebraska National Guard, the brigade conducted pre-mobilization training in Mississippi and California. The troops partnered with Afghan security forces to provide security and assist in training.\n\nIraq\n\n2003\u20132005 In November 2003, 34th ID's own D 216 ADA from Monticello, MN was activated for deployment in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. From November 2003 through March 2004, the battery trained under the 81st Enhanced Separate Brigade (Armored) in preparation for the deployment at Ft. Lewis, Yakima Training Center, and Ft. Irwin/National Training Center (NTC). While training at NTC, D 216 ADA was reassigned to the 1st CAV, 2nd BCT, 4/5 ADA. In March 2004, the unit moved to Camp New York in Kuwait, then convoyed northward to Baghdad in early April 2004. From April 2004 through March 2005, the Battery performed a wide range of missions to quell a growing insurgency and secure areas of Baghdad ahead of Iraq's first elections. These missions included securing neighborhoods adjacent to Route Irish, maintaining a QRF force for Route Irish, conduct combat operations across a 100\u00a0km\u00b2 area in the vicinity of Al Radwaniyah Presidential Complex (RPC), and gate/perimeter security across several locations on the perimeter of Victory Base Complex (VBC). In recognition of D 216 ADA's exemplary service, the unit was awarded the Valorous Unit Award.\n2004\u20132006 In November and December 2004, two platoons of the 634th Military Intelligence Battalion of the 34th Infantry Division activated to train and deploy as AAI RQ-7 Shadow Unmanned Aerial Vehicle operators. The two platoons provided near real time video reconnaissance supporting units from various locations in northern Iraq from the Iran to the Syrian borders. The First platoon received an award for being one of the best shadow units in the army for their safe flight record and mission effectiveness. The units were activated for over 20 months spending only 12 in Iraq.\n2005 In January 2005, Company A, 1st Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment (1/194 AR) arrived at Camp Ashraf (about 80\u00a0km north of Baghdad) to conduct security and convoy operations in the surrounding area and conducted joint operations with Iraqi Army ahead of the October 2005 Iraqi constitution ratification vote. The 151-man unit was formed from nearly all of the soldiers in the 1/194th and Company A was chosen to honor the unit's lineage of the soldiers who fought to defend the Philippines against the Japanese and the Bataan Death March that followed. The unit was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its exceptional service.\n2006  In March 2006, 1st Brigade, 34th Infantry Division commenced combat operations in central and southern Iraq as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom, marking the largest single unit deployment for the 34th since World War II. Returning in July 2007, 1st Brigade served one of the longest consecutive combat operations by a United States National Guard unit (activated for 22 months total with 16 in Iraq). In an effort to recreate the Living Red Bull Patch from Camp Cody, NM, in 1918, the 1st Brigade made its own Living Patch on the parade field at Camp Shelby, MS prior to its deployment to Iraq for OIF 06-08. On 16 July 2009, three members of the Fighting Red Bulls were killed in Basra, Iraq.\n2008\u20132009 More than 700 34th Combat Aviation Brigade soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.\n2009\u20132010 The 34th Red Bull Infantry Division deployed more than 1,200 soldiers to Basra, Iraq where they provided command and control for 16,000 U.S. military members and oversaw operations in nine of Iraq's 18 provinces. The highest-ranking suicide in Iraq occurred during this time. It was a Major and an officer of the 34ID.\n2010 The Saint Cloud-based B, 2nd General Support Aviation Battalion, 211th Aviation Regiment, departed in November for a deployment in support of Operation New Dawn. Flying CH-47 Chinook cargo helicopters, the Company B mission is to provide aerial movement of troops, equipment and supplies for support of maneuver, combat and combat service support operations.\n2011  In June 2011, 1st Brigade deployed to Kuwait, supplying troops for Operation New Dawn. The brigade was augmented with 1\u2013180th Cavalry and 1\u2013160th Field Artillery from the Oklahoma National Guard as well as the 112th Military Police Battalion from the Mississippi National Guard.\n2013 Personnel from the 34th Infantry Division participated in the exercise Talisman Saber to collectively train within the U.S. Pacific Command Theater of Operations. Division Headquarters personnel focused on offensive and defensive operations while fostering relationships with I Corps, U.S. Army Pacific and the Australian Defense Forces.In May, the 34th Combat Aviation Brigade provided CH-47 and UH-60 helicopters and personnel to local government agencies to fight and contain three wildfires in northwest Minnesota. In 2013, the 34th Combat Aviation Brigade welcomed home the St. Cloud-based Company C, 2nd General Support Aviation Battalion, 211th Aviation Regiment from a deployment in support of Operation Enduring Freedom where they conducted more than 650 medical evacuation missions and flew 1,700 accident-free flight hours. The company also received six new CH-47F Chinook helicopters and trained more than 30 personnel in their operation.In June, the 34th DIV participated in a full-spectrum Warfighter Exercise with the 40th Infantry Division at Fort Leavenworth. During this exercise, the brigade staff was able to successfully integrate with different levels of command and adjacent units.\n\nCurrent structure \n\n34th Infantry Division exercises training and readiness oversight of the following elements, but they are not organic and include a division headquarters and headquarters battalion, one armored brigade combat team, two infantry brigade combat teams, a cavalry brigade combat team, a field artillery brigade, and several attached units:\n 34th Infantry Division Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion\n 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team (1st ABCT) (MN NG)\n 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team (1st ABCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)\n 1st Squadron, 94th Cavalry Regiment (Armored Reconnaissance)\n 1st Battalion, 145th Armor Regiment\n 1st Battalion, 194th Armor Regiment\n 2nd Battalion, 136th Infantry Regiment\n 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery Regiment (1-125th FAR)\n 334th Brigade Engineer Battalion (334th BEB)\n 134th Brigade Support Battalion (134th BSB)\n 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT) (IA NG)\n 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (2nd IBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)\n 1st Squadron, 113th Cavalry Regiment, Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA) (IA NG)\n 1st Battalion, 133rd Infantry Regiment (IA NG)\n 1st Battalion, 168th Infantry Regiment (IA NG)\n 2nd Battalion, 135th Infantry Regiment\n 1st Battalion, 194th Field Artillery Regiment (1-194th FAR)\n 224th Brigade Engineer Battalion (224th BEB)\n 334th Brigade Support Battalion (334th BSB)\n 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (32nd IBCT) (WI NG)\n 32nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team (32nd IBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company  (HHC)\n 1st Squadron, 105th Cavalry Regiment, Reconnaissance Surveillance and Target Acquisition (RSTA)\n 1st Battalion, 128th Infantry Regiment\n 2nd Battalion, 127th Infantry Regiment\n 3rd Battalion, 126th Infantry Regiment\n 1st Battalion, 120th Field Artillery Regiment (1-120th FAR)\n 173rd Brigade Engineer Battalion (173rd BEB)\n 132nd Brigade Support Battalion (132nd BSB)\n 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (116th CBCT) (ID NG)\n 116th Cavalry Brigade Combat Team (116th CBCT), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) (ID NG)\n 1st Squadron, 221st Cavalry Regiment (Armored Reconnaissance) (NV NG)\n 1st Squadron, 163rd Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (MT NG)\n 2nd Squadron, 116th Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (ID NG)\n 3rd Squadron, 116th Cavalry Regiment (Combined Arms) (OR NG)\n 1st Battalion, 148th Field Artillery Regiment (1-148th FAR) (ID NG)\n 116th Brigade Engineer Battalion (116th BEB)\n 145th Brigade Support Battalion (145th BSB) (ID NG)\n Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB) (MN NG)\n 34th Combat Aviation Brigade (34th CAB), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)\n 1st Battalion, 112th Aviation Regiment (Support & Security) (ND NG) (1st Support & Security Battalion 112th Aviation Regiment)\n 2nd Battalion, 147th Aviation Regiment (Assault) (MN NG) (2nd Assault Battalion 147th Aviation Regiment)\n 1st Battalion, 183rd Aviation Regiment (Attack) (ID NG) (1st Attack Battalion 183rd Aviation Regiment)\n 1st Battalion, 189th Aviation Regiment (General Support) (MT NG) (1st General Support Battalion 189th Aviation Regiment)\n 834th Aviation Support Battalion (834th ASB) (MN NG)\n\nAttached units \n 115th Field Artillery Brigade (115th FAB) (WY NG)\n 1st Battalion, 121st Field Artillery Regiment (1-121st FAR) (WI NG)\n 1st Battalion, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (1-147th FAR) (SD NG)\n 1st Battalion, 151st Field Artillery Regiment (1-151st FAR) (MN NG)\n 2nd Battalion, 300th Field Artillery Regiment (2-300th FAR) (WY NG)\n 960th Brigade Support Battalion (960th BSB) (WY NG)\n 148th Signal Company (WY NG)\n 141st Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (141st MEB) (ND NG)\n 157th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (157th MEB) (WI NG)\n 347th Regional Support Group (347th RSG) (formerly 34th Division Support Command)\n 347th Regional Support Group (347th RSG), Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)\n 147th Personnel Services Battalion (147th PSB)\n 347th Personnel Services Detachment (347th PSD)\n 34th Military Police Company (34th MPC)\n 257th Military Police Company (257th MPC)\n 114th Transportation Company\n 204th Medical Company\n 247th Finance Detachment\n 34th Infantry Division Band\n Service Battery, 1st Battalion, 214th Field Artillery Regiment (Service Battery, 1-214th FAR) (GA NG)\n Companies A and B, 2nd Battalion, 123rd Armor Regiment (KY NG)\n\nCommanders\nMajor General David H. Lueck\nMajor General Clayton A Hovda\nMajor General Gerald A. Miller\nMajor General Rodney R. Hannula\nMajor General Larry Shellito\nMajor General Rick D. Erlandson\nMajor General Richard C. Nash\nMajor General David Elicerio\nMajor General Neal Loidolt\nMajor General Jon Jensen\nMajor General Benjamin Corell\nBrigadier General Michael Wickman\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n\n34th Infantry Division webpage\n34th Infantry Division Facebook page\n34th Infantry Division Association\nWorld War II Reenactors \u2013 34th Infantry Division 133rd\n34th Division in Italy, World War II\nWisconsin National Guard\nUNIT DESIGNATIONS IN THE ARMY MODULAR FORCE\nCamp Cody \u2013 34th Division WWI\n34th Division Soldiers respond to John Kerry comment\n \n34th Infantry Division \u2013 Louisiana to Pisa (1945)\nMajor Russell Hartle, leading the 34th Division to Northern Ireland in 1942\n\n034th Infantry Division, U.S.\nInfantry Division, U.S. 034\nCategory:Divisions of the United States Army National Guard\nCategory:United States Army divisions of World War I\nCategory:Military units and formations in Minnesota\nCategory:Military units and formations in Iowa\nCategory:Military units and formations established in 1917"}
-{"text": "K\u014dy\u016b Amano\n\nK\u014dy\u016b Amano (\u5929\u91ce \u9ad8\u96c4, 1968 - present) is a Japanese Buddhist monk of K\u014dyasan Shingon-sh\u016b. He currently serves as abbot at K\u014dz\u014d-ji (\u9ad8\u8535\u5bfa) in Okayama Prefecture and has been active as a missionary, artist, sculptor and radio personality.\n\nLife\nAmano was born in Kurashiki city as the eldest son of ex-photographer Masao Amano. In his youth, he studied oil painting and shod\u014d and developed hobbies such as playing trumpet and softball. He traveled to Tokyo with the purpose of becoming a comedian, but was turned away from the opportunity. \n\nAt the recommendation of his grandfather Y\u016ben Amano, then 15th abbot, he enrolled in Koyasan High School and later entered Koyasan University where he graduated from the Department of Esoteric Buddhism (\u5bc6\u6559\u5b66\u79d1). Immediately after his grandfather's passing, Amano took over as 16th abbot of the temple. \n\nToday, Amano proselytizes Buddhism through his art and local radio show.\n\nFamily\nAmano has one younger brother, Yukio Amano who is supervisor of Japan Mononoke Tourist (\u65e5\u672c\u7269\u602a\u89b3\u5149; Nihon mononoke kank\u014d), an art unit that aims at spreading information about Japanese y\u014dkai.\n\nBibliography\n\nAs primary author\nHohoemi Hotoke (\u307b\u307b\u3048\u307f\u307b\u3068\u3051) (2002)\nAnata de Nakereba (\u3042\u306a\u305f\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070) (2004)\nIma shika nai yo (\u4eca\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3088) (2004)\nHitasura (\u3072\u305f\u3059\u3089\u306b) (2010)\nHohoemisoete (\u307b\u307b\u3048\u307f\u305d\u3048\u3066) (2010)\nTsuchi Hotoke (\u571f\u307b\u3068\u3051) (2012)\nHotokesama no Hohoemi Kirie (\u4ecf\u3055\u307e\u306e\u307b\u307b\u3048\u307f\u5207\u308a\u7d75) (2015)\nKotoba no Omamori (\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u304a\u5b88\u308a)\n\nAs co-author\nRokudai no Hibiki\u301cOdaishisama no Kotoba (\u516d\u5927\u306e\u97ff\u304d\u301c\u304a\u5927\u5e2b\u3055\u307e\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3070) by Riy\u014dei Fukuda (2012) (Illustrator)\nChiisana Kokoro kara Nukedasu Ob\u014dsan no Ichinichi Ippun Sepp\u014d (\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u5fc3\u304b\u3089\u629c\u3051\u51fa\u3059 \u304a\u574a\u3055\u3093\u306e1\u65e51\u5206\u8aac\u6cd5) by Higan-ji (2013)\n\nExternal links\n\u3088\u3046\u307e\u3044\u308a\u30c9\u30c3\u30c8\u30b3\u30e0 (Main website) (in Japanese)\n\u62dd\u3001\u30dc\u30fc\u30ba! (FM Radio website) (in Japanese)\n\u5929\u91ce\u3053\u3046\u3086\u3046 (@koyu_a) - Twitter (in Japanese)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:Japanese Buddhist monks\nCategory:Shingon Buddhist monks\nCategory:Buddhist artists\nCategory:Japanese artists\nCategory:Japanese radio personalities\nCategory:Japanese Buddhist missionaries\nCategory:People from Kurashiki\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "E. H. Warmington\n\nEric Herbert (E. H.) Warmington, MA, FRHistS (1898\u20131987) was a professor of classics, internationally known for his Latin translations. He attended The Perse School, Cambridge and won a scholarship to Peterhouse, Cambridge. He graduated with a Double First in Classics, as well as winning the Le Bas English Prize.\n\nHe became a Reader in Ancient History at King's College London in 1925, and was appointed Professor of Classics at Birkbeck, University of London in 1936. He served as Vice-Master of Birkbeck from 1954. He was also acting Master of Birkbeck in 1950\u20131951 and 1965\u20131966.\n\nHe produced numerous works, often with other scholars, over many decades of the twentieth century. He also edited other translations, including the Greek\u2013English translation of Aelian's On the Characteristics of Animals. His most famous work is the series Remains of Old Latin, a four-volume edition of early Latin texts for the Loeb Classical Library, with a facing English translation.\n\n Remains of Old Latin I: Ennius and Caecilius (1935, revised 1956; )\n Remains of Old Latin II: Livius Andronicus, Naevius, Pacuvius and Accius (1936; )\n Remains of Old Latin III: Lucilius and The Twelve Tables (1938, revised 1967; )\n Remains of Old Latin IV: Archaic inscriptions (1940; )\n\nProfessor Warmington also acquired a reputation as an ornithologist. He spent much of his free time studying the birds of Mill Hill (where he lived in Flower Lane) and the nearby Brent Reservoir. In 1989 his contribution to the local study of natural history was recognised in a display panel placed in Scratchwood Country Park by the Mill Hill Historical Society.\n\nHe was the father of ancient historian Brian Herbert Warmington.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Warmington, Eric (1975). \"Society and education in Cambridge 1902\u20131922\". Higher Education Quarterly 30: 28\u201335.\n\nOther Publications \nAs well as Remains of Old Latin (see above), Warmington published:\nThe Commerce between the Roman Empire and India. (1928)\nGreek Geography. (1934)\nAfrica in Ancient and Medieval Times. (1936)\nA history of Birkbeck College, University of London, during the Second World War, 1939-1945. (1954)\nThe Ancient Explorers (with Prof. Max Cary: 1963)\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1898 births\nCategory:1987 deaths\nCategory:Latin\u2013English translators\nCategory:People educated at The Perse School\nCategory:Alumni of Peterhouse, Cambridge\nCategory:20th-century translators"}
-{"text": "Relativity Urban Assault\n\nRelativity Urban Assault is a compilation album released by Relativity Records on September 10, 1996. The album's best known song is Common's \"The Bitch in Yoo\", which was a diss song aimed at rapper, Ice Cube and his group Westside Connection.\n\nTrack listing\n\"World Famous\"- 4:01 (M.O.P.)  \n\"Find That\" (The Beatnuts) \n\"The Bitch in Yoo\" (Common) \n\"Firewater\"- 4:14 (Fat Joe) \n\"The Real Weight\"- 3:36 (No I.D.) \n\"Rugged-N-Raw\"- 3:34 (PMD) \n\"Games People Play\"- 4:24 (Frankie Cutlass)  \n\"Out for the Cash\"- 3:49 (DJ Honda, The Beatnuts & Fat Joe) \n\"Blood Bath\"- 4:25 (The Dayton Family) \n\"Choppin' It Up\"- 3:04 (Dru Down) \n\"Opening Doors\"- 4:40 (Mac Mall, Cold 187um & Kokane)\n\"Baby I Love You\"- 6:12 (H-Town)  \n\"La Raza II\"- 5:13 (Frost)\n\nCategory:Hip hop compilation albums\nCategory:1996 compilation albums\nCategory:Relativity Records compilation albums"}
-{"text": "Gunniopsis quadrifida\n\nGunniopsis quadrifida, the Sturts pigface, is a plant endemic to Australia that that is within the Aizoaceae family. This family consists of a diverse array of species that inhabit arid and/or saline coastal and inland areas, with the plants displaying leaf morphology that is conducive to such harsh environments. Typical features of members of this genus that lie within this family of succulents includes the presence of fleshy-leaves that acts as a water reservoir for the plant with the habit of a smalls shrub.\n\nDescription\nGunniopsis quadrifida, commonly known as sturts pigface, is a succulent plant in the iceplant family, Aizoaceae. It is endemic to Australia.\n\nThe shrub has a divaricate, compact and rounded habit typically growing to a height of  with leaves that are about  long.\n\nDocumented cases of the western distribution of the plant flowering have been noted to occur from August to January with the plant producing white flowers with a diameter of approximately . Southern distributions have been noted to flower through the year with the appearance of the seeds being a black kidney-shaped object that can be up to 1.5mm and covered in round tubercule\u2019s\n\nEcology\n\nIt is found around salt lakes and on saline flats in inland areas of the Wheatbelt, Mid West and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it grows in sandy, loam or clay soils. It is also found in inland areas of the Northern Territory, South Australia, Queensland and New South Wales.The habitat includes the margins of salt lakes and clay pans with plants being seen to grow in sandy, clay or loamy soil conditions.\n\nWith specific locations of distribution including the:\n\n\u00b7        Beard\u2019s Provinces: Eremaean Province, South-West Province.\n\n\u00b7        IBRA Regions: Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Gascoyne, Geraldton Sandplains, Mallee, Murchison, Yalgoo.\n\n\u00b7        IBRA Subregions: Avon Wheatbelt P1, Carnegie, Eastern Goldfield, Eastern Mallee, Eastern Murchison, Geraldton Hills, Southern Cross, Tallering, Western Mallee, Western Murchison.\n\n\u00b7        Local Government Areas (LGAs): Coolgardie, Coorow, Cue, Dalwallinu, Dowerin, Dundas, Esperance, Greater Geraldton, Kalgoorlie-Boulder, Kondinin, Koorda, Laverton, Leonora, Menzies, Mingenew, Morawa, Mount Marshall, Murchison, Perenjori, Sandstone, Three Springs, Westonia, Wiluna, Yalgoo.\n\nIt is also distributed amongst the inland areas of the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and the northern half of South Australia. The Sturt\u2019s Pigface is listed as near threatened with rare sightings at the Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales and is more commonly documented to be present in the northern parts of South Australia and Western Australia.\n\nTaxonomy\n\nThe species was first formally described as Sesuvium quadrifidum by the botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in 1859 in the work Report on the Plants Collected During Mr. Babbage's Expedition into the North West Interior of South Australia in 1858. It was reclassified by von Mueller in 1861 as Aizoon quadrifidum and then again in 1889 by Ferdinand Albin Pax to the Gunniopsis genera in the Prantl and Engler's work Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.\n\nClosely related species\n\nThere are 14 species that comprise the genus of Gunniopis that were once members of the genera Aizoon, Gunnia and Neogunnia all of which share similar plant morphology driven by evolutionary forces that allow the species to adapt to the arid and saline environments. The name is derived from the Greek word opsis meaning resembling which alludes to the resemblance of the genus to the genus Gunnia\n\nSpecially, the 14 recognized species includes:\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis divisa\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis glabra\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis intermedia\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis kochii\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis papillata\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis propinqua\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis quadrifida\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis rodwayi\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis rubra\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis septifraga\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis tenuifolia\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis zygophylloides\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis calcarea Chinnock\n\n\u00b7        Gunniopsis calva\n\nWith Gunniopsis quadrifida being the most common and widespread of the species\n\nConservational Importance\n\nThe human population is continuing to expand, and with it, the negative consequences such as habitat fragmentation, invasive species and climate change associated with the increase in land-use for development and agricultural purposes, these negative impacts can all contribute to the decline of ecosystem functions, and threaten existing species that inhabit that environment.\n\nThe Gunniopsis quadrifida population has already been seen to be reduced in its distribution across inland NSW, NT and QLD. This reduction of the population can be due to anthropogenic causes such as targeted exploitation (from illegal harvesting) or more likely due to habitat degradation associated with intensified land-use both aspects of which have been seen to play a role in reducing the biodiversity of floral species when compared to the levels present pre-European settlement.\n\nAustralia is a country displaying a high-rate of population growth amongst other similar international countries with more than a third of its growth originating amongst the four cities consisting of Sydney, Perth, Brisbane and Melbourne.\n\nAlthough the majority of population growth is centered on urban areas, through technological advancement driven by an increased need for land required for housing/agriculture akin to the development of metropolitan areas amidst the Mojave desert, the arid landscapes of which the Sturt Pigface currently inhabit in the relative absence of human interaction may be threatened in the future.\n\nAs various desert animals depend upon the Sturt Pigface for food/shelter, a shift in phenology (which is a common occurrence due to climate change), the interactions between this plant/animal dependence and as such it is important to survey and monitor the Sturt Pigfaces\u2019 in order to preserve the animal species that utilize the plant as a resource, as well as any potential invasive species that may compete with the plant which can increase its susceptibility to extinction.\n\nReferences\n\nquadrifida\nCategory:Flora of Western Australia\nCategory:Plants described in 1889"}
-{"text": "West Salem, Wisconsin\n\nWest Salem is a village in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, United States, along the La Crosse River. It is part of the La Crosse-Onalaska, WI-MN Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 4,799 as of the 2010 Census.\n\nHistory\nWest Salem was platted in 1856. It was named Salem by a Baptist minister named Elder Card because the word meant \"peace\" in Arabic and Hebrew. The word West was added to the name when mail was confused with another town in the state named Salem.\n\nThe donation of approximately ten acres of land to a railway company led to the creation of West Salem. A station was built in West Salem on the original Milwaukee and La Crosse Railway which ran to La Crosse. It was later taken over by the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway (later becoming the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad). The railway used the land to build a depot and tracks.\n\nGeography\nWest Salem is located at  (43.899795, -91.086614).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and  is water.\n\nDemographics\n\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 4,799 people, 1,831 households, and 1,259 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 1,869 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.7% White, 0.4% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.\n\nThere were 1,831 households of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.2% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99.\n\nThe median age in the village was 39.2 years. 26% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.5% were from 25 to 44; 26.3% were from 45 to 64; and 15.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 47.4% male and 52.6% female.\n\n2000 census\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 4,541 people, 1,706 households, and 1,230 families living in the village. The population density was 1,911.2 people per square mile (736.5/km\u00b2). There were 1,765 housing units at an average density of 743.0 per square mile (286.3/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.04% White, 0.51% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.44% Asian, 0.07% from other races, and 0.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.\n\nThere were 1,706 households out of which 41.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.0% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 23.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 3.09.\n\nIn the village, the population was spread out with 30.0% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the village was $43,449, and the median income for a family was $50,176. Males had a median income of $34,459 versus $22,439 for females. The per capita income for the village was $19,904. About 3.3% of families and 3.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 3.4% of those age 65 or over.\n\nGovernment\n\nThe village president is Dennis Manthei. The village administrator is Teresa Schnitzler. The village treasurer is Benjamin Heller.\n\nEducation\nThe public West Salem School District consists of:\n\n West Salem Elementary School \n West Salem Middle School  \n West Salem High School\n\nThe private schools are:\n\n Coulee Region Christian School\n Christ Saint John's Lutheran School\n\nHistoric sites\n The Hamlin Garland House\n The Palmer Brother's Octagons\n\nParks and recreation\n\nVeterans Memorial Park\nLake Neshonoc\nLa Crosse Fairgrounds Speedway\n\nNotable people\n\n Charles S. Benton, U.S. Representative from New York\n Tom Black, NBA player, graduated from high school in West Salem.\n George G. Bingham, Oregon jurist\n Frank P. Coburn, United States House of Representatives\n Hamlin Garland, writer - West Salem was his summer house, but he was born here.\n Harry W. Griswold, United States House of Representatives\n Michael Huebsch, former Wisconsin State Assembly representative and former director of the Wisconsin Department of Administration\n Jay L. Johnson, United States admiral\n Damian Miller, major league baseball player\n William F. Miller, Wisconsin legislator\n Norbert Nuttelman, Wisconsin legislator and farmer\n Arthur H. Parmelee, football coach and physician\n\nImages\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Village of West Salem website\n West Salem School District website\n Sanborn fire insurance maps: 1894 1898 1904 1910 1922\n\nCategory:Villages in La Crosse County, Wisconsin\nCategory:Villages in Wisconsin\nCategory:Populated places established in 1856"}
-{"text": "List of listed buildings in Lanark, South Lanarkshire\n\nThis is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Lanark in South Lanarkshire, Scotland.\n\nList \n\n|}\n\nKey\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence\n\nLanark"}
-{"text": "Quinlan, Texas\n\nQuinlan is a rural city in the southern part of Hunt County, Texas, United States, within the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metropolitan area. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 1,394. It is  west of Lake Tawakoni.\n\nGeography \nQuinlan is in southern Hunt County. Texas State Highway 34 passes through the eastern side of the city, leading north  to Greenville, the county seat, and southwest the same distance to Terrell. Highway 276 passes through Quinlan as its Main Street, leading east across Lake Tawakoni  to Emory and west  to Rockwall. Downtown Dallas is  west of Quinlan.\n\nAccording to the U.S. Census Bureau, Quinlan has an area of , all of it land.\n\nClimate\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 1,370 people, 558 households, and 364 families residing in the city. Population density was 1,098.0 people per square mile (423.2/km\u00b2). There were 617 housing units at an average density of 494.5 per square mile (190.6/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 95.04% White, 0.66% African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 2.34% from other races, and 1.09% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.18% of the population.\n\nThere were 558 households out of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were married couples living together, 15.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.6% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.07.\n\nIn the city, the population was spread out with 27.2% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.9% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.3 males.\n\nThe city's median household income was $28,472, and the median family income was $36,635. Males had a median income of $34,688 versus $21,190 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,122. About 8.3% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.9% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over.\n\nHistory\nThe city of Quinlan began about 1892 as a stop on the Texas Midland Railroad, which was owned by famed bond investor Hetty Green, called by the contemporary press \"The Witch of Wall Street\". The railroad was operated by her son, Edward H.R. Green. Texas Midland became a subsidiary of the Houston & Texas Central Railroad, and the city which built up around a depot constructed here between the towns of Roberts and Greenville was named Quinlan in honor of George A. Quinlan, the general manager of the Houston & Texas Central railroad.\n\nThe Post Office opened in Quinlan in 1894, and by 1896 the city was incorporated. Harry Ford served as first Mayor. Quinlan soon became the center of a large agricultural area. Providing a railroad shipping point for growers of cotton and other crops. By the early 20th century the town boasted three cotton gins, numerous businesses and fraternal organizations, banks, schools, churches and homes.\n\nOil exploration and production overtook cotton farming as the area's economic base in the 1930s and 1940s, and the construction of Lake Tawakoni in the 1950s brought another economic boost to the community. (Texas Historical Commission)\n\nSome of the earliest settlers were John M. Cook and R. K. Epperson, who moved their businesses from Roberts. The settlement received a post office in 1894, and by 1900 its population had reached 362. This growth, no doubt induced by the presence of the railroad, continued through the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1904 463 persons lived in Quinlan. The number rose to 537 by 1910 and 600 by 1914, when Quinlan had twenty businesses, including a bank and a weekly newspaper. In 1925 this \"retail trade center for southern Hunt, northern Kaufman and Van Zandt counties\" had an elementary school, a high school, and 35 businesses, and managed a cotton harvest of some 5,000 bales. In 1933 Quinlan had 512 residents and thirty businesses; in 1952 the population of 599 supported 25 businesses; in 1964 the community had 621 persons and 22 businesses. After the mid-1960s Quinlan grew considerably, largely due to its proximity to Lake Tawakoni. Quinlan had a population of 900 in 1976 and 1,002 in 1988, when it had 51 businesses. In 1990 the population was 1,360.\n\nEducation\nThe city is served by Quinlan Independent School District.\n\nEconomy and infrastructure \nQuinlan has a full-sized Walmart Supercenter and a full-sized Brookshires grocery store, along with other shops and stores including Fix & Feed. The city also has a number of fast food chains and other restaurants.\n\nHealth Care\nHunt Regional Medical Center operates a family practice physician's office in Quinlan and a full service medical emergency center. There are multiple dental offices in Quinlan.\n\nTransportation\n\n  Texas State Highway 34 is a north to south route that goes through the center of Quinlan. It connects with Terrell to the south and Greenville to the north.\n  Texas State Highway 276 is an east to west route that is known locally as Quinlan Parkway. It connects with Rockwall to the west and Emory to the east.\n  Texas State Highway Loop 264 runs from downtown Quinlan connecting highway 276 and highway 34.\n  Farm to Market Road 751 heads south towards Wills Point.\n  Farm to Market Road 2101 is a few miles outside of Quinlan at Boles Home. It heads north Towards L-3 and Majors Airport in Greenville.\n Rockin' M Airport is a municipal airport a few miles outside of Quinlan near Boles Home on FM 2101, and Majors Airport is roughly 20 minutes away in nearby Greenville.\n\nPublic transit is provided by The Connection, which serves Quinlan and all of Hunt County. The service operates Monday through Friday from 7 am to 7 pm. Reservations have to be made one day in advance. The charge is $2 ($4 round trip) if the passenger is traveling to a place within the same community or city, and $3 ($6 round trip) if the passenger is traveling from one city or community to another within Hunt County. The Connection will take Hunt County residents to Dallas as a round trip only. Passengers are charged $34, and a minimum of three passengers is also required.\n\nNotable people\n Uel Eubanks, early 20th-century baseball pitcher\n\nDavid Clyde Hubbard 21st-century\naward winning writer conservative political columnist\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex\nCategory:Cities in Hunt County, Texas\nCategory:Cities in Texas\nCategory:Populated places established in 1882"}
-{"text": "Mozaffari-ye Jonubi\n\nMozaffari-ye Jonubi (, also Romanized as Moz\u0327affar\u012b-ye Jon\u016bb\u012b; also known as Moz\u0327affar\u012b) is a village in Liravi-ye Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Deylam County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 17, in 5 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Deylam County"}
-{"text": "Penghu Reclamation Hall\n\nThe Penghu Reclamation Hall () is a former residence in Magong Township, Penghu County, Taiwan.\n\nHistory\nThe building was originally constructed in 1935 as the official residence of the H\u014dko Prefecture governor. After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, the building became the official residence of the Penghu County magistrate. After the death of incumbent Magistrate Wang Chien-tung on 19 October 1992, the building ceased to be used as the official residence of the country magistrate. It was only used as a venue for the magistrate to welcome guests.\n\nIn 1999, the Council for Cultural Affairs approved the proposal created by the Penghu County Government for the establishment of Penghu Reclamation Hall from the residence building. In 2000, the construction for the hall started. Upon completion, the hall was officially opened by Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan.\n\nArchitecture\nThe building was constructed in a Japanese architectural style. It has European style octagonal windows, wooden doors, Japanese sliding doors and Japanese roofs. It also features a garden with old Banyan trees. It contains several exhibition areas, which are The Prelude of Penghu Exploration, Immigrants from Faraway, Penghu Exploration Cluster, War and Battles at Penghu, Political and Economic Infrastructure of Penghu, Reviewing Penghu Literature, Penghu Official Residence Experiencing Zone, Figure of Goddess Mazu and Navigate to Penghu Island.\n\nSee also\n List of tourist attractions in Taiwan\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:1935 establishments in Taiwan\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Penghu County\nCategory:Tourist attractions in Penghu County"}
-{"text": "1947 World Archery Championships\n\nThe 1947 World Archery Championships was the 11th edition of the World Archery Championships. The event was held in Prague, Czechoslovakia in August 1947 and was organised by World Archery Federation (FITA).\n\nEvents\n\nRecurve\n\nMedal table\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWorld Archery website\nComplete results\n\nWorld Archery\nA\nCategory:World Archery Championships\nCategory:1947 in archery\nCategory:Archery competitions in Czechoslovakia"}
-{"text": "Doron Avital\n\nDr. Doron Shalom Avital (, born 22 January 1959) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima between 2011 and 2013.\n\nBiography\nBorn in the Brit Ahim youth village near Bustan HaGalil, Avital moved to the Katamon neighbourhood of Jerusalem as a child. During the 1982 Lebanon War he served as commander of Battalion 202. Between 1992 and 1994 he was commander of Sayeret Matkal. For the 2009 Knesset elections, he was placed thirty-second on the Kadima list. Although he failed to win a seat, he entered the Knesset as a replacement for the deceased Ze'ev Boim in 2011.\n\nAvital was placed seventh on the Kadima list for the 2013 elections, losing his seat as the party was reduced to two MKs.\n\nHe holds a BA in mathematics and computer science, a master's degree in history and philosophy of science, both from Tel Aviv University, as well as a PhD in logic and philosophy from Columbia University.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Israeli soldiers\nCategory:Tel Aviv University alumni\nCategory:Columbia University alumni\nCategory:Members of the 18th Knesset (2009\u20132013)\nCategory:Kadima politicians\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Jean-Baptiste Coclers\n\nJean-Baptiste Coclers (Maastricht, 14 October 1696 \u2013 Li\u00e8ge, 23 May 1772) was a Southern Netherlandish portrait painter and a painter of floral still lifes and historical subjects.\n\nLife\nJean-Baptiste Pierre Coclers was born in Maastricht in 1696. He was the son and pupil of the Li\u00e8ge painter Philippe Coclers who then lived in Maastricht but in 1702 moved back to Li\u00e8ge.\n\nFrom 1713 till 1729 he studied in Rome with Sebastiano Conca and Marco Benefial, and worked together with the landscape painter Giovanni Niccol\u00f2 Servandoni.\n\nAfter his Italian years, Coclers worked some time in Marseille (1729\u201331), where he painted a large fresco in the bourse (destroyed). From 1731 till 1738 he worked in Maastricht, after which he established himself in Li\u00e8ge, where he was made court painter of the prince-bishops Georges-Louis de Berghes, John Theodore of Bavaria and Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont.\n\nJean-Baptiste Coclers died in 1772 as a wealthy man and a painter with a big reputation. After his death however, his reputation declined rapidly.\n\nHis son Louis Bernard Coclers also became a well-known painter. A second son, Philippe Henri Coclers van Wyck, established himself as a painter in Marseille and became director of the art academy there. His daughter, Marie-Lambertine Coclers, was known for engraving plates in the style of Adriaan van Ostade.\n\nWorks\n Portrait of a canon (1731), Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht;\n The apostle Peter (1737) in the church in Bemelen;\n Ceiling painting in the town hall of Maastricht (1737); removed in 1955 because of water damage, now in the Bonnefanten Museum;\n Chimney pieces in the town hall of Sint-Truiden;\n Unknown paintings in the town hall of Li\u00e8ge;\n Floral still life (1758) and other works in museum Grand Curtius in Li\u00e8ge.\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:1692 births\nCategory:1762 deaths\nCategory:Artists from Maastricht\ncategory:18th-century painters from the Principality of Li\u00e8ge"}
-{"text": "The Record (Perth)\n\nThe W. A. Catholic Record, later The W. A. Record, later simply The Record, was a newspaper published in Perth, Western Australia from September 1874, and was the official organ of the Archdiocese of Perth. The magazine is now published bi-monthly in both paper and electronic formats.\n\nHistory\nThe fourth issue of the newspaper appeared early in 1874.\n\nA bi-monthly \"eRecord\" electronic magazine is now available free on-line, and a hard copy and PDF version began publication in March 2016.\n\nArchive\nVol.XV No.412 of Thursday 19 July 1888 to New Series No.2061 of Saturday 28 January 1922 have been digitized from photographic copies by the National Library of Australia and may be accessed using Trove.\n\nSee also\nOther Roman Catholic publications in Australia are:\nThe Southern Cross (South Australia)\nThe Advocate (Melbourne)\nThe Catholic Leader (Brisbane)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Publications established in 1873\nCategory:1873 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Newspapers published in Perth, Western Australia\nCategory:Catholic newspapers"}
-{"text": "Janomot\n\nJanomot () is a British Bengali-language weekly newspaper.\n\nContent\nJanomot was founded in London and established on 21 February 1969. It is the first Bengali weekly newspaper, the first ethnic minority newspaper in Britain and the first Bengali newsweekly published outside Bangladesh.\n\nThe newspaper's regular features include home and international news and politics. It has subscribers in Germany, France, Spain, Austria, Australia, U.S, Canada, Africa, the Middle East and Bangladesh.\n\nSee also\n British Bangladeshi\n List of newspapers in London\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n English version website\n\nCategory:Publications established in 1969\nCategory:1969 establishments in England\nCategory:Newspapers published in London\nCategory:Bengali-language newspapers published in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Weekly newspapers published in the United Kingdom\nCategory:National newspapers published in the United Kingdom\nCategory:British Bangladeshi media\n\nbn:\u099c\u09a8\u09ae\u09a4"}
-{"text": "Dharmajigudem\n\nDharmajigudem is a village and a major panchayat in the district of West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India.\n\nDemographics \n\n Census of India, Dharmajigudem had a population of 8564. The total population constitute, 4287 males and 4277 females with a sex ratio of 998 females per 1000 males. 814 children are in the age group of 0\u20136 years, with sex ratio of 911. The average literacy rate stands at 76.15%.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in West Godavari district"}
-{"text": "1960 Bowling Green Falcons football team\n\nThe 1960 Bowling Green Falcons football team was an American football team that represented Bowling Green State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1960 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Doyt Perry, the Falcons compiled an 8\u20131 record (5\u20131 against MAC opponents), lost its only game to MAC champion Ohio (7\u201314), and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 196 to 61.\n\nOn October 29, 1960, the Falcons defeated Cal Poly, 50\u20136.  After the game, the Cal Poly team was in a deadly C-46 plane crash while taking off from the Toledo airport.\n\nReferences\n\nBowling Green Falcons\nCategory:Bowling Green Falcons football seasons\nBowling Green football"}
-{"text": "James Noyes\n\nRev. James Noyes (born 1608, Wiltshire, England \u2013 died 22 October 1656, Newbury, Massachusetts Bay Colony) was an English clergyman who emigrated to Massachusetts. He was a founder of Newbury, Massachusetts.\n\nBiography\nJames Noyes was the fifth son of the Rev. William Noyes of Cholderton, Wiltshire, and his wife Anne, and was born at Cholderton in 1608. He was the cousin, on his mother's side, of Thomas Parker (1595-1677), who had been left to the education of William Noyes when his father Robert Parker fled into exile in the Netherlands in 1607. Educated under the guidance of his father, and receiving much instruction from Parker, he entered Brasenose College, Oxford in 1627, but did not proceed to a degree. After studying in Dublin, Oxford and Leyden, Parker returned to teach at Newbury in Berkshire, where he was assistant preacher to William Twisse: Parker summoned James to assist him, and under their guidance James found his vocation. In 1633 James married Sarah, eldest daughter of Joseph Brown of Southampton and his wife Sarah Hibbert, and on March 1634 Parker and Noyes, together with his brother Nicholas Noyes and nephew John Woodbridge, and their families, emigrated to New England. They sailed aboard the Mary and John of London, accompanied by the Hercules:  the ship was detained in the River Thames where all passengers signed the Oath of Allegiance to the King and the Church before they were allowed to sail from London. \n\nDuring the voyage Parker and Noyes preached or expounded every day, one in the morning and the other in the afternoon, and were \"abundant in prayer\". Arriving in May 1634, they made landfall at Nantaskut in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Thomas Parker went with around 100 others to the new plantation at Agawam (Ipswich, Massachusetts) where as Teacher he assisted Nathaniel Ward as Pastor. James Noyes served at first in Medford, the settlement on the north side of the Mystic River laid out for Matthew Cradock. Parker and his company remained at Agawam through the winter, and in the following spring sought permission from the General Court to settle on the Quascacunquen River (now called the Parker River). This was granted in May 1635, only weeks before the revocation of the (Plymouth Council) Great Charter of New England, and the settlement of Newbury, Massachusetts proceeded. A church (the tenth in the Colony) being gathered, Thomas Parker became their Pastor, and James Noyes, though also invited to a ministry at Watertown, preferred to join his dear friend at Newbury as Teacher. Both remained there for the rest of their lives. Noyes and Parker prepared students for Harvard, refusing all compensation for their services: twelve or fourteen pupils at a time were taught at the James Noyes House, where both men lived.\n\nThe following portrait of Noyes by Thomas Parker deserves quotation in full:\"He was a man of singular qualifications: in piety excelling, an implacable enemy to all heresy and schism, and a most able warrior against the same. He was of a reaching and ready apprehension, a large invention, a most profound judgement, a rare, tenacious, and comprehensive memory, fixed and unmoveable in his grounded conceptions, sure in words and speech, without rashness, gentle and mild in expression, without all passion or provocative language; and as he was a notable disputant, so he never would provoke his adversary, saving by the short knocks and heavy weight of argument. He was of so loving and compassionate and humble carriage, that I believe never any were acquainted with him, but did desire the continuance of his society and acquaintance. He was resolute for the truth, and in defence thereof, had no respect for any persons. He was a most excellent counsellor in doubts, and could strike at a hair's breadth, like the Benjaminites, and expedite the entangled out of briars. He was courageous in dangers, and still was apt to believe the best, and made fair weather in a storm. He was much honoured and esteemed in the country, and his death was much bewailed. I think he may be reckoned amongst the greatest worthies of his age.\"\n\nThe James Noyes House, built ca. 1646, is a historic First Period house at 7 Parker Street in Newbury, Massachusetts. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.\n\nWritings\n The Temple Measured: or, a brief survey of the temple mystical, which is the instituted church of Christ (For Edmund Paxton, London 1647).\n A Short Catechism composed by Mr James Noyes, Late Teacher of the Church of Christ in Newbury, For the use of the Children there (Printed by Samuel Green and Marmaduke Johnson, Cambridge 1661).\n Moses and Aaron, or the Rights of Church and State (By T.R. for Emund Paxton, London 1661).\n\nYale\nHis son, Rev. James Noyes II of Stonington, Connecticut, was one of the first trustees of Yale College, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers, now known as \"The Founders\". Their engraved names line the facade of Woodbridge Hall at Yale University. The building is named for Timothy Woodbridge, cousin to Rev. James Noyes II and one of the other ten founding ministers of the college.\n\nThe Noyes Family continues a long tradition at Yale with notable persons having contributed to the University. Rev. James Noyes II was the first Senior Fellow (Chair) of the Board of Trustees, and his younger brother Rev. Moses Noyes also served as a member of the Trustees. Dr. John Noyes graduated Yale 1775. Rev. Daniel Parker Noyes graduated Yale 1840, as did his two sons Edward Parish Noyes, 1880, and Frederic A. Noyes, 1862. Theodore R. Noyes receive a Yale medical degree 1867. Haskell Noyes graduated Yale 1908. Herbert MacArthur Noyes graduated Yale 1914. Newbold Noyes, Jr. graduated Yale 1941. Herbert MacArthur Noyes Jr. graduated Yale 1949. Thomas E. Noyes graduated Yale 1953. Professor Edward Simpson Noyes, PhD (1892-1967) graduated Yale 1913, was a professor of English at Yale for 40 years, and served as chairman of the Board of Admissions for 18 years, director of the Master of Arts in Teaching program, and received the Yale Medal of Honor in 1968. His son, Dr. Edward \u201cTed\u201d MacArthur Noyes II (1919-1999), graduated Yale 1940 and was also presented with the Yale Medal of Honor for his lifetime service to Yale in 1996, and served as president of the Yale Club of New Haven. His son, Dr. Edward MacArthur Noyes III and daughter Nancy Noyes Foss were the first brother and sister to graduate together from Yale in 1971.\n\nFamily\nHis son James Noyes II (born 11 March 1640, Newbury \u2013 30 December 1719, Stonington, Connecticut) was also a clergyman and founded Yale College. He graduated from Harvard in 1659, began to preach in 1664, and was pastor of the church in Stonington, Connecticut from 1674 until his death. A councilor in civil affairs in the critical periods of his colony, James Noyes II also practiced medicine with success.\n\nEarly Noyes descendants often were ministers and teachers, and sometimes distinguished \u2013 for example, the Salem Witch Trials (James's nephew Nicholas Noyes) and the founding of Yale College. \n\nOn 14 November 1692, during the Salem Witch Trials, 17-year-old Mary Herrick accused Noyes' daughter, Sarah Noyes Hale (wife of John Hale), and the ghost of executed Mary Eastey of afflicting her, but she was never formally charged with witchcraft or arrested. A later commentator on the trials, Charles Upham suggests that this accusation was one that helped turn public opinion to end the prosecutions, and spurred John Hale's willingness to reconsider his support of the trials.\n\nRev James Noyes I is also the ancestor of John Humphrey Noyes, leader of the Perfectionist movement and founder of the Oneida Community.\n\nThe daughter of Rev. James Noyes I, Sarah Noyes, is the great-grandmother of American hero Nathan Hale.\n\nSee also\n James Noyes House\n Thomas Parker (minister), his cousin, and co-founder of Newbury\n William Noyes, his father\n Yale University\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\n It is asserted that the \"Additional Corrections and Additions,\" page 3, of Wheeler's \"History of Stonington\" has the following: \"Miss Harriet E. Noyes of New Hampshire says: 'From recent investigations in England the name of Rev. William Noyes's wife was proven to be Anne Stephens, daughter of Nicholas Stephens of Burdrop Manor, and sister of Dorothy Stephens, mother of Rev. Thomas Parker'.\" (This does not appear in the online edition (Internet Archive).)\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1608 births\nCategory:1656 deaths\nCategory:American Christian clergy\nCategory:Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony\nCategory:People of colonial Massachusetts\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Oxford\nCategory:Yale University founders\nCategory:People from Newbury, Massachusetts"}
-{"text": "Middleburg Island\n\nMiddleburg Island is an island in the Tambrauw in West Papua province of eastern Indonesia. Part of the Su Islands (Mios Su) or the Soe Island Group.\n\nSee also\nAmsterdam Island\nMiddleburg Airfield\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Pacific Wrecks website\n\nCategory:Islands of Indonesia"}
-{"text": "Opopanax\n\nOpopanax or opoponax, refers to a kind of gum resin (natural substance that is a mixture of water-soluble gum and alcohol-soluble resin) obtained from a plant called \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 (Panaces, Panakes, Panax or Panacea), traditionally considered to have medicinal properties.  Pliny (Historia Naturalis) and Dioscorides (De Materia Medica) described various kinds of Panaces with uncertain identifications. However, according to Dioscorides, opopanax was obtained from a kind of Panaces named \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f29\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd (Panaces Heracleum, Panaces Heraclion or Panakes Herakleion), which has been identified as Opopanax chironium, Opopanax hispidus and species of Heracleum.\n\nIn recent times, the commercial opopanax is actually bisabol or hadi obtained from Commiphora guidottii, and it is mainly used in perfumery. The resin of C. kataf (synonym: C. erythraea), known as hagar, is often sold as opopanax as well, though its scent is very different from that of hadi. The confusion between hadi and hagar is attributable to historical misidentification.\n\nEtymology \nThe name opopanax derives from Anglo-Norman opopanac, from Latin opopanax, from Hellenistic Greek \u1f40\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03be, from Ancient Greek \u1f40\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2 \"vegetable juice\" + \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03be \"panacea\" (all healing). Panacea (Gk. \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1) denotes a kind of savory, named for Panakeia, a daughter of Aesculapius.\n\nThe OED gives opopanax as the principal spelling, but lists opoponax as a variant spelling recorded from the 19th century.\n\nBisabol \nBisabol or bissa bol (Hindi), also known as hebbakhade, habaghadi, habak hadi (Somali), is a major export article from Somalia since ancient times. The botanical origin of bisabol is Commiphora guidottii, not C. erythraea as generally has been presumed. Bisabol is often called sweet myrrh, while true myrrh from C. myrrha, known as hirabol or heera bol, is often called bitter myrrh.\n\nPerfumery \nBisabol is usually sold as \"opoponax\" and used as an ingredient in perfume. It is therefore called opopanax of perfume, perfumed bdellium, perfumed myrrh, sweet myrrh or scented myrrh to be distinguished from medicinal opopanax and true myrrh. A resinoid is prepared from the resin by solvent extraction. Steam distillation of the resin gives the essential oil, which has a warm, sweet, balsamic odor. Opopanax oil and resinoid are used in perfumes with oriental characteristics. An IFRA recommendation exists.\n\nBdellium \n\nOpopanax is also known as \"perfumed bdellium\".\n\nBdellium is a semi-transparent resin extracted from Commiphora roxburgii and from Commiphora africana. Both resins were used as incense. They are referred to by Pliny (Historia Naturalis, 12:36) as Bactrian and Nubian bdellium. The bdellium referred to by Dioscorides as \"the bdellium imported from Petra\" (De Materia Medica, 1:80) is probably the resin of Hyphaene thebaica, a species of palm.\n\nSee also \n Storax balsam\n L'Opoponax, a 1964 novel by Monique Wittig\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Resins\nCategory:Perfume ingredients\nCategory:Incense material"}
-{"text": "Harry Helmer\n\nHarry William Helmer (November 26, 1884 \u2013 April 1971) was an American football player and coach of football, basketball, and baseball coach.  He served as the head football coach at Central Michigan Normal School, now Central Michigan University, from 1909 to 1912 and at Alma College in 1916 and 1917, compiling a career college football record of 20\u201310\u20132.  Helmer was also the head basketball coach at Central Michigan from 1910 to 1916 and at Alma from 1916 to 1918, amassing a career college basketball mark of 50\u201340.  In addition, he was the head baseball coach at Central Michigan from 1910 to 1916, tallying a mark of 33\u201326\u20132.\n\nHelmer was an alumnus of Alma College who also studied at Columbia University. He later served for many years as the superintendent of schools in Alma, Michigan. We was also served 18 years as a supervisor of Parma Township and was the director of the welfare department in Jackson County, Michigan, from 1944 to 1954.\n\nHelmer was married to Hazel Potter. They had a son, Hal, and a daughter, Wilhelmina. He died in a hospital in Jackson, Michigan, in 1971.\n\nHead coaching record\n\nFootball\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1884 births\nCategory:1971 deaths\nCategory:Alma Scots baseball players\nCategory:Alma Scots football coaches\nCategory:Alma Scots football players\nCategory:Alma Scots men's basketball coaches\nCategory:Central Michigan Chippewas baseball coaches\nCategory:Central Michigan Chippewas football coaches\nCategory:Central Michigan Chippewas men's basketball coaches\nCategory:College men's track and field athletes in the United States\nCategory:People from Jackson County, Michigan"}
-{"text": "1867 United States Senate election in New York\n\nThe 1867 United States Senate election in New York was held on January 15, 1867, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.\n\nBackground\nRepublican Ira Harris had been elected in February 1861 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1867.\n\nAt the State election in November 1865, 27 Republicans and 5 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1866-1867) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1866, 82 Republicans and 46 Democrats were elected for the session of 1867 to the Assembly. The 90th State Legislature met from January 1 to April 20, 1867, at Albany, New York.\n\nCandidates\n\nRepublican caucus\nThe caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 10, State Senator Charles J. Folger presided. State Senator Thomas Parsons (28th D.) was absent, but had his vote cast by proxy. They nominated Congressman Roscoe Conkling for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent Senator Ira Harris was voted down.\n\nNotes: \nOn the fourth ballot, 110 votes were cast, one too many, and it was annulled.\n\"wd\" = name withdrawn\n\nDemocratic caucus\nThe caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 10. State Senator Henry C. Murphy was nominated on the first ballot with 25 votes against 21 for Ex-D.A. of New York A. Oakey Hall.\n\nResult\nRoscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.\n\nNotes: \nThe vote for Ex-Chief Judge Comstock was cast by Henry C. Murphy.\nThe votes were cast on January 15, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 16 to compare nominations, and declare the result.\n\nAftermath\nConkling was re-elected in 1873 and 1879, and remained in office until May 17, 1881, when he resigned in protest against the distribution of federal patronage in New York by President James A. Garfield without being consulted. The crisis between the Stalwart and the Half-Breed factions of the Republican party arose when the leader of the New Yorker Half-Breeds William H. Robertson was appointed Collector of the Port of New York, a position Conkling wanted to give to one of his Stalwart friends.\n\nSee also \n United States Senate elections, 1866 and 1867\n\nNotes\n\nSources\nThe New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough, Stephen C. Hutchins and Edgar Albert Werner, 1867 (see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 444 for State Senators 1867; pg. 505f for Members of Assembly 1867)\nMembers of the 40th United States Congress\nResult state election 1865 in The Tribune Almanac for 1866 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune\nResult state election 1866 in The Tribune Almanac for 1867 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune\n...THE REPUBLICAN CAUCUS; Hon. Roscoe Conkling, of Oneida County, Nominated for United States Senator; ...DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS; Hon. Henry C. Murphy, of Kings County, Nominated for United States Senator in NYT on January 11, 1867\nJournal of the New York State Assembly (1867; pages 98f and 103)\nJournal of the New York State Senate (1867; pages 58f and 62)\n\n1867\nNew York\nUnited States Senate"}
-{"text": "Penre\n\nPenre was an Ancient Egyptian official of the New Kingdom, in office under the ruling queen Hatshepsut (about 1508\u20131458 BC). Penre was viceroy of Kush. The writing of his name varies on the monuments between Penre (Panre), Pare and Payre. Because of his high titles, he was  one of the most important officials at the royal court, ruling the Nubian provinces. Kush is the Ancient Egyptian name for Nubia. Penre was little know till his tomb at Thebes was recently excavated by a Hungarian mission. On the canopic jars found in the tomb bears the titles first king's son (= viceroy) and overseer of the southern foreign countries. Otherwise he is also known from several statue fragments. His father was called Sekheru, who also bore the title king's son. Penre was in office between the reigning year 2 of Hatshepsut, when a certain Seni was still in office, and year 18, when Inebny/Amenemnekhu is attested in that office. None of his monuments are dated, but one of his statues found in Nubia, must have been installed before the sole reign of Thutsmosis III. His burial is a shaft tomb, little survive from the tomb chapel, that was made of mud brick. The shaft was more than 11 meters deep. In the burial chamber at the bottom of the shaft were found the human remains of three adults and two children. Several objects of the burial equipment survived. They report the names Sennefer, Siamun and Penre. The fragments of the four canopic jars were still bearing Penre's name and titles. Items in the tomb include specifically prepared funerary items, objects of daily life, professional equipment and containers of provisions.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Viceroys of Kush\nCategory:Officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt\nCategory:Ancient Egyptian overseers of foreign lands"}
-{"text": "Otoca District\n\nOtoca District is one of twenty-one districts of the Lucanas Province in Peru.\n\nGeography \nOne of the highest mountains of the district is Yana Qaqa at approximately . Other mountains are listed below:\n\nReferences"}
-{"text": "P. J. Jones\n\nParnell Velko \"P. J.\" Jones (born April 23, 1969) is an American professional racing driver. He has contested in multiple disciplines, including NASCAR, IndyCar, IMSA GT Championship, the American Le Mans Series, USAC, the Chili Bowl, and the Stadium Super Trucks.\n\nJones was runner-up at the GTP class of the IMSA GT Championship in 1993 and fourth in 1992. He also finished fourth at the 2002 NASCAR Winston Cup Series race at Watkins Glen, and second at the 1999 CART race at Nazareth. His father is Indianapolis 500 winner Parnelli Jones, his brother is Page Jones, a former racing driver, and one of his sons, Jagger Jones, currently races in the ARCA Menards Series West.\n\nRacing career\n\nEarly career and 1980s\nJones' preliminary efforts in racing were, in a fashion not atypical for young drivers, focused on go-karting. Upon graduation from his introductory-level competitions, Jones began to enter the oval races at Ascot Park, much as his father did decades prior. Accumulating experience and accolades, Jones would progress vertically to United States Auto Club-sanctioned events. From numerous choices within the USAC governing body's expansive portfolio of open-wheel divisions, Jones opted to participate in the West Coast Midget category. 1986's racing season saw Jones earn the rookie of the year title in that class as the then-young driver began a quest to surpass his father in auto racing accomplishments; he had, by virtue of being a high school junior, already overtaken Parnelli in academic achievement.\n\nAs Jones continued to craft a reputation as the future of motorsport in USAC, he began to dabble in IMSA GT, foreshadowing the dawn of his career's peak, which would take place, at least in part, in the GTP classification within the series. At this stage, Jones was participating in the GTO and GTU classes with Clayton-Cunningham Racing and their stable of Mazda RX-7 vehicles. A partial season in both GTO and GTU left Jones just fourteenth and twenty-seventh in the respective standings.  Low rankings, however, would not overshadow Jones' ability in the rotary-engined racing car; instead, 1988 was highlighted by a podium finish in one of the GTU races.\n\nIn 1988, Jones also scored victory in a world championship sprint car race which transpired in Auckland, proving that his talents transcended both the scope of pavement racing and the borders of the United States of America.\n\nThe decade would not close without another racing reconnaissance from P.J. Jones; in this instance, he was surveying the American Racing Series with its turbocharged Buick formula cars. This series encompassed elements from both midget racing and sports car racing, serving as a fusion of lessons Jones had learned in his prior experience. Masterful in applying the skills he had developed as a youth, Jones triumphed on the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course as he scored a victory to crown a season's efforts which would culminate in a sixth-place final classification.\n\nIn the same year, Jones was suspended for thirty days from USAC competition after deliberately colliding with a competitor's vehicle.\n\n1990s\nJones returned to the American Racing Series in 1990. Though with the same team, and utilizing the same March/Buick package, Jones failed to score a single race victory. An unsuccessful foray into what is now NASCAR's K&N Pro Series West and a handful of forgettable trials at the wheel of a Ford Ranger in SCCA's Racetruck Challenge rendered this year particularly difficult from a Jonesian perspective. The promise of the 1980s had now faded into an oppressive doubt that could have jeopardized a blossoming career.\n\nJones was not the kind of prospect to be discouraged by slow development, though, and rose from the quiet 1990 to reestablish his potential as an auto racing champion in 1991. His season began in GTP, running the 24 Hours of Daytona for Dan Gurney and his All American Racers squad, which fielded a Toyota-powered Eagle HF90 in a race that would not see the loftiest of successes. Still, for Jones to even be considered by a man as keen in motoring matters as Gurney provided a much-needed elevation in confidence level that would propel Jones through the coming year, where his focus remained on the American Racing Series.\n\nRacing down an avenue which would take him to the season's vice-runner-up position, Jones scored two victories in twelve races, exhibiting excellence on the narrow confines of treacherous street circuits in Toronto and Denver.  Having now proven that his talents were beyond the challenges the American Racing Series could offer, Jones would never return to the championship subsequent to 1991's conclusion.\n\nPrior to the year's end, Jones participated in an ice race, much as fellow North American racing drivers Paul Menard and Greg Moore have at various stages in their own careers.\n\nIn 1992, Jones became a full-fledged professional racing driver, now joining Gurney's team for a full season's run in IMSA GTP piloting the brand-new Eagle MkIII. Jones was outclassed by his teammate, Juan Manuel Fangio II, who had taken the series title, but such results must be qualified with recognizance of the fact that Jones was a rookie in prototype competitions and had to adapt to the powerful cars which featured astronomical amounts of downforce. Fourth in points with two wins, as Jones was by the year's end, had far exceeded any reasonable expectations one could have for a young driver in such refined machinery.\n\nOutside of Jones' two wins on the IMSA circuit, the second-generation driver dominated the 1992 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race in Long Beach.\n\nAll American Racers retained Jones for 1993 and swept the championship and vice-championship positions in IMSA's GTP category with P.J. trailing Fangio.  Now acclimated to the Eagle MkIII Toyota, Jones capitalized on his year's GTP experience in the season-opening 24 Hours of Daytona, which he won. The victory was shared with co-drivers Mark Dismore and Rocky Moran, father of one of Jones' future sports car teammates. As an individual, Jones excelled, erasing any doubts that he relied too heavily on his partners for success. In a measure of pure pace, Jones rewrote the track record of Lime Rock Park with a lap of 43.112 seconds. To this day, no one has ever circulated the Western Connecticut racecourse's figure as quickly.\n\nNever afraid of a challenge and always willing to broaden his r\u00e9sum\u00e9, Jones participated in NASCAR Winston Cup action when such events did not conflict with his sports car exploits. Limited in stock car experience but carrying abundant levels of natural driving talent, Jones was able to qualify for the majority of races he entered (six from eleven) and collect a top ten finish at historic Watkins Glen International at the iconic No. 9 Ford's wheel. The car was furnished by the Melling Racing stable and serviced by a team of mechanics led by Harry Hyde.\n\nIt was in the stock car direction that Jones' career would turn, with oval racing becoming the inclination of P.J.'s preferences even as he unofficially tested a CART engine for Toyota and Dan Gurney. The year began with the Chili Bowl, contested by both Jones brothers. Turned around early in the race, P.J. had to carve through the field; once a student of business, Jones was the professor of racecraft on that particular day, using a lower line than his competitors. As Page led the race, P.J. assumed second, and began to apply pressure on his younger brother as the crowd cheered for the third-place runner, Oklahoma's Andy Hillenburg. When lapped traffic, which included noted driver Ken Schrader, became involved in an incident directly in the paths of the leading cars, both Page and P.J. were eliminated from contention in the indoor midget race. P.J. was classified in the ninth spot.\n\nJones would contest many other midget races in 1994, often with his brother. In the USAC Silver Crown Series event on the IRP facility, P.J. would score a respectable second-place finish behind Mike Bliss, then the dominant driver on that particular circuit, after starting from the pole position.\n\nStock cars were, once again, on Jones' agenda, as well, and the Californian found himself in a number of NASCAR-branded divisions. Finding no success at the Winston Cup level in this season, Jones also turned to the Winston West series, where he won his first stock car race on the Phoenix International Raceway.  This event was a combined race between the two aforementioned NASCAR tours; Jones was classified in twenty-ninth overall driving for the Ultra Motorsports team with which he would enjoy later success.\n\nNASCAR had also established a SuperTruck division, which was set to begin in 1995. Jones was a pioneer in that series, contesting the exhibition races in 1994 and into the following year. Racing seven times for Scoop Vessels, Jones picked up two victories (in Mesa Marin and again in Phoenix) which were underscored by a further pair of second-place finishes and another two third-place results. His seventh race ended outside of the top ten.\n\nJones secured the ride for 1995, as the original driver (his brother, Page) was recovering from injuries sustained in a midget crash. In official Truck Series running, Jones was less successful, faltering from a position of favor to that of a journeyman, scoring just two top ten finishes in thirteenth starts. After being released from the team, Jones renewed his desire to compete in Indy-style racers and continued to work on the Toyota CART project as he began an eight-year absence from NASCAR's Truck division.\n\nAs 1996 began, Jones was prepared for redemption, and found some in the Chili Bowl. In this edition, he would take the highest glory he ever achieved in the event: second place. It was a promising start to the newest journey on which Jones would embark.\n\nWith the Toyota engine now an official entrant in CART for 1996, Jones was hired as a driver for the All American Racers team and its Eagle MK-V Champ Car for an abbreviated season that would begin on the Milwaukee Mile, which hosted the series' seventh round. In his second CART race, Jones finished ninth, navigating the Belle Isle street course in the same way he had tackled temporary circuits in his American Racing Series days; this result earned the first points ever scored in a Toyota-powered CART special. Jones continued with this program through 1998; success was largely nonexistent, and points would only be accumulated one other time: Fontana 1997.\n\nIn 1999, Jones switched to the Patrick Racing team, abandoning one motorsport legend in Gurney to join another in Pat Patrick. The change of scenery was crucial to Jones' success, and the final year of the twentieth century would be at the height (and the conclusion) of P.J.'s time in CART. Four consecutive points-scoring finishes from Long Beach to Gateway, including a career-best runner-up result on the Nazareth Speedway marked a year that saw two other top ten classifications in Toronto and Cicero's races.\n\n2000s\nAs with Scott Pruett and Robby Gordon, Jones decided to leave open-wheel racing and make a full-time switch to NASCAR, where he had spent the middle of the preceding decade. Unlike the other two former CART competitors, Jones would focus on the Busch Series rather than the premier Cup division, where he would enter just two races (one in relief of Gordon, who was participating in the rain-delayed 2000 Indianapolis 500 while the Coca-Cola 600 commenced with Jones in the cockpit of the No. 13 Burger King Ford).\n\nJones' season started with BACE Motorsports, a team which had won three Busch Series titles from 1995-1997. It was not to be a championship effort, however, even with a talent like Jones controlling the car styled as a Chevrolet Monte Carlo silhouette. With no results better than the twenty-fourth spot by the end of seven races, Jones was relieved of his driving duties, and relieved of the burdens that came with driving for an under-performing team.\n\nDavid Ridling was impressed with Jones, and the driver would not remain a free agent for long. Without missing a single meeting of the Busch Series, Jones was in Ridling's No. 19, bettering his performances to include a seventeenth-place run on Loudon's Magic Mile and a top ten in the Watkins Glen event, a race over which Jones expressed disappointment weeks later in Nazareth, claiming in an interview on CBS with Glenn Jarrett that he and the team \"should have won.\"\n\nJones would return to Watkins Glen in August for the second of his two Winston Cup races; he was quietly twenty-first for Felix Sabates and SABCO Racing as a substitute driver for Ted Musgrave, himself a replacement to the late Kenny Irwin, Jr. (against whom Jones had race in USAC).\n\nBy September, rumors were circulating that Jones could join a newly formed Galaxy Motorsports and Robert Yates Racing conglomerate for the next season.  The team never formed.\n\nThe Busch Series was a suitable home for Jones, and he returned in 2001 with Phoenix Racing, a team owned by James Finch and sponsored by Yellow Freight, the same brand featured on his Ridling car the prior year. Qualifying third for the season-starting Daytona race and scoring a best result of seventeenth on the Atlanta Motor Speedway's oval (reconfigured from when it featured an infield road course on which Jones had raced in IMSA GTP), Jones was not able to please team manager Marc Reno. He was ousted for Jimmy Spencer, significant in that Spencer would later succeed him at both Ultra Motorsports and the Arnold Development team; he would not be the last driver Phoenix would release prematurely, joined now in that category by his former midget rival Mike Bliss, among others.\n\nWith 2001's disappointment now trailing him as another car on a train of unfortunate circumstances and less-than-stellar results, Jones spent 2002 in a variety of series, including the USAC Silver Crown Series where he had found success earlier in his career. Jones parlayed this into a chance to run the Indianapolis 500-mile race with Team Menard; it was to be his Indy Racing League debut and return to top-level North American open-wheel racing after a hiatus that inaugurated on October 31, 1999. Misfortune was still inseparable from Jones, and a neck injury during May's practice runs removed him from the competitive mount; his replacement, Raul Boesel, placed the car on the front row.\n\nJones' relationship with Menards was not over, though; a Busch Series race at Phoenix was scheduled later in the year, and Jones contested that NASCAR sweepstakes in a Chevrolet wearing the home improvement chain's livery.\n\nBetween these events, though, was the SIRIUS Satellite Radio at the Glen, a Winston Cup bout to take place on the New York road course where Jones had vast experience and a prior top ten. A. J. Foyt selected Jones for the race, giving the figurative keys to the No. 14 Conseco Pontiac's ignition over to a driver who, like Foyt, had participated in a variety of racing disciplines. Although Jones had failed to qualify for the previous race, the Brickyard 400, in Foyt machinery, this race was to be the statistical high point of Jones' NASCAR career. Jones finished fourth, impressing with his ability to brake later than most of his competitors on the run into turn one.\n\nJones would be invited to return to the Foyt team in 2003, this time for the Dodge/Save Mart 350 to be held on the Sonoma Raceway. For the second time in three attempts with Foyt, Jones failed to qualify for the race, frustrating Foyt to the point that Jones would not be welcomed back to defend his top five from 2002. Instead, Jones would race a Pontiac Grand Prix for Morgan-McClure Motorsports; he finished twenty places further down the order than he had the previous year.\n\nNearly a decade removed from his Winston West win with Ultra Motorsports, Jones returned to the Jim Smith-captained team for the Craftsman Truck Series' season-closer. Jones has not seen the Homestead-Miami Speedway, site of this race, since his CART days; it was newly redesigned for 2003, so this was not to Jones's detriment. In the No. 27 Dodge, a special entrant that was not normally found on the rosters of Truck Series races but had been dispatched to Florida to try to help the team secure a driver's championship for Ted Musgrave, Jones scored a top ten finish, reminding the auto racing world of how strong he had once been in a racing truck.\n\nIn May 2004, Jones was finally able to make his debut in the Indianapolis 500, a race his father won in 1963. The rain-shortened race was reduced in length for all competitors, but even more so for Jones, who crashed.\n\nJones would be on NASCAR's sidelines until June 2004. Don Arnold was trying to establish his new team, campaigning Dodge-brand stock cars, and believed that Jones could help in this difficult process. Debuting at Pocono Raceway, Jones took a solid twenty-second place, besting even the best performance of a Daytona 500 champion like Derrike Cope, who had only managed twenty-ninth in his brightest day for Arnold Development.  The subsequent four races all ended in dismay, with Jones and the No. 50 team retiring from each of these races before ending their relationship.\n\nJim Smith, pleased with Jones' services from the prior year, brought the driver back to his team for the Fontana and Phoenix races, two Western rounds for a Western driver. The No. 2 team had been using a rotating lineup of racing talents all season, so Jones did not displace anyone, even though he was participating in a racing truck that ran the full schedule. Mirroring the successful performance with Ultra in the West Series race of 1994, Jones scored a top ten in the Truck round in Phoenix, a rare highlight in a promising career soiled by unplanned failure.\n\nAppearances were sparse in 2005, as ten of Jones' fourteen scheduled races ended prior to the race; Jones was unable to qualify for these events. Mostly racing with MACH 1 Motorsports, Jones was also able to land the Morgan-McClure ride for the road courses. In both rides, Jones struggled mightily, now deeply into the twilight of his NASCAR career.\n\n2006, like 2004, began in May for Jones, once again in the Indianapolis 500. Beck Motorsports hired Jones to pilot the No. 98 CURB Records entry, identical in sponsor and number to the 2004 special Jones had driven. Running a Panoz chassis, widely regarded as inferior to the Dallara which populated a greater portion of the field, Jones lacked pace and only managed to qualify on the final row. However, a nineteenth-place result was salvaged.\n\nThe next stop on the Jones racing calendar was Sonoma, now becoming a tradition with Jones characterized in NASCAR as a road course ringer. Jones did not see the race out to its completion in his Morgan-McClure Chevrolet due to rear end failure, and would not return to the NEXTEL Cup Series that season.\n\nInstead, Jones retreated to the Busch division, where his success had been limited in the earlier parts of the noughties. Starting last in Mike Curb's Diversified Partners Dodge for the July Daytona race, Jones mastered the slipstreaming techniques of NASCAR's draft and worked his way to thirteenth by the race's end in a reinvigorating performance. The IRP meeting would not end as successfully for Jones, who then moved to Johnny Davis Motorsports to compete in Watkins Glen. A stellar eighth-place qualifying effort was squandered by an engine failure on the seventh lap of the motor race; Jones had taken the JD Motorsports car to places it had never been on the grid's north end, and was compensated with mechanical incompetence. He would never race for Davis again, and returned to Curb for the Fontana and Phoenix legs as he had for Smith in the 2004 Truck Series season. Twenty-second and twenty-first were the results in those races.\n\nAs NASCAR Busch Series left the United States for the Aut\u00f3dromo Hermanos Rodr\u00edguez, Richard Childress Racing brought Jones with their team for the road course event. Another top ten qualifying run turned into a mediocre result; this time, Jones was twenty-fourth.\n\nThe disappointment would intensify in May, however, when Jones failed to qualify for the 2007 Indianapolis 500. His No. 40 car had been painted to resemble the one his father used in the 1967 Indianapolis 500 forty years prior; that car was powered by a turbine gas engine and used a four-wheel drive system. Both technologies had since been outlawed at the Speedway and were not featured on the 2007 entry for Jones.\n\nPutting this behind him, Jones progressed to the NASCAR West Series race on the Sonoma Raceway. Starting seventh and finishing second, Jones regained his rhythm in the No. 24 Ford one day before he would participate in the Cup Series race on the same track. That, too, was an impressive day for Jones, as he took a Michael Waltrip Racing Toyota from the final grid position to twelfth, his best NASCAR result since 2002. MWR would request his talents for the Watkins Glen race in August, and Jones would oblige. This time, he was classified as twenty-fifth.\n\nAdditionally, Jones raced in the Pennsylvania 500 for Robby Gordon Motorsports after the driver for which the team was named was suspended for actions detrimental to stock car racing. The race's victor finished a full two laps ahead of Jones on the triangular circuit.\n\nMB Motorsports decided Jones was worthy of a chance in the Truck Series in 2008, giving the driver their No. 63 Ford for two races.  Results could not be produced and the series which Jones had been part of at the onset would never again be graced by his driving abilities.\n\nJones did not just close his Truck Series career, however. He made his final West Series and Nationwide starts; both were DNFs.\n\nOf course, his dips into the Sprint Cup Series action did continue. Jones had a lackluster run in the Hall of Fame Racing Toyota in the 2008 Watkins Glen race. In 2009, he reunited with Robby Gordon Motorsports to test his skills in the start-and-park style of motoring; he conserved the car in two races that year and ensured that Gordon would collect purse money without having to worry about repairing damage or refurbishing worn parts.\n\n2010s\n\nJones' devotion to Robby Gordon did not change in the fourth decade of his racing career, and he participated in a further five events for the RGM team in 2010 and 2011; he was never allowed to go the full distance. Eighteen years removed from his 1993 debut, Jones made his final appearance in the Cup Series on his most successful track, Watkins Glen. A mechanical failure prevented Jones from completing his qualifying lap, meaning he would not be allowed to start the race.  Unceremoniously, he was out of the sport that had been a constant through years of sports car and open-wheel fluctuation, never considered again for a ride.\n\nHis focus in 2011 had not been the Cup side, though. Rocketsports Racing hired Jones to race with Rocky Moran, Jr. in their factory Jaguar XKR GT program in the American Le Mans Series. The car's performance was woeful, and no points were scored, even in rounds where fewer than ten cars had entered, as the car often failed to complete 70% of the class winner's distance due to chronic mechanical issues. Despite Moran's indications that the two would be paired again in 2012, Rocketsports and Jaguar disbanded the team and moved to the LMPC class without either driver.\n\nJones joined the General Tire Trophylite Race Series off-road truck division for 2012, finding a place to utilize his Baja 1000 experience. In Henderson, Nevada, Jones was victorious.\n\nThe 2013 season began at the Chili Bowl midget car race for Jones. He won the seventh heat race on opening night in his RFMS Racing entry. By the week's end, he had been eliminated from contention, and did not feature in the main event. Later in the year, he finished fourth in the inaugural Stadium Super Trucks race at University of Phoenix Stadium. He continued to race in SST that season, resulting fourth in the standings with a win at Las Vegas.\n\nJones continued racing in the Stadium Super Trucks\u2014albeit on a part-time basis\u2014from 2014 to 2017. He scored race wins at the Grand Prix of St. Petersburg in 2014, the OC Fair & Event Center's Sand Sports Super Show in 2015, and Texas Motor Speedway in 2017.\n\nIn 2017, Jones returned to NASCAR, racing in the Xfinity Series race at Watkins Glen International in Chris Cockrum Racing's No. 25 car.\n\nPersonal life\nJones was a proficient ice hockey player, scoring ninety-eight goals (coincidentally, Jones often wears this number when racing) in thirty games when he was just short of one decade old and playing peewee hockey in California. He and his team were state champions that year. Any ideas of a professional career in Jones' other sport were hindered by a surgery six years after the championship; following another two years of play, Jones ceased participation in ice hockey of all kinds.\n\nIn his late teens and early twenties, Jones enrolled in several courses at El Camino College.  While there, he studied various subsets in the overarching field of business education.\n\nJones has an interest in aircraft. His biography in CART media materials often indicated that Jones was an avid flyer, holding a pilot's license at the time. As far as religion, Jones is irreligious.\n\nWith predominantly vehicular passions, Jones shares his love of motors to customers through PJ's Performance, which specializes in UTVs.  This venture has kept Jones busy even as his entries to auto races dwindle in quantity.\n\nMarried to Jolaina, Jones is the father of Jagger and Jace Jones. His residence has been established in Scottsdale, Arizona.\n\nMotorsports career results\n\nAmerican Open-Wheel racing results\n(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)\n\nAmerican Racing Series/Indy Lights\n\nCART\n\nIndianapolis 500\n\nNASCAR\n(key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)\n\nSprint Cup Series\n\nXfinity Series\n\nCraftsman Truck Series\n\n Season still in progress\n Ineligible for series points\n\nARCA Racing Series\n(key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)\n\nStadium Super Trucks\n(key) (Bold\u00a0\u2013 Pole position. Italics\u00a0\u2013 Fastest qualifier. *\u00a0\u2013 Most laps led.)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n P.J. Jones at Driver Database\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1969 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Torrance, California\nCategory:Racing drivers from California\nCategory:Indianapolis 500 drivers\nCategory:24 Hours of Daytona drivers\nCategory:NASCAR drivers\nCategory:Champ Car drivers\nCategory:Indy Lights drivers\nCategory:American Le Mans Series drivers\nCategory:IMSA GT Championship drivers\nCategory:Stadium Super Trucks drivers\nCategory:20th-century American racing drivers\nCategory:21st-century American racing drivers\nCategory:Irreligion in the United States"}
-{"text": "Old Timbers\n\nOld Timbers is a historic home located within Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge (formerly Jefferson Proving Ground) in Shelby Township, Ripley County, Indiana.  It was built in 1932, and is a 1 1/2-story, Bungalow / American Craftsman style stone building. It has a jerkinhead roof and kitchen wing.  It was originally built as a lodge for Alexander Thompson, owner of the Champion Paper Company of Hamilton, Ohio.  The property was acquired by the U.S. Army in 1940.\n\nIt was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana\nCategory:Bungalow architecture in Indiana\nCategory:Houses completed in 1932\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Ripley County, Indiana\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Ripley County, Indiana"}
-{"text": "Sally Benson\n\nSally Benson (September 3, 1897 \u2013 July 19, 1972), n\u00e9e Smith, was an American screenwriter, who was also a prolific short story author, best known for her semi-autobiographical stories collected in Junior Miss and Meet Me in St. Louis.\n\nEarly life and career\nBenson was born in St. Louis, the youngest of five children of Alonzo Redway and Anna Prophater Smith. She attended the Mary Institute until she moved with her family to New York. She attended the Horace Mann School, studied dance and then started working when she was 17 years old. At age 19, she married Reynolds \"Babe\" Benson. The couple had a daughter, Barbara, and later divorced.\n\nShe began her career writing weekly interview articles and film reviews for the New York Morning Telegraph. Between 1929 and 1941, she published 99 stories in The New Yorker, including nine signed with her pseudonym Esther Evarts.\n\nHer stories \"The Overcoat\" and \"Suite 2049\" were selected as O. Henry prize stories for 1935 and 1936. Her collection, People are Fascinating (Covici Friede,1936) includes almost all the stories Benson had then published in The New Yorker, plus four from American Mercury. She followed with another collection, Emily (Covici Friede, 1938). Stories of the Gods and Heroes (Dial Press, 1940) was juvenile fiction adapted from Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable. Women and Children First was a collection published by Random House in 1943.\n\nJunior Miss\nJunior Miss was published by Doubleday in 1941. This collection of her stories from The New Yorker was adapted by Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields into a successful play that same year. Directed by Moss Hart, Junior Miss ran on Broadway from 1941 to 1943. In 1945, the play was adapted as the film Junior Miss with George Seaton directing Peggy Ann Garner in the lead role. The Junior Miss radio series, starring Barbara Whiting, was broadcast weekly on CBS in 1949.\n\nMeet Me in St. Louis\nMGM's Meet Me in St. Louis  (1944) was one of the more popular movies made during World War II. The stories in Sally Benson's book Meet Me in St. Louis were first written as short vignettes in a series titled 5135 Kensington, which The New Yorker published from June 14, 1941 to May 23, 1942. Benson took her original eight vignettes and added four more stories for a book compilation with each chapter representing a month of a year (from 1903 to 1904). When the book was published by Random House as Meet Me in St. Louis in 1942, it was titled after the MGM film, then in the very early stages of scripting. At MGM, Benson wrote an early draft of the screenplay, but it was not used.\n\nScreenplays\n\nHer other screen work includes Shadow of a Doubt (1943) for Alfred Hitchcock, Come to the Stable (1949), Summer Magic (1963), Viva Las Vegas (1964) and The Singing Nun (1966). Her screenplay for Anna and the King of Siam (1946) was nominated for an Academy Award.\n\nHer work for television includes episodes of Bus Stop (1961).\n\nAlthough she has been nominated a number of times, she is not included on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.\n\nShe died in Woodland Hills, California at age 74.\n\nWorks\n People Are Fascinating (1936, Covici-Friede Publishers)\n Emily (1938, Covici-Friede Publishers), published in England as Love Thy Neighbour (1939)\n Stories of the Gods and Heroes (1940, Dial) \n Junior Miss (1941, Doubleday) \n Meet Me in St. Louis (1942, Random House)\n Women and Children First (1943, Random House)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nMaryellen V. Keefe, Casual Affairs: The Life and Fiction of Sally Benson (SUNY Press, 2014)\n\nExternal links\n \n Thomas Bulfinch's Age of Fable\n Sally Benson's Memorial on Find a Grave\n Sally Benson on GoodReads.com\n\nCategory:1897 births\nCategory:1972 deaths\nCategory:Screenwriters from Missouri\nCategory:American short story writers\nCategory:Writers from St. Louis\nCategory:American women screenwriters\nCategory:American women short story writers\nCategory:The New Yorker people\nCategory:Horace Mann School alumni\nCategory:Screenwriters from New York (state)"}
-{"text": "Fascinaci\u00f3n\n\nFascinaci\u00f3n is a 1949 Argentine drama film directed by Carlos Schlieper and starring Alicia Barri\u00e9, H\u00e9ctor Calca\u00f1o, and Susana Campos.\n\nCast\nAlicia Barri\u00e9 \t\t\nH\u00e9ctor Calca\u00f1o \t\t\nSusana Campos \t\t\nHomero C\u00e1rpena \t\t\nArturo de C\u00f3rdova \t\t\nRicardo Duggan \t\t\nRafael Frontaura \t\t\t\nElisa Galv\u00e9 \t\t\t\nBernardo Perrone\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1949 films\nCategory:Argentine films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:Argentine black-and-white films\nCategory:Films directed by Carlos Schlieper"}
-{"text": "Ceromitia laninensis\n\nCeromitia laninensis is a moth of the Adelidae family or fairy longhorn moths. It was described by Pastrana in 1961. It is found in Argentina.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1961\nCategory:Adelidae\nCategory:Endemic fauna of Argentina\nCategory:Moths of South America"}
-{"text": "Matheson Island Airport\n\nMatheson Island Airport, , was located adjacent to Matheson Island, Manitoba, Canada.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Defunct airports in Manitoba"}
-{"text": "Milk VFX\n\nMilk VFX is an independent visual effects studio with locations in Cardiff, Wales and London, England. The company was launched in 2014.  Milk VFX is known for creating complex and innovative sequences for high-end television and feature films.\n\nIn 2017, Milk raised $2.5 million to fund expansion and announced that Ivan Dunleavy, former CEO of Pinewood Studios, had joined as Chairman of the Board as the studio expands its focus on feature film work.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Film production companies of the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "M\u00e9reau (disambiguation)\n\nM\u00e9reau is a commune in France.\n\nM\u00e9reau may also refer to:\nM\u00e9reau (token)\n\nPeople with the surname\nSophie Mereau (1770\u20131806), German writer\n\nSee also\n M\u00e9reaux (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Effolo\n\nEffolo  is a village in the Assoli Prefecture in the Kara Region  of north-eastern Togo.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Kara Region\nCategory:Assoli Prefecture"}
-{"text": "Waheed Mohammed Taher\n\nWaheed Mohammed Taher (born October 11, 1982) is Qatari footballer who is a defensive midfielder . He is a member of the Qatar national football team.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFIFA.com profile\nGoalzz.com profile\n\nCategory:1982 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Qatari footballers\nCategory:Qatar international footballers\nCategory:Al-Sailiya SC players\nCategory:Al Ahli SC (Doha) players\nCategory:Al-Rayyan SC players\nCategory:Al-Wakrah SC players\nCategory:Qatar Stars League players\nCategory:Qatari Second Division players\n\nCategory:Association football midfielders"}
-{"text": "Superarchitettura\n\nSuperarchitettura is a theoretical & conceptual framework, whose physical definition has been given at the homonymous 1966 exhibition, held at Jolly2, an art gallery of Pistoia, Italy.\n\nAccording to the Radical Manifesto, \"Superarchitettura is the architecture of superproduction, superconsumption, superinduction to consume, the supermarket, the superman, super gas\".\n\nSuperarchitettura is the overcoming of centuries of constant and consistent art vision. It is the overtaking of ancient artistic pratiques in favour of new avant-gardes, the Sixties so-called \"neo avant-gardes\".\n\nSuperarchitettura's movement combined the inventiveness of Pop Art with the dynamics of mass production (for the latter, see its definition according to Mackintosh' ideas and conceptions).\n\nArchizoom and Superstudio\nThe Superarchitettura theoretical framework, part of the Radical Design movement, after its beginning, got split up in two main philosophical entities and interpretations, the first incarnated by Archizoom Associati, the second by Superstudio. Archizoom and Superstudio held the Exhibition. Such event represented a milestone in the Italian Radical Design.\n\nAccording to the first group (to which belonged \"free thinkers\" -architects and designers- like Andrea Branzi, Gilberto Corretti, Paolo Deganello, Massimo Morozzi, Dario Bartolini and Lucia Bartolini), in order to get away from Tradition, men must overturn conventions and exalt everything kitsch as a statement of aesthetic and ideological challenge.\n\nOn the other side, according to the second group (to which belonged Adolfo Natalini, Cristiano Toraldo di Francia, Piero Frassinelli, Alessandro Magris and Roberto Magris), to run away from Tradition, a new architecture must be imagined and created, which must be based on rejecting the impositions of production in favour of symbolic, dreamy values, which can ideologically fit into the landscape.\n\nAnti-Design as the Sinthesis\nThese two philosophical interpretations of the Radical Design being conceivable as Socrates' \"Thesis\" and \"Antithesis\", its overcoming brought to a very peculiar \"Synthesis\". Such was the Anti-Design framework, son of such dispute.\n\nArchizoom in particular is today considered the initiator of Anti-Design. Its members questioned from the ground the traditional status-function and basic-nature of design, as well as that of the architectural production.\n\nResources\nLang, Peter and Menking, William: \"Superstudio. Life Without Objects\", Skira, Milan, 2003\nFiell, Charlotte and Peter, \"Design of the 20th Century\", TASCHEN Icons Series - Turtleback, 2001\nBranzi, Andrea: \"Radical Notes\", Casabella, n. 399, March 1975.\nTafuri, Manfredo and Dal Co, Francesco: \"Internazionale dell'utopia, Architettura contemporanea\", Electa, Milan, 1976.\nRouillard,Dominique: \"Radical architettura\", in \"Tschumi, une architecture en projet: Le Fresnoy\", Ed. Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1993.\nPettena, Gianni: \"Archipelago, architettura sperimentale 1959-99\", Maschietto&musolino, Florence, 1999.\n Prestinenza Puglisi,Luigi: \"This is tomorrow. Avanguardie e architettura contemporanea\", Testo&Immagine, Turin, 1999.\n Patrizia Mello, \"Neoavanguardie e controcultura a Firenze. Il movimento Radical e i protagonisti di un cambiamento storico internazionale\", Angelo Pontecorboli, Firenze, 2017.\n\nCategory:Italian art movements"}
-{"text": "Annorikkal\n\nAnnorikkal is a Malayalam movie released in 2005, directed by Sarathchandran Wayanad and starring Sunil Kumar (alias Narain), Kavya Madhavan, Kalabhavan Mani, Sajeed Puthalath, Murali & Others. The music is by\nKaithapram Vishwanathan\n\nPlot\nPonnu (Kavya Madhavan) is a typical self-made village girl. She  has survived odds after her father's murder when she was just a child. A vivacious girl with a mind of her own, she does everything under the sun\u2014from rearing goats, milking cows to gathering firewood and cow dung in order to repay her father's debts. So he fills the surroundings with stereotypes: There is a villainous Tamil moneylender Pandi (Kalabhavan Mani), a deceptive father figure (Murali) and film-crazy lover-boy Benny (Sunil Kumar alias Narain). Pandi has an eye on Ponnu. He employs the age-old tactic of moneylenders and a debt trap to get her. He is assisted in this by Vijayaraghavan (Ponnu's father's buddy). Benny comes to her rescue and kills Pandi's brother after a languorous fist fight just before the interval.  After that, everything goes haywire. The focus shift to the jail, where lover-boy is undergoing rigorous imprisonment for six years on charges of murder. He suffered several atrocities at the hands of jail warden and a born criminal Jonny (Sajeed puthalath). His cellmates are hardcore criminals and he has to fight injustices there.\n\nCast\nKavya Madhavan as Ponnammu \nNarain as Benny Varghese\nKalabhavan Mani as Paandi\nMala Aravindan as Anthony\nRemya Nambeesan as Beena Varghese\nMurali as Varghese\nAmbika as Karthu\nRamu as Balan\nSajeed puthalath as Johny\nVijayaraghavan as Velayudhan\nVijeesh as Gopalan Kurup\nPrasanth as Haridas\nAmbika Mohan as Eliyamma  Varghese\nPonnamma Babu as Kumatham\nMamukkoya\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2000s Malayalam-language films\nCategory:Indian films"}
-{"text": "Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building\n\nThe Hoboken Land and Improvement Company Building, is located in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. The building was designed by Charles Fall and was built by Myles Tierney in 1889. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1979. The building housed the offices of the Stevens family real estate holding corporation the Hoboken Land and Improvement Company. The building is notable for its high quality brickwork, with recessed panels and contrasting color mortars.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey\nJohn Den, ex dem. James B. Murray et al. v. The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Hoboken, New Jersey\nCategory:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey\nCategory:Commercial buildings completed in 1889\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Hudson County, New Jersey\nCategory:New Jersey Register of Historic Places"}
-{"text": "Land mobile radio system\n\nA land mobile radio system (LMRS) is a person-to-person voice communication system consisting of two-way radio transceivers (an audio transmitter and receiver in one unit)  which can be mobile, installed in vehicles, or portable (walkie-talkies).  Public land mobile radio systems are made for use exclusively by public safety organizations such as police, fire, and ambulance services, and other governmental organizations, and use special frequencies reserved for these services.  Private land mobile radio systems are designed for private commercial use, by firms such as taxis or delivery services.  Most systems are half-duplex, with multiple radios sharing a single radio channel, so only one radio can transmit at a time.  The transceiver is normally in receiving mode so the user can hear other radios on the channel; when a user wants to talk he presses a push to talk button on his microphone, which turns on his transmitter.  They use channels in the VHF or UHF bands giving them a limited range, usually  depending on terrain, although repeaters installed on tall buildings, hills or mountain peaks can be used to increase the coverage area.  Older systems use AM or FM modulation, while some recent systems use digital modulation allowing them to transmit data as well as sound.\n\nMilitary use\nLand mobile radio systems are widely used by the military.  Separate bands in the radio spectrum are reserved for military use.\n\nCommercial use\nMany businesses and industries throughout the world use LMR as their primary means of communication, especially from a fixed location to mobile users (i.e. from a base site to a fleet of mobiles).  Commercial LMR Radios are typically available in the VHF and UHF frequency bands.  30\u221250\u00a0MHz (sometimes called \"Low VHF Band\" or \"Low Band\"), 150\u2212172\u00a0MHz (sometimes called \"High VHF Band\" or \"High Band\"), 450\u2212470\u00a0MHz \"UHF\". Many larger populated areas have additional UHF frequencies from 470\u2212490\u00a0MHz, and 490\u2212512\u00a0MHz.  Low band has longer range capability, but requires mobile antennas as long as nine feet (2.7\u00a0m) tall.  VHF bands works well in outdoor environments, over bodies of water, and many other applications.  UHF bands typically perform better in urban environments and with penetrating obstacles such as buildings. There are also frequencies in the 800 and 900\u00a0MHz range available.  Commercial, public safety and government users are required to obtain U.S. Federal Communications Commission licensing in the United States and must follow Government law.\n\nInterference in the spectrum\nIn November 2005, many automatic garage doors in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, had suddenly stopped working, due to a powerful radio signal that appeared to be interfering with the remote controls that open them.\n\nIn the summer of 2004, garage door operators noticed similar phenomena around U.S. military bases. The strong radio signals on the 390-megahertz band overpowered the garage door openers.  One technician likened it to a whisper competing with a yell.\n\nRepeaters\nMobile and portable stations have a fairly limited range, usually three to twenty miles (~5 to 32\u00a0km) depending on terrain. Repeaters can be used to increase the range of these stations. They are usually placed upon hills and buildings to increase range.\n\nRepeaters have one or more receivers and a transmitter, with a controller. The controller activates the repeater when it detects a carrier on one of its incoming channels, representing a user talking.  The repeater receives the radio signal, demodulates it to an audio signal which is filtered to remove noise, and retransmits it on a second channel to avoid interference with the first signal.  This is received by a second two way radio in the repeater's expanded listening area. When the second user replies on the second channel, representing the other half of the half-duplex conversation, his signal is received by the repeater and similarly translated and retransmitted on the first channel back to the first user.  Most controllers also decode Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System tones, which allows the repeater to activate only if the station is sending a particular pre-programmed code, preventing unauthorized stations from using the repeater. Additionally, as repeaters are placed on high locations it also prevents distant stations on the same frequency from interfering. A Morse code or a synthesized voice module may produce station ID to comply with station identification regulations; this is most common on amateur radio repeaters, some LMR stations must also identify to be legal in some areas.\n\nAlong with the repeater units, most stations utilize duplexers. These are notch filters usually in an array of six, eight, and sometimes four units. They separate the transmitter and receiver signals from each other so one antenna and coaxial line can be utilized. While this solution is very efficient and easy to install, factors such as humidity and temperature can affect the performance of duplexers, so in most configurations a dryer is installed to keep humidity out of the duplexers and coaxial cable, along with heated buildings in which they are installed in. Excellent quality coaxial cable, connectors, and antennas must also be used, as a single-antenna is not as forgiving as a dual antenna system since any RF leakage or poor connection can greatly decay the reliability and performance of the repeater. In some applications, cables going from the repeater and duplexers must be tuned to mitigate these issues.\n\nIn dual antenna systems, there are two antennas and two lengths of coaxial cable running from the transmitter and receiver. Usually, triple shield coax and or low loss Heliax are used to keep the two systems isolated. Two antenna systems are usually used if tower space is not limited, or space to build an array is available. The only issues with dual antenna systems is isolating the antennas so the receiver is not receiving what the transmitter is putting out. If this happens, it creates a loop, much like the feedback heard when a microphone is placed near a speaker. When this happens the repeater amplifies its own signal until it is either powered off or a TOT (time out timer) is expired.\n\nTo solve this antennas must be placed several wavelengths from each other in opposite vertical planes. For example, the receiver antenna is vertically polarized, while the transmitter antenna is placed one wavelength (or more) below the receiver antenna, but rotated 180\u00b0 as to maintain vertical polarization. Antennas that have a null spot directly above and below them are excellent choices since another antenna can be placed in the null zone and isn't affected as much. Antennas must also be polarized the same as the stations trying to access the repeater\u2014usually vertical polarization.\n\nSee also\n Land mobile service\n Astro (Motorola)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Military radio systems"}
-{"text": "Crimson Key Society\n\nThe Crimson Key Society is an organization at Harvard University devoted to serving the University. Founded on April 14, 1948, CKS was originally formed to welcome visiting athletic teams to Harvard and represented Harvard's first organized commitment to hospitality. Crimson Key later went on to provide campus tours to prospective students and visitors, welcome incoming students during Freshman Week, and toured the country to recruit applicants. CKS has played a major role in expanding Harvard's global image, helping to gain world renown for the university as both an academic institution and as a brand. Benazir Bhutto, Radcliffe Class of 1973, was perhaps the best-known member of the Society. Today, CKS continues to provide tours to visitors to the university and welcomes new freshmen with a week of activities, including most famously a Rocky Horror Picture Show-style screening of Love Story that has attracted both praise and criticism from the media.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.crimsonkeysociety.org/about/history\nhttp://www.thecrimson.com/article/1989/6/8/behind-pinkie-bhuttos-passion-for-politics/\nhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html\nCategory:Harvard University"}
-{"text": "List of Kerala cities by area\n\nThe article lists major cities in Kerala based on the total area coming under the jurisdiction of city corporations/municipalities. This list is based on the 2011 Census of India.\n\n**Note:-\n The figures mentioned in the article are only based on the area coming under the jurisdiction of corporations & municipalities. It has no relation with the metro areas.\n\nSee also\n\n List of cities in India by area\n List of states and union territories of India by area\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Kerala geography-related lists\nCategory:Cities and towns in Kerala\nCategory:Lists by area\nCategory:Indian superlatives"}
-{"text": "Brett Bailey\n\nBrett Bailey (born 1967) is a playwright, artist, designer, play director, festival curator and the artistic director of the group Third World Bun Fight. He was the curator of South Africa's only public arts festival, Infecting the City, in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2008 until 2011. His works have played across Europe, Australia and Africa, and have won several awards, including a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial (2007).\n\nHistory \nBrett Bailey was born in 1967 and completed a postgraduate diploma in performance studies at the Dasarts Master of Theatre in Amsterdam. He has worked throughout South Africa, and in Zimbabwe, Uganda, Haiti, the UK and across Europe. His acclaimed iconoclastic dramas, which interrogate the dynamics of the post-colonial world, include Big Dada, Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and Orfeus. His performance installations include Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika. He directed the opening show at the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture (2009), and from 2006 until 2011 has directed the opening shows for the Harare International Festival of the Arts. He has been the curator of Africa Centre's Infecting the City since 2008.\n\nWorks \nThe work of Bailey investigates the many layers and intricacies of colonial and post-colonial Africa.\n\nBailey's earlier works \u2013 Ipi Zombi, iMumbo Jumbo and The Prophet \u2013 are grouped together under the title Plays of Miracle and Wonder (which is the title of a book on Bailey's plays) and incorporate ceremony and sacrament. These works are aggressive with Bailey using drums, screams, knives and broken glass to break down the audiences' defences.\n\nIn Ipi Zombi, Bailiey evoked a 1996 witch-hunt in which several women were blamed and killed for the death of twelve boys in a minivan accident. It combined Xhosa and Christian ritual. Author Zakes Mda claimed Ipi Zombi to be a \"A work of genius that maps out a path to a new South African theatre ...\"\n\nIn other works, such as Orfeus, Bailey takes a softer approach, and looks to highlight the blind, forgotten, the broken and the voiceless. In Orfeus, specifically, the audience is drawn down into an African underworld that is governed by a seedy businessman. Orfeus, and other works, look at a post-colonial, showing a \"decaying globalised world in which not only shamanic rituals but also moving music create an entirely unique African atmosphere\".\n\nFirst staged in 2004 in Bern, Switzerland, House of The Holy Afro has been repeatedly staged in Europe and Australia with its last iteration at the Market Theatre Laboratory, Johannesburg, in June 2010. Performer and drag diva, Odidi Mfenyana plays the high priest of the holy house, and leads the performance through an urban funk cabaret that borders on spiritual ritual.\n\nIn the site-specific work medEia, the audience walked in silence for at least ten-minutes before the production. The audience's emotional and intellectual journey through works were physically manifest in the installations Blood Diamonds: Terminal and Exhibit A: Deutsch Sudwestafrika.\n\nExhibit A: Deutsch-S\u00fcdwestafrika, staged in the Museum of Ethnology in Vienna's Hofburg Palace, is a \"meditation on the dark history of European Racism in relation to Africa\".\n\nFor the 4th World Summit on Arts and Culture, Bailey presented 3 Colours \u2013 a one-off mixed media performance piece. Bailey collaborated with award-winning choreographer Gregory Maqoma and Congalese musician Mapumba Cilombo. The piece represented the complexities of inter-culturalism, in which Bailey \"chose to portray different societies or cultures symbolically as shrines. Indefinable as they are, our cultures are sacred to us. At the heart of each glows a unique cluster of precious jewels; our myths and histories, our heritage, our values and social structure, our cosmology, and relationship to the ultimate.\"\n\nBailey's curated the Infecting the City Festival from 2008 until 2011. It is currently Africa's biggest public arts festival that takes place in the public spaces of Cape Town during February or March of every year. During Bailey's tenure, the Festival chose a theme that had social relevance: \"In a society that has as many complex issues as ours, if one is commandeering the communal spaces of the city, it is not enough merely to provide entertainment for the public. There is a moral imperative to tackle the pressing issues of our day, and to ask artists to apply themselves to these.\"\n\nProductions \n Jury of Prague Quadrennial \u2013 the International Exhibit of Scenography & Theatre Architecture: 2011\n Curator of Infecting the City: the Spier Public Arts Festival in inner-city Cape Town: February 2008 \u2013 February 2011\n Creator of opening concert of Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA): 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2011\n Director of opening performance at the World Summit on Arts & Culture in Johannesburg: 2009\n Wrote and directed biographical performance on Nelson Mandela for his 90th birthday party in Qunu, Eastern Cape, 2008.\n\nPerformances \nExhibit A: made with Namibian Performers and Musicians, writer/director/designer\n 2010 \u2013 Vienna Festival and Theaterformen Festival in Braunschweig\n\nOrfeus: writer/director/designer\n 2011 \u2013 Theaterformen Festival, Hannover\n 2009 \u2013 Vienna Festival and Holland Festivals\n 2007 \u2013 National Festival of the Arts (main program)\n 2006 \u2013 Cape Town\n\nmacbEth: the opera: director/designer (written by Verdi)\n 2007 \u2013 Cape Town\n 2002 \u2013 Pretoria\n 2001 \u2013 Cape Town\n\nHouse of the Holy Afro: director/designer\n 2010 \u2013 Market Theatre Johannesburg\n 2009 \u2013 Perth and Adelaide Festivals, Australia. Linz European Capital of Culture programme and Rich Mix in London\n 2008 \u2013 Sydney Festival; Zurich Spektakel\n 2007 \u2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival; Harare; Umea, Sweden\n 2006 \u2013 Melbourne, Commonwealth Games\n 2005 \u2013 Vienna Festival; Berlin; Brussels; Reunion Island\n 2004 \u2013 Bern\n\nTalking Heads: developed concept\n 2008 \u2013 2011, Infecting the City festival\n\nmedEia: director/designer (written by Oscar van Woensel)\n 2005 \u2013 Cape Town\n 2003 \u2013 Johannesburg\n\nBig Dada: the rise and fall of Idi Amin: director/designer/writer\n 2005 \u2013 Vienna Festival; Brussels; Berlin; Johannesburg; Cape Town\n 2001 \u2013 Barbican Centre, London; Amsterdam; National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town\n\nVodou Nation: made in Haiti, director/designer/writer\n 2004 \u2013 London and 17 other UK cities\n\niMumbo Jumbo: writer/director/designer\n 2003 \u2013 Barbican Centre, London; Cape Town\n 1997 \u2013 National Festival of the Arts (main program); Johannesburg\n\nSafari: C. G. Jung in Africa: made in Uganda, director/writer/designer\n 2003: Kampala, Uganda; Amsterdam, Rotterdam and 13 other Dutch cities\n\nThe Prophet: director/writer/designer\n 1999: National Festival of the Arts (main program)\n\nIpi Zombi: writer/director/designer\n 1998: National Festival of the Arts (main program); Cape Town; Harare\n\nAwards \n 2007: medEia won a gold medal for design at the Prague Quadrennial;\n 2004: Honourable Mention for Brett Bailey's book The Plays of Miracle and Wonder at the Noma Award for Publishing in Africa\n 2002: Fleur du Cap Awards/FNB Vita (Cape) award for Best Script of a New South African Play, and Best Costume Design for Big Dada;\n 2001: Standard Bank Young Artist of the Year for drama; Big Dada presented at the National Arts Festival: Fleur Du Cap's Rosalie van der Gught Award for Best Young Director;\n 1998: iMUMBO JUMBO: FNB Vita Awards for best director, original script and design.\n\nInstallations \n Blood Diamonds: Terminal at National Festival of the Arts\n Exhibit A: Deutsch SudwestAfrika\n\nPublications \n The Plays of Miracle and Wonder \u2013 the texts of Third World Bunfight: 2001\n Published articles in The Theatre Review (TDR) and the South African Theatre Journal (SATJ)\n Feature on Brett Bailey by Daniel Larlham in the Yale Theatre Quarterly, 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Third World Bunfight\n Infecting The City\n Africa Centre\n\nCategory:South African artists\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1967 births"}
-{"text": "Water (EP)\n\nWater is the second release from Traverse City/Chicago based band, Salem. The EP was pressed on clear red 7\" vinyl. The release was limited to 500 copies, like the bands' previous EP, Yes I Smoke Crack. A video for the song, \"Skullcrush\", was presented to promote the EP, nearly 9 months after the release, however. Unlike Yes I Smoke Crack, the EP was available for digital download on popular music websites such as iTunes and Rhapsody. The EP also gathered attention because the lead track was once again Redlights, just like the previous EP. The track also appears on the band's album (although remixed), King Night.\n\nTrack list\n\"Redlights\" \u2013 3:42\n\"Water\" \u2013 2:57\n\"Skullcrush\" \u2013 4:42\n\"Whenusleep\" \u2013 2:25\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 EPs\nCategory:Witch house (music genre) albums\nCategory:Electronic EPs"}
-{"text": "Vinton Building\n\nThe Vinton Building is a residential high-rise located at 600 Woodward Avenue (at the northeast corner of Woodward and Congress Street) in Downtown Detroit, Michigan. It stands next to the First National Building, across Woodward Avenue from Chase Tower (currently known as The Qube) and the Guardian Building, and across Congress Street from One Detroit Center. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1982 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.\n\nDescription\n\nThe building, designed by Albert Kahn and completed in 1917, stands 12 stories tall, 172\u00a0ft. (52 m), with 2 basement levels for a total of 14 floors. Its primary uses are for offices and retail. The building was constructed in the neo-classical architectural style, and contains mainly terra cotta as its main material. It features a peaked parapet wall on the front fa\u00e7ade, reminiscent of classical temples.\n\nRenovation\nThe Vinton underwent a reconstruction in 2006, turning the building into a loft building. The renovation included commercial space on the first two floors, and one loft on each of the additional ten floors. The renovation began in December 2005, and included a conversion of the basement into a parking level, ground floor retail, second floor commercial space, with the top ten floors being converted into multiple condominium units, one  or two per floor. As of 2010, renovation has stalled and the building has yet to open.\n\n Architect: Albert Kahn\n Architect (renovation): Archive D.S.\n Owner:  Vinton Building, LLC\n General Contractor (renovation): The Garrison Company\n\nDan Gilbert, owner of dozens of Downtown Detroit properties, purchased the building in 2013.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nGoogle Maps location of the Vinton Building\n\nHistoric Detroit \u2014 Vinton Building\n\nCategory:Residential skyscrapers in Detroit\nCategory:Residential buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan\nCategory:Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan\nCategory:Office buildings in Detroit\nCategory:Historic district contributing properties in Michigan\nCategory:Rock Ventures\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit\nCategory:Albert Kahn (architect) buildings\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1917\nCategory:Woodward Avenue"}
-{"text": "Pawukon calendar\n\nThe Pawukon is a 210-day calendar that has its origins in the Hindu religion in Bali, Indonesia.  The calendar consists of 10 different concurrent weeks of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days.  On the first day of the year it is the first day of all the ten weeks.  Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9 - extra days must be added to the 4, 8, and 9 day weeks.\n\nThe days\nThe days of the Dasawara (ten-day week) are Sri, Pati, Raja, Manuh, Duka, Manusa, Raksasa, Suka, Dewa, and Pandita.\nThe days of the Sangawara (nine-day week) are Dangu, Jangur, Gigis, Nohan, Ogan, Erangan, Urungan, Tulus, Dadi.\nThe days of the Astawara (eight-day week) are Sri, Indra, Guru, Yama, Ludra, Brahma, Kala, Uma.\nThe days of the Saptawara (seven-day week) are Redite, Soma, Anggara, Buda, Wraspati, Sukra, Saniscara.\nThe days of the Sadwara (six-day week) are Tungleh, Aryang, Urukung, Paniron, Was, Maulu.\nThe days of the Pancawara (five-day week) are Paing, Pon, Wage, Keliwon, Umanis.\nThe days of the Caturwara (four-day week) are Sri, Laba, Jaya, Menala.\nThe days of the Triwara (three-day week) are Pasah, Beteng, and Kajeng.\nThe days of the Dwiwara (two-day week) are Menga, Pepet.\nThe day of the Ekawara (one-day week) is Luang.\n\nOrder of the days\nThe days of the 3, 5, 6, and 7 day weeks are arranged in simple recurring cycles - much like the seven days of the week in the Gregorian calendar. Because 210 is not divisible by 4, 8, or 9, extra days must be added to the 4-, 8-, and 9-day weeks. For both the 4- and 8-day weeks, the penultimate day of the week is repeated twice in the week that would have otherwise ended on the 72nd day. For the 9-day week, the first day of the week is repeated 3 times in the first week of the 210-day Pawukon.  The complexity of the calendar is increased by the calculations required to determine the arrangement of the days of the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks, which are not ordered in simple recurring 1, 2 and 10-day cycles.\n\nCalculation\nEach of the days of the five, seven, and ten day weeks has a urip, or ritual value. For the ten-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the tenth day -  5, 2, 8, 6, 4, 7, 10, 3, 9, 1. For the seven-day week, the urip of the days are - from first day to seventh day - 5, 4, 3, 7, 8, 6, and 9. For the five-day week, the urip of the days are - from the first day to the fifth day - 9, 7, 4, 8, 5.\n\nFor any particular day of the Pawukon, add the urip of the day of the 5-day week to the day of the seven-day week and then add one - if the sum is more than ten, then ten must be subtracted from it. This calculated value determines which day of the week it is in the 1-, 2-, and 10-day weeks.  If the calculated value is even, then the day is Pept in the two-day week and Luang in the one-day week. But, if the calculated value is odd then the day is Menga in the two-day week and is not a day of the one-day week.  The day in the ten-day week is the one for which the calculated value matches its urip.\n\nCalendar completion\nUsing the rules given above, the table of the days of Pawukon was constructed below. Since the days of the Pawukon, as given in the table below, do not change from one Pawukon to the next, a durable representation of the Pawukon can be used over and over again.  With a few more details, the Pawukon is complete.\n\nThe saptawara (seven-day week) is special in that each of its thirty weeks is named. When certain days of the pancawara and saptawara coincide, it is a special day.  These days of conjunction are Buda-Keliwon, Saniscara-Keliwon, Buda-Wage, Anggara-Keliwon, and Redite-Keliwon.\n\nCorrespondence with the Gregorian Calendar\nPawukon cycles are unnumbered, so the calendar has no epoch, and the choice of date on which to base a correspondence is arbitrary. Dershowitz and Reingold chose the first Pawukon that began on a positive Julian Day Number, which was specifically JDN 146 (May 26, 4713 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar; April 18 of that year in the proleptic Gregorian). The most recent Pawukon as of this writing began on Gregorian date August 20, 2017, making the date of this edit (Sunday, October 15, 2017) the 57th day of the current cycle. Consulting the table below, we find that it is Menga-Kajeng-Sri-Pon-Urukung-Redite-Sri-Dadi-Dewa. The Saptawara maps to the Gregorian weekday cycle one-to-one, with Redite as Sunday, which provides a simple double-check mechanism: since we have a Redite on Sunday, we have not made an obvious error in the counting.\n\nSee also \n Balinese saka calendar\n Javanese calendar\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Specific calendars\nCategory:Balinese calendar\n\nid:Wuku\njv:Wuku\npl:Kalendarz balijski\nsh:Pawukon"}
-{"text": "Democratic Party (Costa Rica)\n\nThe Democratic Party was a liberal political party in Costa Rica.\n\nThe first time the name was used was during the 1919 elections following the coup that overturned the two-years long dictatorship of Federico Tinoco and was used by Tinoco\u2019s followers, losing the election. Later it\u2019ll endorsed the candidacy of Le\u00f3n Cort\u00e9s Castro in 1944 losing again. The party endorsed Otilio Ulate as part of one unified opposition candidacy in 1948 that was claim as successful but the denial of the results by the government will cause that year's civil war. Following the civil war the party contested with wealthy industrialist Fernando Cervantes as candidate against socialist (and former member of the party's left-wing) Jos\u00e9 Figueres of the newly founded National Liberation Party, resulting in a defeat for Cervantes. After that the party would disappear and many of its members (including Otto Cort\u00e9s, Le\u00f3n Cort\u00e9s\u2019 son) became members of National Liberation.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Liberal parties in Costa Rica\nCategory:Defunct liberal political parties\nCategory:Defunct political parties in Costa Rica"}
-{"text": "STS-57\n\nSTS-57 was a Shuttle-Spacehab mission of  that launched 21 June 1993 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida.\n\nCrew\n\nSpacewalks\n Low and Wisoff  \u2013 EVA 1\nEVA 1 Start: 25 June 1993\nEVA 1 End: 25 June 1993\nDuration: 5 hours, 50 minutes\n\nMission highlights\nDuring the course of the ten-day flight, the astronauts successfully conducted scores of biomedical and materials sciences experiments inside the pressurized SPACEHAB module. Two astronauts participated in a spacewalk and EURECA (European Retrievable Carrier) was retrieved by the crew and stowed inside Endeavour\u2019s payload bay. EURECA had been deployed from the Space Shuttle Atlantis in the summer of 1992 and contained several experiments to study the long-term effects of exposure to microgravity.\n\nAn improperly installed electrical connector on Endeavour\u2019s Remote Manipulator System (RMS) arm (installed 180 degrees off its correct position) prevented EURECA from recharging its batteries with orbiter power. A flight rule requiring antenna stowage was waived and EURECA was lowered into the payload bay without latching its antenna. Mission Specialists G. David Low and Peter Wisoff safely secured EURECA's dual antennas against the science satellite during the spacewalk. David Low was mounted on a foot restraint on the end of Endeavour'''s robotic arm while Mission Specialist Nancy J. Sherlock positioned the arm so Low could gently push the arms against EURECA's latch mechanisms. Payload controllers then drove the latches to secure each antenna. The five-hour, 50 minute spacewalk completed STS-57 mission's primary goal of retrieving the EURECA science satellite. Afterwards, Low and Wisoff completed maneuvers for an abbreviated extravehicular activity (EVA) Detailed Test Objective using the robot arm. Activities associated with each of the areas of investigation\u2014mass handling, mass fine alignment and high torque\u2014were completed with both EVA crewmen taking turns on the robot arm. Low and Wisoff wrapped up their spacewalk and returned to Endeavour's airlock shortly before 3\u00a0pm Central.\n\nDuring the rest of the mission, the crew worked on experiments in the Spacehab module in the Shuttle's lower deck. These experiments included studying body posture, the spacecraft environment, crystal growth, metal alloys, wastewater recycling and the behavior of fluids. Among the experiments was an evaluation of maintenance equipment that may be used on Space Station Freedom. The diagnostic equipment portion of the Tools and Diagnostics System experiment was performed by Nancy Sherlock. Using electronics test instruments including an oscilloscope and electrical test meter, Sherlock conducted tests on a mock printed circuit board and communicated with ground controllers via computer messages on suggested repair procedures and their results.\n\nIn addition, Brian Duffy and Jeff Wisoff ran experiments in transferring fluids in weightlessness without creating bubbles in the fluid. The experiment, called the Fluid Acquisition and Resupply Experiment, or FARE, studied filters and processes that could improve methods of refueling spacecraft in orbit. By transferring water between two foot-diameter transparent tanks on Endeavour''\u2019s middeck, engineers evaluated how the fluids behaved while the shuttle's steering jets fired for small maneuvers. Janice Voss worked on the Liquid Encapsulated Melt Zone, or LEMZ, experiment, which used a process called floating zone crystal growth. The low-gravity conditions of space flight permit large crystals to be grown in space.\n\nRon Grabe, Brian Duffy and Janice Voss participated in the Neutral Body Position study. Flight surgeons had noted on previous flights that the body's basic posture changes while in microgravity. This postural change, sometimes called the \"zero-g crouch,\" is in addition to the one- to two-inch lengthening of the spine during space missions. To better document this phenomenon over the duration of a space mission, still and video photography of crew members in a relaxed position were taken early and late in the mission. Researchers will include these findings in the design specifications of future spacecraft to make work stations and living areas more efficient and comfortable for astronauts.\n\nNancy Sherlock conducted the electronics procedures portion of the Human Factors Assessment. She set up a work platform, then hooked up a notebook computer and went through a simulated computer procedure for a space station propulsion system.\n\nOn 28 June 1993, Sherlock performed an impromptu plumbing job on the Environmental Control Systems Flight Experiment, a study of wastewater purification equipment that may be used aboard future spacecraft. The EFE used a solution of water and potassium iodide to simulate wastewater, which was then pumped through a series of filters to purify it. During the flight, experimenters observed a reduced flow of water through the device and opted to perform maintenance. Sherlock loosened a fitting on one water line inside the experiment, wrapped the loose fitting with an absorbent diaper, and, using a laptop computer on board, reversed a pump on the experiment for about 20 minutes in an attempt to flush out the clog. She then retightened the fitting and resumed normal operation of the experiment. Ground experimenters proceeded to monitor the EFE for about an hour and a half to ensure the clog had been cleared.\n\nMission insignia\nThe five stars and shape of the robotic arm of the insignia symbolize the flight's numerical designation in the Space Transportation System's mission sequence. The SpaceHab overall contours are represented as the inner red lining of the patch. Also visible is the EURECA, with 3 yellow contrails, that are representative of the astronaut insignia (EURECA replacing the traditional star atop), with the orbiter circling the Earth.\n\nSee also\n\nList of human spaceflights\nList of Space Shuttle missions\nOutline of space science\nSpace Shuttle\n\nExternal links\n NASA mission summary\n STS-57 Video Highlights\n\nCategory:Space Shuttle missions\nCategory:Spacecraft launched in 1993"}
-{"text": "FAMEL\n\nFAMEL - Fabrica de Produtos Metalicos Lda, was one of the largest Portuguese moped manufacturers between 1960s and 1980s.\n\nBased in \u00c1gueda, the company built several models using Z\u00fcndapp engines starting in 1962.\nTheir most popular motorcycle was the XF-17 started in 1975. Presented in 1975 and was sold till the mid-90's, it was a 5 speed  motorcycle copied from Suzuki Stinger T125 model produced from 1969 to 1971 that made  (claimed) @ 8,500rpm.\n\nAs the increased purchasing power in their home country Portugal made automobiles more and more popular, the moped market became smaller and the strong competition from European and Japanese imported models forced bankruptcy.\n\nTheir last product was the world's first electric scooter, developed in 1993.\nFAMEL Electric or Electron, totally produced with Portuguese technology in partnership with EFACEC. \nThe entire (small) production was sold to La Poste before FAMEL stopped production. \nThe following year, Peugeot presented their Scoot'elec based on the same technology.\n\nThey declared bankruptcy in 2002. Then in 2014 they announced a revitalization and a future prototype. They announced  plans for production to be by 2017 or 2018.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Famel on the Portuguese Motorcycle Database\n\nCategory:Motorcycle manufacturers of Portugal\nCategory:Defunct companies of Portugal"}
-{"text": "1961 Titleholders Championship\n\nThe 1961 Titleholders Championship was the 22nd Titleholders Championship, held April 27\u201330 at Augusta Country Club in Augusta, Georgia. Mickey Wright won the first of two consecutive Titleholders, one stroke ahead of runners-up Patty Berg and Louise Suggs.\n\nIt was the fifth of Wright's thirteen major titles and her 22nd victory on tour.\n\nWright was tied with Kathy Cornelius for the 36-hole lead at 147 (+3).\n\nFinal leaderboard\nSunday, April 30, 1961\n\nSource:\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Titleholders Championship\nCategory:Golf in Georgia (U.S. state)\nTitleholders Championship\nTitleholders Championship\nTitleholders Championship\nTitleholders Championship"}
-{"text": "Weesperkarspel\n\nWeesperkarspel is a former municipality in the province of North Holland, Netherlands. It existed from 1811 to 1966, when part of it was merged with Amsterdam as the location for development of the Bijlmermeer neighborhood in what was to eventually become the city's Zuidoost (southeastern) borough. Meanwhile, the parts east of the Amsterdam\u2013Rhine Canal were merged with Weesp and Naarden. It has a population of 1,062 in 1811 and 1,693 in 1876.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Map of the former municipality, around 1868.\n\nCategory:Former municipalities of North Holland"}
-{"text": "KCYC-LP\n\nKCYC-LP (104.7 FM) is a radio station  broadcasting a religious radio format. Licensed to Yuba City, California, United States. The station is currently owned by Sutter County Sheriff\u2019s Reserve Association.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCYC-LP\nCYC-LP"}
-{"text": "PGRC\n\nPGRC can refer to:\n\n Philadelphia Girls' Rowing Club\n A seedbank, including:\n Plant Genetic Resources Canada, part of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada\n Plant Genetic Resources Centre:\n in Ethiopia, founded by Melaku Worede\n operated by the Southern African Development Community\n in Sri Lanka\n in Uganda"}
-{"text": "Hampden County Training School\n\nThe Hampden County Training School was a reformatory school for boys at 702 South Westfield Street in Agawam, Massachusetts.  Established in 1916, it operated until 1972, providing training agriculture and vocational skills to its charges.  In 2010, the state sold the property to a veterans support organization for conversion to residences.  The facility opened in 2017.  The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.\n\nDescription and history\nThe former Hampden County Training School property is located in a rural-residential area of southern Agawam, on  on the west side of South Westfield Road.  A broad lawn and semicircular drive front the main building, a brick Classical Revival building.  It has a central section functionally four stories in height, its ground floor functioning visually as a basement.  Flanking this section are similar wings that are three stories in height.  Banks of windows are separated by brick piers punctuated occasionally by concrete tablets.  The main entrance is framed by a massive two-story Ionic portico.\n\nThe state first established schools for juvenile delinquents and truants in the mid-19th century, although such offenders were often sent to local poor houses.  In 1880 a county school for delinquents was established for Hampden County in Springfield.  Increasing urbanization surrounding that school meant that there was call to relocate the facility by the mid 1910s.  The present facility was built in 1916 on what had been farmland, to a design by regionally noted architect George Perkins Bissell Alderman.  The school's design, with dormitories on the top floor, was judged obsolete at the time of its construction, and conditions at the school were never particularly good.  At the state level there were regular calls for reorganization of facilities for delinquents, including the closure of county schools such as this one.  It was finally closed in 1972.\n\nIn 1984 the campus was converted for use as a police training academy, a role it fulfilled into 2005.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Hampden County, Massachusetts\nCategory:Agawam, Massachusetts\nCategory:Juvenile detention centers in the United States"}
-{"text": "Bemposta Dam\n\nBemposta Dam () is a concrete arch dam on the Douro, where the river forms the national border line between Spain and Portugal. It is located in the municipality Mogadouro, in Bragan\u00e7a District, Portugal.\n\nConstruction of the dam began in 1957. The dam was completed in 1964. It is owned by Companhia Portuguesa de Produ\u00e7\u00e3o de Electricidade (CPPE).\n\nDam\nBemposta Dam is an  (height above foundation) and  arch dam with a crest altitude of 408 m. The volume of the dam is 316,000 m\u00b3. The dam contains four crest spillways (maximum discharge 11,500 m\u00b3/s) and one bottom outlet (maximum discharge 200 m\u00b3/s).\n\nReservoir\nAt full reservoir level of 402 metres the reservoir of the dam () has a surface area of 4.05\u00a0km\u00b2 and its total capacity is 129 mio. m\u00b3 (active capacity 20 mio. m\u00b3).\n\nPower plant \nThe power plant is a run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station. It is owned by CPPE, but operated by EDP.\n\nBemposta I\nBemposta I has a nameplate capacity of 240 (210)MW.  Its average annual generation is 924.1 (918, 1,034 or 1,086) GWh.\n\nThe power station contains three Francis turbine-generators with 79.5 (70) MW each in an underground powerhouse. The turbine rotation is 150 rpm. The minimum hydraulic head is 59 m, the maximum 71 m. Maximum flow per turbine is 152 m\u00b3/s.\n\nBemposta II\nIn January 2008 construction began on the Bemposta II power plant. In December 2011 work on an additional underground powerhouse was completed and a further Francis turbine with a 191 MW capacity went online. Its average annual generation is 134 GWh.\n\nSee also\n\n List of power stations in Portugal\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Dams in Portugal\nCategory:Hydroelectric power stations in Portugal\nCategory:Arch dams\nCategory:Dams completed in 1964\nCategory:Energy infrastructure completed in 1964\nCategory:1964 establishments in Portugal\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Bragan\u00e7a District\nCategory:Underground power stations\nCategory:Dams on the Douro River\nCategory:Portugal\u2013Spain border"}
-{"text": "Vard\u00f8 Airport, Svartnes\n\nVard\u00f8 Airport, Svartnes (; ) is a short take-off and landing airport located at Svartnes in Vard\u00f8 Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. Owned and operated by the state-owned Avinor, it served 14,664 passengers in 2012. The airport has a  runway aligned 15\u201333. It is served by Wider\u00f8e who operate Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft to Kirkenes and other communities in Finnmark. The airport is located  from Vard\u00f8ya and the town center of Vard\u00f8.\n\nSvartnes was built by the German Luftwaffe 1943, where it served fighter aircraft to protect German convoys. The airport was abandoned in 1944 but reopened by the Norwegian Armed Forces for military passenger flights. Plans to start civilian operates were launched in the 1960s and from 1970 Norving started irregular flights to the airport. An upgrade to the terminal and runway were carried out between 1984 and 1990. Wider\u00f8e took over flights in 1991.\n\nHistory\nSvartnes was constructed by the Luftwaffe during the German occupation of Norway during World War II. The background for the establishment was Soviet attacks on supply convoys operating to Kirkenes. During construction, on 12 July 1943, eight Soviet Ilyushin Il-2s attacked Svartnes, but all were shot down. While the war remained in the area Soviet air attacks continued on the air base. The airport was completed in the fall of 1943, it was exclusively used for fighter aircraft detachments of Jagdgeschwader 5. These were used as part of the defense of German ship traffic around Varangerhalv\u00f8ya. The original wooden runway was . The Wehrmacht operated a prisoner of war camp at the military base. The air base fell into disuse following the German evacuation in 1944.\n\nThe wooden runway was pillaged by locals to accumulate building materials for reconstruction. The Norwegian Armed Forces established itself in Vard\u00f8 in the mid-1950s. The airport was renovated; a terminal was built consisting of two simple barracks, one used as a passenger terminal and the other as a tower, consisting of a glass addition on the roof. The  gravel runway received portable runway lights. The Royal Norwegian Air Force served the airport with de Havilland Canada Twin Otter and Shorts Skyvan aircraft to transport military personnel.\n\nThe first plans for a civilian airport at Svartnes was launched by Varangfly, later renamed Norving, in 1964. Vard\u00f8 was mentioned as one of five villages in Finnmark which the airline hoped to open with simple airfields which could serve air taxi and air ambulance flights. Two years later several major airlines proposed a network of short take-off and landing (STOL) airports in Northern Norway, and Vard\u00f8 was proposed as a possible location. A county committee was established in 1966 to look into the matter. It considered seven locations in Finnmark, including Vard\u00f8 and recommended in its report that planning continue. Simultaneously the Ministry of Transport and Communications was working on a plan for larger short take-off and landing airports. It decided that such airports will first be built in Helgeland, then Lofoten and Vester\u00e5len and finally in Troms and Finnmark.\n\nNorving started operating irregular air taxi flights to Vard\u00f8 after they took delivery of an eight-seat Britten-Norman Islander in April 1970. In addition, the airline used the air field for air ambulance services. Norving received permission to operate a scheduled taxi route from Vard\u00f8 to Kirkenes Airport, H\u00f8ybuktmoen and B\u00e5tsfjord Airport from the late 1970s.\n\nConstruction of a new terminal and upgrading the airport to regional standard started in 1984. In February 1987 Vard\u00f8 Municipality received operating permission from the government. The investments cost NOK\u00a011.4 million, of which NOK\u00a010 million was to be financed through a loan and the rest through subsidies from the government and the county. The latter was also responsible for covering the operating deficit. The upgraded airport opened on 6 April 1987. The first two months Norving continued its taxi route service to the airport, but from 1 June a regular concession scheduled service was introduced. Wider\u00f8e took over the services in 1991. At first the airport was served using Twin Otters, but from the mid-1990s the Dash 8 was introduced. From 1996, Svartnes and 25 other regional airports were taken over by the state and the Civil Aviation Administration (later renamed Avinor). Wider\u00f8e lost the bid to operate the services between 2000 and 2003 to Arctic Air, but resumed services in 2003. Airport security was introduced on 1 January 2005. There has several times been discuss whether to close down the airport, having in mind that Vads\u00f8 Airport is 67\u00a0km away by road. In 2002 there was political support in Stortinget to close it if the road was upgraded, but neither happened. In 2015 Avinor stated that closing Vard\u00f8 would give least passenger trouble related to the financial support in the country, but that no decision on it would be made before 2019. Because of lack of available aircraft for purchase, before 2030 all short airports must be extended, closed or be flown with very small planes. Vard\u00f8 has no room for extension.\n\nFacilities\nThe airport has a single terminal building which has an integrated control tower. The passenger terminal has a capacity for thirty passengers per hour. The airport is located  driving from the town center. Taxis are available at the airport. In 2012 the airport had 13,889 passengers, 2,518 aircraft movements and 0.7 tonnes of cargo handled.\n\nAirlines and destinations\nThe airport is served by Wider\u00f8e with 39-seat Dash 8-100 aircraft connecting the community to Troms\u00f8, Kirkenes and other communities in Finnmark. The routes are operated on public service obligation with the Ministry of Transport and Communications.\n\nAccidents and incidents\nOn 5 March 1978 a Partenavia P.68 LN-MAD operated by Norving Airlines crashed at Falkefjell during approach to Vads\u00f8 Airport. The crew of two and a passenger all survived, but the aircraft was written off.\n\nReferences \n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Airports in Finnmark\nCategory:Avinor airports\nCategory:Luftwaffe airports in Norway\nCategory:Royal Norwegian Air Force airfields\nCategory:Vard\u00f8\nCategory:1943 establishments in Norway\nCategory:Airports established in 1943\nCategory:Military installations in Finnmark"}
-{"text": "County of Anglesey, Victoria\n\nThe County of Anglesey is one of the 37 counties of Victoria which are part of the cadastral divisions of Australia, used for land titles. It is located to the east of Seymour, on both sides of the Goulburn River. The county was proclaimed in 1849.\n\nParishes \nParishes include:\n Acheron, Victoria\n Alexandra, Victoria\n Banyarmbite, Victoria\n Billian, Victoria\n Buxton, Victoria\n Derril, Victoria\n Dropmore, Victoria (also in Delatite)\n Eildon, Victoria\n Flowerdale, Victoria\n Ghin Ghin, Victoria\n Glendale, Victoria\n Gobur, Victoria\n Granton, Victoria\n Kerrisdale, Victoria\n Killingworth, Victoria\n Kobyboyn, Victoria\n Maintongoon, Victoria\n Mangalore, Victoria\n Merton, Victoria (also in Delatite)\n Mohican, Victoria\n Molesworth, Victoria\n Murrindindi, Victoria\n Nar-be-thong, Victoria (also in Evelyn)\n Niagaroon, Victoria\n Steavenson, Victoria\n Switzerland, Victoria\n Taggerty, Victoria\n Tallarook, Victoria\n Thornton, Victoria\n Traawool, Victoria\n Whanregarwen, Victoria\n Windham, Victoria\n Woodbourne, Victoria\n Worrough, Victoria\n Yarck, Victoria\n Yea, Victoria\n\nReferences\nVicnames, place name details\nResearch aids, Victoria 1910\nCadastral map of Anglesey showing county and parish boundaries, 1880s, National Library of Australia\n\nCategory:Counties of Victoria (Australia)"}
-{"text": "Media freedom in Russia\n\nMedia freedom in Russia concerns both the ability of directors of mass-media outlets to carry out independent policies and the ability of journalists to access sources of information and to work without outside pressure. Media of Russia include television and radio channels, periodicals, and Internet media, which according to the laws of the Russian Federation may be either state or private property.\n\n Russia ranked 148th out of 179 countries in the Press Freedom Index compiled by Reporters Without Borders. In the 2015 Freedom House Freedom of the Press report Russia scored 83 (100 being the worst), mostly because of new laws introduced in 2014 that further extended the state control over mass media. Freedom House characterised the situation as even worse in Crimea where, after the 2014 annexation by Russia, both Russian jurisdiction and extrajudicial means are (according to Freedom House) routinely applied to limit freedom of expression.\n\nMultiple international organizations criticize various aspects of the contemporary press-freedom situation in Russia. While much attention is paid to political influences, media expert William Dunkerley, a senior fellow at American University in Moscow, argues that the genesis of Russia's press-freedom woes lies in sectoral economic dysfunction.\n\nHistory\n\nLegislative framework \nThe Russian constitution provides for freedom of speech and press; however, government application of law, bureaucratic regulation, and politically motivated criminal investigations have forced the press to exercise self-censorship constraining its coverage of certain controversial issues, resulting in infringements of these rights. According to Human Rights Watch, the Russian government exerts control over civil society through selective implementation of the law, restriction and censure.\n\nCommissioner for Human Rights (ombudsman) \nRussia's ombudsman, named officially the Commissioner for Human Rights, is appointed for a certain term by the Parliament. The ombudsman cannot be dismissed before the end of his term, and is not subordinate to any body of power, including the president or the government. Russia's 83 administrative regions have the right to elect a local ombudsman whose authority is limited to that region. Less than half have done so.\n\nRussian Ombudsman Vladimir Lukin reported in 2006, that suggesting that freedom of speech is non-existent in Russia would be an exaggeration, the constitutional right for speech freedom is basically observed, as well as that there was no institutionalised censorship. He also said that the US was a \"Nazi state\" and that Russia would destroy it. Apparently for these very reasons journalists and publishers seldom appeal to the commissioner protesting restrictions of their right of seeking, receiving, transferring, publishing or distributing information. Yet disguised restrictions exist to a considerable degree, they are often put through the economic pressure on mass media by the authorities and loyal business. The so-called \"self-censorship\" which induces journalists to refrain from disseminating information which, in their opinion, may not please the authorities, is also widespread. So in many places the right to praise the authorities is ensured, while the opposite right is just formally declared.\n\nIn 2008 annual report, Vladimir Lukin wrote that it is important to have the comprehensive legal interpretation of the terms that may limit the freedom of thought and word. He spoke against the election legislation amendment that is \"a practical prohibition\" of contesting candidates' criticism, calling it obviously excessive. And Lukin was critical about the Law on combating extremist activities, noting that extremism and dissent must be strictly legally divided.\n\nAttacks and threats against journalists \n\nThe dangers to journalists in Russia have been well known since the early 1990s but concern at the number of unsolved killings soared after Anna Politkovskaya's murder in Moscow on 7 October 2006. While international monitors spoke of several dozen deaths, some sources within Russia talked of over two hundred fatalities.\n\nRemembrance Day of Journalists Killed in the Line of Duty in Russia is observed on 15 December every year.\n\nAssaults on journalists \nSince the early 1990s, a number of Russian reporters who have covered the situation in Chechnya, contentious stories on organized crime, state and administrative officials, and large businesses have been killed. According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, since 1992, 50 journalists have been murdered for their professional activity in Russia (which made it the third deadliest country for journalists in the 1992\u20132006 period): 30 journalists from 1993 to 2000, and 20 journalists since 2000.\n\nAccording to Glasnost Defence Foundation, there were 9 cases of suspicious deaths of journalists in 2006, as well as 59 assaults on journalists, and 12 attacks on editorial offices. In 2005, the list of all cases included 7 deaths, 63 assaults, 12 attacks on editorial offices, 23 incidents of censorship, 42 criminal prosecutions, 11 illegal layoffs, 47 cases of detention by militsiya, 382 lawsuits, 233 cases of obstruction, 23 closings of editorial offices, 10 evictions, 28 confiscations of printed production, 23 cases of stopping broadcasting, 38 refusals to distribute or print production, 25 acts of intimidation, and 344 other violations of Russian journalist rights.\n\nOn 7 October 2006, Russian journalist Anna Politkovskaya, known for her criticisms of Russia's actions in Chechnya and the pro-Russia Chechen government, was shot in the lobby of her apartment building. The death of Politkovskaya triggered an outcry of criticism of Russia in the Western media, with accusations that, at best, Vladimir Putin has failed to protect the country's new independent media.\n\nInternational Press Institute reports selective use of regulations, politically motivated criminal investigations, journalist imprisonments, outlet shutdowns and aggressive harassments by security services. According to the organization, Russia remains the most dangerous European country for journalists, with four killed in 2009.\n\nThe Amnesty International reported in 2009, that \"Human rights defenders, journalists and lawyers who spoke openly about human rights abuses faced threats and intimidation. The police appeared to be reluctant to investigate such threats and a climate of impunity for attacks on civil society activists prevailed.\" Amnesty International reported also a \"climate of growing intolerance towards independent views\". According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, Russia is a more dangerous place now than it was during the Cold War. Only Iraq and Algeria outrank it on the list of most life-threatening countries for the press.\n\nIn October 2016, a group of Chechen journalists published an anonymous, dramatic appeal in The Guardian describing the intimidation and physical attacks they are experiencing under the Ramzan Kadyrov government and complete control the officials are enforcing over the media organisations in the republic.\n\nThe Human Rights Committee of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is concerned about the contemporary situation in Russia.at the alarming incidence of threats, violent assaults and murders of journalists and human rights defenders, which has created a climate of fear and a chilling effect on the media, including for those working in the North Caucasus, and regrets the lack of effective measures taken to protect the right to life and security of these persons.\n\n In August 2014 the Pskov-based publisher Lev Shlosberg, member of the opposition Yabloko party, suffered a serious attack that left him unconscious. He claims the attack was related to his paper's investigations on the deployment of Russian soldiers from Pskov to Ukraine.\n In August 2014 the investigative reporter Aleksandr Krutov was attacked and beaten in Saratov - the fourth time in his 20-years career in covering crime for a local publication.\n In September 2014 a TV crew reporting on fraud was attacked in Novosibirsk. Their equipment was destroyed and the videographer was injured.\n In December 2014 in Novosibirsk the editor in chief of taiga.info was beaten by two men in the website premises.\n\nOn July 30, 2018, Orkhan Dzhemal (son of Geydar Dzhemal), was killed along with film director Alexander Rastorguev and cameraman Kirill Radchenko in the Central African Republic while filming a documentary about the activities of illegal Russian military formations in the CAR.\n\nIn June 2019, investigative journalist Ivan Golunov was arrested and allegedly beaten in custody\n\nDenial of entry and deportation of foreign journalists \n In February 2011, Guardian journalist Luke Harding, from Britain, was refused entry into Russia, contrary to OCSE regulations. He became the first foreign journalist to be expelled from Russia since the end of the Cold War. Some linked his expulsion with unflattering coverage of Russia, including speculation about Vladimir Putin's wealth. On 9 February Russia reversed the decision.\n In July 2014, the Ukrainian journalist Yevgeniy Agarkov (1+1 TV) was arrested in Voronezh while reporting on the trial of a Ukrainian prisoner of war. He was charged with missing proper accreditation, and was convicted, deported and banned for five years.\n In September 2014, a BBC team was attacked in Astrakhan while investigating the deaths of Russian soldiers in Ukraine - at the time still denied by the Kremlin. They had their equipment destroyed.\n In 2015, an Australian journalist, Helen Womack, who spent over 30 years reporting from Russia was denied accreditation after listing on a nationalist-operated \"list of enemies of Russia\" website and forced to leave the country.\n Also in 2015, following the documentary on Russian soldiers serving in war in Donbass, Simon Ostrovsky was denied accreditation to Russia.\n Wac\u0142aw Radziwinowicz was expelled in December 2015.\n\nCensorship and self-censorship  \nArticle 29(5) of the Constitution of Russia states, \"The freedom of the mass media shall be guaranteed. Censorship shall be prohibited.\" The World Report 2009 by Human Rights Watch said that the Russian government controlled over civil society through selective implementation of the law, media restrictions and harassment of activists and human rights defenders.\n\nThe Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe in 2005 interview to Russian radio Ekho Moskvy said there was pressure on media from authorities in Russia's regions, and situation with the central media caused concerns, as many central TV media looked to lose former independence; his conclusion was that the most important task in Russia was to protect the victories of the 1991 law on mass media, and to let journalists work fully independently; yet he said that with all the difficulties the Russian media were free as a whole, and that he was interviewed in a direct broadcast without censorship spoke also about press freedom.\n\nAccording to 2005 research conducted by the Russian Public Opinion Research Center (WCIOM), the number of Russians who approve of censorship on TV has grown in a year from 63% to 82%; sociologists believe that Russians are not voting in favour of press freedom suppression, but rather for expulsion of ethically doubtful material such as scenes of violence and sex (57% for restricting of violence and sex depiction on TV, 30% for ban of fraudulent businesses ads; and 24% for products for sex ads, and 'criminal way of life propaganda' films).\n\nAccording to journalist Maxim Kononenko, \"People invent censorship for themselves, and what happens on some TV channels, some newspapers, happens not because Putin dials them and says: 'No, this mustn't go.' But because their bosses are fools.\" However, political scientist Yevgenia Albats in interview with Eduard Steiner has disputed this assertion: \"Today the directors of the television channels and the newspapers are invited every Thursday into the Kremlin office of the deputy head of administration, Vladislav Surkov to learn what news should be presented, and where. Journalists are bought with enormous salaries. In discussions they tell us then how horrible it is to work in the state television service.\"\n\nSince 2012, at the beginning of Vladimir Putin's third presidential term, numerous laws have been passed to make censorship and extensive surveillance easier. Such measures also led to self-censorship. A 2016 report by PEN America shows that limitations of freedom of expression in today's Russia do not affect only journalism and media, but the overall cultural space. According to the report, a confluence of laws aimed at contrasting terrorism and religious hatred and protecting children have led to an environment in which is increasingly hard to distribute fiction, broadcast independent television and promote independent theatre and music productions. In addition, the selectivity and, at times, arbitrariness of Roskomnadzor, the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology, and Mass Media, create uncertainty for writers, authors, publishers and other media producers, which often results in self-censorship as a way to avoid uncertain rules and arbitrary enforcement.\n\nAlso, according to the 2016 Freedom House's report on freedom of the press, government officials frequently use the country's politicized and corrupt court system to harass journalists and bloggers who expose abuses by authorities. In the Russian legal system the definition of extremism is broad and this make possible for officials to invoke it to silence critical voices. Enforcement of such legal provisions has encouraged self-censorship in the country.\n\nProsecution of \"extremist\" content \nIn summer 2012, the Russian State Duma considered Bill 89417-6 which would create a blacklist of Internet sites including child pornography, drug-related material, and extremist material; as well as making providers of telecom services liable for such breaches. The bill was criticized as not being aimed at combating the causes of illegal content and its distribution through the internet, nor contribute to the effectiveness of law enforcement and prosecution of criminals, and its subjective criteria could allow Russian authorities to mass block internet resources with legal content. In December 2013, a law criminalizing \"calls for separatism\" was proposed. Under the law, violators face a fine of up to 306,700 rubles ($9,500) or jail terms of up to five years for making public calls for action aimed against the country's territorial integrity.\n\nSince 2009, the practice of the law enforcement agencies (most notably FSB) was to abuse newly introduced anti-extremism laws to suppress freedom of speech, including corruption investigations. Publications and activities classified as \"extremist\" included protests against the court rulings in Bolotnaya Square case (\"calling for illegal action\") and criticism of overspending of local governor (\"insult of the authorities\") or publishing a poem in support of Ukraine (\"inciting hatred\") In 2015, the fines for \"extremist\" content were raised to a maximum of 1 million rubles ($16,069).\n In June 2015, Alexandr Byvshev, the poet whose works were banned as \"extremist\" earlier, was also listed on the official \"list of terrorists and extremists\" maintained by the Federal Service for Financial Monitoring (\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0444\u0438\u043d\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0433, Rosfinmonitoring) and a \"spontaneous collective condemnation\" campaign was started in his village described as Soviet-esque by independent media.\n Litvinenko's book \"Blowing Up Russia\" was also listed as an \"extremist publication\" and banned in 2015.\n In November 2015, just before the Holodomor anniversary in Ukraine, the articles of Raphael Lemkin, who coined the term genocide and used it to describe the Holodomor, were also added to the federal index of extremist materials in Russia.\n In February 2016, police in Saint Petersburg confiscated a whole print run of a book by a Polish war-time author Jan Nowak-Jeziora\u0144ski because of an allegedly \"extremist content\" (mentions of Nazi-Soviet collaboration during World War II).\nIn October 2018 customs office in Saint Petersburg stopped a single copy of book \"Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia\" by Masha Gessen, ordered on Amazon by a lawyer Sergey Golubok. DHL requested a declaration from Golubok that \"the book does not contain extremist content\" prior to delivery, and a few days later customs office requested him to certify that the book \"does not spread specific views\". The book  is not sold in Russia, but it's also not in the \"register of extremist materials\".\nCoordinated measures are being applied to movies that do not follow Russia's currently preferred official version of historical events, including fiction and documentary movies. Preemptive \"inspections\" by the prosecutor general office, Ministry of Culture and other official organs, as well as not issuing a required \"screening license\" was used to harass directors and block widespread shows of films such as The Death of Stalin, \"Holiday\" (rus. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a) by Andrey Krassovski, Child 44, Ordered to forget.\n\nCriticism of annexation of Crimea \nAfter Russia took control of Crimea, the Russian parliament passed a law making it a criminal offense to question Russia's territorial integrity within what the government considers its borders. A man named Andrei Bubayev was jailed for two years for reposting a picture of a toothpaste tube with the words \"squeeze Russia out of yourself\" and an article under the headline \"Crimea is Ukraine\" by a controversial blogger, who is in jail now, calling for military aggression against Russia.\n\nRussian edition of a popular bestseller 21 Lessons for the 21st Century by Yuval Noah Harari published in 2019 had all references to annexation of Crimea and Russian fake news factories removed or replaced by references to Donald Trump fakes.\n\nDisputing USSR role in World War 2 \nA number of people were fined after 2014 law which criminalizes publication or speech that \"spread intentionally false information about the Soviet Union\". In actual prosecution the law was applied to statements that were factually correct (like Soviet invasion on Poland) but incompatible with the new policy towards interpretation of USSR involvement in World War 2 introduced in Russia after 2014. The law also resulted in chilling effect on scientific research in Russia, with director of Russian State Archive getting fired after publicly admitting the story of Panfilov's Twenty-Eight Guardsmen was largely fabricated.\n\nInternet censorship and surveillance \n\nRussia was found to engage in selective Internet filtering in the political and social areas; no evidence of filtering was found in the conflict/security and Internet tools areas by the OpenNet Initiative in December 2010. Russia was on Reporters Without Borders list of countries under surveillance from 2010 to 2013 and was moved to the Internet Enemies list in 2014. On 31 March 2013, The New York Times reported that Russia was beginning 'Selectively Blocking [the] Internet'.\n Russia's System of Operational-Investigatory Measures (SORM) requires telecommunications operators to install hardware provided by the Federal Security Service (FSB). It allow the agency to unilaterally monitor users' communications metadata and content, including phone calls, email traffic and web browsing activity. Metadata can be obtained without a warrant. In 2014, the system was expanded to include social media platforms, and the Ministry of Communications ordered companies to install new equipment with Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) capability. In 2015, the European Court for Human Rights found Russia's SORM surveillance legislation and practice in violation of the European Convention on Human Rights (Zakharov v. Russia).\n The Russian internet blacklist law (2012) faced criticism by major websites and NGOs on it launch. At the time of introduction the list was described as a means for the protection of children from harmful content; particularly content which glorifies drug usage, advocates suicide or describes suicide methods, or contain child pornography. In 2013 the blacklist law was amended with a clause to block content \"suspected in extremism\". It was expanded to include actions such as \"calling for illegal meetings\", \"inciting hatred\" and any other actions \"violating the established order\". During the 2014 Crimea Crisis, Roskomnadzor blocked a number of websites criticising Russian policy in Ukraine, including pages of Alexei Navalny, Garri Kasparov and Grani.ru. In July 2014, the online extremism law was used to prevent a march for Siberian autonomy. In subsequent years, it has been used to block caricatures of Vladimir Putin and LGBTQ content.\n The \"Bloggers law\" (2014), an amendment to existing anti-terrorism legislation, requires all web services to store the user data of Russian citizens on servers within the country. Sites which do not comply with this requirement may be added to the blacklist. Since August 2014, the law requires operators of free Wi-Fi hotspots (e.g. in restaurants, libraries, cafes etc.) to collect personal details of all users and identify them using passports.\n The \"Yarovaya law\" (2016) requires telecom operators to store recordings of phone conversations, text messages and users' internet traffic for up to 6 months, as well as metadata for up to 3 years. This data as well as \"all other information necessary\" is available to authorities on request and without a court order.\nSocial media platforms came under increased pressure in 2014. In April the founder of Vkontakte, Pavel Durov, announced he'd resign and leave the country due to FSB intimidation, after he refused to hand over the account data of Ukrainian activists. In September 2014 Vkontakte was taken over by mail.ru, owned by Kremlin-friendly businessman Alisher Usmanov.\n\n In 2004, Russia pressured Lithuania and in 2006 Sweden into shutting down the Kavkaz Center website, a site that supports creation of a Sharia state in North Caucasus and hosts videos on terrorist attacks on Russian forces in North Caucasus.\n Magomed Yevloyev, editor of Ingushetia.org, a vocal critic of the region's administration, was murdered in August 2008.\n At the background of December 2008 demonstrations in Vladivostok, it was reported by Kontury news website that FSB officers addressed moderators of the ru_auto Internet community with a request to remove stories about the Vladivostok protests. The major reason, as reported by a moderator of the resource, was that a number of repeating posts with the information about protests worsened some sort of statistics on people's attitudes. The moderator in question requested bloggers to publish only unique posts about protest actions.\n In December 2009, Internet provider Yota with over 100,000 subscribers has blocked access to some Russian opposition Internet resources for its Moscow-based subscribers for a few days. The block occurred after the chief prosecutor of St. Petersburg recommended the company to block access to extremist resources. At the time, the only Internet resource listed as extremist by the Ministry of Justice of Russia was the site of Caucasian separatists Kavkaz Center. Since the evening of 6 December 2009, Yota opened access to all previously blocked resources, save for Kavkaz Center.\n On 5 April 2013, it was confirmed by a spokesperson for the Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Media that Wikipedia had been blacklisted over the article 'Cannabis Smoking' on Russian Wikipedia.\n On 7 August 2013, the Central District Court of the city of Tver, located 100 miles (roughly 160\u00a0km) northwest of Moscow, ruled that the official website of Jehovah's Witnesses should be banned throughout the Russian Federation. On 22 January 2014 the Regional Court of Tver ruled in favor of Jehovah's Witnesses and reversed the earlier ruling by the lower court. The Regional Court conducted a new trial, which concluded that the decision of the Central District Court was unjustified, since there was no legal reason to ban the site.\n\nBanned images\nThe Ministry of Justice maintains a list of \"extremest materials\" which are illegal to share.\n\nIn 2017 an image of Putin as a \"gay clown\" was added as item 4071, as a result of a 2016 legal case against social media activist A. V. Tsvetkov.\n\nJudicial prosecution of journalists and media outlets \nProsecutors in Russia have the custom of charging individuals \u2013 including journalists, bloggers, and whistle-blowers \u2013 with trumped-up criminal offenses including defamation, extremism, and other common criminal charges, as part of an effort to deter and limit their activities.\n\n In a three-year court case beginning in 2008, Chernovik, Dagestan's largest independent newspaper, saw its editor-in-chief Nadira Isayeva and several reporters prosecuted on charges of \"inciting hatred toward law enforcement officials\" following criticism of the Federal Security Service's counterinsurgency tactics. Reporters Without Borders, Committee to Protect Journalists, and ARTICLE 19 all protested the charges, and Isayeva was ultimately acquitted. She described the case as \"a test for the institution of press freedom\" in Dagestan.\n\n In November 2013 Rostov-na-Donu investigative journalist and blogger Sergey Reznik (often reporting on corruption and abuses by politicians) was sentenced to 1.5 years in jail on various charges, including insult to a governmental official. The jail term was upheld in appeal in April 2014. A new defamation case was open against him in July 2014.\n In January 2014 Aksana Panova, former chief editor of the Ura.ru website in Yekaterinburg, was given a two-year suspended sentence - including a ban on journalist activities - after being tried for extortion. She rejected all charges, claiming to be targeted in retribution for critical coverage of local officials.\nIn September 2015 the Siberian journalist and blogger Dmitriy Shipilov was arrested after he had interviewed the organisers of a march for Siberian autonomy. The official reason included failure to serve a three-month sentence for \"insulting a public official\". Shipilov claims the detention is politically motivated.\n In October 2014 Rostov-na-Donu journalist Aleksandr Tolmachev was convicted to 9 years of hard labor on extortion charges, after having already spent three years in pre-trial detention.\n\nJudicial harassment of the blogger and politician Aleksey Navalny continued in 2014. Navalny was fined $8,400 in April for defaming a Moscow city councillor on Twitter. In December he was sentenced to three and a half years (with suspended sentence) together with his brother Oleg Navalny upon fraud charges. Roskomnadzor warned four media that reported on the sentence and relied a video of Navalny calling for demonstration, accusing them of inciting extremism.\n\nGovernment ownership and control of media outlets \nThe government has been using direct ownership, or ownership by large private companies with government links, to control or influence major national media and regional media outlets, especially television. There were reports of self-censorship in the television and print media, particularly on issues critical of the government.\n\nAs to a 2016 Mediastandart Foundation survey, most of the Russian journalists feel that they are not free and independent, and believe that media owners undermine the independence of journalists. According to Alexey Kudrin, Russia's former Minister of Finance and current head of the Civil Initiative Committee, \"in the regions, the number of independent media is progressively declining. The same happens on the federal level\u2014major corporations and state institutions exercise influence on the media.\"\n\nIn the 15 years after 1990 most of the Russian print media underwent a change of ownership. Many of them disappeared, others changed owners repeatedly. After the new Law on Mass Media was adopted in 1991, the first stage of privatization of the media market followed.  The term \"oligarchs\", including \"media oligarchs\", started to be used specifically in Russia indicating powerful businessmen close to political power. The latter, made them the \"chosen ones\" in the redistribution of the country's wealth after the Soviet Union's dissolution. Since the election of Vladimir Putin in 1999, only oligarchs loyal to the government are able to maintain their control on strategic sectors of Russian economy and politic such as the information one.\n\nOver 5 years between 2011 and 2016 the government forced changes of ownership over 12 significant newsrooms with all-country reach, all of them previously associated with honest and independent reporting. RBC, Forbes, Russian Media Group, TV2, Russkaya Planeta, REN TV, Grani.ru, Lenta.ru, Rain TV, RIA Novosti, Gazeta.ru and Kommersant were suppressed or taken over using different techniques - some of the, with government owned shares were completely disbanded and their resources passed to newly created bodies under control of state-approved managers (e.g. RIA Novosti), while Rain TV was forcibly removed from TV channels and only allowed to continue business as an Internet-only station.\n\nAll but one national TV channel are fully or partially owned by the state. The last channel \u2013 NTV \u2013 is owned by Gazprom, in which the state has a controlling stake. The situation in the radio market is similar. Major information channels are somehow controlled by the state.\n\nAs of 2009, the Russian government owns 60% of newspapers, and in whole or in part, all national television stations.\n\nIn 2008, the BBC has stated in recent years, that companies with close links to the Government, state-owned Gazprom among them, have bought several of the most influential papers.\n\nAs to the IREX association Media Sustainability Index, in smaller cities, private independent media are often the only sources of local news, because local municipal newspapers publish only official information.\n\nRussian antimonopoly regulation is still evolving, with many uncertainties and compliance challenges remaining. Many of the key provisions of the Competition Law are unclear and open to interpretation. For this reason, they require further interpretation by Russian courts.\n\nMoreover, governmental control over media is in addition exercised through the distribution of state subsidies and advertising revenues.\n\nGovernment control over the broadcast media \nObservers have noted the loss of the independence of national television stations. As stated by the BBC, two out of the three main federal channels Channel One and Russia TV are controlled by the government, since they are completely or partially owned by the Rosimuschestvo (the Federal Agency for State Property Management). Instead, state-controlled energy giant Gazprom owns NTV.\n\nRussia TV (Rossiya) covers 98.5% of the country's territory and is state- owned. Channel One (Pervyj Kanal) covers 98.8% of Russia's territory and has a shared state and private ownership (51% state- 49% private). However, most of the private shareholders include National Media Group (controlled by the structures of Yuri Kovalchuk, Chairman of the Board of Rossiya Bank, one of the largest banks in Russia, and Vladimir Putin\u2019s personal friend; and Roman Abramovich, owner of Chelsea football club and Putin\u2019s ally).  NTV covers 84% of the national territory.\n\nAccording to the Committee to Protect Journalists, \"All three major television networks are now in the hands of Kremlin loyalists.\" Indeed, while Rossiya TV (Channel Russia) was state-owned since its foundation in 1991, major shareholders of ORT and NTV (Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Gusinsky, respectively) sold their stocks to the government and Gazprom in 2000-2001. Moreover, TV6, a media outlet owned by Berezovsky, was closed in 2002 using a legal loophole. In 2003 TVS channel which was formed mainly of former NTV and TV6 was closed due to financial problems.\n\nAlong with that, plenty of media outlets actively develop now while state participation in them is minimal. There are private Russian TV networks with the broadcast cover reaching the majority of the Russia's population: REN TV (known for the daily analytical talk show with Tigran Keosayan, analytical news program \"Week\" with Marianna Maksimovskaya), TV Center ( known for \"Postscriptum\" with Aleksey Pushkov, \"Moment of Truth\" with Andrey Karaulov), Petersburg - Channel 5.\n\nLiberal opposition TV-Channel RTVi owned by Vladimir Gusinsky is not broadcast in Russia, but available in that country through networks of cable and satellite television, MMDS and IPTV networks. A former editor of a program on that channel, Vladimir Kara-Murza, believes it is the merit of the RTVi that the possibility of a third presidential term of Vladimir Putin was prevented, and that the \"backdoor political technologists\" were made to \"abide to the Constitution, albeit with the Successor operation\".\n\nOn 29 January 2014, the largest Russian TV providers, after key politicians expressed their discontent, disconnected Dozhd channel in response to a survey on its website and in live \"Dilettants\" discussing program. The survey asked if Leningrad should have been surrendered to the invading Nazi army in order to save hundreds of thousands of lives.\n\nTop state television channels frequently apply self-censorship, avoiding any controversial topics that might impact the public image of the authorities. For example, massive truck drivers protests across the country were never even mentioned in the First Channel in spite of wide coverage in local and independent media and requests of the viewers.\n\nThe situation in the radio market is similar. Major information channels are in one way or another controlled by the state. Only three Russian radios broadcast political talk shows: Mayak, Radio Rossiya, and Ekho Moskvy. Mayak and Radio Rossiya are state-owned (Rosimushchestvo), while Ekho Moskvy is owned by the state-controlled Gazprom Media. A complete list of the audiovisual services in Russia can be found in the MAVISE Database, made by the European Audiovisual Observatory. Such list includes the ownership of TV channels and on-demand services.\n\nGovernment control over print media \nKommersant-Vlast, Expert, and the New Times are weeklies that provide serious analysis of the current political issues . However, they are owned by oligarchs who openly support the government. Kommersant-Vlast is produced by Kommersant Publishing House that is owned by Alisher Usmanov. Expert is a part of Expert Media Holding that is owned by Oleg Deripaska\u2019s Basic Element and a Russian state corporation\u2014Vnesheconombank.\n\nGovernment control over web-sites \nMost popular websites, if they are not internationally owned such as Google and Facebook, are state-owned or owned by a couple of influential businessmen such as Alexander Mamut and Alisher Usmanov.\n\nForeign media owners \nA law signed in 2014 provided to limit foreign ownership stakes in any Russian media assets to 20% by early 2017. As a consequence, in 2015, the German Springer Publishing House sold the Russian edition of Forbes, and Finland\u2019s Sanoma sold its stakes in the business newspaper Vedomosti and the English-language publication, The Moscow Times. Russian media executives bought the stakes in both transactions. The Moscow Times subsequently switched from daily to weekly publication, and its chief editor resigned due to conflicts with the new owner. The new publisher of Forbes said that the magazine would carry fewer stories on politics and focus on business and economics.\n\n\"Black lists\" controversy \nAs reported by Clifford J. Levy in a 2008 New York Times article, all Vladimir Putin's opponents are being made to vanish from Russian television. They are blacklisted and not allowed to appear in television shows. In one example, a presentation critical of Putin's policies has been digitally erased. This is the case of Boris Berezovsky and Vladimir Gusinsky, two powerful Russian oligarchs in the 1990s. Berezovsky had invested in the former public broadcaster ORT\u2019s first channel while Gusinsky, created Russia\u2019s first independent TV station, NTV. After Putin\u2019s power takeover, the media owned by Berezovsky and Gusinsky were the first victims of this \"purge.\" Tax controls, raids by armed men, searches and arrests forced their bosses to flee the country and to sell their media outlets.\n\nAs reported by Russian scientist Sergey L. Lopatnikov, information about \"black lists\" is nonsense; an argument was made that not less than 35-40% of participants of NTV-aired talk show \"At a barrier\" hosted by Vladimir Solovyov during the last two years represented the liberal opposition (including Novodvorskaya, Ivanenko, Nemtsov, Hakamada); from January to May 2008, overt adversaries of Vladimir Putin participated in 9 of 16 (more than 50%) issues of the talk show.\n\nREN-TV and Channel 5 news ban controversy \nOn 16 October 2009, Kommersant newspaper reported that the owner of private television channels REN TV and Channel 5 had made changes to the managing structures of the channels. Referring to an anonymous source, Kommersant stated that as the result these channels would cease to broadcast independent news; instead, since 2010 they would receive the news from the state channel RT (known as Russia Today until 2009). As Kommersant wrote, \"the Channel 5 and REN-TV are the only Russian TV channels today whose editorial policy is different than state news. Only through these channeles opposition politicians are aired, as well as other events adversed by authorities are reported.\" However, the head of a REN-TV analytical news program Week Marianna Maksimovskaya was quoted by Kommersant as saying she held optimistic about the new executive director of REN-TV and sure that its editorial policy would not be altered.\n\nOn 19 October 2009, press secretary of REN-TV channel Nazarov asserted that REN-TV and Channel 5 will receive from the RT network \"exclusively technological support\", and the state channel will impose no influence on the informational part of the news.\n\nOn 22 October 2009, Alexander Orjonikize, a former head of REN-TV, and now CEO of National Media Group that owns TV channels in question, said that while the possibility of partnership in order to produce more saturated and interesting news is discussed, \"it's important to note that whatever business strategy would be chosen in that direction, editorial policy regarding news and its informational contents will not be altered.\"\n\nChannel 5 employs 1,700 people in Saint Petersburg. Its sales in 2009 accounted for US$20 million, while the expenditures exceeded 100 million. On 19 October 2009, employees of the TV channel published an open letter to the top Russian politicians, concerned over a possibility of mass dismissals. On 23 October 2009, CEO of NMG-TV Vladimir Khanumyan in an interview promised no mass dismissals will take place; he also commented that \"Information about Russia Today is generally some misunderstanding. I don't even understand how could it be used in our project. It's the TV channel which makes programs for the abroad audience in English and Arab languages. How does that relate to Channel 5?\"\n\nRBC \nIn 2016 leadership and top journalists of RBC media holding left the company following an investigation launched by the authorities into an alleged \"fraud\", which was widely associated with the non-mainstream coverage of political affairs and the government, including the latest Panama Papers publications on the wealth of Vladimir Putin. One journalist described the situation as \"having a strong resemblance to the takeover of NTV in the early 2000s\".\n\nOfficial stance towards the issues of state dominance \nIn 2000, prior to the presidential election, Kommersant published a long document titled \"The Reform of the Administration of the President of the Russian Federation\",  allegedly leaked from the election committee of Vladimir Putin. The programme proposed a number of changes to government information policy, including strict centralization of mass media and suppression of criticism from both media as well as from opposition in Duma.\"The Directorate, setting a goal for itself, needs to act more effectively and actively than the opposition, must be harsher in its work and claims than the opposition, it must use sharper and more crushing facts. There should be no weakness or liberalism, there is no time left for this. For every claim directed against the Leadership of the country or its policy, the Presidential Press Center of the Administration must immediately answer. Operational information about the intentions of opposition forces to conduct political events comes to the Directorate. The Directorate implements all preemptive actions before the action to be conducted by the opposition, but in a beneficial \u201clight\u201d for the Presidential side\".The document also offered a number of case studies and examples on how journalists or members of Duma exposing cases of corruption or suspicious purchases (e.g. foreign property) by members of the administration should be silenced with \"preventive political actions\", involving release of compromising personal details about the whistleblowers, journalists and protesters or organizing \"spontaneous\" counter-pickets in support of the administration. These methods were also applied to foreign journalists reporting from Russia and included ostensible surveillance, tapping of apartments and threats to relatives.\n\nIn 2006, President of Russia Vladimir Putin commented that in the period of 1990s freedom of press in Russia \"was indeed under threat, not from the former state ideology that once held a monopoly on expression, but from the dictates of oligarchic capital\". When asked about media freedom in 2006 interview with NBC TV channel, Putin replied: \"We have more than 3,500 television and radio companies here in Russia and state participation in them is decreasing with every passing year. As for print media, there are more than 40,000 publications and we could not control them all even if we wanted to.\"\n\nIn May 2008, the International Federation of Journalists welcomed signs of a \"fresh start\" in relations between the authorities and independent media in Russia.\n\nIn November 2008, state of the nation address President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev acknowledged problems with the Russian media:\"[A]s was the case 20 years ago, the bureaucracy still does not trust free citizens and free activity. This logic pushes it into dangerous conclusions and acts. The bureaucracy from time to time casts fear over the business world, pressuring it to keep in line and not to take what they consider wrong action, takes control of this or that media outlet, trying to stop it from saying what they consider the wrong thing, meddles in the electoral process, preventing the election of what they consider the wrong person, and puts pressure on the courts, stopping them from handing down what they consider the wrong verdict.\"The policies adopted in that address answered that criticism the following way:\"Ninth, parliamentary parties should have clear guarantees that their work will be covered by the state media.Tenth, freedom of speech should be backed up by technological innovation. Experience shows that it is practically of no use to persuade the bureaucrats to \"leave the media in peace\". Instead of persuading, we should work more actively to expand the free internet and digital television space. No bureaucrat can obstruct discussion on the internet or censor thousands of channels at once.\" In May 2009, a Federal Law \"On Guarantees of Equality of Parliamentary Parties in Covering their Activities by the National State-Owned TV and Radio Channels\" was adopted.\n\nIn his 2009 State of the Nation Address Dmitry Medvedev recommended all regions of the Russian Federation to pass laws on guarantees of equal media coverage of activity of parties represented in regional parliaments.\n\nIn 2007, a report by professor of politics Nicolai N. Petro asserted that foreign companies owned shares in over half of all Russian broadcasting companies and not the state. According to him, the Russian state's share in the newspaper and journal market is estimated to be less than 10%, while its share in electronic media is even smaller.\n\nRussian head of the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs Konstantin Kosachev said in a 2005 interview that there were no differences between freedom of speech in Russia and Western countries in regards to the printed media: \"there is an enormous amount of newspapers which write any sort of stuff.\" Speaking of electronic media, he acknowledged that they were mainly under the control of the authorities, but added that that's not a specifically Russian phenomenon.\n\nAccording to the BBC, the Russian newspaper market offers its consumers a more diverse range of views than those same consumers can sample on the country's leading television channels.\n\nAccording to Vedomosti newspaper, in 2009 Rupert Murdoch's corporation failed to sell its three popular Russian radio stations because it didn't manage to find buyers for them.\n\nWar propaganda \n\nThe Russian military intervention in Ukraine and the occupation of Crimea, in 2014, led to a reinforcement of propaganda and disinformation from state-owned media outlets, including by altered or misidentified images, stories that were distorted or invented from scratch. Russian authorities also kept using paid commentators to influence online contents and comments related to the conflict. According to war reporter and veteran of the First Chechen War Arkadiy Babchenko, Russian mass media played a significant role in actually starting the war in Donbass stating that \"this is the first war in history started exclusively by Goebbels-like propaganda\".\n\nIndependent coverage of war-related issues led to official pressures on media outlets. Lenta.ru was warned by Roskomnadzor in March 2014 after publishing an interview with a member of Right Sector; the following day the owner replaced the editor with a pro-governmental one, and 40 employees resigned in protest. In October 2014, Ekho Moskvy was warned by Roskomnadzor after airing first-hand testimonies of the fighting in eastern Ukraine, allegedly \"justifying war crimes\".\n\nIn March 2016 Sergey Shoygu when speaking on a Russian media prize ceremony described their work as \"yet another weapon, yet another unit of the Armed Forces\".\n\nPolitical pressure on independent media \nAccording to the World Press Freedom Review 2008 by International Press Institute, the pressure on Russian independent media outlets and their employees increased considerably in 2007.  The government use variety of methods to control of broadcasters, to sideline critical journalists, and to intimidate them into self-censorship.\n\nAccording to International Press Institute, even bolder publications have to curtail their coverage to avoid problems with the authorities.Selective use of bureaucratic regulations were employed to inhibit media outlets, vague laws were passed to restrict independent activities, politically motivated criminal investigations against critics were used, independent journalists were imprisoned on trumped-up charges and their media outlets were closed, controlling interests in independent news outlets were purchased, aggressive harassment of journalists by security services took place and the failure to bring justice in the murders of journalists and in other violent attacks against the press prevailed.In 2016, the PEN association concluded that using a combination of methods including taking control over large media companies and TV channels and selective and flexible usage of newly introduced laws, the government has acquired practical control over what is published in mass-media in Russia:Although the press has not given in without a struggle and some key independent outlets, reporters, and editors continue to speak and publish, state television and a limited selection of other \u201cloyal\u201d outlets dominate today\u2019s Russian media landscape. With the mainstream press increasingly toeing the Kremlin line, government restrictions have expanded to encroach upon other cultural spaces and modes of expression, including social activism, literature, art, and theater.While there are  provisions in the Russian Constitution that guarantee freedom of speech and specifically forbid censorship, the practical execution of numerous legal acts and dependence of courts results in practically unlimited control of the government over what is published and where. The laws in question are the anti-extremism laws, law on protection of children from harmful information, law on insult to religious believers, foreign agents law and undesirable organisations law. An important role in the censorship system is played by Roskomnadzor (Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications), an institution that- according to PEN-  \"has reawakened people\u2019s internal editors \u2014 the voice in your head that consciously or unconsciously makes you question what you are writing or publishing: does this cross the line? Will this get me in trouble?\"\n\nAccording to an expert, the expulsion of competitive political actors from media ownership has gradually led to the depoliticisation of media content. Depoliticization of media content, however, led to its patriotisation as well.\n\nOn 25 November 2017, Putin signed into law new measures allowing authorities to list foreign media outlets as \"foreign agents\", comparing it to the U.S. Foreign Agents Registration Act requirement that forces Russia Today to register as a Russian foreign agent in the U.S. The law allows Moscow to force foreign media to brand their own news provided to Russians as the work of \"foreign agents\".\n\nSelective use of regulations and criminal investigations \nAs stated by IPI, the Russian Government use selectively politicized regulations and bureaucratic harassment to inhibit media outlets. Main legal tools used here are anti-extremism laws (described above) and foreign agents law.\n\nIn 2008, Amnesty International criticized the run-up to parliamentary and presidential elections as \"a clampdown on the freedoms of assembly and expression\", stating that \"the authorities have violently dispersed some opposition demonstrations, while pro-government events have gone ahead without interference.\"\n\nIn 2015, PolitPress initiated a database of various forms of repression applied to journalists and activists in Russia, counting overall 302 of those subject to various forms of repression, including 17 journalists. Memorial has published a list of political prisoners in Russia, that also includes journalists.\n\nAccess to information and open data\nRussia's Law on Providing Access to Information on the Activities of State Bodies and Bodies of Local Self-Government, was enacted by the lower house of the legislature (State Duma) on 21 January 2009. The law positively guarantees the rights of Russian citizens to request and receive information, outlines a procedure for such requests, and determines government responsibility for providing such information. Such adoption was welcomed by the Human Rights Committee of United Nations in 2009.\n\nHowever, even if the right to information is also legally guaranteed in Russia by the first Article of the Russian Law on Mass Media (27 December 1991) and by Article 29 of the 1993 Constitution, the realm of information is characterized by secrecy rather than openness. The Law on Mass Media assigns a direct right to receive information only to mass media, while Russian citizens have the right to receive reliable information on the state activities and representants via the mass media (Art. 38.1). State officials, in turn, are obliged to inform the media about their activities: on demand, but also actively.\n\nAccording to the Global Right to Information Rating (GRIR), the Russian legal framework (including jurisprudence) does not recognise a fundamental right of access to information.  The GRIR appointed score 1 to Russia, where 6 is the maximum possible score with regard to the right to access information. However, when considered together with the scope and the requesting procedures provided by the Russian Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), the GRIR assigned Russia a total score of 98, out of the maximum score of 150. The Penal Code (Art. 144) fixes high penalties for unlawful refusal of information and for hindering the professional activity of journalists. The right to access public information is particularly undermined by the legal exception valid for refusing the information's disclosure, namely the category of \"confidential information\" (commercial, state, or military secrets) is open to wide interpretations. The Law \"on state secrets\" was adopted on 21 July 1993 (amended in October 1997). In addition to a list of categories of information that could be classified as state secrets, the President of Russia can elaborate and approve such list through the publication of a public decree.\n\nSvetlana Mironyuk commented to Vasily Gatov that Russian media since the early 2000s is divided into three groups: outsiders, our guys, and in-betweeners.\n\"Outsiders.\" Vedomosti, Kommersant, Forbes, Novaya Gazeta, Lenta.ru (until March 2014), Dozhd, The Moscow Times, and others. These have a more Western media approach to covering events. These media sources are outside the official Kremlin viewpoint.\n\"Our guys.\" Komsomolskaya Pravda, Russia-24, VGTRK, and the Aram Gabrelyanov media family \u2014 Zhizn, Lifenews.ru and Izvestia. This group can access exclusive interviews of Kremlin officials but the Kremlin expects certain \"services\" in return. To keep this group inline, it is up to several central figures such as Alexei Gromov and Mikhail Lesin, who began the task, and later they were joined by first Vladislav Surkov, and then his replacement Vyacheslav Volodin. To replace the Kremlin handlers, special yellow telephones, which are \"media hotlines\" to the Kremlin, have been installed on the \"Our guys\" editors desks since the mid-2000s.\n\"In-betweeners.\" the commercial radio station Ekho Moskvy (majority owned by Gazprom-Media) and the Interfax news agency may not always have access to Kremlin authorities, but occasionally can have a story.\n\nIn 2015, the FSB (Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation), the principal security agency of Russia, proposed a new regulation that will restrict access to public property registers, that were previously frequently used by whistle-blowers to expose multimillion-dollar mansions belonging to public officials who could not afford them from their official salary. The regulation was proposed shortly after the media exposed an undeclared mansion belonging to FSB vice-director Sergey Smirnov using the public registers. In the same year, a group of deputies proposed a new law that would  penalize \"anti-Russian\" or \"anti-patriotic\" statements. The law was criticized as unconstitutional and vague due to lack of definition of what these terms would really mean.\n\nAnother regulation enacted in 2015 is based on the European right to be forgotten concept, but without any of the safeguards for the public interest and freedom of speech. According to some experts, the regulation's scope is to silence publications about specific corrupted politicians, even if the accusations were true and confirmed in courts. Public land registers were also anonymized to hide names of property owners after they were frequently used by watchdogs to question unexplainable wealth of public officers.\n\nIn 2015, the non-profit association RosOtvet, launched  an online service to facilitate requests for information to authorities.\n\nOpen data and proactive disclosure \n\nBeyond the duty to disclose public information upon request, public authorities in Russia have an affirmative obligation to publish information (i.e. proactive disclosure). Such information consists in:\n Full and brief official names of the government body, postal address, email for requests/messages from citizens, reference phone numbers - usually published and actualized information on powers and competence;\n Information on head officials (full names, other information - upon agreement);\n Official symbols;\n Approved forms (templates) for applications and other documents acceptable for review by the government body;\n Information on services provided by the government body in the field of licensing works performed abroad and using information containing state secret;\n Procedure for entering state service in the government body;\n Procedure for submission and review of applications from individuals and organizations Procedure, address, and schedule for reception of individuals and organizations;\n Name of the government body's structure department in charge of reception, contact data (email, reference phones).\nProactive disclosure of information by public bodies is provided by a series of laws, many of them aimed at contrasting corruption. One of them is the Russian Federation Federal Law \"On providing access to information on the activities of state bodies and local governments\", adopted by the State Duma on 21 January 2009.\n\nThe Russian legislation provides several ways for government bodies to publish their open data: it can be done through the federal Open Data Portal (data.gov.ru),  dedicating a  section on a government body's own official website or on a special open data portal, regional or municipal.\n\nIn 2016, the association Infometer has audited open data of 166 websites belonging to administrations of the largest Russian cities, those populated over 100,000. This study revealed that most cities' administrations do not publish open data: \n most of those publishing open data do it at their own resources that is not always the best solution;\n quite few city administrations approve normative acts regarding open data;\n the very few city administrations  work with the community of open data software developers.\n73 out of the 166 cities under survey do publish open data. They observe the requirements on open data publication for 47.9%.\n\nInfometer, from July to October 2014, made an audit of compliance of various level courts' official websites with the Federal Law \"On Providing Access to Information on the Activities of Courts in the Russian Federation\" No. 262-FZ from 22 Dec 2008. The experts focused on the openness of information on Russian general jurisdiction courts' activities, focusing on online publication of templates for documents used for filing applications to courts. The results showed that, with regard to the Supreme Court of Russia, information is available at 24.1%. Referring to Regional Court, out of the 85 examined their openness level appears to be 42.4%. Finally, with regard to First Instance courts, their openness was 31%.\n\nWith regard to open data, as to 2015 the Infometer association calculated that 69 Russian regions publish open data and for 36.6% at average regions observe requirements for open data publication. Most of these open data are published in the governmental field.\n\nSee also\n Human rights in Russia\n List of journalists killed in Russia\n \n Media of Russia\n Political repression of cyber-dissidents \u00a7 Russia\n Russian Internet blacklist\n Telecommunications in Russia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n Harassment Chronicles, an English-language resource run by the oppositional Other Russia (a coalition including Kasparov's United Civil Front)\nFreedom House 2010 Press Survey: Russia\nA guide to the troubled world of independent Russian media, The Calvert Journal, April 2014\n\nRussia\nRussia\nRussia\nCategory:Human rights in Russia\nCategory:Media in Russia\nCategory:Censorship in Russia"}
-{"text": "Kumkum (actress)\n\nKumkum, born Zaibunnissa, is an Indian film actress from Hussainabad in Sheikhpura, Bihar. Her father was Nabab of Hussainabad and belonged to a highly reputed family. She acted in almost 115 films in her career. She is best known for her roles in Mr. X in Bombay (1964), Mother India (1957), Son Of India (1962), Kohinoor (1960), Ujala, Naya Daur, Shreeman Funtoosh, Ek Sapera Ek Lutera, Ganga Ki Laharen, Raja Aur Runk, Aankhen (1968), Lalkaar, Geet and Ek Kuwara Ek Kuwari. She paired with many film heroes of her era and was popular in roles alongside Kishore Kumar.\n\nKumkum also acted in Bhojpuri films, starting with Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1963), which was also the first ever Bhojpuri film.\n\nCareer\nKumkum  was discovered by Guru Dutt. Guru Dutt was to picturise the song \"Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar Laaga Teere Nazar\" for his movie Aar Paar  (1954) on his friend Jagdeep (father of Javed Jaffery, Naved Jaffery), but later decided to picturise this song on a female actor. But at that time, no one agreed to do a small song. Then Guru Dutt finally picturised this song on Kumkum. Later, Kumkum was seen in a small role in Pyaasa (1957). The famous song \"Yeh Hai Bombay Meri Jaan\" from C.I.D (1956), sung by Geeta Dutt was picturised on her. She was also paired alongside Shammi Kapoor in a side role in Mem Saheb (1956) and also in lead opposite Shammi Kapoor in Char Dil Char Raahein (1959).\n\nShe was trained in Kathak by the famous Pandit Shambhu Maharaj. She showed her dancing talents in the film Kohinoor (1960) with Dilip Kumar. \"Madhuban Mein Radhika Nache Re\" and \"Haye Jaadugar Qaatil, Haazir Hai Mera Dil\", sung by Asha Bhosle for Naushad were picturised on Kumkum. She was paired opposite Kishore Kumar in films like Ganga Ki Laharen, Shreeman Funtoosh, Haaye Mera Dil and Mr. X in Bombay. The songs like \"Khoobsurat Haseena\" from Mr. X in Bombay, \"Ijazat Ho Toh\" from Haaye Mera Dil, \"Sultana Sultana\" from Shreeman Funtoosh and \"Machalti Hui\" from Ganga Ki Lahren, which were picturised on the pair Kishore-Kumkum remain popular since their release till date. She has been a favourite choice for writer director Ramanand Sagar. Ramanand Sagar decided to cast Kumkum as Dharmendra's sister in Ankhen, a super hit film of 1968. In 1970, for Geet, Kumkum was Ramanand Sagar's choice for a small role. But in Lalkar (1972), she was paired with Dharmendra, while Rajendra Kumar was paired with Mala Sinha. Kumkum was paired with Kiran Kumar in Jalte Badan (1973), produced, directed and written by Ramanand Sagar. She was paired opposite Vinod Khanna in Dhamkee in 1973 and the duet song \"Chand Kya Hai Roop Ka Darpan\" became hugely popular. She was paired opposite Pran in the comedy film Ek Kuwara Ek Kuwari, directed by Prakash Mehra, which was a blockbuster.\n\nAfter her marriage, she left the industry.\n\nFilmography\n Aar Paar (1954) as dancer in song \"Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar\" (uncredited role)\n Mirza Ghalib (1954)\n Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955)\n House No. 44 (1955)\n Kundan (1955)\n Funtoosh (1956)\n C.I.D. (1956)\n Basant Bahar (1956)\n Naya Daur (1957)\n Mother India (1957)\n Pyaasa (1957)\n Char Dil Char Rahen (1959)\n Shararat (1959)\n Kali Topi Lal Rumal (1959)\n Ujala (1959)\n Kohinoor (1960)\n Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere (1960)\n Son Of India (1962)\n King Kong (1962)\n Sher Khan (1962)\n Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1963, Bhojpuri)\n Laagi Nahi Chhute Ram (1963, Bhojpuri)\n Mr. X in Bombay (1964)\n Ganga Ki Lahren (1964)\n Raja Aur Runk (1968)\n Aankhen (1968)\n Gunah Aur Kanoon (1970)\n Geet (1970)\n Aan Baan (1972)\n Lalkaar (1972)\n Dhamkee\n Jalte Badan (1973)\n Ek Kunwari Ek Kunwara (1973)\n  Mr. Fantoosh (1965)\n\nNote: Films in Hindi, unless otherwise mentioned.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Indian film actresses\nCategory:Actresses in Hindi cinema\nCategory:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema\nCategory:20th-century Indian actresses\nCategory:Actresses from Bihar\nCategory:1935 births"}
-{"text": "Cochylidia oblonga\n\nCochylidia oblonga is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in China (Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Tianjin).\n\nThe wingspan is  for males and  for females. The ground colour of the forewings is yellowish white, the costal margin with a narrow brownish black stripe running from the base to the median fascia. The hindwings are pale grey.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Moths described in 2012\nCategory:Endemic fauna of China\nCategory:Cochylini"}
-{"text": "Alexander Stafford\n\nAlexander Paul Thomas Stafford (born 19 July 1987) is a British Conservative Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rother Valley since the 2019 general election. He is the first Conservative to ever be elected for the seat.\n\nBackground\nStafford's maternal grandparents were refugees who fled communist regimes. His Polish Ukrainian grandfather was imprisoned in a gulag in Siberia during World War 2, until he was allowed to leave to fight with the British Army after the Soviet Union joined the allies. After the war he came to Britain and met Stafford's grandmother, a Polish East German who was also a refugee.\n\nStafford grew up in Ealing Broadway and was privately educated at St Benedict's School, Ealing, where he was Deputy Head Boy. He studied at Oxford University where he served as President of the  Newman Society and President of the Oxford University Conservative Association (in Michaelmas Term of 2007). Before becoming an MP worked for Shell, the World Wildlife Fund and two MPs.\n\nPolitical career\nStafford's political career began when he was elected to Ealing Council in West London, where he has represented the ward of Ealing Broadway since 2014. In November 2019, he was selected as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Rother Valley. He was elected in the 2019 general election, becoming the first non-Labour MP to represent Rother Valley in the 101 year history of the constituency.\n\nStafford campaigned to leave the European Union during the 2016 referendum.\n\nPersonal life\nStafford lives with his wife Natalie, with whom he is expecting his first child in 2020.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nCategory:UK MPs 2019\u2013\nCategory:People educated at St Benedict's School\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Oxford\nCategory:Presidents of the Oxford University Conservative Association\nCategory:Conservative Party (UK) councillors\nCategory:Councillors in the London Borough of Ealing\nCategory:21st-century British politicians\nCategory:English people of Polish descent\nCategory:English people of Ukrainian descent\nCategory:English people of German descent"}
-{"text": "Man in the Street\n\nMan in the Street may refer to:\n\nMusic\n\"Man in the Street\", a 1964 song written and performed by The Skatalites\n\"Man in the Street\", song performed by The Hooters in the 1980s\n\"Man in the Street\", song on the 1998 album Hell of a Tester by The Rasmus\n\"Man in the Street\", song on the 1979 Rockers (soundtrack) album\n\nOther uses\n A Man on the street interview\n\"Man in the Street\", an episode of All in the Family 1970s TV series\nL'Homme dans la rue, a 1939 Maigret short story by Georges Simenon\n\nSee also\nT.C. Mits, acronym for \"the celebrated man in the street\"\nEveryman\nVox populi (disambiguation)\n\"I'll Tell the Man in the Street\", song in 1938 stage musical I Married An Angel"}
-{"text": "D\u0142ugie\n\nD\u0142ugie may refer to:\n\nD\u0142ugie, W\u0142oc\u0142awek County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Rypin County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a East County in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship (central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Radomsko County in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship (central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Lublin County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Tomasz\u00f3w Lubelski County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Krosno County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Sanok County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Ostro\u0142\u0119ka County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Przysucha County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Strzelce-Drezdenko County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, \u017baga\u0144 County in Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)\nD\u0142ugie, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)"}
-{"text": "Calyptoproctus elegans\n\nCalyptoproctus elegans is a species of bugs in the family Fulgoridae. It is found in  Surinam, Brazil, French Guiana, Honduras.\n\nReferences \n\n Fick, W. 1985. Zur Morphologie und histologie des Darmtraktes von Hyalodictyon truncatum, Calyptoproctus elegans und Fulgora laternaria (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Fulgoromorpha). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 4(4-6): 180-183.\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Calyptoproctus at canr.udel.edu/planthoppers/north-america\n\nCategory:Insects described in 1791\nCategory:Insects of Brazil\nCategory:Arthropods of South America\nCategory:Fauna of French Guiana\nCategory:Insects of Honduras\nCategory:Fauna of Suriname\nCategory:Poiocerinae"}
-{"text": "Goodnight, Missouri\n\nGoodnight is a village in southern Polk County, Missouri, United States.  Located on Route 215, the community is part of the Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 18 at the 2010 census.\n\nHistory\nA post office called Goodnight was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1906. The community has the name of J. H. Goodnight, the proprietor of a local mill.  The village incorporated in 2003.\n\nGeography\nGoodnight is located at  (37.445833, -93.226667).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which  is land and  is water.\n\nDemographics\n\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 18 people, 8 households, and 5 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 11 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 100.0% White.\n\nThere were 8 households of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.5% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and the average family size was 2.80.\n\nThe median age in the village was 40.5 years. 27.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 0.0% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.8% were from 25 to 44; 33.3% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 61.1% male and 38.9% female.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Polk County, Missouri\nCategory:Springfield metropolitan area, Missouri\nCategory:Villages in Missouri"}
-{"text": "1995 Tour of the Basque Country\n\nThe 1995 Tour of the Basque Country was the 35th edition of the Tour of the Basque Country cycle race and was held from 3 April to 7 April 1995. The race started in Zegama and finished at Jaizkibel. The race was won by Alex Z\u00fclle of the ONCE team.\n\nGeneral classification\n\nReferences\n\n1995\nBas"}
-{"text": "Living in the Plastic Age\n\n\"Living in the Plastic Age\" (on some releases simply listed as \"The Plastic Age\") is a synthpop song written, performed and produced by The Buggles. It was released as the second single from their debut album The Age of Plastic on 14 January 1980.\n\nThe B-side of the single, \"Island\" was written as a 'Thank You' to their record company, Island Records.\n\nBackground and composition\nThe lyrics of \"The Plastic Age\" comment on the coldness of the culture of plastic technology in the 1970s. The song is 5 minutes and 8 seconds long, and is played at a tempo of 140 beats per minute. The song begins with sounds of telephones ringing, and brief, garbled yells, before a piano, synthpop bass and drumbeat start the song. There are also vocals that build up each chorus of the song.\n\nTrevor Horn remembers about the song:\n\nThe 7\" vinyl UK and Spanish version of the single included both the album version of the song on its A-side and the song \"Island\" on its B-side. In Spain, the song was released as \"La Edad Del Plastico\".  The single's French and Netherlands 7\" vinyl release included an edit version of the song on their A-side, but the song \"Island\" was still on the B-side of both those releases. The Canadian release of the 7\" vinyl included the edit of the song on the A-side, but, instead of \"Island\", the song \"Johnny on the Monorail\" was included on the B-side.\n\nA 2011 Japanese re-issue of The Age of Plastic album features the longer version as on the original vinyl album and also includes the shorter \"single version\" as a bonus track.\n\nCommercial performance\n\"Living in the Plastic Age\" received chart performance on the UK Singles Chart, German Media Control Charts, the Dutch Top 100 and Top 40, in Wallonia and in France. The song was the forty-fifth best-selling song of 1980 in France, with sales of under 350,000 units.\n\nCritical reception\nCritical reactions to the songs have been positive.\n\nContemporary\n\nIn its 1980 review, Smash Hits listed the song as one of the best tracks on parent album \"The Age of Plastic\", alongside \"Video Killed the Radio Star\".\n\nRetrospective\n\nDon Ignacio, in a review of The Age of Plastic, gave the song an A+, and considered the song to be a highlight of the album. Krinein Magazine wrote that songs from the album, \"The Plastic Age\", \"Kid Dynamo\", \"Elstree\", and \"Johnny On The Monorail\", were \"equally effective in their melodies, rhythms and harmonies.\" Napster's Nicholas Baker said of \"The Plastic Age\" as one of the songs from the album that Trevor Horn's \"considerable songwriting prowess\" was evident in. In an Allmusic review of the album, the song was rated an AMG pick track.\n\nMusic video\nThe Buggles also created an unusual, futuristic and illusion-like music video for the song.  The video, directed by Russell Mulcahy, was only rarely shown on music channels but VH1 Classic occasionally airs the video. The music video for \"Living in the Plastic Age\" employed bright colours, harsh source lighting, lots of color keying, and provocative motifs (women in body paint portraying inanimate objects). Fine Print Magazine found the video to be unmemorable.\n\nThe band also recorded a mimed performance of the song for Top of the Pops, originally broadcast on 24 January 1980.\n\nLegacy\nWill Harris of PopMatters said, in a 2003 review of Supertramp's album Breakfast in America, that the song \"Living in the Plastic Age\u201d might've had a keyboard bit cribbed from \"Fool's Overture\".\n\nIn 2004, The Buggles reunited (including Debi Doss, Linda Allen and Bruce Wooley) at Wembley Arena to perform \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" and \"The Plastic Age\" in front of Prince Charles, Prince of Wales as part of a Prince's Trust charity concert celebrating Horn's career as a producer.\n\nFrench Extreme Metal band Carnival in Coal covered this song for their 2005 album Collection Prestige.\n\nThe song was performed at a September 2010 Buggles reunion performance, billed as \"The Lost Gig\", that took place at \"Ladbroke Grove's Supperclub\", Notting Hill, London. It was a fund raiser with all earnings going to the Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability. With the exception of \"The Plastic Age\" and \"Video Killed the Radio Star\", \"The Lost Gig\" saw the first live performances of all songs from The Age of Plastic.\n\nChart positions\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:1980 singles\nCategory:The Buggles songs\nCategory:Songs written by Geoff Downes\nCategory:Songs written by Trevor Horn\nCategory:Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy\nCategory:1979 songs\nCategory:Island Records singles"}
-{"text": "Doge (disambiguation)\n\nDoge or DOGE may refer to:\n Doge, a historical Italian chief of state, specifically:\n Doge of Venice\n Doge of Genoa\n Doge (meme), an Internet meme primarily associated with the Shiba Inu breed of dog\n Dogecoin, a cryptocurrency named after the meme\n D\u00f6ge, a village in north-east Hungary\n DOGE (database) (in French, Documentation en Gestion des Entreprises), an academic bibliographic database\n Elphias Doge, a character from the Harry Potter series\n\nSee also \n Dodge (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Broadview, Montana\n\nBroadview is a town in Yellowstone County, Montana, United States. The population was 192 at the 2010 census.\n\nThe post office was established in 1908 and the town was incorporated in 1917.\n\nGeography\nBroadview is located at  (46.097709, -108.877944).\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , all of it land.\n\nClimate\nAccording to the K\u00f6ppen Climate Classification system, Broadview has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps.\n\nDemographics\n\n2010 census\nAs of the census of 2010, there were 192 people, 66 households, and 47 families living in the town. The population density was . There were 73 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 95.3% White, 1.0% Native American, 3.1% from other races, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.8% of the population.\n\nThere were 66 households of which 34.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.6% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 28.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.43.\n\nThe median age in the town was 39.5 years. 31.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.1% were from 45 to 64; and 16.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.6% male and 47.4% female.\n\n2000 census\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 150 people, 64 households, and 41 families living in the town. The population density was 624.7 people per square mile (241.3/km\u00b2). There were 66 housing units at an average density of 274.9 per square mile (106.2/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.67% White, 0.67% Native American, and 2.67% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.\n\nThere were 64 households out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 4.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.95.\n\nIn the town, the population was spread out with 28.0% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 20.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the town was $29,500, and the median income for a family was $34,688. Males had a median income of $35,417 versus $16,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $12,882. There were 6.4% of families and 9.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 10.6% of under eighteens and 16.7% of those over 64.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Towns in Yellowstone County, Montana\nCategory:Billings metropolitan area"}
-{"text": "Renal plexus\n\nThe renal plexus is formed by filaments from the celiac ganglia and plexus, aorticorenal ganglia, lower thoracic splanchnic nerves and first lumbar splanchnic nerve and aortic plexus.\n\nThe nerves from these sources, fifteen or twenty in number, have a few ganglia developed upon them.\n\nIt enters the kidneys on arterial branches to supply the vessels, Renal glomerulus, and tubules with branches to the ureteric plexus. Some filaments are distributed to the spermatic plexus and, on the right side, to the inferior vena cava.\n\nThe ovarian plexus arises from the renal plexus, and is one of two sympathetic supplies distributed to the ovary and fundus of the uterus.\n\nAdditional images\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Nerve plexus\nCategory:Nerves of the torso\nCategory:Kidney"}
-{"text": "H\u00e5leniusite-(La)\n\nH\u00e5leniusite-(La) (La,Ce)OF is a yellow isometric mineral.  It has a dull, earthy lustre. The geological setting of h\u00e5leniusite-(La) is in vugs and leaching zones of massive ferriallanite-(Ce), intimately intergrown with cerite-(Ce) and bastn\u00e4site-(La). \n\nIt was discovered in 1986 at Bastn\u00e4s mines, Riddarhyttan, Skinnskatteberg, V\u00e4stmanland, Sweden and named in honour of Ulf H\u00e5lenius, director of the mineralogy department at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm, Sweden.\n\nReferences\n Mindat.org\n webmineral\n\nCategory:Lanthanide minerals\nCategory:Fluorine minerals\nCategory:Cubic minerals"}
-{"text": "Parkinson's Disease (journal)\n\nParkinson's Disease is an open access medical journal covering Parkinson's disease. It was established in 2009 and is published by Hindawi Publishing Corporation. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.702.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Hindawi Publishing Corporation academic journals\nCategory:Parkinson's disease\nCategory:Neurology journals\nCategory:Publications established in 2009\nCategory:English-language journals\nCategory:Irregular journals"}
-{"text": "Jozef Ad\u00e1mik\n\nJozef Ad\u00e1mik (born 10 April 1985) is a Slovak football defender who plays for SK Vorw\u00e4rts Steyr.\n\nClub career \nHe came to Spartak Trnava in summer 2013.\n\nExternal links\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Kom\u00e1rno\nCategory:Slovak footballers\nCategory:\u0160K Slovan Bratislava players\nCategory:FK Dubnica players\nCategory:FK Dukla Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica players\nCategory:1. FC Tatran Pre\u0161ov players\nCategory:Slovak Super Liga players\nCategory:FC Ban\u00edk Ostrava players\nCategory:Czech First League players\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in the Czech Republic"}
-{"text": "Daniel Burkett\n\nDaniel Burkett (born February 25, 1995) is a Canadian racing driver who currently competes in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge for CJ Wilson Racing.\n\nCareer history\n\nAfter karting in various series Burkett made his open wheel debut in 2013. His first race was the opening round of the 2013 U.S. F2000 Winterfest. During the three races he finished fifteenth, seventeenth and thirteenth. He started in the regular USF2000 season for Belardi Auto Racing. After a rough start of the season Burkett improved and was a regular top-ten finisher. His best result was a fifth-place finish at Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca. He finished fifteenth in the standings. During the 2014 Winterfest Burkett returned to the series in the final round at Barber Motorsports Park. Burkett made his debut in the Atlantic Championship with K-Hill Motorsports in 2014. He swept the opening round at Road Atlanta winning both races. He has also signed on to compete in a second season of U.S. F2000 with Belardi in 2014 which saw him improve to 11th in the standings with three fourth-place finishes. Daniel signed with Cape Motorsports with Wayne Taylor Racing for the 2015 MRTI Pro Mazda series. In 2016, Daniel will race in the Continental Tire Sports Car Challenge with CJ Wilson Racing with Marc Miller as his co-driver. They will drive the #33 Porsche GT4 Cayman Clubsport in the GS class. They finished third in the season opener at Daytona as a fuel issue held them back from victory.\n\nRacing record\n\nU.S. F2000 National Championship\n\nAtlantic Championship Series\n\nPro Mazda Championship\n\nExternal links\nPersonal Web Page\nU.S. F2000 Bio\nCanadian star Burkett joins Belardi Auto Racing \n\nCategory:1995 births\nCategory:Atlantic Championship drivers\nCategory:Canadian racing drivers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Indy Pro 2000 Championship drivers\nCategory:Racing drivers from Manitoba\nCategory:Sportspeople from Winnipeg\nCategory:USF2000 drivers"}
-{"text": "Live at the Warfield\n\n{{Album ratings\n| rev1      = All About Jazz\n| rev1Score = (not rated) \n| rev2      = AllMusic\n| rev2Score =  \n| rev3      = Jambands.com\n| rev3Score = (not rated) <ref>Jarnow, Jesse (October 24, 2006). [http://www.jambands.com/CDReviews/content_2006_10_24.13.phtml Live at the Warfield], jambands.com</ref>\n}}Live at the Warfield is a two CD album by the rock group Phil Lesh and Friends.  It was recorded live at the Warfield in San Francisco, California, on May 18 and May 19, 2006.Live at the Warfield'' is also a concert performance DVD recorded at the same shows.  The track listing for the DVD is completely different from that of the album. The DVD was produced and directed by Jay Blakesberg and Bob Sarles. The director of photography was Bill Zarchy.\n\nCD Track listing\n\nDisc 1\n\n\"Shakedown Street\"\n\"Mr. Charlie\"\n\"Pride Of Cucamonga\"\n\"Cosmic Charlie\"\n\"Scarlet Begonias\"\n\"They Love Each Other\"\n\"Turn On Your Lovelight\"\n\"Donor Rap\"\n\nDisc 2\n\n\"The Wheel\"\n\"Dark Star\"\n\"Morning Dew\"\n\"I Know You Rider\"\n\"The Other One\"\n\"Dark Star\"\n\"The Other One\"\n\"Box of Rain\"\n\nDVD track listing\n\n\"Uncle John's Band\"\n\"Eyes of the World\"\n\"St. Stephen\"\n\"The Eleven\"\n\"Caution (Do Not Stop On Tracks)\"\n\"All Along the Watchtower\"\n\"New Speedway Boogie\"\n\"Unbroken Chain\"\n\"Help On the Way\"\n\"Slipknot!\"\n\"Franklin's Tower\"\n\nPersonnel\nPhil Lesh \u2013 electric bass, vocals\nJoan Osborne \u2013 vocals\nJohn Scofield \u2013 guitar\nLarry Campbell \u2013 guitar, pedal steel, fiddle, mandolin, vocals\nGreg Osby \u2013 saxophone\nRob Barraco \u2013 keyboards, vocals\nJohn Molo \u2013 drums\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Phil Lesh albums\nCategory:2006 live albums\nCategory:Live video albums\nCategory:John Scofield live albums"}
-{"text": "2002 Arab Junior Athletics Championships\n\nThe 2002 Arab Junior Athletics Championships was the tenth edition of the international athletics competition for under-20 athletes from Arab countries. It took place in Cairo, Egypt \u2013 the city hosted the tournament once before in 1986. A total of 43 athletics events were contested, 22 for men and 21 for women. After an absence in 2000, regional powers Morocco, Algeria and Qatar all returned to the tournament.\n\nMorocco topped the table with twelve gold medals, followed by Egypt which won eight titles. Tunisia and Saudi Arabia each won six medals, with Tunisia mainly having success in women's events and Saudi Arabia winning only men's medals. A women's pole vault was added to the programme, leaving just the steeplechase as the remaining event contested by men but not women. Junior implements were used in the throws events for the first time.\n\nMorocco's Yassine Bensghir completed a men's middle-distance double and was the World Junior Champion that same year. Ismail Ahmed Ismail was third to him in the 800 metres, but went on to much greater success as a senior, winning Sudan's first Olympic medal in 2008. The sprints saw the rise of Yahya Habeeb and Yahya Al-Ghahes of Saudi Arabia (both future Asian champions). The men's throws saw the emergence of a new generation of athletes who would dominate regionally: Sultan Al-Hebshi and Ali Al-Zinkawi later won Asian titles in their disciplines, while the Egyptian trio of Yasser Ibrahim Farag, Omar Ahmed El Ghazaly and Mohsen Mohamed Anani later won gold medals at the African Championships in Athletics in the shot put, discus and hammer throw, respectively.\n\nIn women's events, sprint medallists Muna Jabir Adam and Gretta Taslakian each later became continental medallists in their specialities. Mariem Alaoui Selsouli was a medallist in both long-distance events and later won medals at the IAAF World Indoor Championships.\n\nMedal summary\n\nMen\n\nWomen\n\nMedal table\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Arab Junior Athletics Championships\nCategory:International athletics competitions hosted by Egypt\nCategory:Sports competitions in Cairo\nArab Junior Athletics Championships\nArab Junior Athletics Championships\nCategory:2000s in Cairo\nCategory:2002 in youth sport\nCategory:Athletics in Cairo"}
-{"text": "PAFAH1B2\n\nPlatelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit beta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAFAH1B2 gene.\n\nInteractions \n\nPAFAH1B2 has been shown to interact with PAFAH1B1.\n\nSee also \n PAFAH1B1\n PAFAH1B3\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading"}
-{"text": "2010 United States Senate election in Missouri\n\nThe 2010 United States Senate election in Missouri took place on November 2, 2010 alongside 36 other elections to the United States Senate in other states as well as elections to the United States House of Representatives and various state and local elections. Primary elections were held on August 3, 2010. Incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Kit Bond decided to retire instead of seeking a fifth term. Republican nominee Roy Blunt won the open seat.\n\nRepublican primary\n\nCandidates \n Roy Blunt, U.S. Representative since 1997\n Davis Conway\n Tony Laszacs\n Hector Maldonado\n Kristi Nichols\n R.L. Praprotnik\n Chuck Purgason, State Senator\n Deborah Solomon\n Mike Vontz\n\nPolling\n\nResults\n\nDemocratic primary\n\nCandidates \n Robin Carnahan, Missouri Secretary of State\n Richard Charles Tolbert\n Francis Vangeli\n\nResults\n\nOther primaries\n\nConstitution\n\nCandidates\n\nDeclared \n Jerry Beck\n Joe Martellaro\n Mike Simmons\n\nLibertarian\n\nCandidates\n\nDeclared \n Jonathan Dine\n Cisse Spragins\n\nGeneral election\n\nCandidates \n Roy Blunt (R), U.S. Representative\n Robin Carnahan (D), Missouri Secretary of State\n Jerry Beck (C)\n Jonathan Dine (L)\n Mark S. Memoly (write-in)\n Frazier Glenn Miller (write-in), perennial candidate\n Jeff Wirick (write-in)\n Richie L. Wolfe (write-in)\n\nCampaign \nCarnahan and national Democrats have heavily criticized Blunt for his support of bailouts, calling him \"Bailout Blunt.\" Blunt criticized her for supporting President Obama's stimulus package, the cap-and-trade energy bill, and the health care reform bill.\n\nCarnahan was endorsed by the Kansas City Star, the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, and the St. Louis American.\n\nBlunt was endorsed by the Quincy Herald-Whig and the St. Joseph News-Press.\n\nDebates \n October 14: Televised on Kansas City Public Television in Kansas City, Missouri.\n October 18: Missouri Press Association convention in Lake of the Ozarks State Park.\n October 29: Televised on KTVI in St. Louis.\n\nPredictions\n\nPolling\n\nFundraising\n\nResults\n\nSee also \n United States Senate elections, 2010\n Missouri state auditor election, 2010\n Missouri Senate elections, 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Elections from the Missouri Secretary of State\n Official candidate lists\n U.S. Congress candidates for Missouri at Project Vote Smart\n Missouri U.S. Senate 2010 from OurCampaigns.com\n Campaign contributions from Open Secrets\n 2010 Missouri Senate General Election: Roy Blunt (R) vs Robin Carnahan (D) graph of multiple polls from Pollster.com\n Election 2010: Missouri Senate from Rasmussen Reports\n 2010 Missouri Senate - Blunt vs. Carnahan from Real Clear Politics\n 2010 Missouri Senate Race from CQ Politics\n Race profile from The New York Times\n News coverage from The Midwest Democracy Project at The Kansas City Star\n News coverage at the St. Louis Post-Dispatch\nOfficial campaign websites\n Roy Blunt for U.S. Senate\n Robin Carnahan for U.S. Senate\n Jerry Beck for U.S. Senate\n Cisse Spragins for U.S. Senate\n Hector Maldonado for U.S. Senate\n\nMissouri\n2010\nUnited States Senate"}
-{"text": "HMS Scimitar\n\nThree ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Scimitar, after the scimitar, a curved sword:\n\n was an  launched in 1918 and sold in 1947.\n was a Scimitar-class fast training boat launched in 1969 and sold in 1983.\n is a , formerly MV Grey Fox. She entered service in 1993, was transferred to the Royal Navy in 2002 and renamed Scimitar, and is currently in service.\n\nCategory:Royal Navy ship names"}
-{"text": "1995\u201396 Moroccan Throne Cup\n\nThe 1995\u201396 season of the Moroccan Throne Cup was the 40th edition of the competition.\n\nRaja Club Athletic won the cup, beating FAR de Rabat 1\u20130 in the final, played at the Stade Hassan II in F\u00e8s. Raja Club Athletic won the cup for the fourth time in their history.\n\nCompetition\n\nLast 16\n\nQuarter-finals\n\nSemi-finals\n\nFinal \nThe final took place between the two winning semi-finalists, Raja Club Athletic and FAR de Rabat, on 7 April 1996 at the stade Hassan II in F\u00e8s.\n\nNotes and references \n\n1995\nCategory:1995 in association football\nCategory:1996 in association football\nCategory:1995\u201396 in Moroccan football"}
-{"text": "William Langford (golf)\n\nWilliam Boice Langford (1887\u20131977) was a golf course designer and civil engineer from Austin, Illinois. He graduated from both Yale and Columbia University. During the golden age of golf design between the world wars, he produced many great golf courses primarily in the Midwest states. Langford\u2019s work is reminiscent of golf course designers Seth Raynor, Charles Banks and Charles B. Macdonald. He died in Sarasota, Florida in 1977.\n\nAlong with Theodore Moreau, he produced over 200 golf courses. Some of the best include Minnehaha Country Club, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, added in 2018 as a tournament stop for the PGA Champions tour, Martin County Golf Course in Stuart, Florida, Milburn Country Club in Overland Park, Kansas, Wakonda in Des Moines, Iowa, Harrison Hills in Attica, Indiana, Maxinkuckee in Culver, Indiana (played often by Roy, Pete and Alice Dye early in their careers), Ozaukee in Mequon, Wisconsin, Lawsonia in Green Lake, Wisconsin, and Happy Hollow in Omaha, Nebraska.\n\nCourses Designed\nThe following is a (partial) list of other courses designed or remodeled by William Langford: \n\n Arkansas\n Texarkana CC (1927) - Texarkana, AR\n Florida\n Key West GC (1923) - Key West, FL \n Martin County GC (1920) - Stuart, FL\n Eglin Eagle Course (1927) - Niceville, FL\n Illinois\n Acacia CC (1917) - Indian Head Park, IL\n Barrington Hills CC (1946) - Barrington, IL \n Bloomington CC (1917) - Bloomington, IL \n Bryn Mawr GC (1921) - Lincolnwood, IL\n Butterfield CC (1922) - Oak Brook, IL \n Franklin County CC (back 9) (1921)(West Frankfort, IL)\n Glen Oak CC (1922) - Glen Ellyn, IL\n La Grange CC (1924) - La Grange, IL\n Marquette Park GC (1917) - Chicago, IL\n Park Ridge CC (1949) - Park Ridge, IL \n Riverside Golf Club (1917) - North Riverside, IL\n Ruth Lake CC (1926) - Hinsdale, IL\n Schaumburg CC (1928) - Schaumburg, IL\nSt. Clair Country Club (1911) - [Belleville, IL]\n Winnetka GC (1917) - Winnetka, IL\n Indiana\n Innsbrook CC (1919) - Merrillville, IN\n Christiana Creek CC (1925 and 1945) - Elkhart, IN\n Culver Military Academy (1920) - Culver, IN\n Oakland City GC (1946) - Oakland City, IN\n Maxwelton GC (1929) - Syracuse, IN\n Fort Wayne CC (1916) - Fort Wayne, IN (9 holes)\n Iowa\n Ellis Park Muni (1949) - Cedar Rapids, IA\n Keokuk CC (1951) - Keokuk, IA\n Oneota CC (1921) - Decorah, IA\n Kansas\n Brookridge Country Club (1960) - Overland Park, KS \n Milburn G&CC (1917) - Overland Park, KS\nKentucky\n Audubon CC (1921) - Louisville, KY\n Indian Hills CC (1956) - Bowling Green, KY\n Louisville CC (1921) - Louisville, KY\n Michigan\n Blythefield CC (1927) - Belmont, MI\n Country Club of Lansing (1919) - Lansing, MI\n Marquette G&CC (1927) - Marquette, MI\n Minnesota\n Mankato GC (1954) - Mankato, MN\n Southview CC (1960) - West St. Paul, MN\n Mississippi\n Clarksdale CC (1921) - Clarksdale, MS\n Nebraska\n Highland CC (1924) - Omaha, NE\n Omaha CC (1927) - Omaha, NE\n South Dakota\n Minnehaha Country Club (1922) - Sioux Falls, SD\n Ohio\n Clovernook Country Club (1921) - Cincinnati, OH\n Fairlawn Country Club (1918) - Akron, OH\n Portage Path Country Club (1918) - Akron, OH\n Tennessee\n Chickasaw CC (1922) - Memphis, TN\n Colonial CC (1916) - Cordova, TN\n Gatlinburg G&CC (1956) - Pigeon Forge, TN\n Green Meadow CC (1958) - Alcoa, TN\n The Country Club (1959) - Morristown, TN\n Wisconsin\n The Links at Lawsonia - Green Lake, WI\n Ozaukee CC (1922) - Mequon, WI\n Spring Valley CC (1927) - Salem, WI\n West Bend CC (1922) - West Bend, WI\n\nReferences\n\nLinks\n http://thecaddyshack.blogspot.com/2007/06/architect-15-william-langford.html\n http://www.golfclubatlas.com/in-my-opinion/mark-chalfant-the-architecture-of-william-b-langford/\n https://webspace.yale.edu/Yale-golf-history/Eras/1895-1923/Langford.htm\n\nLangford, William B.\nCategory:Sportspeople from Illinois\nCategory:1887 births\nCategory:1977 deaths"}
-{"text": "Phillip Tracey\n\nPhillip John Tracey is a quadriplegic Australian Paralympic swimmer.  At the 1984 New York/Stoke Mandeville Paralympics, he won a bronze medal in the Men's 100\u00a0m Freestyle 1A event. He won three silver medals at the 1988 Seoul Games in the Men's 100\u00a0m Freestyle 1A, Men's 25\u00a0m Backstroke 1A and Men's 50\u00a0m Freestyle 1A events. He competed in swimming without winning a medal at the 1992 Barcelona Paralympics,. He was from Murrumbeena, Victoria  and 34 at the time of the Games.\n\nIn 2002, Tracey in a specially designed wheelchair for paragliding had a paraglider flight Mystic near Bright, Victoria. This was a first paraglider flight for a quadriplegic. At the time, Tracey was Chairman of Wheelchair Sports Victoria.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Male Paralympic swimmers of Australia\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1984 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Paralympic silver medalists for Australia\nCategory:Paralympic bronze medalists for Australia\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 1984 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:Wheelchair category Paralympic competitors\nCategory:Sportspeople from Melbourne\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Sylian Mokono\n\nSylian Aldren Mokono (born 22 March 1999) is a Dutch football player of South African descent. He plays for Jong FC Utrecht.\n\nClub career\nHe made his Eerste Divisie debut for Jong FC Utrecht on 27 August 2018 in a game against NEC, as a 63rd-minute substitute for Rick Mulder.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1999 births\nCategory:Dutch people of South African descent\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Dutch footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:Jong FC Utrecht players\nCategory:Eerste Divisie players"}
-{"text": "1974\u201375 League Cup (rugby league)\n\nThis was the fourth season for the League Cup, which was again known as the Players No.6 Trophy for sponsorship reasons.\n\nBradford Northern won the trophy by beating Widnes by the score of 3-2. The final was played at Wilderspool, Warrington. The attendance was 5,935 and receipts were \u00a33305.\n\nBackground \nThis season saw no changes in the  entrants, no new members and no withdrawals, the number remaining at eighteen.\nFor the  first time in the competition, there were no drawn matches.\n\nCompetition and results\n\nRound 1 - First round \nInvolved 16 matches and 32 clubs\n\nRound 2 - Second round \nInvolved  8 matches and 16 clubs\n\nRound 3 -Quarterfinals\nInvolved 4 matches with 8 clubs\n\nRound 4 \u2013 Semifinals \nInvolved 2 matches and 4 clubs\n\nFinal\n\nTeams and scorers \n\nScoring - Try = three (3) points - Goal = two (2) points - Drop goal = one (1) point\n\nTimeline in the final\n\nPrize money \nAs part of the sponsorship deal and funds, the  prize money awarded to the competing teams for this season is as follows :-\n\nNote - the  author is unable to trace the  rest of the  award amounts. Can anyone help ?\n\nNotes and comments \n1 * The News of The World/Empire News annual 1975\u201376 gives the score as 15-10 but others including The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376 give it as 15-6\n2 * Lock Lane are a Junior (amateur) club from Castleford\n3 * The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376 gives the attendance as 1,000 but the Rothmans Rugby League Yearbooks 1990-91 and 1991-92, and RUGBYLEAGUEproject and Wigan official archives give it as 537\n4 * Wigan official archives gives the  score as 12-6 but The News of The World/Empire News annual 1975\u201376, RUGBYLEAGUEproject and The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376 gives it as 12-8\n5 * Kippax White Swan are a Junior (amateur) club from Castleford\n6 * The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376 gives the attendance as 513 but Rothmans Rugby League Yearbooks 1990-91 and 1991-92  and RUGBYLEAGUEproject give it as 453\n7 * The News of The World/Empire News annual 1975\u201376, Wigan official archives and RUGBYLEAGUEproject  give the score as 21-14   but The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376 give it as 22-14\n8 * Hull F.C. official website shows Hull playing away at Leeds in December in the JPT, an obvious error\n9 * Swinton No 8 Brian Butler was sent off in the 36th minute for \"interfering in a tackle by Green on David Hill\" and Wigan hooker Colin Clarke was sent off in the 6th minute for dissent.\n10 * The News of The World/Empire News annual 1975\u201376 gives the score as 13-6  but Wigan official archives,  RUGBYLEAGUEproject and The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376  give it as 33-6\n11 * The News of The World/Empire News annual 1975\u201376 gives the score as 13-6  but Wigan official archives,  RUGBYLEAGUEproject and The John Player Yearbook 1975\u201376  give it as 33-6\n13  * Wilderspool was the home ground of Warrington from 1883 to the end of the 2003 Summer season when they moved into the new purpose built Halliwell Jones Stadium. Wilderspool remained as a sports/Ruugby League ground and is/was used by Woolston Rovers/Warrington Wizards junior club. \nThe ground had a final capacity of 9,000 although the record attendance was set in a Challenge cup third round match on 13 March 1948 when 34,304 spectators saw Warrington lose to Wigan 10-13.\n\nGeneral information for those unfamiliar \nThe council of the Rugby Football League voted to introduce a new competition, to be similar to The Football Association and Scottish Football Association's \"League Cup\". It was to be a similar knock-out structure to, and to be secondary to, the Challenge Cup. As this was being formulated, sports sponsorship was becoming more prevalent and as a result John Player and Sons, a division of Imperial Tobacco Company, became sponsors, and the competition never became widely known as the \"League Cup\" \nThe competition ran from 1971\u201372 until 1995-96 and was initially intended for the professional clubs plus the two amateur BARLA National Cup finalists. In later seasons the entries were expanded to take in other amateur and French teams. The competition was dropped due to \"fixture congestion\" when Rugby League became a summer sport\nThe Rugby League season always (until the onset of \"Summer Rugby\" in 1996) ran from around August-time through to around May-time and this competition always took place early in the season, in the Autumn, with the final usually taking place in late January \nThe competition was variably known, by its sponsorship name, as the Player's No.6 Trophy (1971\u20131977), the John Player Trophy (1977\u20131983), the John Player Special Trophy (1983\u20131989), and the Regal Trophy in 1989.\n\nSee also \n1974\u201375 Northern Rugby Football League season\n1974 Lancashire Cup\n1974 Yorkshire Cup\nPlayer's No.6 Trophy\nRugby league county cups\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSaints Heritage Society\n1896\u201397 Northern Rugby Football Union season at wigan.rlfans.com\nHull&Proud Fixtures & Results 1896/1897\nWidnes Vikings - One team, one passion Season In Review - 1896-97\nThe Northern Union at warringtonwolves.org\nHuddersfield R L Heritage\nWakefield until I die\n\nCategory:1974 in English rugby league\nCategory:1975 in English rugby league\nCategory:League Cup (rugby league)"}
-{"text": "Claudio F\u00e4h\n\nClaudio F\u00e4h (born 29 March 1975) is a Swiss film director, producer and screenwriter.\n\nCareer \nF\u00e4h has directed films such as Coronado, Hollow Man 2, Sniper: Reloaded and Sniper: Ultimate Kill, as well as webisodes of Ghost Whisperer: The Other Side, the online companion series to CBS's Ghost Whisperer.\n\nDuring fall 2013, he directed Northmen: A Viking Saga.\n\nPersonal life\nAs of 1999, F\u00e4h lives in Los Angeles, California. He married Martina Meier, a doctor in 2003. Together, they have two daughters.\n\nFilmography\n\nGhost Whisperer: The Other Side (16 episodes) \u2013 \"Episode #1.1\", \"Episode #1.2\", \"Episode #1.3\", \"Episode #1.4\", \"Episode #1.5\", \"Episode #1.6\", \"Episode #1.7\", \"Episode #1.8\", \"Episode #1.9\", \"Episode #2.0\", \"Episode #2.1\", \"Episode #2.2\", \"Episode #2.3\", \"Episode #2.4\", \"Episode #2.5\", \"Episode #2.6\", \"Episode #2.7\", \"Episode #2.8\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1975 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Swiss film directors\nCategory:Swiss film producers\nCategory:Swiss screenwriters"}
-{"text": "Itutinga\n\nItutinga is a Brazilian municipality located in the state of Minas Gerais. The city belongs to the mesoregion of Campo das Vertentes and to the microregion of Lavras.\n\nSee also\n List of municipalities in Minas Gerais\n\nCategory:Municipalities in Minas Gerais"}
-{"text": "Shanti Bahini\n\nThe Shanti Bahini (; meaning \"Peace Force\") was the armed wing of the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) in Bangladesh. It is considerend an insurgent group in Bangladesh. The Shanti Bahini was made out of mostly members from the Chakma tribe.\n\nHistory \nFollowing the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Manabendra Narayan Larma founded the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) on 15 February 1972, seeking to build an organization representing all the tribal peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Larma was elected to the Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad, the national legislature of Bangladesh as a candidate of the PCJSS in 1973. When Larma's continued efforts to make the government recognize the rights of the tribal peoples through political discussions had failed, Larma and the PCJSS began organizing the Shanti Bahini (Peace Corps), an armed force operating in the Hill Tracts area. It was formed in 1972 and fought for many years against the government.\n\nShanti Bahini began attacking Bangladesh Army convoys in 1977. They carried out kidnappings and extortion. Larma subsequently went into hiding from government security forces. Factionalism within the PCJS weakened Larma's standing and he was assassinated on 10 November 1983. On 23 June 1981 the Shanti Bahini attacked a camp of Bangladesh rifles, killing 13 people. They later captured and executed 24 members of the Bangladesh rifles. In the 1980s the Government of Bangladesh started to provide land for thousands of landless Bengali . Many Bengali were forced to move to secure regions because of the insurgency, abandoning their land to the tribal communities. On 29 April 1986, Shanti Bahini massacred 19 Bengali. On 26 June 1989 the Shanti Bahini burned down villages where inhabitants had voted in Bangladeshi elections. In 1996 Shanti Bahini abducted and killed 30 Bengali. On 9 September 1996, the Shanti Bahini massacred a group of Bengali woodcutters, who were under the impression they'd been called to a meeting. Members of Shanti Bahini extorted some four million dollars from the local population in the name of toll collection.\n\nThe Shanti Bahini abandoned militancy when the Bangladesh Awami League negotiated the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord between the government and the PCJSS on 2 December 1997. Members of Shanti Bahini surrendered their weapons in a stadium in Khagrachari. The treaty saw the lifting of nighttime curfew and the return of 50 thousand refugees. However, some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group. Some of those who opposed the peace treaty formed the United People's Democratic Front as an alternate to the PCJSS. The treaty was also criticised by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and has not been fully implemented. Some members of Shanti Bahini became police officers after the peace treaty. On November 2012, two of those members of Bangladesh police were arrested for stealing ammunition from the police. On August 2014 Indian security forces arrested members of Shanti Bahini, two Bangladeshi and three Indian nationals, with weapons in Mizoram.\n\nAlleged foreign help \nThe spokesman for the Shanti Bahini, Bimal Chakma alleged Indian involvement by stating that after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and the removal of Bangladesh Awami League from power in 1975, India provided support and shelter to the members of Shanti Bahini. Members of Shanti Bahini were trained in Chakrata, India.\n\nSee also \n Chittagong Hill Tracts\n Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord\n Demographics of Bangladesh\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict\nCategory:Paramilitary organisations based in Bangladesh\nCategory:History of Bangladesh\nCategory:History of Chittagong Division\nCategory:Separatism in Bangladesh\nCategory:1972 establishments in Bangladesh"}
-{"text": "Mount Deception (Washington)\n\nMount Deception is a peak in the Olympic Mountains of Cascadia. It is in Olympic National Park on the Olympic Peninsula in the U.S. state of Washington.\n\nDescription \n\nAt  high Mount Deception is the second highest peak of the Olympic Mountains, after Mount Olympus. It is the highest peak of the eastern Olympics. Mount Deception's prominence is , making it the 17th most prominent peak in Washington. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Olympus at  to the west.\n\nMount Deception is located in the northeast portion of the Olympics Mountains just northeast of Mount Mystery between Deception Creek and Royal Creek. The region is known as Royal Basin and includes the upper reaches of Royal Creek. Mount Deception lies at the head of Royal Basin. This location puts it in the rain shadow of the Olympics, resulting in far less precipitation than Mount Olympus and the western Olympics receive. Although Mount Deception is the highest peak in the eastern Olympics, it is not visible from Seattle.\n\nRadiating northward from the shoulders of Mount Deception are Gilhooley Tower, The Needles, Mount Clark (), Mount Walkinshaw (), and the northeasterly running spur known as Gray Wolf Ridge. To the east and south are Mount Fricaba, Hal Foss Peak, Mount Mystery, and Little Mystery. Two small glaciers hug the mountain's north-facing basalt slopes.\n\nMount Deception sits on the boundary between the drainage basins of the Dungeness River, to the north, and the Dosewallips River, to the south and east. Deception Creek, a tributary of the Dosewallips River, drains the southern slope of Mount Deception. Gray Wolf Pass is located about  west of Mount Deception. The pass connects the Dungeness and Dosewallips drainage basins.\n\nHistory \nMount Deception had been given the name Mount Holmes by the Seattle Press Expedition in honor of John H. Holmes of the Boston Herald. Later, G.A. Whitehead of the U.S. Forest Service renamed it Mount Deception due to the difficulty mountaineers had in locating climbing routes on the often cloud-covered peak.\n\nRecreation\n\nUnlike the peaks of Gray Wolf Ridge, which are scalable for fit and determined day hikers, mountaineering skills are necessary for Mount Deception itself. While not a particularly technical climb it is steep and exposed. If a climber falls and does not arrest immediately, loose rock and rotten snow may make it difficult to stop falling for some distance. Fatalities have occurred on Mount Deception and the National Park Service recommends climbers be experienced in self-arrest skills, rock climbing, and route-finding.\n\nThe adjacent Needles are typically regarded as providing better, and somewhat more difficult, mountaineering objectives in the Royal Basin area.\n\nClimate\n\nBased on the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Mount Deception is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Most weather fronts originate in the Pacific Ocean, and travel northeast toward the Olympic Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Olympic Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snowfall (Orographic lift). As a result, the Olympics experience high precipitation, especially during the winter months. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but, due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer. In terms of favorable weather, the best months for climbing are June through September.\n\nGeology\n\nThe Olympic Mountains are composed of obducted clastic wedge material and oceanic crust, primarily Eocene sandstone, turbidite, and basaltic oceanic crust. The mountains were sculpted during the Pleistocene era by erosion caused by glaciers advancing and retreating multiple times.\n\nSee also\n\n Olympic Mountains\n Geology of the Pacific Northwest\n Geography of Washington (state)\n List of mountains of the United States\n List of mountains by elevation\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n Mount Deception weather: Mountain Forecast\n Mt. Deception photo: Flickr\n\nCategory:Mountains of Washington (state)\nCategory:Olympic Mountains\nCategory:Mountains of Jefferson County, Washington\nCategory:Landforms of Olympic National Park"}
-{"text": "Kuwanimyia\n\nKuwanimyia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.\n\nSpecies\nK. afra Cerretti, 2009\nK. atra Cerretti, 2009\nK. capensis Cerretti, 2009\nK. conspersa Townsend, 1916\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Exoristinae\nCategory:Diptera of Asia\nCategory:Diptera of Africa\nCategory:Tachinidae genera\nCategory:Taxa named by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend"}
-{"text": "Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement\n\nThe Office of the Director of Corporate Enforcement (ODCE; ) in Ireland was set up by the Irish Government on November 28, 2001 as a consequence of the proceedings and the conclusions of various review groups, courts, tribunals of inquiry and parliamentary committees in recent years.  These have revealed evidence that provisions in Irish company law and other legislation have been regularly breached and that some entities and individuals have not been called to account.  The result is that various parties, e.g., the State, other businesses and consumers, have borne the cost of this misbehaviour and the associated business risks.  Following a fundamental review, the Irish Government determined inter-alia that there were insufficient resources and legal instruments available to the State to supervise and enforce adherence to the requirements of company law and that it was necessary to correct these deficiencies in the public interest. \n  \nThe current Director is Ian Drennan.  His 30-person team comprises accountants, lawyers and detectives from the National Economic Crime Bureau (GNECB). He is legally responsible for:\n\n encouraging compliance with company law\n investigating and enforcing suspected breaches of the legislation\n bringing to account those who disregard the law\n\nThe Director and his team operate on an independent basis with the aim of reducing personal and business risk and improving the overall standard of public compliance.  The powers of the Office are set out in the Company Law Enforcement Act 2001 and has an annual operating budget of approximately \u20ac3 million. Many of the initiatives of the Office are taken in the general public interest.\n\nCompliance role\n\nThe Director seeks to foster compliance with the law and the consequences of non-compliance through presentations, public communication, consultation with professional bodies and engagement with all branches of government that facilitate compliance.\n\nEnforcement role\n\nThe investigative and enforcement role is quite extensive and encompasses:\n\n the initiation of fact-finding company investigations.  There were 2,111 new cases in 2005 (1,577 in 2004)\n prosecutions related to breaches of company law.  There were 69 legal proceedings in 2005 (61 in 2004)\n the supervision of companies in liquidation or insolvent\n the supervision of liquidators and receivers\n the regulation of undischarged bankrupts acting as company officers\n\nReferences\n\nSee also\n European corporate law (EU)\n Financial Conduct Authority (UK)\n\nExternal links\n Office of the Director of CorporateEnforcement OCDE)\n OCDE 2005 Annual Report\n British and Irish Legal Information Institute Decisions of Courts and Tribunals\n\nCategory:Government agencies of the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Economy of the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland\nCategory:Financial regulation\nCategory:Corporate social responsibility\nCategory:Regulation in Ireland"}
-{"text": "Non-abelian class field theory\n\nIn mathematics, non-abelian class field theory is a catchphrase, meaning the extension of the results of class field theory, the relatively complete and classical set of results on abelian extensions of any number field K, to the general Galois extension L/K. While class field theory was essentially known by 1930, the corresponding non-abelian theory has never been formulated in a definitive and accepted sense.\n\nHistory\n\nA presentation of class field theory in terms of group cohomology was carried out by Claude Chevalley, Emil Artin and others, mainly in the 1940s. This resulted in a formulation of the central results by means of the group cohomology of the idele class group. The theorems of the cohomological approach are independent of whether or not the Galois group G of L/K is abelian. This theory has never been regarded as the sought-after non-abelian theory. The first reason that can be cited for that is that it did not provide fresh information on the splitting of prime ideals in a Galois extension; a common way to explain the objective of a non-abelian class field theory is that it should provide a more explicit way to express such patterns of splitting.\n\nThe cohomological approach therefore was of limited use in even formulating non-abelian class field theory. Behind the history was the wish of Chevalley to write proofs for class field theory without using Dirichlet series: in other words to eliminate L-functions. The first wave of proofs of the central theorems of class field theory was structured as consisting of two 'inequalities' (the same structure as in the proofs now given of the fundamental theorem of Galois theory, though much more complex). One of the two inequalities involved an argument with L-functions. \n\nIn a later reversal of this development, it was realised that to generalize Artin reciprocity to the non-abelian case, it was essential in fact to seek a new way of expressing Artin L-functions. The contemporary formulation of this ambition is by means of the Langlands program: in which grounds are given for believing Artin L-functions are also L-functions of automorphic representations.  As of the early twenty-first century, this is the formulation of the notion of non-abelian class field theory that has widest expert acceptance.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Class field theory"}
-{"text": "3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Greece)\n\nThe 3rd Mechanized Infantry Brigade \"RIMINI\" (3\u03b7 \u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03a4\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1 \u00ab\u03a1\u0399\u039c\u0399\u039d\u0399\u00bb) is a mechanized infantry brigade of the Hellenic Army based at Kavyli, Orestiada.\n\nHistory \nThe brigade was established on 1885 at Trikala as a regiment and took part in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War in the aftermath of World War I. It also participated in the Asia Minor Campaign under the command of Nikolaos Plastiras.\n\nThe unit remains at Orestiada since 1977 as a regiment and after a Hellenic Army's  wide re-organization became a brigade and took the honourable name 'Rimini', continuing the tradition of the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade of World War II.\n\nStructure \n\n HQ Company (\u0399\u03a3\u03a4/3\u03b7\u03c2 \u039c/\u039a \u03a4\u0391\u039e \u03a0\u0396) based at Kavyli.\n 311th Armored Battalion (311 \u0395\u039c\u0391) at Orestiada.\n 502nd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (502 M/K \u03a4\u03a0) at Kavyli.\n 503rd Mechanized Infantry Battalion (503 M/K \u03a4\u03a0) at Nea Vyssa.\n 616th Mechanized Infantry Battalion (616 M/K \u03a4\u03a0) at Lepti.\n 105th Self Propelled Artillery Battalion (105 \u039c \u0391/K \u03a0\u0392) at Kavyli.\n 3rd Antitank Company (3 \u039b\u0391\u03a4)\n 3rd Engineer Company (3 \u039b\u039c\u03a7)\n 3rd Signal Company (3 \u039b\u0394\u0392)\n 3rd Support Battalion (3 \u03a4\u03a5\u03a0)\n\nCategory:Mechanized infantry brigades of Greece"}
-{"text": "Episcopal Diocese of West Virginia\n\nThe Episcopal Diocese of West Virginia is a diocese of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (TEC). It encompasses all 55 counties of West Virginia. The diocese has 66 congregations, including 38 parishes, 26 missions, and 2 other churches. The diocese is headquartered in Charleston and led by the Rt. Rev. W. Michie Klusmeyer who was consecrated as its bishop diocesan in 2001.\n\nHistory\n\n1700s \nMinistry of the Church of England and its successor, the Protestant Episcopal Church, developed slowly in what is now West Virginia. The 1784 disestablishment of the Church of England in the then-unified Virginia created severe challenges for Episcopalians.\n\nThe first Episcopal Church in present-day West Virginia was established as a log structure in 1740 near Bunker Hill in Berkeley County. This chapel was founded by Colonel Morgan Morgan  and known by the names Christ Episcopal Church and Morgan Chapel. Services at Morgan Chapel were led by local lay readers and by occasional priests visiting from Christ Church in Winchester, Virginia. Morgan Chapel is maintained as a historical site, but worship services are now held in nearby Zion Episcopal Church, Charles Town. Zion Church was the spiritual home of Charles Washington, Col. Lewis Washington, and John Yates Beall.\n\nWestward expansion of white settlers in the late eighteenth century encouraged the founding of Episcopal Churches near the Ohio River. Unlike most Virginia churches, mountainous geography led many churches in West Virginia to be planted by congregations from Pennsylvania, Maryland, or Ohio. Mirroring Virginia politics, diocesan bishops based in Williamsburg and Richmond often overlooked Episcopalians living west of the Blue Ridge.\u00a0Efforts of the Rev. Dr. Joseph Doddridge, a Pennsylvania-born missionary, were especially significant in establishing frontier churches in the Upper Ohio Valley.\u00a0In 1793, he founded Olde St. John\u2019s Episcopal Church in Colliers. It remains the oldest continuously active Episcopalian congregation in West Virginia.\n\n1800s \nIn the absence of episcopal visitations from the bishop of Virginia, Bishop William White of Pennsylvania consecrated St. Matthew's Episcopal Church in Wheeling, West Virginia as the nineteenth century began. By 1851, Episcopalians in the northwestern mountain counties petitioned Bishop William Meade of Virginia to provide the mountain region its own bishop. Meade demurred even though he had previously founded St. John's Episcopal Church, Charleston, in 1837, and serviced these parishes both while affiliated with Christ Church, Winchester, and later as assistant bishop of Virginia. When John Johns became his assistant bishop, he likewise conducted periodic visitations into the western counties of Virginia. However, with the outbreak of the American Civil War, episcopal visitations ceased. In 1863, shortly before West Virginia's incorporation as a state, St. Matthew's Church, Wheeling, asked permission for another bishop to visit the parish, but like his predecessor, Bishop Johns demurred, asking instead for a safe-conduct to visit the area, which he did not obtain.\n\nAfter the Civil War, the six northwestern counties remained part of the Diocese of Virginia for more than a decade. By 1876, Virginia's diocesan council (a name analogous to diocesan conventions elsewhere) agreed to support the creation of a separate diocese for the state of West Virginia, which the national General Convention approved in 1877.\n\nAt the organizational meeting led by Virginia bishop Francis McNeece Whittle (who chose to remain with the larger diocese), 14 clergy and 16 lay delegates agreed to extend an invitation to Rev. J.H. Eccleston of Newark, New Jersey to become their new bishop, but his existing congregation pointed out to him the missionary nature of the new diocese and questioned its ability to financially support a bishop and other diocesan officers, and he refused the call. The following year, the clerical and lay delegates met again and finally decided to call Rev. George William Peterkin, who accepted the call and was consecrated by bishops of Virginia, Maryland and Kentucky at the new diocese's largest church, St. Matthew's Church in Wheeling on May 30, 1878.\n\nAlthough the churches in Wheeling and Charleston had also offered to build rectories for the new bishop, Rt. Rev. Peterkin chose to accept the offer from the Parkersburg congregation. He thus made the town diocesan headquarters and ultimately succeeded in raising the funds and building the Church of the Good Shepherd in Parkersburg in 1891.\n\n1900s \nIn 1899, Peterkin found visitations increasingly difficult and asked for a bishop coadjutor, the diocesan convention elected Rev. William Loyall Gravatt of Zion Episcopal Church in Charles Town, West Virginia. Upon Rt.Rev. Peterkin's death in 1916, Rt. Rev. Gravatt moved the diocesan headquarters to Charleston, West Virginia, the state capital, where they are again today, although moved to Wheeling under the episcopate of his successor, Robert E.L. Strider.\n\nDiocesan Office and Retreat Centers\nThe diocese is headquartered on Virginia Street in Charleston, a few blocks from the West Virginia State Capitol, in a house known as Diocesan Center. It was donated by Helen Ruffner Ritz in 1964 in memory of her late husband, the lawyer and jurist Harold A. Ritz.\n\nThe diocese also has two spiritual retreat centers. Since 1944, Peterkin Camp and Conference Center on the South Branch of the Potomac River near Romney has been used for Christian Education retreats and summer camps. In the early 1950s, the diocese acquired Sandcrest Farms near Oglebay Park in Wheeling as a bequest from philanthropists Harry and Helen Turner Sands. Originally envisioned as an Episcopalian retirement home, Sandcrest Conference and Retreat Center now operates as a nonprofit, spiritual retreat center with the mission \"\u2026to provide a place in which to nourish the soul, mind, and body through the spirit of Jesus Christ.\"\n\nRoll of Bishops\n\nGeorge William Peterkin (1878-1916)\nWilliam Loyall Gravatt, bishop coadjutor (1899-1916)i\nWilliam Loyall Gravatt (1916-1939)\nRobert E.L. Strider Sr., bishop coadjutor (1923-1939)o\nRobert E.L. Strider Sr. (1939-1955)\nWilburn C. Campbell, bishop coadjutor (1950-1955)\nWilburn C. Campbell (1955-1976)\nRobert P. Atkinson, bishop coadjutor (1973-1976)\nRobert P. Atkinson (1976-1988)\nJohn H. Smith (1989-1999)* Charles Vach\u00e9, assisting bishop (1999-2001)\nW. Michie Klusmeyer (2001-)* Mark Van Koevering assistant bishop (2016-2018)\n\nFurther reading \n\n Brown, Jonathan C. Acts of Devotion: A Religious Community in American History. Harpers Ferry, West Virginia: Social Assessment Press, 2014.\n Hamilton, Eleanor Meyer. The Flair & the Fire: The Story of the Episcopal Church in West Virginia, 1877-1977. Charleston: Diocese of West Virginia, 1977.\n Peterkin, Rt. Rev. George W. A History and Record of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of West Virginia. Charleston, West Virginia: Tribune Company, 1902.\n Witt, Joseph D. Religion and Resistance in Appalachia: Faith and the Fight Against Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining. Place Matters: New Directions in Appalachian Studies. The University Press of Kentucky, 2016.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Web site of the Diocese of West Virginia\nJournal of the Annual Convention, Diocese of West Virginia\n\n \nDiocese of West Virginia\nCategory:Religious organizations established in 1877\nCategory:Anglican dioceses established in the 19th century\nWest Virginia"}
-{"text": "Jonathan Brookins\n\nJonathan Quinn Brookins (born August 13, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist who competed as a featherweight for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. A professional MMA competitor since 2006, Brookins has mostly fought in Florida, as well as competing in The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck. On December 4, 2010, Brookins defeated Michael Johnson to become the Ultimate Fighter and earn a contract with the UFC. During his time at Lindenwood University he was also the college roommate of former fellow UFC fighter Mike Rio.\n\nEarly life\nBrookins was born on born August 13, 1985, in Portland, Oregon. He attended high school at Century High School in Hillsboro, Oregon, a suburb of Portland. There he started wrestling, winning a state title his senior year and earning a scholarship to Lindenwood University.\n\nMixed martial arts career\n\nBackground\nBrookins was introduced to mixed martial arts by Charles Bennett. After meeting him and training with him, Brookins made his professional MMA debut against Allen Berube, a TUF 5 veteran. Having only trained in wrestling, Brookins surprised himself by winning via KO in under twenty seconds.\n\nBrookins has mostly fought at featherweight, most notably in World Extreme Cagefighting where he lost to Jos\u00e9 Aldo via TKO in the third round. Brookins would later rebound at Bellator 1 where he defeated Stephen Ledbetter via submission (rear naked choke).\n\nBrookins then won two fights in G-Force fights, the most notable being a submission victory over Luis Palomino.\n\nThe Ultimate Fighter\nBrookins then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship to compete in The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck.\n\nIn the debut episode, Brookins faced fellow wrestler Ran Weathers. Brookins would go on to take a unanimous decision victory in two rounds. Following this, Brookins was selected by Team GSP. Brookins was GSPs second pick and the fourth overall.\n\nBrookins was picked by GSP to face Sevak Magakian in the preliminary house fights. Brookins faked a takedown, which fooled Magakian. Brookins was then able to take down Magakian before attempting a standing rear naked choke. Brookins eventually secured the submission at 2:04 of the opening round.\n\nIn the quarter-finals, Brookins faced Judo specialist Sako Chivitchian. Brookins was able to throw Chivitchian to the mat, which forced Chivitchian to try to stand up. Brookins then got hooks in and worked for a rear naked choke, eventually sealing it soon after, to advance to the semi-finals.\n\nIn the semi-final round, Brookins faced teammate Kyle Watson. In a somewhat lopsided bout, Brookins controlled Watson on the ground to take a 30\u201327 judges decision. The win moved Brookins into the finals against Michael Johnson.\n\nUltimate Fighting Championship\nBrookins defeated Michael Johnson at The Ultimate Fighter: Team GSP vs. Team Koscheck Finale. In the first round, Brookins was dominated on the feet by Johnson. However, he pulled through and used his wrestling to edge rounds 2 and 3, taking the unanimous decision to become The Ultimate Fighter.\n\nBrookins was expected to face John Makdessi on April 30, 2011 at UFC 129. However, Brookins was pulled from the bout and replaced by Kyle Watson.\n\nBrookins was expected to face Jeremy Stephens on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale. However, Brookins was forced from the bout with an injury and replaced by Danny Downes.\n\nBrookins returned to featherweight for his next fight and faced Erik Koch on September 17, 2011 at UFC Fight Night 25. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.\n\nBrookins was expected to face Rani Yahya on February 15, 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 1. However, Yahya was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Vagner Rocha. Brookins won via KO in the first round.\n\nBrookins faced Charles Oliveira on June 1, 2012 at The Ultimate Fighter 15 Finale. He lost the fight via submission due to an anaconda choke in the second round.\n\nBrookins next faced Dustin Poirier on December 15, 2012 at The Ultimate Fighter: Team Carwin vs. Team Nelson Finale. He lost the back-and-forth fight via submission in the first round.\n\nOn December 21, 2012, Brookins decided to retire from MMA in order to move to India and devote his time to practicing Yoga full-time.\n\nLegacy Fighting Championship\nOn January 24, 2014 it was announced that Brookins would return from his retirement to fight for Legacy Fighting Championship. He dropped down to the Flyweight division to make his debut on March 21 at Legacy FC 29 against Cody Fuller. Brookins was victorious in his flyweight debut with a second round submission finish. He then faced Austin Lyons in a bantamweight bout at Legacy FC 34 on August 29, 2014. Brookins lost the fight via unanimous decision.\n\nPancrase\nBrookins made his Pancrase debut at Pancrase 262 in a non-title fight taking on the Pancrase Bantamweight Champion Shintaro Ishiwatari  . He won the fight by unanimous decision.\n\nMixed martial arts record\n\n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 16\u201310\n| Decky Dalton \n| Decision (unanimous)\n| BAMMA 28\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Belfast, Northern Ireland\n| \n|-\n|Loss\n|align=center|15\u201310\n|Kyle Nelson\n|Decision (split) \n|Z Promotions: Fight Night Medicine Hat 2\n|\n|align=center|3\n|align=center|5:00\n|Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada\n|\n|-\n|Loss\n|align=center|15\u20139\n|Tom Niinim\u00e4ki\n|Decision (unanimous)\n|Euro FC 1\n|\n|align=center|3\n|align=center|5:00\n|Espoo, Finland\n|\n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center|15\u20138\n| Shintaro Ishiwatari\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| Pancrase 279\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Tokyo, Japan\n|\n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 15\u20137\n| Shintaro Ishiwatari\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| Pancrase 262\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Tokyo, Japan\n| <small> Non Title Fight\n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 14\u20137\n| Austin Lyons\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| Legacy FC 34\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Tunica, Mississippi, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 14\u20136\n| Cody Fuller\n| Submission (rear-naked choke)\n| Legacy FC 29\n| \n| align=center| 2\n| align=center| 3:02\n| Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States   \n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 13\u20136\n| Dustin Poirier\n| |Submission (D'arce choke)\n| The Ultimate Fighter 16 Finale\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 4:15\n| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States   \n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 13\u20135\n| Charles Oliveira\n| Submission (anaconda choke)\n| The Ultimate Fighter 15 Finale\n| \n| align=center| 2\n| align=center| 2:42\n| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States   \n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 13\u20134\n| Vagner Rocha\n| KO (punches)\n| UFC on Fuel TV: Sanchez vs. Ellenberger\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 1:32\n| Omaha, Nebraska, United States\n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 12\u20134\n| Erik Koch\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| UFC Fight Night: Shields vs. Ellenberger\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| New Orleans, Louisiana, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 12\u20133\n| Michael Johnson\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| The Ultimate Fighter 12 Finale\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 11\u20133\n| Yosdenis Cedeno\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| G-Force Fights: Bad Blood 3\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Miami, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 10\u20133\n| Luis Palomino\n| Submission (rear-naked choke)\n| G-Force Fights: Bad Blood 2\n| \n| align=center| 2\n| align=center| 1:44\n| Coral Gables, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 9\u20133\n| Stephen Ledbetter\n| Submission (rear-naked choke)\n| Bellator 1\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 3:32\n| Hollywood, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 8\u20133\n| Jos\u00e9 Aldo\n| TKO (punches)\n| WEC 36: Faber vs. Brown\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 0:45\n| Hollywood, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 8\u20132\n| Jose Santibanez\n| Submission (rear-naked choke)\n| South Coast Promotions\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 2:07\n| Houston, Texas, United States\n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 7\u20132\n| Greg Loughran\n| Decision (split)\n| Cage Warriors: USA Battle Royale\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Kissimmee, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 7\u20131\n| Jose Figueroa\n| Submission (guillotine choke)\n| WEF: King of the Streets\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 2:47\n| Kissimmee, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 6\u20131\n| Donald Brook\n| Submission (punches)\n| Harmful Intent Promotions 2\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 0:35\n| Estero, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 5\u20131\n| Yves Jabouin\n| Submission (elbows)\n| Ultimate Warrior Challenge 2\n| \n| align=center| 2\n| align=center| 3:35\n| Jacksonville, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Loss\n| align=center| 4\u20131\n| Harris Sarmiento\n| Decision (unanimous)\n| Shakedown: Maui vs. Oahu\n| \n| align=center| 3\n| align=center| 5:00\n| Hawaii, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 4\u20130\n| Sean Bartlett\n| TKO (punches)\n| Combat Fighting Championships 3\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 4:05\n| Orlando, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 3\u20130\n| Ryan Nakamura\n| Submission (rear-naked choke)\n| Combat Fighting Championship 2\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 1:09\n| Orlando, Florida, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 2\u20130\n| York Ash\n| Submission (guillotine choke)\n| Full Throttle 8\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 3:58\n| Atlanta, Georgia, United States\n| \n|-\n| Win\n| align=center| 1\u20130\n| Allen Berube\n| KO (punch)\n| Combat Fighting Championship\n| \n| align=center| 1\n| align=center| 0:19\n| Orlando, Florida, United States\n|\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Legacy Profile\nOfficial UFC Profile\n \n\nCategory:The Ultimate Fighter winners\nCategory:American male mixed martial artists\nCategory:Mixed martial artists from Florida\nCategory:Featherweight mixed martial artists\nCategory:Lightweight mixed martial artists\nCategory:American practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Mixed martial artists from Oregon\nCategory:Sportspeople from Hillsboro, Oregon"}
-{"text": "1958 Edmonton municipal election\n\nThe 1958 municipal election was held October 15, 1958 to elect six aldermen to sit on Edmonton City Council, four trustees to sit on the separate school board, and three trustees to sit on the public school board.  There was no election for mayor, as William Hawrelak was one year into a two-year term.\n\nThere were ten aldermen on city council, but four of the positions were already filled: Cliffard Roy, William Connelly, Hu Harries, and Reginald Easton were all elected to two-year terms in 1957 and were still in office.  James Falconer was also elected to a two-year term in 1957, but had resigned; accordingly, William Henning was elected to a one-year term to complete Falconer's term.\n\nThere were seven trustees on the public school board, but four of the positions were already filled: Ernest Hanna, Angus MacDonald, Robert Johnson,  and Douglas Thomson were elected to two-year terms in 1957 and were still in office.  On the separate board, there were four vacancies: Orest Demco, Catherine McGrath, and Joseph Moreau were acclaimed to two-year terms in 1957 and were still in office.  Michael O'Byrne had also been acclaimed to a two-year term in 1957, but had resigned; accordingly, William Burke was elected to a one-year term to complete O'Byrne's term.\n\nVoter turnout\n\nThere were 18650 ballots cast out of 145701 eligible voters, for a voter turnout of 12.8%.\n\nResults\n\n(bold indicates elected, italics indicate incumbent)\n\nAldermen\n\nPublic school trustees\n\nSeparate (Catholic) school trustees\n\nLeo Lemieux - 2626\nVincent Dantzer - 2254\nE D Stack - 2141\nWilliam Burke - 1789\nPaul Norris - 1531\nTerance Hughes - 1445\nWilliam Vetsch - 1239\nWilliam Belous - 933\nWalter Sievers - 839\n\nReferences\n\nCity of Edmonton: Edmonton Elections\n\n1958\nCategory:1958 elections in Canada\nCategory:1958 in Alberta"}
-{"text": "Fisheries and Agriculture Committee (Iceland)\n\nThe Fisheries and Agriculture Committee is a standing committee of the Icelandic parliament.\n\nSee also\n\n List of standing committees of the Icelandic parliament\n\nCategory:Defunct standing committees of the Icelandic parliament"}
-{"text": "Kiyaras Rural District\n\nKiars Rural District () is a rural district (dehestan) in the Central District of Gotvand County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 2,749, in 457 families.  The rural district has 20 villages.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural Districts of Khuzestan Province\nCategory:Gotvand County"}
-{"text": "Odites choricopa\n\nOdites choricopa is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in China.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1931\nCategory:Odites"}
-{"text": "Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern\n\nPlon\u00e9our-Lanvern (Ploneour-Lanwern in Breton) is a commune in the Finist\u00e8re department of Brittany in north-western France.\n\nToponymy and originate \nThe name Plon\u00e9our means in Breton saint En\u00e9our's plou ( parish), to which was added the name of Lanvern (which comes from the Breton lan (hermitage) and of the name Wern or Guern which means swamp of alders) when this former(old) parish was connected with the municipality recently created by Plon\u00e9our in 1793. The legend says that the menhir which raises itself(draws up itself) on the central place(square) of Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern would be the mast of the boat which would have brought saint En\u00e9our of Great Britain in Cornouaille.The Breton name of the municipality is Ploneour-Lanwern.\n\nGeography\n\nThe River of Pont-l'abb\u00e9 and the stretch of water of the New Mill \n\nThe River of Pont-l'abbot rises near Kerfioret, in the municipal limit between Landudec and Plogastel-Saint-Germain, in passer-by in the West-southwest of the village of this last municipality. His paying pond has a total surface of 135 km \u00b2. Flowing initially in the direction of the southeast, she turns then due south, passing between Peumerit and Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern on the West and Tr\u00e9m\u00e9oc in the East. His course (its average flow, measured to Tr\u00e9millec, is then 504 liters of water per second) is then blocked by a dike (the concrete dam, built in 1976-1977, is 140 meters in length and is 6,8 meters high) which gives birth to a pond, the \"Stretch of water of the New Mill\", fed also by the brooks of Lanvern(Who the average debit flow, measured to Ty-Po\u00ebs, is 165 liters of water per second); this stretch of water, managed by the Association of local authorities of the Country Bigouden headdress the South, has a surface of 55 ha and is situated in 13 meters in height; he has a storage capacity of a million of m \u00b3 of water and serves as drinking water tank for a large part of the Country Bigouden headdress; the intake of water of Pen Enez feeds the water treatment plant of Bringall.Downstream to this stretch of water the small coastal river takes a course in the direction of the southeast until Pont-l'Abb\u00e9. In the past, numerous mills became established along his course. Among them, of upstream towards the approva, the Mill of Quiliou (the Mill of Hilguy is situated on a tributary) in Plogastel-Saint-Germain, the Mill Tr\u00e9van and the New Mill in Peumerit (the Mill Troyon The Mill Mar\u00e9guez is situated on a tributary), (too in Plogastel-Saint-Germain), the Mill of Callac, the Mill of Fao, the Mill of Tr\u00e9millec and the New Mill as well as, situated on the brooks of Lanvern, the mills of Lanvern and Kerb\u00e9noc' a hour in Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern, the mill Hascoet (situated on a tributary) in Pont-l'Abb\u00e9.\n\nPopulation \nInhabitants of Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern are called in French Plon\u00e9ouristes.\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Finist\u00e8re department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nMayors of Finist\u00e8re Association\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website \nFrench Ministry of Culture list for Plon\u00e9our-Lanvern \n\nCategory:Communes of Finist\u00e8re"}
-{"text": "The Waterboys\n\nThe Waterboys are a British-Irish folk rock band formed in Edinburgh in 1983 by Scottish musician Mike Scott. The band's membership, past and present, has been composed mainly of musicians from Scotland, Ireland and England. Mike Scott has remained as the only constant member throughout the band's career. They have explored a number of different styles, but their music is mainly a mix of folk music with rock and roll. They dissolved in 1993 when Scott departed to pursue a solo career. They reformed in 2000, and continue to release albums and tour worldwide. Scott emphasises a continuity between The Waterboys and his solo work, saying that \"To me there's no difference between Mike Scott and the Waterboys; they both mean the same thing. They mean myself and whoever are my current travelling musical companions.\"\n\nThe early Waterboys sound became known as \"The Big Music\" after a song on their second album, A Pagan Place. This style was described by Scott as \"a metaphor for seeing God's signature in the world.\"  Waterboys chronicler Ian Abrahams elaborated on this by defining \"The Big Music\" as, \"...a mystical celebration of paganism. It's extolling the basic and primitive divinity that exists in everything ('the oceans and the sand'), religious and spiritual all encompassing. Here is something that can't be owned or built upon, something that has its existence in the concept of Mother Earth and has an ancestral approach to religion. And it takes in and embraces the feminine side of divinity, pluralistic in its acceptance of the wider pantheon of paganism.\"\n\n\"The Big Music\" either influenced or was used to describe a number of other bands specializing in an anthemic sound, including U2, Simple Minds, In Tua Nua, Big Country and Hothouse Flowers. \n\nIn the late 1980s, the band became significantly more folk influenced. The Waterboys eventually returned to rock and roll, and have released both rock and folk albums since reforming.\n\nHistory\nThe Waterboys have gone through three distinct phases. Their early years, or \"Big Music\" period was followed by a folk music period which was characterised by an emphasis on touring over album production and by a large band membership, leading to the description of the group as a \"Raggle Taggle band\". After a brief return to the \"Big Music\" for one tour and the release of a mainstream rock and roll album with Dream Harder, the band dissolved until its rebirth in 2000. In the years since, the band has revisited both rock and folk music, and continues to tour and release studio albums.\n\nFormation \nScott, the founder and only permanent member of The Waterboys, made a number of solo recordings in late 1981 and early 1982 while in a band named Another Pretty Face (later called Funhouse). These sessions at Redshop Studio are the earliest recordings that would be released under The Waterboys name. During the same period, Scott formed the short-lived band The Red and the Black, with saxophone player Anthony Thistlethwaite, after hearing him play on Waiting on Egypt, a Nikki Sudden album. The Red and the Black performed nine concerts in London. Thistlethwaite introduced Scott to drummer Kevin Wilkinson, who joined The Red and the Black. During 1982, Scott made a number of recordings, both solo and with Thistlethwaite and Wilkinson. These recording sessions, both of Scott's solo work and the group performances, would later be divided between The Waterboys' first and second albums.\n\nIn 1983, even though Scott's record label, Ensign Records, expected his first album to be a solo effort, Scott decided to start a new band. He chose The Waterboys as its name from a line in the Lou Reed song \"The Kids\" on the album Berlin. In March 1983, Ensign released the first recording under the new band name, a single titled A Girl Called Johnny, the A-side of which was a tribute to Patti Smith. This was followed in May by The Waterboys' first performance as a group, on the BBC's Old Grey Whistle Test. The BBC performance included a new member, keyboard player Karl Wallinger. The Waterboys released their self-titled debut, The Waterboys, in July 1983. Their music, influenced by Patti Smith, Bob Dylan and David Bowie, was compared by critics to Van Morrison and U2 in its cinematic sweep. The band's earlier sound was described as new wave and post-punk.\n\nEarly years: the Big Music \n\nAfter the release of their debut, The Waterboys began touring. Their first show was at the Batschkapp Club in Frankfurt in February 1984. The band then consisted of Mike Scott on vocals and guitar, Anthony Thistlethwaite on saxophone and mandolin, Wallinger on keyboards, Roddy Lorimer on trumpets, Martyn Swain on bass and Kevin Wilkinson on drums. John Caldwell from Another Pretty Face also played guitar, and Scottish singer Eddi Reader sang backing vocals for the band's first two concerts. The band made some new recordings and over-dubbed old material in late 1983 and early 1984 which were released as The Waterboys' second album, A Pagan Place, in June 1984.  The \"official\" Waterboys line-up at this time, according to the sleeve of A Pagan Place, was Scott, Thistlethwaite, Wallinger and Wilkinson, with guest contributions from Reader, Lorimer and many others.\n\nA Pagan Place was preceded by the single The Big Music.  \"The Big Music\", the name of the single's A-side track, was adopted by some commentators as a description of The Waterboys' sound, and is still used to refer to the musical style of their first three albums. The release of the album was followed by further touring including support for The Pretenders and U2 and a show at the Glastonbury Festival.\n\nThe band began to record new material in early 1985 for a new album, with Wilkinson leaving the band to join China Crisis. Late in the sessions future Waterboy Steve Wickham added his violin to the track The Pan Within; he had been invited after Scott had heard him on a Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor demo recorded at Karl Wallinger's house.\n\nThe Waterboys (officially a trio of Scott, Thistlethwaite and Wallinger with a slew of guests) released their third album, This Is the Sea, in October 1985. It sold better than either of the two earlier albums, and managed to get into the Top Forty. A single from it, \"The Whole of the Moon\", reached number 26 in the UK. Promotion efforts were hampered by Scott's refusal to perform on Top of the Pops, which insisted that its performers lip sync. (However, in Southeast Asia, particularly in the Philippines, when the New Wave era started around this period, the group's biggest hit single out of this third album was \"The Pan Within\", aside from \"The Whole of the Moon\" and \"Don't Bang The Drum\".) The album release was followed by successful tours of the UK and North America with Wickham becoming a full-time member, Marco Sin replacing Martyn Swain on bass, and Chris Whitten replacing Kevin Wilkinson on drums. Towards the end of the tour Wallinger left to form his own band, World Party, and was replaced by Guy Chambers. At the same time, drummer Dave Ruffy replaced Chris Whitten.\n\nLate 1980s: The Raggle Taggle band \nAt the invitation of new member Steve Wickham, Mike Scott moved to Dublin and quickly became influenced by the traditional Irish music there as well as by country and gospel. The band's line-up changed once again with Scott, Wickham and Thistlethwaite now joined by Trevor Hutchinson on bass and Peter McKinney on drums. The new band, which the official Waterboys' website refers to as the \"Raggle Taggle band\" line-up, spent 1986 and 1987 recording in Dublin and touring the UK, Ireland, Europe and Israel. Some of these performances were released in 1998 on The Live Adventures of the Waterboys, including a famous Glastonbury performance in 1986.\n\nIn 1988 Scott took the band to Spiddal in the west of Ireland where they set up a recording studio in Spiddal House to finish recording their new album. Fisherman's Blues was released in October 1988 and showcased many guest musicians that had played with the band in Dublin and Spiddal. Critics and fans were split between those embracing the new influence of Irish and Scottish folk music and others disappointed after hoping for a continuation of the style of This Is the Sea. World Music: The Rough Guide notes that \"some cynics claim that Scotsman Mike Scott gave Irish music back to the Irish... his impact can't be underestimated\", but Scott himself explains that it was the Irish tradition that influenced him; \"I was in love with Ireland. Every day was a new adventure, it was mythical... Being part of a brotherhood of musicians was a great thing in those days, with all the many musicians of all stripes we befriended in Ireland. I still have that connection to the Irish musicians and tap into it...\" Owing to the large number of tracks that were recorded in the three years between This Is the Sea and Fisherman's Blues, The Waterboys released a second album of songs from this period in 2001, titled Too Close to Heaven (or Fisherman's Blues, Part 2 in North America), and more material was released as bonus tracks for the 2006 reissue of the remastered Fisherman's Blues album.\n\nAfter further touring the band returned to Spiddal to record a new album. The Waterboys now consisted of Mike Scott, Steve Wickham, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Colin Blakey on whistle, flute and piano, Sharon Shannon on accordion, Trevor Hutchinson on bass and Noel Bridgeman on drums. Their fifth album, Room to Roam was released in September 1990. One of the album's tracks was a recording of the traditional ballad \"The Raggle Taggle Gypsy\".\n\nJust before Room to Roam was released, Wickham left over a disagreement with Scott and Thistlethwaite regarding the future direction of the band's sound. Scott and Thistlethwaite wanted to move the band back to a more rock and roll style, and Wickham disagreed. His departure started the band's dissolution, and in his wake Shannon and Blakey both left. Scott, Thistlethwaite and Hutchinson recruited Ken Blevins on drums to fulfil the group's tour dates.\n\nEnd and return of the Waterboys \nTrevor Hutchinson left the band in 1991, a year that also saw a re-release of the single \"The Whole of the Moon\" from This Is the Sea. The single reached number three on the United Kingdom charts. Scott spent the rest of the year writing new material and moved to New York. Thistlethwaite left the band in December, leaving Mike Scott as The Waterboys' only member. The next album was completed with session musicians and was released in 1993 as Dream Harder with a new hard rock-influenced sound, and produced two UK Top 30 singles \"The Return of Pan\" and \"Glastonbury Song\"). Frustrated by not being able to get a new touring Waterboys band together, Scott left New York, abandoning the \"Waterboys\" name and embarking upon a solo career.\n\nHowever, Scott later resurrected the Waterboys name, citing its recognition amongst fans, for the 2000 album A Rock in the Weary Land. The album had a new, experimental rock sound, inspired by contemporary bands Radiohead and Beck that \"shocked\" some listeners. Scott described the new sound as \"Sonic Rock\". A number of old Waterboys guested on the album including Thistlethwaite and Wilkinson. By 2001 the core of the new Waterboys included Mike Scott on vocals and guitar, Richard Naiff on keyboards and organs and Wickham, who had returned to the band, on violin. The group changed direction once again in 2003 and released Universal Hall a mostly acoustic album with a return of some Celtic influences from the Fisherman's Blues era. The album was followed by a tour of the UK and then Europe. Their first official live album, Karma to Burn, was released in 2005. A new studio album, Book of Lightning, was released 2 April 2007.\n\nAn Appointment With Mr. Yeats \nHaving harboured the idea for 20 years, Mike Scott set 20 W.B. Yeats poems to music in an enterprise that evolved into a show entitled An Appointment With Mr. Yeats. The Waterboys held the world premiere from 15 to 20 March 2010 in Yeats's own theatre, the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The five-night show quickly sold out, later receiving several rave reviews, among which were The Irish Times and Irish Actor/Playwright Michael Harding. Irish Singer/Writer/Guitarist Joe Chester, and Simon Wallace (keyboards). Some of  the poems performed include  'The Hosting of the Sidhe', 'The Lake Isle of Innisfree', 'News for the Delphic Oracle', and 'The Song of Wandering Aengus', along with an amalgamation of two Yeats lyrics that became the song 'Let the Earth Bear Witness' which Scott had produced during 'The Sea of Green' 2009 Iranian election protests. The musical arrangements for the poems were varied and experimental.\nOn the band's website Scott described the arrangements as \"psychedelic, intense, kaleidescopic, a mix of rock, folk and faery music,\" the delivery of which signals yet another musical shift in the ever mutable world of The Waterboys.\n\nAn Appointment With Mr. Yeats returned to Dublin on 7 November 2010 in the city's Grand Canal Theatre. The show was performed at the Barbican Hall, London in February 2011. The album version of An Appointment With Mr. Yeats was released on 19 September 2011 and reached the UK Top 30.\n\n2014 - present \nIn October 2014, the band announced a new album Modern Blues, which was first released on 19 January 2015 in the United Kingdom, and was released on 7 April in North America. The album was recorded in Nashville, and produced by Mike Scott and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. The line up includes Paul Brown, David Hood, Ralph Salmins, Zach Ernst, and Steve Wickham.  The first UK single from the Modern Blues album was 'November Tale'.\n\nModern Blues was followed in 2017 by a double studio album, Out of All This Blue which was released on 8 September by BMG Records . The first single from the album was 'If The Answer Is Yeah', released in July.\n\nIn March 2019 the band announced a new studio album Where the Action Is, which was released on 24 May by Cooking Vinyl. The first UK single from the album was 'Right Side Of Heartbreak (Wrong Side Of Love)', released on 14 March.\n\nOn 21 May 2019 the band have shared the music video for the third single off the record, \"Ladbroke Grove Symphony\" which it is a tribute to the former bohemian heart of West London. Mike Scott invokes his time living and writing among the crumbling, seaside-esque streets of Notting Hill during the 1980s. The accompanying montage video captures the magic of the Grove in all its weird and wonderful counterculture, and features new film and vintage photography of Scott he tells the story of the song.\n\nMusic \nThe Waterboys' lyrics and arrangements reflect Scott's current interests and influences, the latter including the musical sensibilities of other members. Wickham in particular had a tremendous impact on the band's sound after joining the group. In terms of arrangement and instrumentation, rock and roll and Celtic folk music have played the largest roles in the band's sound. Literature and spirituality have played an important role in Scott's lyrics Other contributing factors include women and love, punk music's DIY ethic, the British poetic tradition, and Scott's experiences at Findhorn, where he has lived for some years.\n\nSound \nThe Waterboys' music can be divided into three distinct styles. The first is represented by the first three albums, released between 1983 and 1985. The band's arrangements during this period, described by Allmusic as a \"rich, dramatic sound... majestic\", and typically referred to as \"The Big Music\", combined the rock and roll sound of early U2 with elements of classical trumpet (Lorimer), jazz saxophone (Thistlethwaite) and contemporary keyboards (Wallinger). Scott emphasised the arrangement's fullness by using production techniques similar to Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\". The archetypal example, the song \"The Big Music\", gave the style its name, but the best-selling example was \"The Whole of the Moon\", the song that the early-1980s Waterboys are best known for and that demonstrates both Wallinger's synthpop keyboard effects and the effectiveness of the brass section of the band.\n\nAfter Wickham's joining and the move to Ireland, the band went three years before releasing another album.  Fisherman's Blues, and more particularly Room to Roam, traded \"The Big Music\"'s keyboards and brass for traditional instruments such as tin whistle, flute, fiddle, accordion, harmonica, and bouzouki. Celtic folk music replaced rock as the main inspiration for song arrangements on both albums.  Rolling Stone describes the sound as \"an impressive mixture of rock music and Celtic ruralism..., Beatles and Donovan echoes and, of course, lots of grand guitar, fiddle, mandolin, whistle, flute and accordion playing\". Traditional folk songs were recorded along with those written by Scott.  \"The Raggle Taggle Gypsy\", a British folk ballad at least two hundred years old, was recorded on Room to Roam. It became closely associated with the band, much as the song \"The Big Music\" did, and also gave its name to describe the band's character. The recording emphasises how distinctly different the band's music had become in the five years since the last of \"The Big Music\" albums.\n\nAfter the break-up of the \"Raggle Taggle band\", Scott used The Waterboys' name for Dream Harder and A Rock in the Weary Land. These two albums, separated by seven years and bookending Scott's solo album releases, were both rock albums but with distinctive approaches to that genre.  Dream Harder was described as \"disappointingly mainstream\", whereas the sound of the A Rock in the Weary Land was inspired by alternative music and was praised by critics. For 2003's Universal Hall, however, Wickham had once again rejoined the band, and that album saw a return of the acoustic folk instrumentation of the late 1980s Waterboys, with the exception of the song \"Seek the Light\", which is instead an idiosyncratic EBM track.\n\nLiterary influences \n\nScott, who briefly studied literature and philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, has made heavy use of English literature in his music. The Waterboys have recorded poems set to music by writers including William Butler Yeats (\"The Stolen Child\" and \"Love and Death\"), George MacDonald (\"Room to Roam\"), and Robert Burns (\"Ever to Be Near Ye\"). A member of the Academy of American Poets writes that \"The Waterboys' gift lies in locating Burns and Yeats within a poetic tradition of song, revelry, and celebration, re-invigorating their verses with the energy of contemporary music\". So close is the identification of the Waterboys with their literary influences that the writer also remarks that \"W.B.\", the initials to which Yeats' first and middle names are often shortened, could also stand for \"Waterboys\". The Waterboys returned to W.B. Yeats in March 2010. Having arranged 20 of his poems to music, the band performed them as An Appointment With Mr Yeats for five nights at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin (which Yeats co-founded in 1904).\n\nScott has also a number of poetic tropes in lyrics, including anthropomorphism (e.g. \"Islandman\"), metaphor (e.g. \"A Church Not Made with Hands\", \"The Whole of the Moon\"), and metonymy (e.g. \"Old England\"). The latter song quotes from both Yeats and James Joyce. While the lyrics of the band have explored a large number of themes, symbolic references to water are especially prominent. Water is often referenced in their songs (e.g. \"This Is the Sea\", \"Strange Boat\", \"Fisherman's Blues\"). The Waterboys' logo, first seen on the album cover of The Waterboys, symbolises waves.\n\nSpirituality \nThe Waterboys' lyrics show influences from different spiritual traditions.  The first is the romantic Neopaganism and esotericism of authors such as Yeats and Dion Fortune, which can be observed in the repeated references to the ancient Greek deity Pan in both \"The Pan Within\" and \"The Return of Pan\". Pan was also featured on the album art for Room to Roam.  \"Medicine Bow\", a song from the recording sessions for This Is the Sea, refers to Native American spirituality in its use of the word \"medicine\" to mean spiritual power. Scott's interest in Native American issues is also demonstrated in his preliminary recordings for the group's debut album, which included the songs \"Death Song of the Sioux Parts One & Two\" and \"Bury My Heart\". \"Bury My Heart\" is a reference to Dee Brown's Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. a history of Native Americans in the western United States. Scott took the traditional Sioux song \"The Earth Only Endures\" from Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, and set it to new music; the arrangement appears on The Secret Life of the Waterboys.  Christian imagery can be seen in the songs \"December\" from The Waterboys, \"The Christ in You\" on Universal Hall, and indirectly in the influence of C. S. Lewis in a number of other songs, but Scott writes that his lyrics are not influenced by Christianity.\n\nScott has also said, \"I've always been interested in spirituality, and I've never joined any religion. And it really turns me off when people from one religion say theirs is the only way. And I believe all religions are just different ways to spirituality. And if you call that universality, well, then I'm all for it.\" Despite Scott's pluralist perspective, The Waterboys have been labelled as \"Christian rock\" by some reviewers and heathens by some Christians .\n\nMembership \n\nOver seventy musicians have performed live as a Waterboy. Some have spent only a short time with the band, contributing to a single tour or album, while others have been long-term members with significant contributions. Scott has been the band's lead vocalist, motivating force, and principal songwriter throughout the group's history, but a number of other musicians are closely identified with the band.\n\nAnthony Thistlethwaite was an original member of the band, and remained a member until 1991 when the band broke up, although he also joined a few recording sessions for A Rock in the Weary Land. After Scott and Wickham, Thistlethwaite has more songwriting credits than any other Waterboy. His saxophone, regularly featured in solos, was one half of the early group's distinctive brass section, but he has also played guitar, keyboards and a number of other instruments for the band. He pressed to return The Waterboys to a rock music sound after Room to Roam, but did not appear on Dream Harder, the result of that decision. He is now a member of The Saw Doctors, and has also released three solo albums.\n\nOriginal member Kevin Wilkinson was the band's drummer from 1983\u20131984, and continued to play in some studio sessions afterwards. His later appeared on A Rock in the Weary Land. He led the rhythm section of the group during its \"Big Music\" phase, sometimes without the assistance of any bass guitar. Scott describes Wilkinson's drumming as \"bright and angular, an unusual sound\".\n\nKarl Wallinger joined the group in 1983, shortly after its formation. He left the group two years later, but in that relatively short period made important contributions to both A Pagan Place and This Is the Sea. He co-wrote \"Don't Bang the Drum\", the environmentalism anthem on the latter album. His keyboards and synthesiser work expanded the group's sound, and he also did some studio work for demo sessions. Wallinger's World Party project was heavily influenced by his work with The Waterboys.\n\nRoddy Lorimer's participation began in 1983, contributing his trumpet playing \"on and off\" until 1990. He and Thistlethwaite took turns leading the brass section of the band, and Lorimer was also a featured soloist, most famously on \"The Whole of the Moon\" and \"Don't Bang the Drum\". He further contributed backing vocals to the song. His trumpet style is a combination of his classical training with an experimental approach encouraged by Scott. Lorimer returned for some studio work in 2006.\n\nSteve Wickham transformed the group when he joined in 1985; his interest in folk music directly resulted in the band's change of direction. His initial involvement with The Waterboys ended in 1990 when Scott and Thistlethwaite wanted to return to rock and roll, but Wickham rejoined the group again in 2000, and, as of 2007, continues to perform with the band. Described by Scott as \"the world's greatest rock fiddle player\", he has written more songs for the band than anyone other than Scott, including the group's handful of instrumental recordings.\n\nRichard Naiff first recorded with the band in 1999, and joined permanently in 2000. As of 2007, he was a core member, along with Scott and Wickham. He is a classically trained pianist and flautist, and plays keyboards for The Waterboys. Ian McNabb described him as Scott's \"find of the century\" and reviewers have described him as \"phenomenally talented\". Naiff officially left The Waterboys in February 2009 to spend more time with his family.\n\nOther notable past members have included Ian McNabb, leader of Icicle Works; Sharon Shannon, who became Ireland's all-time best-selling traditional musician; the experimental musician Thighpaulsandra, producer Guy Chambers, Patti Smith drummers Jay Dee Daugherty and Carlos Hercules, bassists Steve Walters and Mark Smith who was the band's bassist when he died on 3 November 2009.\n\nThe Waterboys line-up as of 2010 appeared at the world premiere of An Appointment With Mr Yeats at The Abbey Theatre, Dublin. They expanded into a 9-piece band in the autumn of 2017 for their tour of the UK, Ireland and Europe. \n\nCurrent members\n\n Mike Scott \u2013 vocals, guitar, piano (1981\u201394, 1998\u2013present)\n Steve Wickham \u2013 electric fiddle, mandolin (1985\u201390, 2001\u2013present) \n Ralph Salmins \u2013 drums (2011\u2013present) \n \"Brother\" Paul Brown \u2013 keyboards (2013\u2013present)\n Jess Kav - vocalist  (2017-present) \n Zeenie Summers - vocalist  (2017-present) \n Aongus Ralston - bass  (2017-present)\n\nFormer members\n\nScott has stated that \"We've had more members I believe than any other band in rock history\" and believes that the nearest challengers are Santana and The Fall.\n\nDiscography\n\nMain studio discography:\n 1983, The Waterboys\n 1984, A Pagan Place\n 1985, This Is the Sea\n 1988, Fisherman's Blues\n 1990, Room to Roam\n 1993, Dream Harder\n 1995, Bring 'Em All In (as Mike Scott)\n 1997, Still Burning (as Mike Scott)\n 2000, A Rock in the Weary Land\n 2003, Universal Hall\n 2007, Book of Lightning\n 2011, An Appointment with Mr Yeats\n 2015, Modern Blues\n 2017, Out of All This Blue\n 2019, Where the Action Is\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Scott, Mike (2012) Adventures of a Waterboy. Jawbone. London.\n\nFurther reading\n Abrahams, Ian. Strange Boat. SAF Publishing, 2007.\n\nExternal links\n\n Official web pages for Mike Scott and The Waterboys\n\n*\nCategory:British rock music groups\nCategory:British folk rock groups\nCategory:British new wave musical groups\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1983\nCategory:Chrysalis Records artists\nCategory:Findhorn community\nCategory:New-age musicians\nCategory:Scottish rock music groups\nCategory:Scottish folk rock groups\nCategory:Scottish new wave musical groups\nCategory:Cooking Vinyl artists\nCategory:BMG Records artists\nCategory:Proper Records artists"}
-{"text": "Yousuf Khan Sher Bano\n\nYousuf Khan Sher Bano was the first ever Pashto film released in Pakistan on December 1, 1970. It was directed by Aziz Tabassum, with debut stars Yasmin Khan and Badar Munir. The story is based on the Pashto folk story Yousuf Khan and Sher Bano.\n\nThis first Pakistani Pashto language film completed more than 50 weeks in one cinema of Peshawar, Pakistan. This film also marked the start of Pashto language films in the Pakistan film industry.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1970 films\nCategory:Pakistani films\nCategory:Pashto-language films"}
-{"text": "Fallowfield Loop railway line\n\nThe Fallowfield Loop railway line was a local railway route in Manchester, England. Trains on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS&LR) line (later, the Great Central Railway line) from Sheffield Victoria and Guide Bridge used the Loop to access Manchester Central railway station. Some express trains including the Harwich-Sheffield-Manchester-Liverpool boat train used the line.\n\nThe line was fully opened in 1892 and remained in use until 1988, the stations at Hyde Road, Levenshulme South, Fallowfield and Wilbraham Road having closed in 1958 following the withdrawal of passenger services.\n\nReddish Depot was built adjacent to the line in 1954 to maintain the new fleet of electric trains for the Woodhead Line, and remained open until 1983.\n\nHistory\n\nThe initial section of the Fallowfield Loop line was opened by the MS&LR (Cheshire Lines Committee) between  and Fallowfield on 1 October 1891. The following year, the remaining section between Fallowfield and Fairfield opened on 2 May 1892. The line provided a new route for the MS&LR to run trains from  into Manchester, and local stopping services ran from Fairfield and  on the Hope Valley line to Manchester Central via , Fallowfield and  before joining a section of line from  into Manchester Central.\n\nIn 1897, the MS&LR became the Great Central Railway and in 1923 the line was absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Over this period the Fallowfield Loop line suffered from competition from alternative rail services into Manchester provided by the LNER from  and later from the electric trams. By the 1930s the LNER had greatly reduced the stopping services and mostly used the line for express trains. After 1948, the line was under the ownership of the nationalised British Railways. Briefly, consideration was given to electrification of the line, but instead the local stopping services were withdrawn and Fallowfield station closed to passenger services on 7 July 1958. Express services out of Manchester Central continued to use the line until that terminus was closed in 1969 following the Beeching cuts. For another two decades the line was used by freight trains until the line closed completely in 1988.\n\nIn 1954, a traction maintenance depot was built alongside the Fallowfield line at Reddish to service the new Class EM1 and EM2 electric locomotives and the Class 506 units on the newly electrified Woodhead Line. After the Woodhead line closed in 1981, the Reddish Depot activity was reduced to servicing trains on the Glossop Line until it was closed in May 1983. Servicing of the Class 506 units was then transferred to Longsight depot, until the Glossop line was converted to 25 kV AC in December 1984. Following closure, Reddish Depot was demolished. The site remained derelict until the late 2000s when the site was redeveloped for housing.\n\n\"Chorltonville\"\nOn 7 May 1964, six years after passenger services had been withdrawn from the line, Wilbraham Road railway station featured in a Granada Television music programme, Blues and Gospel Train. Granada transformed the disused buildings into \"Chorltonville\", a fictional Southern U.S.-style station which was the setting for a televised performance by prominent Blues artists of the day, including Muddy Waters, Sonny Terry and Brownie McGhee, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Rev. Gary Davis and others. The performers and artists are shown being taken by steam train from  to Wilbraham Road and performances take place on the station platforms.\n\nProject Light Rail\nShortly before its demise, the Fallowfield Loop line played an important role in the early development of the Manchester Metrolink tram network when the stretch of track at Debdale Park on the site of the former Hyde Road railway station was used in 1987 for a public demonstration of \"Project Light Rail\", the working title for the development of a new light rail/tram network in Manchester. The event made use of a Docklands Light Railway train on loan from GEC Transportation Projects Ltd,  DLR P86 number 11,  prior to its introduction onto the fledgling Docklands system in London, and it was the first ever light rail vehicle seen in operation in Manchester. The event was jointly staged by GMPTE, British Rail, British Rail Engineering Limited, GEC, Balfour Beatty and Fairclough Civil Engineering Ltd and was formally opened by David Mitchell MP, Minister of State for Transport, on 10 March 1987.\n\nDemonstrations were held on 14, 15, 20, 21 and 22 March 1987 at a specially-constructed railway station at Debdale Park and ticket holders were treated to a short ride on the DLR vehicle along a  stretch of track, from just north of the Hyde Road junction to just south of the closed Reddish depot. The DLR train was specially fitted with a pantograph and powered by overhead line, and was driven manually rather than in automatic mode, which was to be normal practice when in operation on the Docklands system. The test track was closed to normal heavy rail traffic on demonstration days, and at night the DLR train was stationed in a siding and the line was re-opened to freight trains. An exhibition also exhibited examples of street track, overhead line and platform facilities.\n\nAfter the public event, Debdale Park station was dismantled and the timber platform was used to build the new Hag Fold railway station near Wigan; and the electric overhead line equipment was taken down and re-used at the Heaton Park Tramway on the lakeside extension. The demonstration train DLR Number 11 was transported to London where it was put into operation on the Docklands Light Railway. It served as the \"Royal train\", transporting the Queen and Prince Philip on the formal opening of the DLR. In 1991, DLR Number 11 was the first of the P86 fleet to be sold to the City of Essen, Germany, where it is in service today on the Essen Stadtbahn.\n\nConversion to a cycle track\n \nFollowing closure in 1988, the Fallowfield Loop line tracks were lifted and the line became derelict and overgrown for several years. Around 2001 a new use was found for the line and the old trackbed was converted into a public rail trail  cycle track. Today the Fallowfield Loop cycle route, run by Sustrans, runs from Debdale Park to St Werburgh's Road Metrolink station and forms part of Routes 6 and 60 of the National Cycle Network.\n\nMetrolink\nThe Metrolink light rail tram system, first demonstrated on the Fallowfield Line in 1987, eventually came into operation across Greater Manchester in 1992, making use of several former British Rail lines converted for light rail operation. Most of the disused Fallowfield Loop was not included in these plans, except for a short stretch of line between Central Station and St Werburgh's Road. This line was to be developed by re-opening the former Cheshire Lines Committee track which branches off the Fallowfield line south to . It remained disused for many years due to lack of funding until July 2011, when a new Metrolink extension was opened to passengers between Deansgate-Castlefield (adjacent to the former Central Station) and St Werburgh's Road. A further Metrolink extension along the Didsbury line opened in May 2013.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nBritish Railways in 1960, The Fallowfield Loop\n\nCategory:Transport in Manchester\nCategory:Closed railway lines in North West England\nCategory:Railway lines opened in 1892\nCategory:Rail trails in England\nCategory:Closed railway lines in Greater Manchester"}
-{"text": "Corinth, Milam County, Texas\n\nCorinth is an unincorporated community in Milam County, Texas, United States. Corinth is located on Farm to Market Road 1915,  west of Cameron. Corinth was established in 1847 and was named for Ancient Corinth. By 1903, Corinth had a school, which was consolidated into the Buckholts school district in 1950.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Milam County, Texas\nCategory:Unincorporated communities in Texas\nCategory:Populated places established in 1847\nCategory:1847 establishments in Texas"}
-{"text": "The Lark (1959 film)\n\nThe Lark is a 1959 Australian TV play. Australian TV drama was relatively rare at the time.\n\nCast\nBeverly Dunn as Joan of Arc\nFrank Gatliff as Cauchon\nChristopher Hill as Warwick\nRobert Peach as the Inquisitor\nJeffrey Hodgson as the Dauphin\nJohn Morgan as the Promoter\nMoira Carleton as Joan's mother\nMary Ward as Queen Yolande\nLaura Jane Casson as Agnes Sorel\nCarol Potter as the little Queen\nBrin Newton-John as the Archbishop of Rheims\n\nProduction\nIt was shot in Melbourne using a cast of 24 and seven sets which occupied the entire 60ft by 80 ft of Melbourne's Studio 32, one of the largest studios in Melbourne.\n\nIt starred Beverly Dunn as Joan. Dunn had played the role in Melbourne Little Theatre in 1956.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nThe Lark at IMDb\n\nCategory:Australian television films\nCategory:Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows\nCategory:English-language television programs\nCategory:Australian live television programs\nCategory:Black-and-white Australian television programs\nCategory:Australian films"}
-{"text": "Pentace excelsa\n\nPentace excelsa is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae sensu lato or Tiliaceae. It is famous for its bright colours and is found only in Peninsular Malaysia.\n\nReferences\n\nexcelsa\nCategory:Endemic flora of Peninsular Malaysia\nCategory:Trees of Peninsular Malaysia\nCategory:Conservation dependent plants\nCategory:Near threatened flora of Asia\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Obretenik Bastion\n\nObretenik Bastion (, \u2018Rid Obretenik\u2019 \\'rid o-'bre-te-nik\\ is the ice-covered buttress rising to 1800 m at the northeast extremity of Herbert Plateau on Danco Coast in Graham Land, Antarctica.  It is situated between upper Bl\u00e9riot Glacier and upper Cayley Glacier, and has steep and partly ice-free west, north and east slopes.\n\nThe buttress is named after the settlement of Obretenik in Northeastern Bulgaria.\n\nLocation\nObretenik Bastion is located at , which is 17.3 km southeast of Brabazon Point, 10 km south of Mount Morton, 14.45 km southwest of Mount Berry, and 6.85 km north of Molerov Spur on Nordenskj\u00f6ld Coast.  British mapping in 1978.\n\nMaps\nBritish Antarctic Territory. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Series, Sheet W 64 60. Directorate of Overseas Surveys, Tolworth, UK, 1978.\n Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.\n\nReferences\n Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)\n Obretenik Bastion. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica\n\nExternal links\n Obretenik Bastion. Copernix satellite image\n\nCategory:Mountains of Graham Land\nCategory:Bulgaria and the Antarctic\nCategory:Danco Coast"}
-{"text": "Map (parallel pattern)\n\nMap is an idiom in parallel computing where a simple operation is applied to all elements of a sequence, potentially in parallel. It is used to solve embarrassingly parallel problems: those problems that can be decomposed into independent subtasks, requiring no communication/synchronization between the subtasks except a join or barrier at the end.\n\nWhen applying the map pattern, one formulates an elemental function that captures the operation to be performed on a data item that represents a part of the problem, then applies this elemental function in one or more threads of execution, hyperthreads, SIMD lanes or on multiple computers.\n\nSome parallel programming systems, such as OpenMP and Cilk, have language support for the map pattern in the form of a parallel for loop; languages such as OpenCL and CUDA support elemental functions (as \"kernels\") at the language level. The map pattern is typically combined with other parallel design patterns. For example, map combined with category reduction gives the MapReduce pattern.\n\nSee also\n Map (higher-order function)\n Functional programming\n Algorithmic skeleton\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Parallel computing\nCategory:Software design patterns"}
-{"text": "Demographics of Czechoslovakia\n\nPopulation (1991): 15.6 million, of which Czechs 62.8%, Slovaks 31%, Hungarians 3.8%, Romani people 0.7%, Silesians 0.3%. Ruthenes, Ukrainians, Germans, Poles and Jews (the post-Holocaust community) made up the remainder of the population.\n\nPopulation growth rate 2.7% in 1985, 1.7% in 1990, with a decreasing tendency \u2013 more noticeable in the Czech Republic than in Slovakia. In 1989 life expectancy was 67.7 years for men and 75.3 years for women. About 23.1% of the population was under the age of 15, and 19% was over the age of 60.\n\nThe population density in 1986 was approximately 121 persons per square kilometer. The most densely settled geographic region was Moravia, which had around 154 persons per square kilometer. The figure for Bohemia was around 120, and for Slovakia, around 106. The major cities and their estimated populations in January 1986 were as follows:\nPrague (\u010cSR) 1.2 million (1.85 million in Metropolitan area)\nBratislava (SSR) 417,103\nBrno (\u010cSR) 385,684\nOstrava (\u010cSR) 327,791\nKo\u0161ice (SSR) 222,175\nPlze\u0148 (\u010cSR) 175,244\nCzechoslovakia remained essentially a society of small cities and towns, in which about 65% of the population were classified as urban dwellers.\n\nCzechoslovakia's ethnic composition in 1987 offered a stark contrast to that of the First Republic (see History). The Sudeten Germans that made up the majority of the population in border regions were forcibly expelled after World War II, and Carpathian Ruthenia (poor and overwhelmingly Ukrainian and Hungarian) had been ceded to the Soviet Union following World War II. Czechs and Slovaks, about two-thirds of the First Republic's population in 1930, represented about 94% of the population by 1950 With Hungarians the Third largest group.\n\nThe aspirations of ethnic minorities had been the pivot of the First Republic's politics. This was no longer the case in the 1980s. Nevertheless, ethnicity continued to be a pervasive issue and an integral part of Czechoslovak life. Although the country's ethnic composition had been simplified, the division between Czechs and Slovaks remained; each group had a very similar history, but sometimes divergent aspirations.\n\nFrom 1950 through 1983, the Slovak share of the total population increased steadily. The Czech population as a portion of the total declined by about 4%, while the Slovak population increased by slightly more than that. The actual numbers did not imperil a Czech majority; in 1983 there were still more than two Czechs for every Slovak. In the mid-1980s, the respective fertility rates were fairly close, but the Slovak fertility rate was declining more slowly.\n\nFor details on ethnic groups see also:\nHistory of Czechoslovakia (1918\u20131938)\nHistory of Czechoslovakia (1948\u20131989)\n\nReligious affiliations in 1930:\n\nRoman Catholic 73.5%\nProtestants 7.67%\nCzechoslovak Hussite Church 5.39%\nGreek and Armenian Catholics 3.97%\nJews 2.42%\nOrthodox 0.99%\nNo affiliation 5.8%\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nRFE Czechoslovak Unit Open Society Archives, Budapest\n\nCategory:Demographics of Czechoslovakia\nCategory:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic"}
-{"text": "Von Friesendorff\n\nvon Friesendorff is a Swedish noble family.\n\nNotable members \n(1617\u20131669) Riksfriherre, Baronet and member of the Privy Council of Sweden - Johan Fredrik von Friesendorff\n\nSee also \nvon Friesendorff baronets\n\nCategory:Swedish noble families"}
-{"text": "Maria Lenk Aquatics Center\n\nThe Maria Lenk Aquatics Center () is an aquatics centre that is part of the City of Sports Complex in the Barra da Tijuca district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is part of the investments made by the city to host the swimming, synchronized swimming and diving competitions of the 2007 Pan American Games. During the 2016 Summer Olympics, it hosted group matches of water polo and the synchronised swimming and diving competitions. The name of the water park is a tribute to the Brazilian swimmer, Maria Lenk, who died less than three months before its inauguration.\n\nThe water park was designed in accordance with established parameters and specifications of the International Swimming Federation (FINA). It is partially covered and includes an Olympic-sized swimming pool, an indoor heating and a tank for diving.\n\nThe complex has the capacity to receive about 8,000 people. The construction area is . The facility has also been designed according to the specifications required to achieve the Parapan American Games of 2007, as well as environments and equipment ready to receive people with special needs.\n\nIn March 2008, the facility came under the administration of the Brazilian Olympic Committee, which has been involved in training for Olympic and Paralympic athletes, coaches and officials, as well as courses, conferences, workshops, gym and small schools of swimming, water polo, diving and synchronized swimming. Until now, the year 2009, the BOC did not do any sports activity on the site.\n\nThe lack of sports activities on site has been reinforcing the theory that the complex was a failed project that would prove difficult to maintain in the long run, funded by taxes from the state government of Rio de Janeiro. However, the park, as well as other facilities built for the achievement of the Pan American Games, was one of the major assets of the city's bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics.\n\nSee also \n J\u00falio Delamare Aquatics Centre\n Swimming Olympic Centre of Bahia\n\nReferences\nRio2016.org.br Bid package. Volume 2. p. 18.\n\nExternal links\nRio 2016 website\n\nCategory:Venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Barra Olympic Park\nCategory:Olympic diving venues\nCategory:Olympic water polo venues\nCategory:Sports venues in Rio de Janeiro (city)\nCategory:Swimming venues in Brazil"}
-{"text": "Millions (song)\n\n\"Millions\" is a song by American hip hop recording artist Pusha T, which was originally released as a promotional single for his then-upcoming album My Name Is My Name, on January 29, 2013. It was later revealed that the song would not be featured on the album. It was also included on his 2013 mixtape Wrath of Caine. The song, which features a guest appearance from fellow American rapper Rick Ross, peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.\n\nMusic video\nThe music video for \"Millions\" was directed by Samuel Rogers, and filmed during late January 2013. On January 24, Def Jam released a trailer for the music video. The full video was released on February 11, 2013. It was described as \"massively cliched, full of drug-dealer iconography: Guns, expensive cars, beautiful but duplicitous girls, and police raids\" by Stereogum, but explained that it worked due to the charisma of both rappers.\n\nCharts\n\nRelease history\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2012 songs\nCategory:2013 singles\nCategory:Pusha T songs\nCategory:Rick Ross songs\nCategory:GOOD Music singles\nCategory:Def Jam Recordings singles\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Kanye West\nCategory:Songs written by Rick Ross\nCategory:Songs written by Pusha T"}
-{"text": "Greg Scott (violinist)\n\nGreg Scott is a Manchester-based violinist and a protege of Pete Waterman. His first album \u201cDUEL\u201d ranked Number 1 in the UK Classical Charts.\n\nEducation\nScott graduated from Chetham's School of Music and then from Royal Northern College of Music.\n\nCareer\nScott started his music career performing as a violinist at the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra. However, Scott's music career came to limelight after meeting the music producer Pete Waterman. As a result, Scott debuted with performances at the London's The Royal Albert Hall.\n\nScott was a member of The National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain and has performed as a soloist with Bryan Ferry and KD lang.\n\nWomen\u2019s magazine Company ranked Scott among the 50 most eligible bachelors in Britain.\n\nGreg Scott has been quoted by numerous sources as a violinist and musician performing in the field of classical music with respect to both his live performances as well as his album.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:British violinists\nCategory:21st-century violinists"}
-{"text": "Raiano railway station\n\nRaiano is a railway station in Raiano, Italy. The station is located on the Terni\u2013Sulmona railway. The train services are operated by Trenitalia.\n\nHistory\nThe station was opened in 1875 and, unfortunately, suffered the bombing of the Second World War, but was rebuilt immediately afterwards. The passenger building is equipped with a waiting room with a validator of tickets. There are 2 tracks, passenger trains cross each other.\n\nTrain services\nThe station is served by the following service(s):\n\nRegional services (Treno regionale) L'Aquila - Sulmona\n\nReferences\n\nThis article is based upon a translation of the Italian language version as at October 2014.\n\nCategory:Railway stations in Abruzzo\nCategory:Buildings and structures in the Province of L'Aquila"}
-{"text": "2011 Tour of the Basque Country\n\nThe 2011 Tour of the Basque Country, was the 51st running of the Tour of the Basque Country cycling stage race. It started on 4 April in Zumarraga and ended on 9 April in Zalla and consisted of six stages, including a race-concluding individual time trial. It was the eighth race of the 2011 UCI World Tour season.\n\nThe race was won by  rider Andreas Kl\u00f6den, who claimed the leader's yellow jersey for the second time \u2013 having previously won the race in 2000 \u2013 with a second-place finish on the final time trial stage. Kl\u00f6den had also led the race after stage two, having finished second on the stage; one of three second place stage finishes that Kl\u00f6den achieved during the week. Kl\u00f6den's winning margin over his team-mate and runner-up Chris Horner was 47 seconds, and 's Robert Gesink completed the podium, also 47 seconds down on Kl\u00f6den, but behind Horner on countback.\n\nIn the race's other classifications, Kl\u00f6den's consistent high finishes earned him the white jersey for amassing the highest number of points at stage finishes,  rider Michael Albasini won the King of the Mountains classification, Bram Tankink of  won the blue jersey for the sprints classification, with  finishing at the head of the teams classification.\n\nTeams\nAs the Tour of the Basque Country was part of the 2011 UCI World Tour, all 18 UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obligated to attend. Two UCI Professional Continental teams were awarded wildcards, and these were the  and Caja Rural teams.\n\nThe full list of participating teams was:\n\n \n \n \n Caja Rural\n\nRace previews and favourites\n2010 race winner Chris Horner was a favourite and had  team mate, and 2000 winner Andreas Kl\u00f6den to help him. Other heavy contenders included Ivan Basso as he prepared for the 2011 Tour de France, Damiano Cunego and Robert Gesink. Samuel S\u00e1nchez had hopes in redeeming himself after a split in the peloton ruined his chance of victory in 2010, warming up for the race by taking the GP Miguel Indurain one-day race two days before the start of the Tour. Fr\u00e4nk Schleck was also expected to do well after winning Crit\u00e9rium International and his brother Andy was also a part of the  squad in the Basque Country.\n\nStages\n\nStage 1\n4 April 2011 \u2013 Zumarraga to Zumarraga,\n\nStage 2\n5 April 2011 \u2013 Zumarraga to Lekunberri,\n\nStage 3\n6 April 2011 \u2013 Villatuerta to Zuia,\n\nStage 4\n7 April 2011 \u2013 Amurrio to Eibar,\n\nStage 5\n8 April 2011 \u2013 Eibar to Zalla,\n\nStage 6\n9 April 2011 \u2013 Zalla, , individual time trial (ITT)\n\nClassification leadership table\nIn the Tour of the Basque Country, four different jerseys were awarded. For the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage, the leader received a yellow jersey. This classification was considered the most important of the Tour of the Basque Country, and the winner was considered the winner of the race itself.\n\nAdditionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a white jersey. In the points classification, cyclists received points for finishing in the top fifteen in a stage. The stage win awarded 25 points, second place awarded 20 points, third 16, fourth 14, fifth 12, sixth 10 and one point fewer per place down the line, to a single point for fifteenth.\n\nThere was also a mountains classification, which awarded a red jersey. In the mountains classification, points were won by reaching the top of a mountain before other cyclists. All climbs were categorised, first, second, or third-category, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs.\n\nThe fourth jersey represented the sprints classification, which awarded a blue jersey. In the sprint classification, cyclists received points for being one of the first three in intermediate sprints, with three points awarded for first place, two for second, and one for third.\n\nReferences\n\n2011\nCategory:2011 UCI World Tour\nCategory:2011 in Spanish road cycling"}
-{"text": "Frank Kilby\n\nFrancis David Kilby (24 April 1906 \u2013 3 September 1985) was a New Zealand rugby union player and administrator. A halfback, Kilby represented , , and briefly  and  at a provincial level, and was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1928 to 1934. He played 18 matches for the All Blacks, 13 of which were as captain, including four internationals. He later served on the executive of the New Zealand Rugby Union between 1955 and 1974, and managed the New Zealand M\u0101ori team on their tour of Australia in 1958, and the All Blacks on the 1963\u201364 tour of Britiain, Ireland, France and North America.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1906 births\nCategory:1985 deaths\nCategory:Rugby union players from Invercargill\nCategory:People educated at Southland Boys' High School\nCategory:New Zealand rugby union players\nCategory:New Zealand international rugby union players\nCategory:Southland Stags players\nCategory:Wellington rugby union players\nCategory:Wanganui rugby union players\nCategory:Taranaki rugby union players\nCategory:Rugby union scrum-halves\nCategory:New Zealand Rugby Football Union officials"}
-{"text": "Hjalmer J. Erickson\n\nHjalmer J. \"Jolly\" Erickson (January 7, 1906 \u2013 February 6, 1959) was an American football and basketball coach. He served as the head football coach at Bemidji State Teachers College in Bemidji, Minnesota from 1938 to 1954, compiling a record of 54\u201354\u20135. He was also the school's head basketball coach from 1944 to 1946, tallying a mark of 23\u20136.\n\nHead coaching record\n\nFootball\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1906 births\nCategory:1959 deaths\nCategory:Bemidji State Beavers football coaches\nCategory:Bemidji State Beavers men's basketball coaches\nCategory:People from Moorhead, Minnesota\nCategory:Basketball coaches from Minnesota\nCategory:Coaches of American football from Minnesota"}
-{"text": "1942 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship\n\nThe 1942 All Ireland Camogie Championship was won by Dublin, beating Cork in a replayed final. Cork thought they had won the initial final at the Mardyke when Renee Fitzgerald scored first an equalising, then a late winning goal. Referee Sean Gleeson said he had blown the whistle before Fitzgerald's second goal. The replay was the first All Ireland final to have a match programme and the first to be broadcast by Radio \u00c9ireann.\n\nFinal stages\nIn the All Ireland semi-finals Cork beat Galway 7\u20134 to 2\u20130 and Dublin beat Antrim 12\u20130 to 1\u20130. Cork had a goal disallowed in the last minute of the drawn final.\n\nFinal stages\n\n Match Rules\n50 minutes\nReplay if scores level\nMaximum of 3 substitutions allowable only if player was injured\n\nSee also\n All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship\n Wikipedia List of Camogie players\n National Camogie League\n Camogie All Stars Awards\n Ashbourne Cup\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Camogie Association\n History of Camogie senior championship slideshow. presented by Cumann Cam\u00f3ga\u00edochta Communications Committee at GAA Museum January 25, 2010 part one, part two, part three and part four\n Historic newspaper reports of All Ireland finals\n Camogie on official GAA website\n Timeline: History of Camogie\n Camogie on GAA Oral History Project\n Camogie Websites for Antrim and Dublin\n\nCategory:1942 in camogie\n1942"}
-{"text": "Numerica Skate Ribbon\n\nThe Numerica Skate Ribbon serves as safe and modern environment designed for everyone to enjoy in the heart of the downtown Spokane, Washington.This ribbon is located in the midst of Riverfront Park, which is the largest park in the downtown area. This park and its attractions are often seen as a notable feature of Spokane and is valued immensely by the citizens.\n\nThe skating ribbon, which made its debut in fall 2017, is located within the park at the corner of Spokane Falls Boulevard and Post Street. Riverfront Park is the largest park in the downtown area and, as of 2014, has begun to be renovated and improved in hopes of becoming a safer and more popular attraction in the city landscape. The town is home to the Spokane Falls and the Spokane River runs through the downtown area, and many Spokanites wish to keep the focus on these natural features. Aside from the park, Spokane is also known for hosting Hoopfest, Bloomsday, Pig out in the Park, and numerous concerts, firework shows, and other events throughout the year.\n\nHistory \n\nAs a previous competitor for the premier rail hub on the west in the 1880s, Spokane had been the most developed city on the eastern side of Washington. It housed a network of lines for most of the major railways, such as Great Northern, Northern Pacific, Union Pacific, Chicago Milwaukee, and Oregon Railway. Spokane was later chosen to host Expo \u201974 and made it the first of those fairs to emphasize an environmental theme. This marked a new era and burst of excitement for the town, which Spokanites responded to by cleaning the Spokane River, removing the railyards, and demolishing the Great Northern Railroad Depot. Only the Great Northern Clocktower, built in 1902, was left, which is now featured in nearly all depictions of the Spokane city skyline and has become a main landmark in the area. The clocktower and the surrounding area has now been converted into Riverfront Park, dedicated by President Jimmy Carter in 1978. With the following success from the world fair, Spokane implemented its first ice rink, the Ice Palace, and discovered it was a successful addition to the recreationally-focused town.\n\nDesign \nAs the first ribbon-shaped ice rink to be constructed in the Pacific Northwest, the Numerica Skate Ribbon stretches 700 feet long and is completed by a trio of fire pits, allowing for a warming experience for the skaters after being out on the ice. The ribbon is able to hold 300 skaters at any time, and the path is lined with lighting fixtures to keep the experience bright and safe. The path winds underneath trees and by David Govedare\u2019s Bloomsday statues, where it leads to a round \u201cpond\u201d area where skaters can congregate. Just as with the Ice Palace it replaced, the developers put thought into designing this attraction for year-round use, however, it has a slightly different twist. Rather than housing miniature golf, a Ferris wheel, and a petting zoo, the skate ribbon transforms into a place for roller-skating, scootering, or amusement rides. Riley Witt, the lead of Stantec\u2019s office in Spokane and the project manager for the design and construction of the ribbon, explained that the ribbon shape and green space were designed to avoid a large concrete area within the park, and to be seen as a mirroring element of the natural falls. Due to this extra consideration to match the construction to the landscape and overcoming the challenges that come with designing a park that was once a rail yard, the project was also recognized by the Engineering News-Record as the Northwest Best Sports and Entertainment project of 2018.\n\nDevelopers \nStantec, an international professional services company in the design and consulting industry centered in Edmonton, Canada, happily agreed to take on this section of the Riverfront Park design. They originally signed on to design the ice ribbon and building, but the Park Board later asked that the firm be in charge of designing the entire corner of the park where the ribbon would be located. By taking on more than just the rink, Stantec was allowed to go a bit over budget, as the Parks and Recreation division addressed it as a negotiation of sorts. Riley Witt, the project manager, gladly accepted the project, as he felt it would be a great opportunity for Stantec\u2019s promise to \u201cdesign with a community in mind.\u201d\n\nChallenge \nThe original planned opening date of the new addition was scheduled for the summer of 2017, but it was later delayed until December 2017 after encountering a number of unforeseen setbacks, such as larger expenses to repair bridges and soil for the rest of the upcoming projects in the area. This added up to a total of an extra $35,000, which would be covered by a $64.3 million taxpayer-approved bond. The original plans also came with a higher price tag than what was originally allotted, as the drawings were planned to cost $400,000 more than the $6.5 billion budgeted for the construction of not only the ribbon itself, but also the skate rental and concession area. Although the construction amounted to more than the budget, Chris Wright, the president of the Spokane Park Board, did not require the construction firm to redesign the ribbon. Contractors Northwest Inc. built the ribbon, with construction costs totaling $7.5 million, according to contract amendments agreed to by Spokane Park Board.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Skateparks in the United States"}
-{"text": "Cast No Shadow\n\nCast No Shadow may refer to:\n\n \"Cast No Shadow\" (song), a song by Oasis\n Cast No Shadow (film), a 2014 Canadian drama film\n \"Cast No Shadow\", a song by Duncan Browne (different from the Oasis song)"}
-{"text": "Log sum inequality\n\n__NOTOC__\nThe log sum inequality is an inequality, which is useful for proving several theorems in information theory.\n\nStatement\nLet  and  be nonnegative numbers.  Denote the sum of all s by  and the sum of all s by .  The log sum inequality states that\n\nwith equality if and only if  are equal for all , in other words  for all .\n\nProof\n\nNotice that after setting  we have\n\nwhere the inequality follows from Jensen's inequality since , , and  is convex.\n\nApplications\n\nThe log sum inequality can be used to prove several inequalities in information theory such as Gibbs' inequality or the convexity of Kullback-Leibler divergence.\n\nFor example, to prove Gibbs' inequality it is enough to substitute s for s, and s for s to get\n\nGeneralizations\n\nThe inequality remains valid for  provided that  and .\nThe proof above holds for any function  such that  is convex, such as all continuous non-decreasing functions. Generalizations to convex functions other than the logarithm is given in Csisz\u00e1r, 2004.\n\nReferences\n T.S. Han, K. Kobayashi, Mathematics of information and coding. American Mathematical Society, 2001. .\n Information Theory course materials, Utah State University . Retrieved on 2009-06-14.\n \n\nCategory:Inequalities\nCategory:Information theory\nCategory:Articles containing proofs"}
-{"text": "Adelaide Vipers FC\n\nVipers FC  is a football club based in St Clair, South Australia. They currently play in the South Australian State League 2. For the 2016 season, the club was set to join the new  competition, after having played previously in the SAASL.\n\nHistory\nThe club has been going since 2006 and, in that time, it have had many different people use the training facilities.\n\nIn 2007, the Vipers FC started in division 4 Saturday which was a single team competition.  During the following year, 2008, the club grew to two teams which qualified for division 3.  Division 3 saw the club finish third and, due to a team leaving the competition above, saw the Vipers get promoted to division 2.  In 2009 Division 2, the club grew to 3 teams and had one of its most successful seasons finishing second by a point and gaining automatic promotion to Saturday Premier division.  In 2010, the club was in Saturday amateur\u2019s Premier division with the club growing to 4 senior teams.  Unfortunately in 2010, the club finished last on the table and was relegated back to division 2.  The 2011 season saw the Vipers in a rebuilding phase and turned their focus on competing successfully in division 2 as well as begin to focus on junior development within the club. In 2011, the club fielded only 3 senior teams with all grades finishing mid table.  In 2012, the club remained in division 2 with 3 senior teams but expanded to include 3 junior teams and a little junior development academy.  In 2015, the club decided to leave the SAASL competitions and decided to affiliate with the FFSA.\n\n2016 Season\nIn 2016, the club finished 6th on the South Australian State League 2.\n\n2019 Season\nIn 2019, Vipers FC finished 4th and were promoted to South Australian State League 1 via the finals series winning 3-0 away at Gawler. Beating Gawler had Vipers playing Adelaide Hills in the South Australian State League 2 Grand final at Coopers Stadium. With the minor premiers Adelaide Hills going on to win the game AET 3-1.\n\nCurrent squad\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Soccer clubs in Adelaide\nCategory:Soccer clubs in South Australia"}
-{"text": "NGC 4586\n\nNGC 4586 is a spiral galaxy located about 50 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on February 2, 1786. Although listed in the Virgo Cluster Catalog, NGC 4586 is considered to be a member of the Virgo II Groups which form a southern extension of the Virgo cluster. NGC 4586 is currently in the process of infalling into the Virgo Cluster and is predicted to enter the cluster in about 500 million years.\n\nBoxy/Peanut bulge \nNGC 4586 has a boxy or peanut-shaped bulge. The bulge has been interpreted to be a bar viewed edge-on.\n\nSee also\n List of NGC objects (4001\u20135000)\n NGC 4469\n NGC 4013\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Virgo (constellation)\nCategory:Spiral galaxies\n4586\n42241\n7804\nCategory:Astronomical objects discovered in 1786\nCategory:Discoveries by William Herschel"}
-{"text": "Courtier's reply\n\nThe courtier's reply is a type of informal fallacy, coined by American biologist PZ Myers, in which a respondent to criticism claims that the critic lacks sufficient knowledge, credentials, or training to pose any sort of criticism whatsoever. It may be considered an inverted form of argument from authority, where a person without authority disagreeing with an authority is presumed incorrect prima facie.\n\nA key element of a courtier's reply, which distinguishes it from an otherwise valid response that incidentally points out the critic's lack of established authority on the topic, is that the respondent never shows how the work of these overlooked experts invalidates the arguments that were advanced by the critic.\n\nCritics of the idea that the courtier's reply is a real fallacy have called it the Myers shuffle, implying calling someone out for an alleged courtier's reply is a kind of rhetorical dodge or trick.\n\nUsage history\nAmerican Professor of Biology PZ Myers coined the term courtier's reply in a December 2006 entry on his blog, Pharyngula. Myers was reacting to some of the criticism leveled at the 2006 book The God Delusion, in which author Richard Dawkins argues against the existence of a supernatural creator.  Critics argued that Dawkins' lack of qualifications in philosophy or theology called into question a number of his arguments. Myers responded to this criticism by making an analogy, comparing Dawkins to the boy at the end of the fable The Emperor's New Clothes, who is the only reasonable voice that recognizes the Emperor is naked. Myers satirized the aforementioned critics as follows:\n\nI have considered the impudent accusations of Mr Dawkins with exasperation at his lack of serious scholarship. He has apparently not read the detailed discourses of Count Roderigo of Seville on the exquisite and exotic leathers of the Emperor's boots, nor does he give a moment's consideration to Bellini's masterwork, On the Luminescence of the Emperor's Feathered Hat. We have entire schools dedicated to writing learned treatises on the beauty of the Emperor's raiment, and every major newspaper runs a section dedicated to imperial fashion; Dawkins cavalierly dismisses them all. He even laughs at the highly popular and most persuasive arguments of his fellow countryman, Lord D. T. Mawkscribbler, who famously pointed out that the Emperor would not wear common cotton, nor uncomfortable polyester, but must, I say must, wear undergarments of the finest silk. Dawkins arrogantly ignores all these deep philosophical ponderings to crudely accuse the Emperor of nudity.\n\nMyers also characterized H. Allen Orr's criticism of The God Delusion as an example of this argument.\n\nDawkins himself responded to critics of The God Delusion who argued that he is not a theologian and stated, \"Most of us happily disavow fairies, astrology, and the Flying Spaghetti Monster without first immersing ourselves in books of Pastafarian theology.\" Dawkins quoted the courtier's reply in a debate with Alister McGrath, and he also referenced it in the preface to The God Delusion's 2007 paperback edition.\n\nEnglish literary theorist and critic Terry Eagleton wrote of The God Delusion: \"What, one wonders, are Dawkins's views on the epistemological differences between Aquinas and Duns Scotus? Has he read Eriugena on subjectivity, Rahner on grace or Moltmann on hope? Has he even heard of them? Or does he imagine like a bumptious young barrister that you can defeat the opposition while being complacently ignorant of its toughest case?\" Luke Muehlhauser, the executive director of the Singularity Institute, wrote on his blog, Common Sense Atheism, that this criticism is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is discussed.  Muehlhauser wrote, \"Eagleton misses the point. If a creator god doesn't exist, it doesn't matter whether the imaginary god's grace is best described by Rahner or someone else. Besides, the millions of believers to which Dawkins writes have never heard of Rahner, either. Christianity as practiced by billions of people is not the Christianity of the academic theologians.\"\n\nCriticism\nRoman Catholic philosopher Edward Feser, writing in The American, has called the courtier's reply a rhetorical \"pseudo-defense\" employed as a \"clever marketing tag\" in order for members of the New Atheism movement to avoid criticism of their arguments. Feser terms the courtier's reply \"the Myers shuffle\".\n\nThe \"Myers shuffle\" criticism points out that the courtier's reply rhetoric is usually a summation of logical fallacies or sophistry, and characterizes Muehlhauser's assertion that criticism of someone's philosophical or theological ignorance is irrelevant when the existence or otherwise of God is disputed as a case of the special pleading fallacy. Feser further claims that asserting that the \"average believer\" is not well informed about theology is a red herring, since something being true does not depend on how many people believe it is true.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Informal fallacies"}
-{"text": "Stephen Moreo\n\nStephen Moreo has been Bishop of Johannesburg since 2013.\n\nMoreo is from North West Province and studied for the priesthood at St Paul\u2019s Anglican seminary,  Grahamstown. He was ordained deacon in 1984 and priest in 1985. His first post was at Ikageng. After that, he held  incumbencies in Soweto.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Bishops of Johannesburg"}
-{"text": "To Die For (Sam Smith album)\n\nTo Die For is the upcoming third studio album by English singer Sam Smith, scheduled to be released on 1 May 2020 through Capitol Records.\n\nBackground\nIn an interview with Zach Sang in October 2019, Smith confirmed that their third album would be released in 2020, and said it will feature \"fewer ballads and plenty of poppier tracks\" than their previous albums, which they called an \"acoustic-y, soulful version of pop music\". Smith went on to explain that the reception to their recent songs had \"almost given me permission to kinda do what I've always dreamed of doing but I was always scared to do, which is pop music.\"\n\nSmith opened a pop-up store in Soho, London named after the album in February 2020 prior to the release of the fourth single and title track.\n\nSingles\nFour official singles have been released from the album so far: \"Dancing with a Stranger\" with Normani, \"How Do You Sleep?\", \"I Feel Love\", Smith's cover of Donna Summer's 1977 hit single, and the title track \"To Die For\".\n\nThe album will also include the Calvin Harris' collaboration, \"Promises\", and \"Fire on Fire\" from the miniseries Watership Down.\n\nTrack listing\nThe album will feature 14 tracks. All titles aside from the six below are yet to be revealed.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2020 albums\nCategory:Capitol Records albums\nCategory:Sam Smith (singer) albums\nCategory:Upcoming albums"}
-{"text": "Science outreach\n\nScience outreach, also called Education and Public Outreach (EPO or E/PO) or simply public outreach, is an umbrella term for a variety of activities by research institutes, universities, and institutions such as science museums, aimed at promoting public awareness (and understanding) of science and making informal contributions to science education.\n\nScope and history\n\nWhile there have always been individual scientists interested in educating the public, science outreach has recently become more organized. For example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) now requires all of its projects to organize suitable outreach activities. Also working to inform the public are organizations such as Communicating Astronomy to the Public and the Washington Declaration on Communicating Astronomy to the Public that organize conferences for the public on science issues and make efforts to put outreach on a more general institutional footing.\n\nRecently, an increasing number of projects have hired designated outreach scientists (part-time or full-time) that handle public relations for their project. There are also specialized outreach providers such as the Education branch of the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado and the Education and Public Outreach Group at Sonoma State University which offer to organize a project's outreach activities on a contractual basis.\n\nIn addition to outreach by research institutions, an important part of informal science education are outreach programs such as science museums and science festivals.\n\nExamples of science outreach activities\n\nScience outreach can take on a variety of forms.\n\nPublic talks/lectures/discussions\n\nLectures are probably the oldest form of science outreach, dating back to the 1820s when Michael Faraday organized the first of the Royal Institution's Christmas Lectures.\n\nPublic talks can be part of a lecture series, given at a science festival or in cooperation with a special interest group such as a local astronomy club. Public presentations can have a variety of formats, including straightforward lecture formats with or without experimental demonstrations, guided live interviews, and discussions with several participants and a moderator. There are also less formal initiatives such as Caf\u00e9 Scientifique, in which a caf\u00e9 or bar is the venue for regular meetings involving guest scientists that come to talk about their work or take part in discussions with members of the public.\n\nVisiting primary and secondary schools\n\nSchool students and teachers are an important target group for science outreach. Outreach activities can include scientists visiting schools, giving talks at assemblies, discussions with students, or participation in events such as career fairs and science and technology camps.  One organization that focuses on this kind of science outreach is Robogals. Many universities also have science outreach programs that are dedicated to building relationships between high school students, university scientists, and K-12 teachers. A few of the most prominent university science outreach programs include Carolina Science Outreach, the Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science, the Rockefeller University Science Outreach Program, the Present Your Ph.D. Thesis to a 12-Year Old Outreach Project at University of Texas in Austin, the Discover STEM Polymer Day and Energy and U at the University of Minnesota, and the Stanford University Office of Science Outreach. Using Canada as an example, it has been estimated that with sufficient organization, every classroom from kindergarten through graduation could in practice receive a visit from one or more scientists annually with participation from only 10-15% of the scientific enterprise. Some examples of science outreach programs in Canada include: Let's Talk Science, Actua, The Chemical Institute of Canada, and Science Rendezvous.\n\nWorkshops/schools for teachers and/or students\n\nInviting groups of school students to a research institution for a workshop is another popular form of outreach.  Formats range from a one-day visit to more involved week-long events such as Perimeter Institute's International Summer School for Young Physicists, a two-week-long programs for a total of a hundred Canadian and international students from grade 11.\n\nAnother method of science outreach invites school teachers to participate in workshops where they are able to learn effective strategies to engage students in science. This approach was especially embraced by the Canadian Space Agency which held an annual \"Space Educators\" conference up until 2012 to provides teachers with access to resources to educate their students in space-related science.\n\nSupporting science fairs and similar events\n\nBesides organizing independent events, many outreach organizations sponsor existing events that promote sciences awareness. A notable examples are science fairs, public science events in which working scientists can participate both as judges and as sponsors of student projects.\n\nOnline aggregation of science activities, resources, and programs \nThe internet is a rich source of science activities, resources, and programs. For example, research laboratories often maintain educational outreach projects aimed at translating their science into something meaningful for the general public, often K-12 students, as an effort to increase research broader impacts required by funding agencies such as the NSF. These may include activities using fast-growing plants that exhibit distinctive mutants with unique phenotypes useful to teach K-12 students about both Mendelian and molecular genetics. Some institutions and organizations maintain large or small aggregations of their activity resources, outreach programs, upcoming events calendars, and partnering programs.\n\nAwards\n\nA number of awards honor commitment to science outreach.  Examples include:\n Award for Public Understanding of Science and Technology, American Association for the Advancement of Science\n Descartes Prize for Excellence in Science Communication, European Commission\n Michael Faraday Prize for communicating science to a UK audience (Royal Society)\n Communicator award, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft \n Synapse Mentorship Awards, often given for exceptional contributions to science outreach, Canadian Institutes of Health Research \n Nicholson Medal for Human Outreach, American Physical Society\nCharles A. Black Award, for exemplary contributions to public understanding of food and agricultural science\n Kalinga Prize for popularisation of science is an award given by UNESCO since 1952 for exceptional skill in presenting scientific ideas to lay people\n\nSee also\nList of Astronomy Outreach Resources in Europe\nScience museum\nScience festival\nPopular science\nPublic science\nPhysics Outreach\nScientific literacy\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nStanford University Science Outreach Office \u2013 links to outreach programs for teachers, students, and the general public\nOutreach at CERN\nEducation/Outreach resources at the Space Science Institute\nScientists in education\nNASA Science\nScience for All Americans (from the AAAS)\nSonoma State University E/PO group\nCommunicating Astronomy with the Public Journal\nInternational Year of Astronomy 2009\nVanderbilt University Center for Science Outreach\nLet's Talk Science\nSTEMout\nActua\n iBiology Free resource for scientists, educators, students and the general public]\n Sense About Science\n\nCategory:Science in society"}
-{"text": "Corfe Castle (UK Parliament constituency)\n\nCorfe Castle was a parliamentary borough in Dorset, which elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons from 1572 until 1832, when it was abolished by the Great Reform Act.\n\nHistory\nCorfe Castle was made a borough by Queen Elizabeth I, through the influence of Sir Christopher Hatton, who had been granted the manor. The borough consisted of the town of Corfe Castle on the Isle of Purbeck, once a market town but by the 19th century little more than a village, where the main economic interests were clay and stone quarrying. In 1831, the population of the borough was approximately 960, in 156 houses. (The portion of the town outside the borough contained another 141 houses.)\n\nThe right to vote was exercised by all householders (resident or not) paying scot and lot; in 1816 this amounted to only 44 voters, and all but 14 of those were non-resident. The local landowners were able to exercise almost total influence. In the late 18th and early 19th century, the Bankes family (who had owned the castle since 1640) nominated the member for one of the seats and the Bond family for the other.\n\nCorfe Castle was abolished as a separate constituency by the Reform Act; however, the nearby borough of Wareham kept one of its MPs, and Corfe Castle was included within the expanded boundaries of the revised Wareham constituency.\n\nMembers of Parliament\n\n1572\u20131640\n\n1640\u20131832\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \nRobert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) \nD. Brunton & D. H. Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)\nCobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) \n Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988)\n Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III (2nd edition - London: St Martin's Press, 1961)\n J. Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)\nHenry Stooks Smith, \"The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847\" (2nd edition, edited by F. W. S. Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)\n \n\nCategory:Parliamentary constituencies in Dorset (historic)\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1572\nCategory:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1832\nCategory:Rotten boroughs"}
-{"text": "Results of the 1965 New South Wales state election\n\nThis is a list of electoral district results for the 1965 New South Wales state election.\n\nResults by electoral district\n\nAlbury\n\nArmidale\n\nAshfield\u2212Croydon\n\nAuburn\n\nBalmain\n\nBankstown\n\nBarwon\n\nBass Hill\n\nBathurst\n\nBlacktown\n\nBligh\n\nBondi\n\nBulli\n\nBurrinjuck\n\nBurwood\n\nByron\n\nCanterbury\n\nCasino\n\nCastlereagh\n\nCessnock\n\nClarence\n\nCobar\n\nCollaroy\n\nConcord\n\nCoogee\n\nCook's River\n\nCronulla\n\nDrummoyne\n\nDubbo\n\nDulwich Hill\n\nEarlwood\n\nEast Hills\n\nEastwood\n\nFairfield\n\nGeorges River\n\nGloucester\n\nGordon\n\nGosford\n\nGoulburn\n\nGranville\n\nHamilton\n\nHartley\n\nHawkesbury\n\nHornsby\n\nHurstville\n\nIllawarra\n\nKahibah\n\nKing\n\nKirribilli\n\nKogarah\n\nKurri Kurri\n\nLake Macquarie\n\nLakemba\n\nLane Cove\n\nLismore\n\nLiverpool\n\nMaitland\n\nManly\n\nMaroubra\n\nMarrickville\n\nMonaro\n\nMosman\n\nMudgee\n\nMurray\n\nMurrumbidgee\n\nNepean\n\nNewcastle\n\nOrange\n\nOxley\n\nParramatta\n\nPhillip\n\nRaleigh\n\nRandwick\n\nRedfern\n\nRockdale\n\nRyde\n\nSouth Coast\n\nSturt\n\nSutherland\n\nTamworth\n\nTemora\n\nTenterfield\n\nThe Hills\n\nUpper Hunter\n\nVaucluse\n\nWagga Wagga\n\nWakehurst\n\nWaratah\n\nWentworthville\n\nWilloughby\n\nWollondilly\n\nWollongong\u2212Kembla\n\nWyong\n\nYoung\n\nSee also \n Candidates of the 1965 New South Wales state election\n Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1965\u20131968\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n\n1965"}
-{"text": "Oliver Burr Jennings\n\nOliver Burr Jennings (June 3, 1825 \u2013 February 12, 1893) was an American businessman and one of the original stockholders in Standard Oil.\n\nEarly life\nJennings was born in 1825 in Fairfield, Connecticut, to Abraham Gold Jennings and Anna Burr. His brother was Frederick B. Jennings. At a young age he came to New York to learn the dry goods business. Through his great-grandfather, Peter Burr, he was distantly related to U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr.\n\nCareer\nIn 1849, he headed West to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush. He set up a general mercantile store in San Francisco with Benjamin Brewster and amassed a considerable fortune by outfitting prospecting camps along the coast and around Sacramento.\n\nStandard Oil\nIn 1862, he returned to New York with the intention of retiring from all business activities. Due to his close relationship with his wife's brother-in-law, William Avery Rockefeller, Jr., he became interested in the affairs of the Standard Oil Company. In 1871, when Standard Oil was incorporated in Ohio, Jennings was one of the original stockholders. Of the initial 10,000 shares, John D. Rockefeller received 2,667; William Rockefeller, Henry Flagler, and Samuel Andrews received  1,333 each; Stephen V. Harkness received 1,334; Jennings received 1,000; and the firm of Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler received 1,000.\n\nJennings served as a director of Standard Oil of Ohio and then as a trustee of the  Standard Oil Trust that resulted from the company's reorganization in 1882.\n\nPersonal life\nOn December 13, 1854, he married Esther Judson Goodsell (1828\u20131908) in Fairfield. Her sister Almira Geraldine Goodsell (1844\u20131920) was the wife of Standard Oil co-founder William Rockefeller, Jr. (1841\u20131922). Together, Oliver and Esther had five children:\nAnnie Burr Jennings (1855\u20131939), a philanthropist.\nWalter Jennings (1858\u20131933), the director of Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1927 until 1933.\nHelen Goodsell Jennings (1860\u20131946), who married Dr. Walter Belknap James (1858\u20131927), president of the Jekyll Island Club from 1919 until 1927\nEmma Brewster Jennings (1861\u20131942), who married Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Sr. (1858\u20131913)\nOliver Gould Jennings (1865\u20131936), who married Mary Dows Brewster (b. 1871), daughter of Benjamin Brewster and Elmina Hersey Dows.\n\nJennings died in 1893 at his residence in New York City. His estate amounted to , which he left entirely to his family.\n\nDescendants\nJennings was the grandfather of Benjamin Brewster Jennings (1898\u20141968), businessman, and Hugh Dudley Auchincloss, Jr. (1897\u20131976), stockbroker who married Janet Lee Bouvier.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1825 births\nCategory:1893 deaths\nCategory:People from Fairfield, Connecticut\nCategory:Businesspeople from San Francisco\nCategory:People of the California Gold Rush\nCategory:Founders of the petroleum industry\nCategory:American businesspeople in the oil industry\nCategory:Standard Oil\nCategory:19th-century American businesspeople"}
-{"text": "Lamari Rural LLG\n\nLamari Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea.\n\nWards\n01. Motokara\n02. Kobara\n03. Atagara\n04. Numbaira\n05. Bibeori\n06. Baira No. 2\n07. Baira No. 1\n08. Mei'auna\n09. Ogurataba\n10. Bi'api'arata\n11. Bakumpa\n12. Kawaina No. 1\n13. Kumbora\n14. Saurona\n15. Obura Gov't Station\n16. Kurunumbura\n17. Yunura\n18. Asara\n19. Himarata\n20. Anima\n21. Tunana\n22. Ahea\n23. Habi ina\n24. Oraura No. 1\n25. Kokombira\n26. Pinata\n27. Owena\n28. Tainoraba\n29. Mobutasa\n30. Agamusi\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Local-level governments of Eastern Highlands Province"}
-{"text": "List of Marathi films of 1930\n\nA list of films produced by the Marathi language film industry based in Maharashtra in the year 1930.\n\n1930 Releases\nA list of Marathi films released in 1930.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGomolo - \n\nCategory:Lists of 1930 films by country or language\n1930\nCategory:1930 in Indian cinema"}
-{"text": "PropertyPro.ng\n\nPropertyPro.ng is a Nigeria  web-based platform for property rentals and sales. The company was founded in February 2013 with a vision of re-organizing the rental market in Nigeria that was soiled as a result of trust issues and fraud. In a  bid to tackle the trust and fraud issues, the company created a system that exercises a lot of control on how participating agents offer their services. The agents are expected to conduct their business and customer relations in line with Tolet\u2019s prescribed code of business conduct.\n\nHistory\n\nThe company started with the founders' collective personal savings of $400 in 2012. The company was founded in February 2013 by a team of four visionary young men: Fikayo Ogundipe, Sulaiman Balogun, Oladapo Eludire, and Oluwaseyi Ayeni.\n\nThe company started by reaching out to landlords and agents in Lagos. ToLet.com.ng is one of Spark\u2019s (Jason and Bastian\u2019s \u201caccelerator\u201d fund) portfolio companies. Spark is the sole investor in Tolet.com.ng with $240,000 invested in the startup to date. As of July 2016, the company has roughly 20,000 listings online. In September 2016, Tolet.com.ng raised $1.2m in a Series A funding round led by Malaysia-based Frontier Digital Ventures.\n\nThe company employs area specialists who inspect all properties before posting them on the website. The website started off as a rental property focused service, before its adoption of sales properties 11 months ago.\n\nAcquisition of Jumia House Nigeria\n\nToLet acquired Jumia House Nigeria for an undisclosed amount. ToLet and Jumia House Nigeria will merge platforms under the new name of PropertyPro.ng\n\nToLet.com.ng rebrands as PropertyPro.ng\n\nToLet.com.ng on the 16th of April 2018 officially announced her transitioning into PropertyPro.ng via social media pages, change of usernames, press releases and features from media houses in Nigeria\n.The launch event also brought about the announcement of the new website mobile app for free downloads on Play Store.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Real estate companies of Nigeria\nCategory:Companies based in Lagos\nCategory:Online marketplaces of Nigeria"}
-{"text": "Nicol\u00e1s Franco\n\nNicol\u00e1s Franco may refer to:\n\n Nicol\u00e1s Franco (footballer), Argentine footballer\n Nicol\u00e1s Franco (politician), Spanish politician"}
-{"text": "Mala Pe\u0107a\n\nMala Pe\u0107a (Cyrillic: \u041c\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u045b\u0430) is a village in the municipality of Biha\u0107, Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Biha\u0107"}
-{"text": "Church of Holy Trinity, Eltham\n\nThe Church of Holy Trinity is a Church of England parish church in Eltham, Royal Borough of Greenwich, London. The church is a grade II listed building. It is the location of the Gallipoli Memorial Chapel, which was dedicated in 1917 to those who had died in the Gallipoli Campaign.\n\nHistory\nFrom 1868 to 1869, the chancel, transepts, and the East bays of the nave were built, having been designed by G. E. Street. In 1908, a vestry, baptistery, and the Western part of the nave were added by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons. The church is Gothic Revival in style.\n\nIn 1909, Edith Gertrude Latter funded the building of the St Agnes Chapel. It was designed by Sir Arthur Blomfield and Sons, and was decorated by C. E. Kempe and Co. During the First World War, the vicar, Henry Hall, served as a military chaplain with the 29th Division, British Army. They fought in the Gallipoli Campaign, during which Hall was injured and invalided out of the army. Having returned to his parish, the vicar wanted to commemorate those who has lost their lives during the campaign. He converted the St Agnes Chapel into the Gallipoli Memorial Chapel; it was unveiled by General Sir Ian Hamilton on 25 April 1917.\n\nOn 8 June 1973, the church was designated a grade II listed building.\n\nPresent day\nThe parish of Holy Trinity, Eltham is located in the Archdeaconry of Lewisham & Greenwich in the Diocese of Southwark.\n\nThe parish stands in the Inclusive Catholic tradition of the Church of England. It is a member of Inclusive Church.\n\nNotable clergy\n Charles Cockbill, assistant curate, later Archdeacon of St Albans\n Mike Harrison, vicar from 1998 to 2006, later Bishop of Dunwich\n Jeffrey John, vicar from 1991 to 1997, later Dean of St Albans\n Christopher Lowson, vicar from 1983 to 1991, later Bishop of Lincoln\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Church website\n A Church Near You entry\n\nEltham\nEltham\nEltham\nEltham\nEltham\nEltham"}
-{"text": "Park Yo-han\n\nPark Yo-han (; born 16 January 1989) is a South Korean footballer who plays as a full back. He currently plays for Suwon FC.\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:South Korean footballers\nCategory:Gwangju FC players\nCategory:Chungju Hummel FC players\nCategory:Asan Mugunghwa FC players\nCategory:Suwon FC players\nCategory:K League 1 players\nCategory:K League 2 players\nCategory:Yonsei University alumni"}
-{"text": "Herman Fialkov\n\nHerman Fialkov  (23 March 1922 \u2013 21 February 2012) was an American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and philanthropist. He is best known for co-founding the General Transistor Corp. in 1954, a technology company that became a pioneer of microchips. He graduated from New York University Tandon School of Engineering, formerly known as the Polytechnic Institute of New York University.\n\nLife and career\nHe was born on 23 March 1922 in Brooklyn, New York the son of two Jewish immigrants, Pearl (n\u00e9e Heinish) and Isidore Fialkov.  Growing up on welfare during the Great Depression, he delivered milk before school to earn money for the family.\n\nHe served in the U.S. Army during World War II, earning the Bronze Star Medal with two Oak leaf clusters during the Battle of the Bulge.  Thanks to the G.I. Bill he was able to earn a Bachelor's degree in administrative engineering from the Polytechnic University of New York in 1951.  He worked at Emerson Radio from 1946-1947, Mutual Broadcasting System from 1947-1949 and the Radio Receptor Company from 1949 - 1954.\n\nIn 1954 he co-founded General Transistor Corporation, a technology company that became a pioneer of microchips.  When General Transistor merged with General Instrument Corp. in 1960, Fialkov convinced General Instrument\u2019s leadership to venture into cable television, purchasing Jerrold Electronics \u2013 a company that ultimately evolved into Comcast.\n\nIn 1968, Fialkov founded his own venture capital firm, Geiger and Fialkov and also set up several others, including Aleph Null and Polyventures. He served as a partner in the Jericho-based venture capital firm Newlight Associates until 2004.  In his more than 40 years in venture capital, Fialkov provided investments that helped finance the startup or early development of many international tech companies including Intel, Teledyne and Long Island-based Envision, Standard Microsystems and Globecomm Systems.\n\nIn 1999, global accounting firm Ernst & Young honored Fialkov with a lifetime achievement award for entrepreneurship. In 2004, the Long Island Capital Alliance named an annual award after him.\n\nIn 1942, he married the former Elaine Dampf (died 1998). They had two children, Carol and Jay.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni\nCategory:1922 births\nCategory:2012 deaths"}
-{"text": "Deacon Daniel Green House\n\nThe Deacon Daniel Green House is a historic house at 747 Main Street in Wakefield, Massachusetts.  It is a -story wood-frame house, with a gable roof and clapboard siding.  It was built early in the Federal period (1750-1785), and is one of a few surviving examples of a local architectural variant, three bays wide and four bays deep.  The house was occupied by Deacon Daniel Green in 1785, who moved to South Reading (as Wakefield was then known), from Stoneham.\n\nThe house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Wakefield, Massachusetts\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Wakefield, Massachusetts\nCategory:Federal architecture in Massachusetts\nCategory:Houses in Wakefield, Massachusetts"}
-{"text": "Love to the End\n\nLove to the End () is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Lee Young-ah, Hong Soo-ah, Kang Eun-tak, and Shim Ji-ho. The series aired on KBS2 from Monday to Friday from 7:50 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. (KST) starting July 23, 2018.\n\nCast\n\nMain\n Lee Young-ah as Han Ga-young\n Hong Soo-ah as Kang Se-na\n Kang Eun-tak as Yoon Jung-han\n Shim Ji-ho as Kang Hyun-ki\n\nRatings \nIn this table,  represent the lowest ratings and  represent the highest ratings.\nNR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date.\nN/A denotes that the rating is not known.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  \n \n\nCategory:Korean Broadcasting System television dramas\nCategory:2018 South Korean television series debuts\nCategory:2018 South Korean television series endings\nCategory:2010s South Korean television series\nCategory:Korean-language television programs"}
-{"text": "Keiji (manga)\n\nis a period manga authored by Tetsuo Hara, which was serialized in the Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from 1990 to 1993. It is an adaptation of the novel  by Keiichiro Ryu and serves as a fictionalized account of the life of Keiji Maeda. \n\nHana no Keiji is one of Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jumps best-selling manga series of all time, with over 17 million copies sold. An English adaptation was published in Raijin Comics under the shortened title Keiji'''.\n\nCharacters\n\nA tall military commander who is said to be the best \"kabukimono\" on Earth. Although the son of Takigawa Kazumasu, he was adopted by Maeda Toshihisa, Toshiie's older brother. Despite this, Toshiie dislikes him. A free-spirited warrior who lives by his own will. His beloved horse is named .\n\nA pint-sized shinobi who formerly served Yotsui Shume. Even though his younger brother was trampled to death by Keiji and his horse Matsukaze, he becomes fascinated with Keiji to the point of infatuation and becomes his follower.\n\nA character original to the manga. A resident from the Village of Seven Faces who has the face of an oni. He fought against Keiji at first in order to rescue his adoptive daughter Of\u016b, but comes to admire Keiji's character and eventually becomes one of his followers. He possesses enormous strength, as well as the ability to read minds.\n\nMedia\nMangaHana no Keiji was originally published as a one-shot manga in issue #50 of 1989 of the Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump, released on November 27. The regular serialization started in 1990 in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump from issue #13, published on March 12, and finished in 1993, in issue #33 published on August 2. 18 tank\u014dbon volumes were published by Shueisha under the \"Jump Comics\" imprint between July 10, 1990 and November 4, 1993. The series was republished in a 10-volume bunk\u014dban edition by Shueisha, published between March 18 and November 18, 1999. A 15-volume kanzenban edition by Tokuma Shoten was released from September 30, 2004 to October 29, 2005.\n\nIn 2003, an English version of the manga was serialized in the short-lived anthology Raijin Comics published by the now-defunct Gutsoon! Entertainment, where the first 26 chapters were printed, until Raijin Comics ceased its publication in 2004. No collected volumes were published.\n\nSpin-offs\nIn 2008, a Keiji spin-off titled Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Naoe Kanetsugu -Maeda Keiji Tsuki-gatari-, written by Tetsuo Hara and Nobuhiko Horie and illustrated by Yuji Takemura, began serialization in Shinchosha's Weekly Comic Bunch on November 7.  The series was stopped on August 27, 2010, after Weekly Comic Bunch ended its publication. Nine volumes were published. \n\nIn 2010, a sequel entitled Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Naoe Kanetsugu -Maeda Keiji Sake-gatari started in the brand new magazine Monthly Comic Zenon by Tokuma Shoten on October 25, 2010. The manga finished on January 27, 2014, with ten volumes being published. \n\nA final arc entitled Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Naoe Kanetsugu -Maeda Keiji Hana-gatari, written by Hara and Horie and illustrated by  Masato Deguchi, was published in the May issue of Monthly Comic Zenon on March 24, 2014. The series finished on October 25, 2018. As of November 20, 2018, fourteen volumes have been published.\n\nRelated media\nShueisha released an audiobook version of Hana no Keiji on December 1993. The audiobook stars Akio \u014ctsuka as the voice of Keiji Maeda.\n\nA Hana no Keiji video game was developed by TOSE and published by Yojigen for the Super Famicom on November 18, 1994. It is a competitive weapon-based fighting game which adapts the storyline of the manga from the beginning and up until the F\u016bma Kotar\u014d arc.Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Naoe Kanetsugu -Maeda Keiji Sake-gatari has been adapted into an anime television series aired on TV Tokyo on July 2, 2013, entitled Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! Kanetsugu to Keiji'', and was streamed on Crunchyroll. The 25-episodes series aired until December 17, 2013.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Gif\u016b D\u014dd\u014d!! official website \n \n\nCategory:1990 manga\nCategory:1994 video games\nCategory:Anime series based on manga\nCategory:Historical anime and manga\nCategory:Japan-exclusive video games\nCategory:Samurai in anime and manga\nCategory:Shinchosha manga\nCategory:Sh\u014dnen manga\nCategory:Shueisha franchises\nCategory:Shueisha manga\nCategory:Studio Deen\nCategory:Super Nintendo Entertainment System games\nCategory:Super Nintendo Entertainment System-only games\nCategory:Tokuma Shoten manga\nCategory:Tose (company) games\nCategory:TV Tokyo shows\nCategory:Yojigen games\nCategory:Versus fighting games\nCategory:Video games based on anime and manga\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan"}
-{"text": "Llyn Celyn\n\nLlyn Celyn  is a large reservoir constructed between 1960 and 1965 in the valley of the River Tryweryn in Gwynedd, Wales.  It measures roughly  long by  wide, and has a maximum depth of .  It has the capacity to hold  of water.\n\nIt was originally to be named Llyn Tryweryn Mawr (meaning \"Great Tryweryn Lake\"), but in September 1964 Liverpool Corporation agreed to the name change following a letter from the Tryweryn Defence Committee.\n\nConstruction and opposition\nConstruction of the reservoir for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks involved flooding the village of Capel Celyn and adjacent farmland, a deeply controversial move.  Much of the opposition was brought about because the village was a stronghold of Welsh culture and the Welsh language, whilst the reservoir was being built to supply Liverpool and parts of the Wirral peninsula with water, rather than Wales.\n\nLiverpool Corporation's Tryweryn Reservoir Bill was presented in Parliament as a private bill in January 1957; by obtaining authority through an Act of Parliament, Liverpool City Council avoided having to gain consent from the Welsh planning authorities. Despite mass protests in Wales, and marches through Liverpool by Capel Celyn residents and their supporters, the legislation enabling the development was ultimately passed despite the opposition of 35 out of 36 Welsh Members of Parliament, with the 36th (David Llywelyn, Conservative MP for Cardiff North) abstaining. This led to an increase in support for the Welsh nationalist party, Plaid Cymru, in the late 1950s and gave fresh impetus to Welsh devolution.\n\nThe official opening was held on 21 October 1965.  Representatives came from Liverpool City Council, and invitations were sent to all those with family links to the valley.  In view of the anticipated protest, there was a strong police presence.  The ceremony lasted less than three minutes, as protesters had cut the microphone wires, and the chants of the hundreds of protesters made the speeches inaudible.\n\nIn October 2005, Liverpool City Council issued a public apology for the incident.\n\nThe full statement reads:\nThe Council acknowledges its debt to the many thousands of Welsh people who have made their homes in the City. They have, in so many ways, enriched the life of the City.\n\nWe know that Liverpool, especially in the fields of medicine and education, has been of real service to the people of Wales.\n\nWe realise the hurt of forty years ago when the Tryweryn Valley was transformed into a reservoir to help meet the water needs of Liverpool.\n\nFor any insensitivity by our predecessor Council at that time, we apologise and hope that the historic and sound relationship between Liverpool and Wales can be completely restored.\n\nOperation of reservoir \n\nThe reservoir was built to help maintain the flow in the River Dee, so that drinking water could be abstracted further downstream as part of the Dee Regulation Scheme. These abstractions include one at Huntington water treatment works in Chester, operated by United Utilities, which supplies water to Liverpool and Wirral.\n\nThe reservoir is contained behind a rock gravity dam and, at its upper end, it is bounded between Arenig Fawr and Arenig Fach, two of the mountains of south Snowdonia.\n\nWater is released from the reservoir into the River Tryweryn which flows into the River Dee. Most of the water passes through a small hydro-electric plant to supply green electricity to the National Grid. The released water first flows into a stilling basin and then down the narrow and rocky valley of the River Tryweryn. This section of the river provides facilities for international level white-water canoeing, and rafting at the Canolfan Tryweryn National White-water Centre. Some water in the reservoir is held in reserve to be released down the river for specific whitewater events. Because the reservoir's principal purpose is to support low river flows in the main River Dee, the best conditions for such events occur during long dry spells in summer when maximum releases are made. Usually the dam will release between 9 and 11 m\u00b3/s, although releases as low as 2 m\u00b3/s and as high as 16 m\u00b3/s have been known. During wet weather the releases are usually throttled back to a minimal maintenance flow unless a planned release for recreational activities has been agreed.\n\nIts four turbines are owned and run by D\u0175r Cymru and generate 4.38\u00a0MW\n\nDiversions and closures of transport links \nThe building of the reservoir also contributed to the final closure of the GWR branch line from Bala to Blaenau Ffestiniog. Passenger trains had ceased running in 1960, and the last freight train ran in 1961. The line was subsequently flooded by the lake, and the base of the dam also crosses it. Liverpool Council had in fact planned a railway diversion, but this was never built as the British Transport Commission had decided to close the line. As a result of this, Liverpool Council decided to contribute towards the cost of the new main road (the A4212, which was built across the pass from Bala to Trawsfynydd around the north side of the lake), and also towards the cost of a line linking the two stations in Blaenau Ffestiniog.\n\nSee also\n\nCapel Celyn\nTryweryn Bill\nAfon Tryweryn\nCanolfan Tryweryn\nCofiwch Dryweryn\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Abandoned communities ..... Llyn Celyn\n Drowning of Tryweryn, 1965 Clip from 1969 BBC factual programme The Sixties with archive footage.\n\nCategory:Llandderfel\nCategory:Llanycil\nCategory:River Dee, Wales\nCelyn\nCelyn\nCategory:River regulation in Gwynedd\nCategory:River regulation in Snowdonia\nCategory:Hydroelectric power stations in Wales\nRCelyn"}
-{"text": "CO-OPN\n\nThe CO-OPN (Concurrent Object-Oriented Petri Nets) specification language is based on both algebraic specifications and algebraic Petri nets formalisms. The former formalism represent the data structures aspects, while the latter stands for the behavioral and concurrent aspects of systems. In order to deal with large specifications some structuring capabilities have been introduced. The object-oriented paradigm has been adopted, which means that a CO-OPN specification is a collection of objects which interact concurrently. Cooperation between the objects is achieved by means of a synchronization mechanism, i.e., each object event may request to be synchronized with some methods (parameterized events) of one or a group of partners by means of a synchronization expression.\n\nA CO-OPN specification consists of a collection of two different modules: the abstract data type modules and the object modules. The abstract data type modules concern the data structure component of the specifications, and many sorted algebraic specifications are used when describing these modules. Furthermore, the object modules represent the concept of encapsulated entities that possess an internal state and provide the exterior with various services. For this second sort of modules, an algebraic net formalism has been adopted. Algebraic Petri nets, a kind of high level nets, are a great improvement over the Petri nets, i.e. Petri nets tokens are replaced with data structures which are described by means of algebraic abstract data types. For managing visibility, both abstract data type modules and object modules are composed of an interface (which allows some operations to be visible from the outside) and a body (which mainly encapsulates the operations properties and some operation which are used for building the model). In the case of the objects modules, the state\nand the behavior of the objects remain concealed within the body section.\n\nTo develop models using  the CO-OPN language it is possible to use the COOPNBuilder framework that is an environment composed of a set of tools destinated to the support of concurrent software development based on the CO-OPN language.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nSoftware Modeling and Verification Group of the University of Geneva.\n\nCategory:Specification languages\nCategory:Petri nets"}
-{"text": "Canadian Forces Naval Reserve\n\nThe Canadian Forces Naval Reserve (NAVRES, ) is the Primary Reserve component of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN). The primary mission of the NAVRES is to force generate sailors and teams for Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) operations, including: domestic safety operations as well as security and defence missions, while at the same time supporting the Navy's efforts in connecting with Canadians through the maintenance of a broad national presence.\n\nHistory\n\nRoyal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve (1914\u20131918) \n\nCanada's modern Naval Reserve finds its origins with the Royal Naval Canadian Volunteer Reserve (RNCVR) created on 14 May 1914 under the provisions of Naval Service Act. Organised into Atlantic, Lake and Pacific subcommands, 8,000 Canadians enlisted for service in the RNCVS during WWI. Agreeing to serve in wartime with either the RCN or the British Royal Navy (RN), members of the RNCVR crewed 160 vessels, patrolling the shores of Canada and conducting convoy escort duties. The RNCVR was extinguished four years later and its personnel demobilized following the end of the war in 1918.\n\nRoyal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve (1923\u20131945) \n\nIn 1923, the Royal Canadian Naval Volunteer Reserve (RCNVR) was stood up and under the command of Rear-Admiral Walter Hose who authorized the creation of NRDs in every major Canadian city. In 1941 Naval Reserve divisions were granted the designations \u2018His or Her Majesty\u2019s Canadian ships\u2019 and received its own command and a seat on the Naval Board. The new naval reserve establishment formed a robust reserve force building popular support amongst Canadians for the fledgling Canadian Navy. During the Second World War, the RCNVR became the backbone of the Canadian Navy, recruiting officers and sailors for the Navy. By the end of the war, Canada possessed the third-largest navy in the world, with a complement of nearly 100,000. Most of these men and women were members of the RCNVR.\n\nNaval Reserve (1945\u20131968) \nWith the end of the Second World War, the Naval Reserve was formed in 1945 replacing the RCNVR. Expected to maintain the same level of skill as the Regular Force, training and pay for reservists was equalised. Focused on minesweeping, escort, and coastal patrol; each division mirrored its organisation, training and crew with all officer branches and non-commissioned trades across the fleet. Despite successfully expanding the University Naval Training Division (UNTD), forming a dedicated 'Commanding Officer, Naval Divisions' command in 1953 and attaching various tender craft to NRD's; the Naval Reserve experienced suffered a decline in skill due to focusing on generalist skills and lack of opportunities to sea-going ships leading up to the unification of the Canadian Forces in 1968.\n\nCanadian Forces Naval Reserve (1968-1990) \nWith the unification of the Canadian Forces, the Naval Reserve was renamed the Canadian Forces Naval Reserve and years of decline set in. With no combat capability, except the Naval Reserve Naval Control of Shipping (NCS) program, the Naval Reserve lost political advocacy and was left out of any formal role in the Canadian Forces defence structure. Left outside the Canadian Forces structure, the Naval Reserve would rely on new and unique ways of keeping relevant during the Cold War years. With the UNTD program shuttered, for example, NRDs worked to expand their recruiting numbers by employing students at local level, and force generating sailors initially trained at the unit level to serve on major warships. Years of decline was finally ended with Canada's 1987 White Paper on defence policy Challenge and Commitments.\n\nCanadian Forces Naval Reserve (1990-2001)\n\nWith more integration of the Primary Reserve into the 'Total Force Concept' as outlined by the 1987 Defence White Paper, and then confirmed in the 1994 follow-up White Paper, the naval reserve was tasked with providing niche capabilities to assist the Regular Force. One such task undertaken by the naval reserve was to spearhead enhancing RCN mine countermeasures (MCM) operation capabilities and by crewing twelve new KINGSTON-class coastal defence vessels (MCDV), that since their introduction in 1996, have significantly contributed to Canadian maritime security and allied commitments, both domestically and internationally. The naval reserve was additionally tasked with maintaining standing Port Inspection Diver (PID) teams, supporting Regional Dive Centres and supplying four non-standing Port Security units and four Naval Control and Guidance to Shipping (the former NCS, now NCAGS) units.\n\nMission \nThe mission of the NAVRES is to generate trained individuals and teams for CAF operations, including domestic safety operations as well as security and defence missions, while at the same time supporting the RCN's efforts in connecting with Canadians through the maintenance of a broad national presence.\n\nThe tasks of the NAVRES is to:\n\n Respond to domestic safety operations with trained sailors and small boat expertise.\n Provide specific unique skill sets for security missions for the RCN.\n Augment the fleet on any platform or shore capacity for defence missions, both at home and abroad.\n Provide the linkage for the RCN to local communities.\n\nNAVRES fills a number of roles within the Total Force Plan. In addition to augmenting the Regular Force, Naval Reservists form diving units and public relations units such as the National Band of the Naval Reserve.\n\nEquipment \nAs of 2019, naval reserve divisions (NRDs) across Canada primarily operate various types of inboard and outboard rigid-hull inflatable boats in addition to Defender-class boats operated by the Naval Security Team (NST). Most particularly, NAVRES is tasked with providing the personnel for the KINGSTON-Class Maritime Coastal Defence Vessels and Naval Security Team (NST).\n\nOrganization\n\nNaval Reserve Divisions (NRD) \nOrganized into 24 shore-based NRDs, Naval Reserve units are dedicated to training sailors to augment the Regular Force as well as functioning as local recruitment centres for the RCN and NAVRES. Manned by a small cadre of full-time reservists and Regular Force members to coordinate training and administration, operations at NRDs are conducted year-round with reservists frequently deploying on operations and training courses during the summer season.\n\nNaval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ)  \nLocated in Quebec City at the Pointe-\u00e0-Carcy Naval Complex, Naval Reserve Headquarters (NAVRESHQ) oversees the operation of all 24 NRDs across Canada. Co-located with NAVRESHQ is NRD HMCS Montcalm, Canadian Forces Fleet School Quebec (CFFS Qu\u00e9bec) and the Naval Museum of Quebec - Stanislas-D\u00e9ry Naval Museum.\n\nCanadian Forces Fleet School Quebec (CFFS Qu\u00e9bec)\nCanadian Forces Fleet School Quebec (CFFS Qu\u00e9bec) is the RCN's school dedicated to training reservists at various points of their careers and serving as the CAF centre of excellence for coastal and littoral warfare training .\n\nNaval Security Team (NST) \n\nThe Naval Security Team (NST) is a modular, scalable, flexible, and deployable naval team primarily composed of Naval Reservists, with Regular Force members rounding out the team when required. Tasked with providing enhanced force protection (FP) and security of deployed RCN ships and personnel at home or overseas, the NST deployed for the first time in 2017 providing force protection for  during her port visit to Busan, South Korea. Headquartered at Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Esquimalt the NST reports directly to the Commander Canadian Fleet Pacific\n\nNational Band of the Naval Reserve (NBNR) \n\nEach summer, musicians from the five NRD's come together to form the National Band of the Naval Reserve (NBNR) (). During the summer months the NBNR is a full-time touring military band composed of musicians from HMCS Chippawa, HMCS Montcalm, HMCS Star, HMCS Tecumseh and HMCS York.\n\nPersonnel \nNaval Reservists are individuals who are otherwise engaged in civilian careers while pursuing a military career in the CAF with NAVRES as an officer or non-commissioned member. They train and work for the Navy in the evenings, on weekends and during the summer period, in an occupation of their choice. They can be students, teachers, lawyers, delivery persons, secretaries, or other members of society. Most serve on a part-time basis, with no obligation to participate in any mission overseas. However, many full-time employment opportunities and deployments are available to those Reservists who volunteer for them.\n\nThroughout their career, sailors may serve in three classes of service:\n\n Class A (part-time);\n Class B (full-time non-operational); or\n Class C (full-time operational).\n\nTraining and pay \nReserve Force members are trained to the same level as their Regular Force counterparts. They usually begin training with their home unit to ensure that they meet the required basic professional military standards. They are paid 92.8% of Regular Force rates of pay, receive a reasonable benefits package and may qualify to contribute to a pension plan. In an effort to streamline the recruiting processes for naval reservists, in February 2017 NAVRES initiated the Expedited Reserve Enrolment to allow applicants who meet security, medical, and basic fitness standards to enroll in as few as 21 days or between two and three visits after initial contact with NRD recruiters.\n\nNaval Reserve occupations \nThe Canadian Armed Forces lists 28 occupations that are performed by either officer or non-commissioned members of the Naval Reserve. Many occupations \u2013 such as intelligence officer - are common across all three environments, while others \u2013 such as naval communicator \u2013 are specifically Navy. , the following occupations are listed as Naval Reserve occupations:\n\n Communications research operator\n Cook\n Biomedical electronics technologist\n Boatswain\n Chaplain\n Financial services administrator\n Health care administration officer\n Human resources administrator\n Imagery technician\n Intelligence officer\n Intelligence operator\n Legal officer\n Logistics officer\n Medical officer\n Marine technician\n Medical technician\n Military police\n Military police officer\n Musician\n Naval combat information operator\n Naval communicator\n Naval warfare officer\n Nursing officer\n Personnel selection officer\n Pharmacy officer\n Physiotherapy officer\n Public affairs officer\n Supply technician\n\nRanks\n\nCommissioned officers\n\nNon-commissioned members\n\nSenior commanders \nThrough the Commander of the Naval Reserve (Comd NAVRES), Commander Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) is the functional authority responsible for the organization and management of the Naval Reserve.\n\nCommander Naval Reserve\nCommodore Michael Hopper (2018-present)\nCommodore Marta B. Mulkins (2015\u20132018)\nCommodore David W. Craig,  (2011-2015)\nCommodore Jennifer Bennett, CMM, CD (2007\u20132011)\nCommodore Bob Blakely (2004\u20132007)\nCommodore W.F. O'Connell (2000\u20132004)\nCommodore Raymond Zuliani (1997-2000)\nCommodore R. Beauniet (1995-1997)\nCommodore Jean-Claude Michaud (1993-1995)\n\nSenior Naval Reserve Adviser (SNRA)\nCommodore Jean-Claud Michaud (1992-1993)\nCommodore L.F. Orthlieb (1989-1992)\nCommodore G.L. Peer (1986-1989)\nCommodore Waldron Fox-Decent (1983-1986)\nCommodore T.A.M. Smith (1977-1983)\nCommodore R.T. Bennett (1974-1977)\nCommodore D.R. Learoyd (1971-1974)\nCommodore B.S.C. Oland (1967-1971)\n\nCommanding Officer Naval Division (COND/Regular Force Officers)\nCommodore G.C. Edwards (1965-1966)\nCommodore P.D. Taylor (1960-1965)\nCommodore E.W. Finch-Noyes (1958-1960)\nRear-Admiral K.F. Adams (1955-1958)\nCommodore K.F. Adams (1953-1955)\n\nChief Staff Officer Reserves (CSOR)\nCaptain (naval) P.W. Earl (1945)\nCaptain (naval) P.B. Cross (1944-1945)\n\nCommanding Officer Reserve/naval Divisions (CORD/COND)\nCommodore, Second Class E.R. Brock (1942-1945)\n\nNaval Reserve Chief Petty Officer / Formation Chief Naval Reserve\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class Michael Giguere (2017\u2013Present)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class David Arsenault (2014\u20132017)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class Peter Caza (2012\u20132014)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class Leroy Hearns (2010\u20132012)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class Glynn Munroe (2007\u20132010)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class Glenn Woolfrey (2004\u20132007)\nChief Petty Officer 1st Class John Redican (2001\u20132004)\n\nSee also \n\n List of Naval Reserve divisions\nOrca-class Patrol Craft Training (PCT) tender\nYAG-300 (Yard Auxiliary, General) vessels\nRear Admiral Walter Hose, CBE\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n \n\n \nCategory:Organizations based in Quebec City\nCategory:Reserve forces of Canada"}
-{"text": "May 1941 Sanski Most revolt\n\nThe May 1941 Sanski Most revolt (also known as the \u0110ur\u0111evdan uprising () or the rebellion of the Sana peasants  ()) occurred near the town of Sanski Most in what was at the time Axis-occupied Yugoslavia. The Serb population revolted against oppression by the Usta\u0161e regime, the rulers of the Independent State of Croatia who were sponsored by Nazi Germany. Many civilians died during the three days of hostilities.\n\nIntroduction\nOn 6 May 1941, during \u0110ur\u0111evdan slava, a Eastern Orthodox holy day in honour of Saint George, the uprising began in Kijevo and Tramo\u0161nja villages and continued for three days. It was the first episode of hostility against the occupying forces.\n\nThe celebration of \u0110ur\u0111evdan in Kijevo and Tramo\u0161nja was disturbed by the  Usta\u0161e. This provoked local Serb civilians to rise up against the Usta\u0161e. To suppress the uprising, the Usta\u0161e requested help from Germany. On 7\u20138 May 1941, German infantry and artillery forces arrived in the villages. They took 450 Serb civilians hostage. By 8 May 1941, the uprising was suppressed. Many Serb civilians were killed. Up to three Germans and 2 Usta\u0161e were injured. On 9 May 1941, 27 Serb civilians were executed in retaliation. Their bodies were hanged in the center of Sanski Most. In 1973, their bodies were interred in a memorial in Su\u0161njar.\n\nBackground \n\nThe Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was a World War II puppet state of Nazi Germany and Italy. It was created on 10 April 1941 from part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia which had been occupied by the Axis powers. The Independent State of Croatia consumed most of current day Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and part of Serbia.\n\nOppression by the Usta\u0161e regime was directed at Serbs, Jews, Muslims and Roma people, as part of a larger campaign of genocide. In Sanski Most, NDH officials, including Viktor Guti\u0107, commissioner incited local Croats and Muslims to attack Serbs. On 23 April 1941, Guti\u0107 ordered all Serbs and Montenegrins living in the Bosanska Krajina, who had been born in Serbia or Montenegro, to leave the area within five days. This edict, which had been publicised on local radio and in the press was executed by some local Croats and Muslims. Eugen Dido Kvaternik, a Croatian nationalist politician, and Ante Paveli\u0107, the Croatian fascist dictator, were involved. Under the premise that \u0110ur\u0111evdan, also known as the day of hayduk (bandits), was one of Serb rebel gatherings, they attacked notable Serb civilians.\n\n6 May 1941 \nOppression by the Usta\u0161e regime caused spontaneous resistance by civilians which developed into armed uprisings in villages south-east of Sanski Most.\n\nOn 6 May 1941, hostilities were precipitated by Usta\u0161e (mostly Muslims) breaking into houses of Serb civilians in Kijevo and Donja Tramo\u0161nja. In Tramo\u0161nja, several houses were burned. A group of about twenty Serb civilians, most of them with no firearms, prevented the burning of other houses.  Up to six Usta\u0161e were injured. The Serb civilians were joined by former members of reserve military units and villagers from Sjenokosi hamlet. The Serb civilians chased away the Usta\u0161e who escaped to Kijevo and Sanski Most and requested help from the German garrison in Prijedor.\n\n7 May 1941 \nOn the morning of 7 May 1941, Usta\u0161e authorities imprisoned several notable Serb civilians in the army barracks at the railway station. The population was warned they would be executed if harm came to any member of the Usta\u0161e or German army. One member of the Usta\u0161e, a local forest ranger, may have intentionally wounded himself and then reported to Usta\u0161e authorities in Sanski Most that he had been attacked and wounded by the Serb civilians.\n\nThe Germans sent a reconnaissance patrol of one platoon. The forty-two soldiers of the 1st Battalion of the 132nd Infantry Division stationed in Prijedor arrived on 7 May 1941. Together with Usta\u0161e and gendarmes, they chased the insurgent Serb civilians. In the early morning of 7 May 1941, Usta\u0161e killed three Serb civilians in Sanski Most.\n\nThe Serb civilians, buoyed by their success of the day before, resisted. Serbs from Banja Luka, Prijedor and Sanski Most traveled to Tramo\u0161nja to join the fight. They numbered about 200 and were armed with various types of rifles, one machine-gun and one automatic gun. They positioned their force in Kijevo and Tomina. The Serb civilians from Kijevo, Vidovi\u0107i, Tramo\u0161nja, Kozica and other neighbouring places quickly took defensive positions on the slopes of Kijevska Gora  above Sjenokos. They resisted the attack of the Axis forces.  In this battle, three German soldiers were wounded.\n\n8 May 1941\nRudolf Sintzenich, general and commander of the 436 Infantry Regiment of the 132nd Infantry Division (Pappenheim) ordered the 3rd battalion of the 436 Infantry Regiment to entrain at 0200h. Their route was from Banja Luka to Sanski Most via Prijedor. The 3rd battalion was commanded by Henigs. One company of 132 Pioneer Battalion traveled by bicycle and one motorised battery from Kostajnica joined Henig's forces.\n\nOn 8 May 1941, the German force was strengthened by motorized infantry from Bosanski Novi and a battery of two cannons from the Artillery division garrisoned in Prijedor. Before firing, the Germans captured 450 Serbs. Between 8 and 11 a.m., the German forces fired 38 grenades from two cannons positioned in \u010caplje, killing several dozen Serbs. After shelling Tramo\u0161nja and Kijevska Gora (a mountain near Kijevo), the German forces moved toward Tomina, Podovi and Kozica villages.\n\nThe uprising was suppressed on 8 May 1941. Germans and Usta\u0161e burned all the houses at Sjenokose hamlet, Kijevo. Many Serb civilians were captured unarmed, having discarded their weapons. The Serb civilians of Tomina were released at the intervention of an Italian soldier. However, the German forces did transport about thirty Serb prisoners from the Tomina area to Sanski Most, even though they had not individually participated in the hostilities.\n\nAftermath \n\nOn 9 May 1941, Germans killed twenty-seven Serb civilians. Jews and Serb civilians were forced to hang the bodies in the center of Sanski Most. The bodies remained hanging for two days.\n\nAt the end of May 1941, Guti\u0107 said, \"The roads will wish for the Serbs, but Serbs will be no more.\" He announced further measures to kill all Serb civilians. The \u0110ur\u0111evdan uprising and the June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina preceded a general uprising organized by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.\n\nUntil the end of July 1941, most of the leaders of the \u0110ur\u0111evdan uprising hid in a wooded area near Kme\u0107ani and planned their next action. The Usta\u0161e oppression and harassment of Serbs and Jews in retaliation to the \u0110ur\u0111evdan uprising continued.\n\nFollowing the collapse of the NDH in 1945, Guti\u0107 fled to Austria and Italy. In Venice he was recognized, arrested, and taken to a camp in Grottaglie. In early 1946, he was extradited to Yugoslavia and in Sarajevo he was sentenced to death. On 20 February 1947, Guti\u0107's execution was carried out in Banja Luka.\n\nIn 1971, Serb civilians killed during this conflict were interred in a Memorial complex in \u0160u\u0161njar. In July 2003, the complex was renewed and designated a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nExternal links \n Memorial complex \u0160u\u0161njar\n\nCategory:Conflicts in 1941\nCategory:1941 in Croatia\nCategory:Battles involving the Independent State of Croatia\nCategory:Battles of World War II involving Germany\nCategory:Yugoslavia in World War II\nCategory:Sanski Most\nCategory:Persecution of Serbs\nCategory:Usta\u0161e\nCategory:History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina\nCategory:Serb rebellions\nCategory:Rebellions in Bosnia and Herzegovina\nCategory:May 1941 events"}
-{"text": "Joel Fraizer House\n\nThe Joel Frazer House is a historic residence near Cynthiana, Kentucky, United States, that was built in 1810 by the stonemason and future Kentucky governor Thomas Metcalf.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Approximately  around the house was designated as historic; besides the house itself, two related structures qualified as contributing properties. The house itself is a three-bay stone building, one-and-a-half stories tall, located on the bank of the Licking River.\n\nIt was listed on the National Register as part of a survey of historic stone buildings in central Kentucky.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky\nCategory:Federal architecture in Kentucky\nCategory:Houses completed in 1810\nCategory:Houses in Harrison County, Kentucky\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Harrison County, Kentucky"}
-{"text": "Albert Kapikian\n\nAlbert Zaven Kapikian (1930 \u2013 2014) was an Armenian-American virologist who developed the first licensed vaccine against rotavirus, the most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants. He was awarded the Sabin Gold Medal for his pioneering work on the vaccine.  He is the 13th recipient of this recognition, awarded annually by the Sabin Vaccine Institute.  Called the father of human gastroenteritis virus research, Kapikian identified the first norovirus, initially called Norwalk virus, in 1972; and he and his colleagues at the National Institutes of Health identified the hepatitis A virus in 1973.\n\nKapikian graduated from Cornell Medical College in 1956 and began a career with the National Institutes of Health in 1957.  He was chief of the epidemiology section of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases at NIH\u2019s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a position he held for 45 years. In 1998 he was appointed Deputy Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.\n\nKapikian died on February 24, 2014, at the age of 83.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1930 births\nCategory:2014 deaths\nCategory:American people of Armenian descent\nCategory:Weill Cornell Medical College alumni\nCategory:American virologists\nCategory:Vaccinologists"}
-{"text": "Noam Zylberman\n\nNoam Zylberman (born June 30, 1973 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli-Canadian voice actor.\n\nEarly life \nZylberman was born in Israel, and his family relocated to Canada when he was 2 years old. The name Noam means \"pleasantness\" in Hebrew. He attended Vaughan Road Collegiate school in Toronto, and has an older sister, Ilana.\n\nCareer \nWhile growing up in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Zylberman booked his own audition for a Crunchie commercial at age 10, and had landed several voice acting jobs in animated TV series by the time he was 13.  He went on to provide voices for many characters on animated series such as The Raccoons, ALF Tales, Garbage Pail Kids, Sylvanian Families, and The Care Bears.\n\nHe gained some notoriety playing the title role in The Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick, a coming-of-age feature film about being Jewish in a multicultural rural Manitoba town. In a year-end arts review for 1988, the Toronto Star's Sid Adilman called Zylberman \"the best newcomer to English-Canadian movies this year\". He was slated to reprise the role in a subsequent CBC Television series, Max Glick, but more than two years passed before production on the series started, and by that time he had grown too tall for the role.\n\nIn 1989, he played the role of Tom Bradshaw in the TV movie Last Train Home, and received a nomination for Best Young Actor in a Cable Special at the 12th Youth in Film Awards.\n\nVoice acting credits\n Tommy (1985-1986) and Bentley Raccoon (1987-1990) in The Raccoons\n Fritz in the 1990 animated movie The Nutcracker Prince\n Curtis Shumway in ALF Tales\n Split Kit in Garbage Pail Kids\n Chip in Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater\n Billy in Popples\n Bobby in the Police Academy\n Rusty Wildwood in Sylvanian Families\n Buddy in Little Rosey\n Stoke in Iggy Arbuckle\n Tiger in the 1987 animated movie The Wild Puffalumps \n Bookmice\n Babar\n Tales from the Cryptkeeper\n C.O.P.S.\n My Pet Monster \n The Care Bears\n Star Wars: Droids \nSwitch in KidsWorld Sports\n\nFilm acting credits\n Maximilian in The Outside Chance of Maximilian Glick\n Regan Thatcher in Love and Hate: The Story of Colin and Joanne Thatcher\n Tom Bradshaw in Tom Alone\n Arthur Bennett in A Town Torn Apart\n Tom Bradshaw in Last Train Home\n Poultry Boy in Lantern Hill\n Eric in The Long Road Home\n Joshua Then and Now\n Double Standard\n\nTV series acting credits\n Adderly\n Friday the 13th: The Series\n Katts and Dog\n Kung Fu: The Legend Continues\n My Secret Identity\n T. and T.\n War of the Worlds\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1973 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Jewish Canadian male actors\nCategory:Canadian male voice actors\nCategory:Canadian male child actors\nCategory:Canadian male film actors\nCategory:Canadian male television actors\nCategory:People from Haifa\nCategory:Israeli Jews\nCategory:Israeli emigrants to Canada"}
-{"text": "Weihenzell\n\nWeihenzell is a municipality  in the district of Ansbach in Bavaria in Germany.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ansbach (district)"}
-{"text": "Punkt\n\nPunkt is a studio album by Canadian Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois Pierre Lapointe, released by Audiogram on 26 February 2013. The album was long listed for the 2013 Polaris Music Prize.\n\nTrack listing\n\n La sexualit\u00e9\n L\u2019\u00e9trange route des amoureux\n Monsieur\n Plus vite que ton corps\n Des maux sur tout\n Tu es seul et resteras seul\n Nos joies r\u00e9p\u00e9titives\n Les remords ont faim\n Les d\u00e9licieux amants\n Nu devant moi\n La date, l\u2019heure, le moment\n N2o\n Gaetano Pesce\n Les minist\u00e8re\n Barbara\n Les enfants du diable\n\nReception\nThe Gazette (Montreal) Bernard Perusse awarded the album 3.5 out of 5 stars.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2013 albums\nCategory:Audiogram (label) albums\nCategory:Pierre Lapointe albums"}
-{"text": "1976 United States presidential election in Tennessee\n\nThe 1976 United States presidential election in Tennessee was held on November 2, 1976. The Democratic Party candidate, former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter won the state of Tennessee with 56% of the vote against Republican Party candidate, President Gerald Ford, carrying the state\u2019s 10 electoral votes.\n\nCarter, a native Southerner from neighboring Georgia, carried Tennessee with a 13 point margin of victory against incumbent Ford. The Watergate scandal had severely damaged Ford's predecessor, Richard Nixon, who had resigned in 1974 as a result, and the Republican Party as a whole. The relatively unknown Carter campaigned as a Washington outsider free of the corruption of Watergate, and thus appealed to many voters in the country, including Tennessee.\n\nAs was normal during this era, Carter carried Western Tennessee and Middle Tennessee, the most Democratic regions in the state, by landslide margins, which included the major cities of Memphis and Nashville, the state capital. Carter even made inroads in traditionally Republican East Tennessee, though Ford kept the region in his column with his wins in the major cities of Chattanooga and Knoxville. Carter even outperformed by 0.44% Lyndon B. Johnson\u2019s 1964 result during that President\u2019s national landslide.\n\nThis was the first occasion since Oklahoma became a state in 1907 that Tennessee and Oklahoma produced a different popular vote winner, an occurrence replicated only in 1992 and 1996. , this is the last presidential election in which the Democratic candidate won Tennessee with a majority of the popular vote. Bill Clinton would carry the state in both his 1992 and 1996 presidential campaigns, though with pluralities, even with Tennessee native Al Gore on the tickets. This is also the last election in which Williamson County, Sullivan County, Madison County, Hamblen County, Cumberland County, McMinn County, Loudon County, Monroe County, Rhea County, and Chester County voted for a Democratic Presidential candidate.\n\nResults\n\nResults by county\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1976 Tennessee elections\nTennessee\n1976"}
-{"text": "Canavanine\n\nL-(+)-(S)-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants. It is structurally related to the proteinogenic \u03b1-amino acid L-arginine, the sole difference being the replacement of a methylene bridge (-- unit) in arginine with an oxa group (i.e., an oxygen atom) in canavanine. Canavanine is accumulated primarily in the seeds of the organisms which produce it, where it serves both as a highly deleterious defensive compound against herbivores and a vital source of nitrogen for the growing embryo (see also L-canaline). The mechanism of canavanine's toxicity is that organisms that consume it typically mistakenly incorporate it into their own proteins in place of L-arginine, thereby producing structurally aberrant proteins that may not function properly.\n\nSome specialized herbivores tolerate L-canavanine either because they metabolize it efficiently (cf. L-canaline) or avoid its incorporation into their own nascent proteins. An example of this ability can be found in the larvae of the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, which can tolerate massive amounts of dietary canavanine. These larvae fastidiously avoid incorporation of L-canavanine into their nascent proteins (presumably by virtue of highly discriminatory Arginine\u2014tRNA ligase, the enzyme responsible for the first step in the incorporation of arginine into proteins). In contrast, larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta can only tolerate tiny amounts (1.0 microgram per kilogram of fresh body weight) of dietary canavanine because their arginine-tRNA ligase has little, if any, discriminatory capacity. No one has examined experimentally the arginine-tRNA synthetase of these organisms. But comparative studies of the incorporation of radiolabeled L-arginine and L-canavanine have shown that in Manduca sexta, the ratio of incorporation is about 3 to 1.\n\nDioclea megacarpa seeds contain high levels of canavanine. The beetle Caryedes brasiliensis is able to tolerate this however as it has the most highly discriminatory arginine-tRNA ligase known. In this insect, the level of radiolabeled L-canavanine incorporated into newly synthesized proteins is barely measurable. Moreover, this beetle uses canavanine as a nitrogen source to synthesize its other amino acids to allow it to develop.\n\nNZB/W F1, NZB, and DBA/2 mice fed L-canavanine develop a syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus, while BALB/c mice fed a steady diet of protein containing 1% canavanine showed no change in lifespan. The toxicity of canavanine may be enhanced under conditions of protein starvation, and canavanine toxicity resulting from consumption of Hedysarum alpinum seeds, which contain quantities of canavanine around 1%, has been implicated in the death of Christopher McCandless.\n\nAlfalfa seeds and sprouts contain L-canavanine. The L-canavanine in alfalfa has been linked to lupus-like symptoms in primates, including humans, and other auto-immune diseases. Often stopping consumption reverses the problem.\n\nSee also\n Canaline\n Arginine\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n \n\nCategory:Amino acids\nCategory:Toxic amino acids\nCategory:Non-proteinogenic amino acids"}
-{"text": "Rafael Valls\n\nRafael Valls Ferri (born 25 June 1987) is a Spanish professional road bicycle racer, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam .\n\nCareer\nBorn in Cocentaina, Valls left  at the end of the 2013 season, and joined  for the 2014 season. In 2015, Valls had his biggest victory to date by winning the Tour of Oman and its fourth stage. In September 2015 it was announced that Valls would join  from 2016 on a two-year deal.\n\nMajor results\n\n2008\n 9th Overall Grand Prix du Portugal\n2009\n 4th Overall Circuito Monta\u00f1\u00e9s\n 10th Overall Tour de l'Avenir\n2010\n 2nd Trofeo Inca\n 3rd Overall Tour de San Luis\n1st  Mountains classification\n1st Stage 2\n 9th Trofeo Deia\n2014\n 8th Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali\n2015\n 1st Overall  Tour of Oman\n1st Stage 4\n 8th Overall Paris\u2013Nice\n 8th Overall Volta a Catalunya\n2016\n 8th Overall Tour Down Under\n2017\n 7th Overall Tour Down Under\n 10th Overall Crit\u00e9rium du Dauphin\u00e9\n2019\n 1st Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia\n\nGrand Tour general classification results timeline\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1987 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Cocentaina\nCategory:Spanish male cyclists\nCategory:Tour de France cyclists\nCategory:Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a cyclists\nCategory:Giro d'Italia cyclists\nCategory:Valencian cyclists"}
-{"text": "Quintus Futius Lusius Saturninus\n\nQuintus Futius Lusius Saturninus was a Roman senator, who lived during the reign of Claudius. He was suffect consul in the nundinium of September-October 41 with Marcus Seius Varanus as his colleague. Tacitus lists Saturninus as one of the victims of the notorious Publius Suillius Rufus, whose prosecution on behalf of the emperor Claudius or his wives led to the deaths of a number of Senators and equites. Seneca the Younger mentions him in his Apocolocyntosis divi Claudii as one of his consular friends who confront Claudius in the afterworld as being responsible for their deaths.\n\nThese literary sources from the Principate refer to him by his last two names, Lusius Saturninus; his full name is known from an inscription found in Dalmatia dated to his consulate. Based on this evidence, Olli Salomies argues in his monograph on the naming practices of the Early Empire that his name indicates that he was born in the gens Lusia, but later adopted by a Quintus Futius. An inscription attests to the existence of a Quintus Futius, suffect consul with a Publius Calvisius in a nundinium in one of the years from AD 49 through 54.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1st-century Romans\nCategory:Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome\nCategory:Lusii\nCategory:40s deaths"}
-{"text": "WBUZ (FM)\n\nWBUZ (102.9 FM, \"The Buzz\") is a commercial radio station located in La Vergne, Tennessee, broadcasting to the Nashville, Tennessee, area .  WBUZ airs an active rock music format, with elements of alternative rock. The station was assigned the WBUZ call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on October 16, 2001.  The station's studios are located in southeast Nashville along the Murfreesboro Pike, and the transmitter is near Eagleville, Tennessee.\n\nOriginally licensed to (and based in) Shelbyville, Tennessee, the station signed on as WYCQ and operated for several years under the \"Q102\" banner. After a power increase and move into the Nashville market, the station flipped to a hybrid country/Southern Rock format known as \"Rockin' Country 102.9\". The station's mascot was an anthropomorphic cow playing an electric guitar, and the station eventually changed its name to \"Moo 102\" (WMMU) to match its mascot. 102.9 then shifted toward a mainstream country format and became known as \"PC103\" and \"Power Country 103\", before settling on \"Power Country 102.9\" (WZPC) until April 2, 1999. On that date, WZPC flipped to a Rock format, essentially \"trading\" formats with WKDF, which had changed formats from new rock to country the day prior. The call letters were changed to WBUZ in 2001.\n\nIn September 2010, WBUZ was named the new flagship station for the NHL's Nashville Predators, but after one season yielded this position to sister station WPRT-FM.\n\nProgramming \nCurrent on-air staff at The Buzz include Dagwood, Zigz, Roman Haviland, Eric Steele, Hayley St. John, and Rebecca Blake. \nWBUZ is also an affiliate of The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show which replaced The Bob & Tom Show on November 22, 2006.\n\nWBUZ was the call sign of a former AM rock station in Terre Haute, Indiana from 1993\u20132000 (see WBOW (1230 AM)), and prior to that, an AM station in Fredonia, New York.\n\nWBUZ broadcasts in the HD radio format.\n\nCoverage Area\nWBUZ covers most of the Nashville metropolitan area. Its transmitter is located south of Interstate 840 in College Grove, about  south of Nashville.\n\nTranslators\n\nW235BW relays WBUZ-HD3.\n\nHistory of call letters\nThe call letters WBUZ-FM were originally assigned to a station in Bradbury Heights, Maryland. It began broadcasting January 1, 1948.\n\nSee also\nList of Nashville media\n\nReferences\n\n  5. Want to know how to meet 'Free Beer and Hot Wings' crew?\n  6. Free Beer and Hot Wings\n  7. Now You Have Even More Options to Get Local Craft Beer in a Can\n  8. Match the 102.9 The Buzz DJ to Their Bio!\n  9. What Is The Free Beer & Hot Wings Morning Show?\n\nExternal links\nWBUZ official website\n\nBUZ\nCategory:Active rock radio stations in the United States"}
-{"text": "Undergraduate education\n\nUndergraduate education is education conducted after secondary education and prior to post-graduate education. It typically includes all the academic programs up to the level of a bachelor's degree. For example, in the United States, an entry-level university student is known as an undergraduate, while students of higher degrees are known as graduate students. In some other educational systems, undergraduate education is post-secondary education up to the level of a master's degree; this is the case for some science courses in Britain and some medicine courses in Europe.\n\nPrograms\n\nAfrica\n\nNigerian system\n\nIn Nigeria, undergraduate degrees (excluding Medicine, Medical Laboratory Science, Nursing, Engineering, Law and Architecture) are four-year-based courses. Medicine (MBBS) and Architecture normally take six years to complete studies while Medical Laboratory Science, Nursing, Law and Engineering courses take five years to complete studies, usually, all six years are taken to improve their chances. Undergraduate nursing degrees or diplomas usually take two to four years and sometimes 5 years to complete, whereas graduate degrees are an additional two years or more.\n\nSouth African system\n\nThe South African system usually has a three-year undergraduate bachelor's degree, with two or three majors. (There are exceptions, such as the medical qualification (MBChB), which is six years.) A fourth year, known as an Honours year, is considered a post-graduate degree. It is usually course-driven, although may include a project or thesis.\n\nAmericas\n\nBrazilian system\n\nBrazil follows the major traits of the continental European system; free public schools are available from kindergarten up to postgraduation, both as a right established in Article 6, caput of the Brazilian Constitution and as a duty of the State in Article 208, Items I, IV and V, of the Brazilian Constitution. Students choose their specific course of studies before joining the university. Admission to university is obtained by means of a competitive entrance exam known as Vestibular (a concept somewhat similar to the Baccalaur\u00e9at in France). There's a new system, adopted by most federal universities, that uses the high school national examination (ENEM) result as part or a replacement of the Vestibular grade. Depending on the chosen course, upon graduating the student shall be granted: a technologist diploma, 3 years to complete, a bachelor's degree's diploma, which usually takes 4 or, in the case of Law, Veterinary, Geology and Engineering, 5 years to complete; or a professional diploma, which normally require 5 or, in the case of medicine, 6 years to complete.\n\nUnited States system\nIn the United States, undergraduate refers to a student who is studying for a bachelor's degree. The most common bachelor's degrees are Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB) and Bachelor of Science (BS or SB), but other degrees such as Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Music (BM), Bachelor of Social Work (BSW), Bachelor of Engineering (BE), Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), and Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) are also possible.\n\nUnlike in the British model, degrees in law and medicine are not offered at the undergraduate level and instead are completed at a graduate level after earning a bachelor's degree. Neither field specifies or prefers any undergraduate major, though medical schools require a set of courses that must be taken before enrollment.\n\nStudents can also choose to attend a community college prior to further study at another college or university. In most states, community colleges are operated either by a division of the state university or by local special districts subject to guidance from a state agency. Community colleges award associate degrees of different types, some intended to prepare students to transfer to universities (e.g. Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS)), and others intended to provide vocational skills and training for students wishing to enter into or advance in a profession. Those seeking to continue their education may transfer to a university after applying through a similar admissions process as those applying directly to the four-year institution called articulation. Some community colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with a local college or university, where the community college provides the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus. The community colleges award associate degrees, while universities and colleges award the bachelor's. However, some community colleges, such as Brazosport College in Lake Jackson, Texas offer bachelor's degrees along with associate degrees. Conversely, some universities such as the University of Delaware also award associate degrees.\n\nAsia\n\nHong Kong system\n\nIn Hong Kong, the English system is followed. Students sit for the Certificate of Education examinations at around sixteen years of age, and the Advanced-level, or A-level examinations at around eighteen, then follow by three years of undergraduate education, except for a few specific fields, such as medicine, nursing and law. This is due to be changed, with five-year secondary education and two-year matriculation examination combined and shortened to six years matriculation, and undergraduate education lengthened to four years. Students may be able to receive general education in their first years in universities, more akin to the North American system. The first batch of students under the new system will enter universities in 2012.\n\nAlternatives are undergraduate certificates or diplomas, with some equivalent to associate degree in educational level.\n\nIndian system\nIn India the Graduation system is classified into two parts: Undergraduation (UG) and Postgraduation (PG). It takes three or four years to complete an \"undergraduate\" degree. The three-year undergraduate programs are mostly in the fields of arts, commerce, science etc., and the four-year programs are mostly in the fields of technology, engineering, pharmaceutical sciences, agriculture etc. However, for medicine, law and architecture, the period has been five years. The possessor of the first UG is referred to as graduate and that of the PG degree as post-graduate. Other than UG and PG there are various 1 to 2 year diploma courses available.\n\nPakistani system\n\nIn Pakistan, it generally requires four years to complete a Bachelor's degree in Arts, Sciences, Dentistry, Engineering or Business Administration such as BA, BS, BDS, BE/BS/BSc Engineering or BBA and five years for bachelor's degrees in Medicine (MBBS), Physiotherapy (DPT), Pharmacy (Pharm.D) and Architecture (B.Arch) after successfully completing 12 years of schooling. 4 years bachelor's degree is offered in various universities of Pakistan such as COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (UET Lahore), University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila (UET Taxila), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) and National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences (NU).\n\nThe modern educational system comprises the following five stages: The Primary school lasting five years for children 5\u201310 years old in grades one to five; a Middle school of three years for children 10 to 13 years old, covering grades six through eight; a two-year secondary, or Matriculation consists of grades nine and ten, for children 13 to 15 years old; a two-year higher secondary, or Intermediate college, leading to an F.A. in arts or F.Sc. in science; and a fifth stage covering college and university programs leading to baccalaureate, professional, master's and doctorate degrees. The pre-primary or preparatory classes, called kachi (literally, unripe) or Nursery school, were formally integrated into the education system in 1988.\n\nEurope\n\nEnglish, Welsh, and Northern Irish system\n\nStudents in England, Wales and Northern Ireland may usually enter university from the age of eighteen, often having studied A-levels and thus having had thirteen to fifteen years of schooling. Occasionally students who finish A Level or equivalent qualifications early (after skipping a year in school on the grounds of academic giftedness) may enter below this age but large universities are now setting minimum age limits of 16 or 17 after a number of well publicised \"child prodigies\" were found to be emotionally and mentally unprepared for university life.\n\nApplications for undergraduate courses in UK higher education are made through the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS).\n\nFor their first degree, most students read for the degree of bachelor, which usually takes three years, however in the sciences and engineering integrated courses covering both undergraduate level and advanced degree level leading to the degree of master, usually taking four years and including a research project or dissertation are popular. Given the integrated nature of these programs someone who gains a master's degree via an integrated program is not usually admitted to the degree of bachelor.\n\nMaster's degrees conferred after extended programs are not to be conflated with the degree of Master of Arts conferred at Oxbridge and Dublin, which is not a substantive qualification, but reflects the ancient practice of those three universities of promoting Bachelors of Arts to Masters of Arts (and thus full membership of the University) six or seven years after matriculation.\n\nHonours degrees and integrated master's degrees are awarded with 1st, upper 2nd, lower 2nd or 3rd class honours. If a student passes the course but fails to do so sufficiently well for third class honours to be awarded he will be awarded with an ordinary degree. It is possible to use the abbreviation \"Hons\" after the degree postnominals to indicate that the degree has been passed with honours and is not an ordinary degree.\n\nMany universities offer sandwich courses or an extramural year, which offer work placements for a short period of time in a relevant industry before students complete their studies. Taking a sandwich course may make the course last a year longer than it would otherwise.\n\nWith very few exceptions, nearly all universities with the power to award degrees are heavily state financed. However, they also rely on tuition fees set by the government at a maximum index-linked level, repayable after graduation contingent on attaining a certain level of income, and with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest backgrounds. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance with repayment contingent on income. Unlike in other European countries, the British government does not own the universities' assets and university staff are not civil servants. United Kingdom universities are therefore better described as autonomous, intellectually-independent institutions with public funding, rather than public universities per se. The crown does not control syllabi, with the exception of teacher training. The crown restricts the power to award degrees to those with a royal charter, in the case of traditional universities, or authorization from the Secretary of State for Universities, in the case of modern universities. Universities accredited in foreign countries, such as Richmond University are, however, free to operate.\n\nEuropean Bologna process systems\nIn many countries, the English distinction between a bachelor's and master's degree is being introduced by the Bologna process. Under the new Bologna reform, universities in Europe are introducing the Bachelor level (BA or BS) degree, often by dividing a 5-year Master-level program into two parts (3-year Bachelor's + 2-year Master's), where students are not obligated to continue with the second Master's-degree part. These new bachelor's degrees are similar in structure to British bachelor's degrees.\n\nIf there is a separate undergraduate degree, higher degrees (License, Master, Doctorat) can be gained after completing the undergraduate degree. In the traditional German system, there were no undergraduate degrees in some fields, such as engineering: students continued to Master's level education without any administrative breakpoints, and employers would not consider half-finished master's degrees.\n\nThe Bachelor's phase in The Netherlands can be fulfilled either at university or at the University of Applied Sciences. Except for some specific exceptions, only at universities students are able to graduate for their masters or be promoted. These two institutions differ from each other in the level students learn abstract concepts. Whereas theories are created at the university, at the University of Applied Sciences theories are taught to be applied correctly.\n\nScottish system\nStudents in Scotland usually enter university in the year they turn eighteen (with many still being seventeen upon starting), hence courses take an extra year compared to England, Wales and Northern Ireland.\n\nAt the older universities the degree of Master of Arts is conferred in the arts subjects after four years while the newer universities instead confer the degree of Bachelor of Arts. The degree of Master of Arts conferred by the Ancient Scottish Universities is equivalent to the degree of Bachelor of Arts at other universities and does not require the level of study necessitated for the other degrees of master awarded by these universities. The degree instead reflects the ancient traditions of these universities.\n\nIn the sciences, students usually read for the degree of bachelor, which usually takes four years. However, as with the rest of the UK, integrated master's degrees are popular in science and engineering, although in Scotland they last for five years. Degree classification is the same as that of the rest of UK.\n\nOther European systems\nIn many other, particularly continental European systems, an \"undergraduate\" degree in the American sense does not exist. Because students are expected to have received a sound general education at the secondary level, in a school such as a gymnasium or lycee, students in Europe enroll in a specific course of studies they wish to pursue upon entry into a University. In the US, students only specialize in a \"major\" during the last years of college. Specializing in a field of study upon entry into a university means most students graduate after four to five years of study. The fields available include those only taught as graduate degrees in the US, such as law or medicine.\n\nIn the traditional German system, there is a vocational degree (Diploma FH) that is similar in length, and is also considered an academic degree. Though it is designed as a specialist degree, in contrast to the Diplom degree at University, which claims to be more generalist. Germany itself, however, is currently abolishing the legal distinction between Fachhochschule and University. They are both translated as university and they both provide bologna-compliant and equivalent postgraduate degrees.\n\nNot obligatory and sometimes applied at universities in the Netherlands are the propaedeutic exams. The entire curriculum of the first two semesters of the bachelor's programme is part of the propaedeutic exams. In most bachelor's studies, students are required to obtain their propaedeutic certificate within three semesters after starting the course. A propaedeutic certificate also counts as a requirement for participating in a university level bachelor's study. The propaedeutic exams have the purpose of assessing whether a student has the appropriate capacities in order to complete the course.\n\nAt some Swedish universities (such as the Royal Institute of Technology), PhD courses are sometimes referred to as \"graduate courses\", whereas courses for other students (up to master level) sometimes are referred to as \"undergraduate courses\". The system at many Finnish universities is similar.\n\nIn the French system, the first degree of tertiary education was reached two years after the baccalaur\u00e9at. Amongst these degrees the university-delivered DEUG has disappeared, whereas Dipl\u00f4me universitaire de technologie, Brevet de Technicien Sup\u00e9rieur or classe pr\u00e9paratoire aux grandes \u00e9coles still exist. According to the Bologna process, this two-year curriculum will be replaced by the three-year licence, yet existing.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Undergraduate education"}
-{"text": "Karaage\n\nmeaning \"Tang (Chinese) fry\" is a Japanese cooking technique in which various foods\u2014most often chicken, but also other meat and fish\u2014are deep fried in oil. The process involves lightly coating small pieces of the meat or fish with flour, or potato or corn starch, and frying in a light oil. The foods are marinated prior to coating. The process differs from the preparation of tempura, which is not marinated and uses a batter for coating. Karaage is often served alone or with rice and shredded cabbage. Recently, it has become popular to eat Karaage wrapped with green perilla leaves and lettuce leaves.\n\nOrigin and history \n\nKaraage is often cited to have been popularized in the 1920s by the Toyoken restaurant in Beppu, Japan. The method was popularized because of the food shortages in Japan after World War 2, specifically for chicken. Chicken was already a popular meal, but using the Karaage method made it easier to cook, and provided a different way to eat chicken.\n\nThe roots of the style of cooking can also be found in Chinese cooking, it is very similar to how they fry tofu for vegetarian dishes. The method of frying, however, has been around since tempura in the Edo period of Japan. They use soy sauce and rice wine, a similar process to the Karaage style of Japanese cooking. \n\nSince the 1920s, the dish has spread widely throughout all of Japan. Karaage is mostly in reference to fried chicken, as the fried chicken has become the most widespread version of the cooking style. Karaage\u2014the chicken version\u2014is commonly available in convenience stores such as Lawson, Family Mart, and 7/11 as a fast food item. It is also readily available in food stands all throughout Japan. \n\nKaraage is also widely available in festivals and food stalls throughout Japan. One such festival is the Oita annual Karaage Festival, where over 60 different shops participate to provide unique versions of the Japanese delicacy.\n\nKaraage in the media \n\nKaraage has been embedded into Japanese cuisine and has made several TV appearances. Probably the most notable appearance has been in the anime/manga series Shokugeki no Souma, a show about a young aspiring chef who sticks to his roots in fast food. \n\nAnother notable mention was Anthony Bourdain. Bourdain sang praises for the Japanese fried dish in an interview, saying that he always stopped by Lawsons to pick up karaage when he visited Japan.\n\nRegional Karaage \nSince Karaage has spread throughout Japan, there have been many regional takes on the dish. Here are the most notable ones:\n\n Zangi- Hokkaido prefecture's version of karaage, made with a marinade and served with a spicy dipping sauce.\n Tebasaki- Nagoya\u2019s version of karaage, made with bone in chicken wings, sprinkled with sesame seeds and basted with a special sauce.\n\n Toriten- Oita prefecture\u2019s version of karaage, coated in wheat flour and often used as a topping for udon noodles.\n Chicken nanban- Miyazaki prefecture\u2019s version of karaage, dipped in sweet vinegar and topped with tartar sauce. \n Gurukun no kara-age- Okinawa prefecture\u2019s version of karaage. Gurukun is Okinawa\u2019s official and most popular fish, often called a \u201cbanana fish\u201d, it is a fish fried whole and served with lemon. \n Dakgangjeong- Korea's take on fried chicken, very similar to Karaage, but usually made with milk and a sort of sweet/spicy sauce consisting of soy sauce, rice wine, red chili pepper paste, honey, and seasonings.\n\nSee also\n\n List of cooking techniques\n List of deep fried foods\n Tempura\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Japan Karaage Association \n Karaage JP \n Photos and further info about karaage \n Chicken Karaage recipe (in English)\n\nCategory:Japanese cuisine\nCategory:Deep fried foods\nCategory:Fried chicken"}
-{"text": "2009 Russian Artistic Gymnastics Championships\n\nThe 2009 Russian Artistic Gymnastics Championships was held in Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast, Russia between 6\u201314 March 2009.\n\nMedalists\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  Official site\n\nCategory:2009 in gymnastics\nArtistic Gymnastics Championships\nCategory:Russian Artistic Gymnastics Championships"}
-{"text": "Wu Mei\n\nWu Mei is the pinyin romanization of:\n W\u01d4 M\u00e9i (\u4e94\u6885; Cantonese: Ng Mui), the legendary kung fu nun.\n W\u01d4 M\u00e8i (\u6b66\u5a9a), the given name of the Empress Wu."}
-{"text": "Chernovitsa\n\nChernovitsa () is a rural locality (a village) in Mglinsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 60 as of 2010. There is 1 street.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Rural localities in Bryansk Oblast"}
-{"text": "Silent Shadows\n\nREDIRECT Don Diablo discography\n\nCategory:Don Diablo songs"}
-{"text": "Pro Sport Berlin 24\n\nPro Sport Berlin 24, formerly Post SV Berlin until 2005, is a German association football club from the city of Berlin. It was formed 29 September 1924 and was one of many the sport clubs established by police and postal workers in the 1920s. Through most of its history the club has been a lower-tier local side.\n\nHistory\nPost played just a single season in the top-flight Oberliga Berlin in 1932\u201333, just prior to the restructuring of German football under the Third Reich. The country's existing regional leagues were replaced by 16 Gauligen and Post failed to qualify for the new Gauliga Berlin-Brandenburg (I) after its 7th place Oberliga finish. They took part in qualification for Gauliga play at the end of the 1935\u201336 season, but did poorly. The team's only cup appearance also took place in 1930s when they played in the 1932 Berliner Landespokal (Berlin Cup). They advanced out of the quarterfinals past S\u00fcdstern Neuk\u00f6lln (1:0) to be put out by Hertha BSC Berlin in their semifinal matchup (2:5).\n\nFollowing World War II, occupying Allied authorities banned most organizations across the country, including sports and football clubs, as part of the process of de-Nazification. Post was lost in 1945 and not re-formed until 1949 when the club re-appeared as Blau-Gelb Berlin, named for the traditional blue and yellow of the national postal service. It was not until 1952 that the club resumed its historical identity as Post Sportverein Berlin. The division of the city into eastern and western sectors during the Cold War led to the formation of the postal workers club BSG Post Berlin which became part of the separate football competition that emerged in East Germany.\n\nIn 1972, Post joined SpVgg Berlin 74 to create Post SV 1974 Berlin. Following German reunification, BSG Post Berlin became part of Post SV 74 in 1990.\n\nIn 2005, the club was renamed Pro Sport Berlin 24 and does not field a senior men's side anymore but still offers women's football.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial team site\nDas deutsche Fu\u00dfball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables \n\nCategory:Football clubs in Germany\nPro Sport\nCategory:Association football clubs established in 1924\nCategory:1924 establishments in Germany"}
-{"text": "Rainy River District\n\nRainy River District is a district and census division in Northwestern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It was created in 1885. It is the only division in Ontario that lies completely in the Central Time Zone, except of the township of Atikokan (including Sapawe and Kawene to the east) observing Eastern Standard Time year-round. Its seat is Fort Frances. It is known for its fishing and its location on the US border opposite International Falls, Minnesota, and Baudette, Minnesota.\n\nIn 2016, the population was 20,110.  The land area is ; the population density was .\n\nSubdivisions\n\nMunicipalities\n\nUnorganized area\n Rainy River, Unorganized (served by the Eva Marion Lake local services board)\n\nFirst Nations reserves\n\n Agency 1\n Assabaska\n Big Grassy River 35G\n Big Island 31D\n Big Island 31E\n Big Island 31F\n Big Island 37\n Big Island Mainland 93\n Couchiching 16A\n Lake of the Woods 31H\n Lake of the Woods 34\n Long Sault 12\n Manitou Rapids 11\n Naongashing 31A\n Neguaguon Lake 25D\n Rainy Lake 17A\n Rainy Lake 17B\n Rainy Lake 18C\n Rainy Lake 26A\n Sabaskong Bay 35C\n Saug-a-Gaw-Sing 1\n Seine River 23A\n Seine River 23B\n\nDemographics\n\nCulture \nAs of 2013, the Rainy River District School Board has partnered with the Seven Generations Education Institute, the Ministry of Education, and local First Nations\u2019 communities in development of new technologies and programs for revitalization of the Ojibwe language.\n\nSee also\n List of Ontario Census Divisions\n Quetico Provincial Park\n Rainy River District Social Services Administration Board\nList of townships in Ontario\n\nReferences"}
-{"text": "Waldegrave School\n\nWaldegrave School  is a secondary school with academy status in Twickenham, London, England. It takes girls between the ages of 11 and 16 and has a coeducational sixth form, opened in September 2014. There are four houses and each house is named after prominent women: (Mary) Seacole, (Emmeline) Pankhurst, (George) Elliot and (Rosalind) Franklin.\n\nDescription\nWaldegrave School converted to academy status in 2012, having previously been part of the Richmond upon Thames LEA. \n\nThe Headteacher is Elizabeth Tongue, who replaced Philippa Nunn in January 2019. Mrs Nunn held the post from 2006 when she succeeded Heather Flint.\n\nWaldegrave was a Beacon School from 1999 and became involved in a Leading Edge Partnership with Grey Court School in 2004. It was also awarded specialist Science College status in September 2004, and continues to specialise in science today. It is the only state-maintained girls' school (ages 11 to 16) in the borough. In 2014 it opened a co-educational 6th form with approximately 140 students in each year.\n\nAcademic performance\nAs with other schools, latest exam results and related data are published in the Department for Education's national tables.\n\nIn 2010 Waldegrave was named the top state secondary school, without a sixth form, in the country, by The Times Parent Power and again in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.  This is a survey based on the % of A and A* grades achieved by students. In 2016, it was named Comprehensive School of the year by the Sunday Times Schools Guide in recognition of its consistently good GCSE results and the high standard of results for its first A level cohort.\n\nIn 2008, Waldegrave was reported to have received a higher proportion of fraudulent applications than for other secondary schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.\n\nHistory\nWaldegrave School was formed in 1980 by the merger of two girls' schools \u2013 Twickenham Girls' School and Kneller Girls' School \u2013 on its present-day site. Its name commemorates Frances Lady Waldegrave, a former local resident of Strawberry Hill House.\n\nTwickenham County School for Girls \nTwickenham County School for Girls opened in 1909, later known as the all-girls Twickenham County Grammar School or the Cowsheds. With the end of selective grammar education in the borough in 1972, the school became a comprehensive known as Twickenham Girls' School in 1973.\n\nRuth Kirkley (1935 \u2013 21 July 2009), headteacher from 1977, continued as the first headteacher of Waldegrave school until 1991.\n\nThe site of Twickenham Girls' School is now the St Richard Reynolds RC College\n\nKneller Girls' School\nKneller Girls' School opened in 1936 at the railway end of the Meadway site shared with the mirror building, but initially completely segregated, Kneller Boys' School. The building was augmented by huts following the raising of school leaving age to 15 after the Education Act 1944.\n\nThe schools merged as Kneller Secondary Modern School before 1959 when the boys moved to what is now Twickenham Academy in Whitton, and the school reverted to all-girls and its original name. The girls' numbers were increased with the transfer of secondary school age girls from the Stanley Road school. In 1978 the school relocated to the site in Fifth Cross Road.\n(The Fifth Cross Road site had previously been occupied since 1928 by the Thames Valley Grammar School which became a Sixth Form College in 1973 and had closed in 1977 with the formation of Richmond upon Thames College).\n\nThe former Kneller school site in Meadway is now a residential estate.\n\nNotable former pupils\n\nWaldegrave School\nAnna Calvi, singer songwriter\nKelly Marcel, screenwriter\nRosie Marcel, actress\nAnna Vakili, TV personality\n\nTwickenham Girls' School\n Caroline Flint, Labour MP for Don Valley since 1997\n\nKneller Girls' School\n Jasmine Whitbread, CEO of Save the Children International\n Saimo Chahal, human rights lawyer\n\nTwickenham County Grammar School\n Margaret Bourne OBE, chairman from 1992 to 2001 of CORDA \n Julie Girling, Conservative MEP for South West England since 2009\n Dianne Jackson, animator, director of The Snowman\n Valerie Vaz, British Labour Party politician and solicitor.\n\nIn popular culture\n\nAlso appeared in 1989 film Shirley Valentine starring Pauline Collins\n\nIt was also used in the series Goggle-Eyes  adapted for television by the BBC as a four-episode mini-series, which was broadcast in 1993.\n\nThe school was also featured in a short section of Before I go to Sleep (2014) starring Nicole Kidman and Colin Firth\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Girls' schools in London\nCategory:Educational institutions established in 1980\nCategory:Secondary schools in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames\nCategory:Academies in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames\nCategory:Training schools in England\nCategory:1980 establishments in England\nCategory:Twickenham"}
-{"text": "Wilson's Creek National Battlefield\n\nWilson's Creek National Battlefield, located at 6424 West Farm Road 182 near Republic, Missouri, preserves the site of the Battle of Wilson's Creek. Fought on August 10, 1861, the battle was the first major American Civil War engagement west of the Mississippi River. The Confederates' failure to exploit their victory here resulted in Missouri remaining in the Union. Major features include a 5-mile automobile tour loop, the restored 1852 Ray House, and \"Bloody Hill,\" the site of the final stage of the battle. The site is located in southwestern Missouri just southwest of the city of Springfield.  It has been a unit of the National Park Service since 1960, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.\n\nBattle at Wilson's Creek\n\nThe Battle of Wilson's Creek, also known as the Battle of Oak Hills, was fought on August 10, 1861, near Springfield, Missouri. Union forces under general Nathaniel Lyon were striving to defeat the Confederate-sympathizing Missouri State Guard under Sterling Price and preserve Missouri for the Union, along with St. Louis, a major port on the Mississippi River.  Lyon split his outnumbered forces into wings commanded by himself and Col. Franz Sigel in order to attack Price (who by this point in time had been reinforced by troops under the command of Benjamin McCulloch) from both the front and the rear.  After Sigel's force was driven from the field, Price and McCollough were able to combine their forces against Lyon's column on Bloody Hill.  Lyon was killed, at the Union forces retreated from the field. It was the first major military engagement in the American Civil War to take place west of the Mississippi river. Despite the Confederate victory on the field, the battle was eventually a strategic defeat and Missouri remained in the Union.\n\nPark history\nThe battle site was established as Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Park on April 22, 1960, and was re-designated a National Battlefield on December 16, 1970. The battlefield was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.  The official area of the park was expanded by 615 acres in 2004 with the approval of Public Law 108-394.\n\nFeatures\nThe park is open seven days a week from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. The visitor's center contains exhibits about the battle, a short film, fiber optics maps and a bookstore.  The battlefield is accessed by a 5-mile long self-guided automobile-tour loop, which connects eight stops highlighting historically important facets of the battlefield. The tour loop also features hiking trails and a seven-mile long horseback riding trail.\n\nOn August 10, the anniversary of the battle, the park hosts commemorative events.\n\nThe Wilson's Creek Civil War Museum (formerly the General Sweeny Museum), contains artifacts and exhibits relating to the war west of the Mississippi is located in the visitor's center.\n\nThe Ray House, which is still preserved on the battlefield, dates to before the Civil War, and was used as a field hospital following the battle.  General Lyon's body was brought to the Ray House by Confederate soldiers after the Union army retreated from the field.  The house is open for tours during limited hours over the summer.\n\nThe Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved  of the battlefield, most of which has been sold to the National Park Service and incorporated into the park.\n\nOne of the features at the battlefield site is the John K. and Ruth Hulston Civil War Research Library, which was founded in 1985.  The library contains over 12,000 books about the Civil War, with an emphasis on the Trans-Mississippi Theater.  The library also has digital access to Civil War genealogical information and some regimental histories.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Official NPS website: Wilson's Creek National Battlefield\n Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Foundation\n\nCategory:American Civil War battlefields\nCategory:History of Greene County, Missouri\nCategory:National Battlefields and Military Parks of the United States\nCategory:Missouri in the American Civil War\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1960\nCategory:American Civil War museums in Missouri\nCategory:Museums in Greene County, Missouri\nCategory:National Park Service areas in Missouri\nCategory:Protected areas of Greene County, Missouri\nCategory:Parks in Missouri\nCategory:1960 establishments in Missouri\nCategory:Battlefields of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War\nCategory:Conflict sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Greene County, Missouri\nCategory:American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places"}
-{"text": "King George's Fields (Monken Hadley)\n\nKing George's Fields is a 28 hectare Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II, in Monken Hadley in the London Borough of Barnet.\n\nIt is one of many King George's Fields all over the country, established as memorials to King George V, who died in 1936. These KGV fields are legally protected as places for public recreation through a \"deed of dedication\" with the Fields in Trust charity.\n\nHabitat\nThe site consists of a patchwork of fields, intersected by overgrown hedgerows, narrow strips of woodland and small streams. There are a number of magnificent old oaks, and breeding birds include sparrowhawk, stock dove, bullfinch, willow warbler and chaffinch. There are also a number of common butterflies and the uncommon chimney sweeper moth.\n\nThe Shirebourne brook runs north-south through the fields.\n\nLocation\nThere are entrances from Hadley Green Road, Burnside Close and South Close. On the other side of Hadley Green Road is Hadley Green, the traditional site of the Battle of Barnet in the War of the Roses in 1471. The London Loop walk passes through the site.\n\nSee also\n List of King George V Playing Fields in London\n Barnet parks and open spaces\n Nature reserves in Barnet\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Nature reserves in the London Borough of Barnet\nCategory:Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Barnet\nCategory:King George's Fields\nCategory:Monken Hadley\nCategory:Chipping Barnet"}
-{"text": "Cloth mill Offermann\n\nThe cloth mill Offermann was a brass factory of the 18th century in the German city of Stolberg. Later it became a cloth mill demonstrating the change of industrial development in the city. Currently it is used as an apartment building.\n\nHistory of the building \nThe building was founded in the 18th century as a brass factory. Together with other brass factories like the Eagle-Pharmacy or the factory Bauschenberg it flourished for many years. \n\nAs soon as the importance of the brass industry decreased, the building was sold to Johann Paul Offermann, a clothier of the nearby village of Imgenbroich. For nearly 60 years the building was used for the production of cloth despite competition of the neighbouring cloth mill Krone.\n\nAt the beginning of the 19th century the building was sold and partly used as a restaurant. Some parts of the building were decrepit. \n\nAt the end of the 20th century the whole building was restored. Currently it is used as an apartment building.\n\nExternal links \n Historians are fascinated by the cloth mill Offermann {ge}\n\nCategory:Duchy of J\u00fclich"}
-{"text": "Adeyton Group\n\nAdeyton Group is a Cambrian stratigraphic group cropping out in Newfoundland.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cambrian Newfoundland and Labrador"}
-{"text": "Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001\n\nThe Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 (), is Malaysian laws which enacted to provide for the offence of money laundering, the measures to be taken for the prevention of money laundering and terrorism financing offences and to provide for the forfeiture of property involved in or derived from money laundering and terrorism financing offences, as well as terrorist property, proceeds of an unlawful activity and instrumentalities of an offence, and for matters incidental thereto and connected therewith.\n\nStructure\nThe Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001, in its current form (1 December 2015), consists of 7 Parts containing 93 sections and 2 schedules (including 27 amendments).\n Part I: Preliminary\n Part II: Money Laundering Offences\n Part III: Financial Intelligence\n Part IV: Reporting Obligations\n Part IVA: Cross Border Movements of Cash and Bearer Negotiable Instruments\n Part V: Investigation\n Part VI: Freezing, Seizure and Forfeiture\n Part VIA: Suppression of Terrorism Financing Offences and Freezing, Seizure and Forfeiture of Terrorist Property\n Part VII: Miscellaneous\n Schedules\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Anti-Money Laundering, Anti-Terrorism Financing and Proceeds of Unlawful Activities Act 2001 \n\nCategory:2001 in Malaysian law\nCategory:Malaysian federal legislation\nCategory:Anti-money laundering measures\nCategory:Counter-terrorism"}
-{"text": "Banmi Sh\u014df\u016b-ry\u016b\n\nBanmi Sh\u014df\u016b-ry\u016b (\u6669\u7f8e\u751f\u98a8\u6d41) is a school of Ikebana, an ancient Japanese art form that involves arranging flowers for spiritual purposes. Ikebana accompanied Buddhism's arrival in Japan in the 6th century and evolved from a Buddhist ritual. This ritual, which started in India, consisted of throwing \u201cfloral offerings\u201d to the spirits of those who had passed. By the 10th century, containers were used for the floral offerings, slowly representing the development of Ikebana.  Kado, which means \u201cway of the flower,\u201d is used in Ikebana practice and began to spread into more of an aesthetic than a spiritual representation during this time. By the 15th century, Ikebana embodied what it is known for today, an art form with a spiritual foundation. Ikebana is a way to connect with the flowers through active meditation, producing calmness and concentration for those who engage in this complex and expressional art. Ikebana has also been shown to have calming physiological effects on both creators  and viewers of the art.\n\nBanmi Shofu Ryu, like all schools, originated from the first school of Ikebana. Bessie Yoneko Banmi Fooks, 1st Generation Headmaster and creator of Banmi Shofu Ryu, received her title in 1962 through the effortless and natural forms her Ikebana creations when she resided in Japan. Frequent visits to Kaohsiung Taiwan allowed Fooks to continue her studies and eventually earn her professor's certificate and authorization for the establishment of Banmi Shofu Ryu. Fooks began her teachings in Tainan, Taiwan and continued to exhibit and demonstrate her works in several countries around the world for over 50 years. Fooks characteristically used driftwood to connect her floral arrangements with their living spirit. In Banmi Shofu Ryu, driftwood is the essence of the Ikebana creations.\n\nBefore her passing, Fooks formed a flower relationship with Dr. Ricardo Bansho Carrasco and later named him 2nd Generation Headmaster (Iemoto) of Banmi Shofu Ryu. Bansho Ric-sensei implemented a 5-year plan for the formalization of his shared vision with Fooks, which until then had remained un-communicated to the community and only to the Fooks family In Japan and Hawaii.  Formalization of Banmi Shofu Ryu included publication of books: Driftwood & Flowers, Telling Stories through Flowers, Banmi Shofu Ryu: From Samurai Beginnings to Contemporary Designs, and Banmi Shofu Ryu Kaden. A brochure and website were also published and several workshops, demonstrations, and exhibitions commenced.\n\nThe vision created by Bessie Banmi-sensei Fooks and Bansho Ric-sensei Carrasco viewed Banmi flowers, kado. In 1996, the curriculum was refined based on a Japanese manual of flower arrangement. Passed down by Bansui Ohta; this curriculum is now used as the basis for Banmi Shofu Ryu teaching. The overall purpose of this school is to demonstrate the art of Ikebana and to find new talent to promote and pass down the traditions of this fine art.\n\nThree Main Branches\n\nIkebana style greatly contrasts symmetrical and full western approaches. Every design in Ikebana is made up of three main branches, regardless of which school is used or the purpose of the arrangement.\nIn Banmi Shofu Ryu Ikebana, the three main stems are Shin, Soe, and Uke. Their measurements are all based upon the size of the container. The angle and length of the stems are an important part of deciding the style of the arrangement for traditional designs.  When a cascading or slanted arrangement is made, the stems will not fall in the same way as traditional styles, making some of the shorter branches appear taller than the longer branches. Shin is the first stem and it is based on the diameter plus height or depth of the container times one and a half. Soe is the second stem, and it is two thirds the length of shin. Uke is the third main stem, and it is one third to two thirds the length of soe. There are also two other stems used in Ikebana, but they are not considered to be main stems. Jushi are assistant stems, which are shorter than the main stems they support; and any amount of jush can be used in an arrangement.  Ashirai are filler stems at the bottom and provide support for the main and assistant stems.\n\nStems are placed at certain angles in arrangements, since space is a very important element of Ikebana design. Shin is 10-90 degrees within the 180-degree arc. Soe is placed -40 degrees from 90 degrees of a 180-degree arc to the front side of shin. Uke is -70 degrees from 90 degrees of a 180-degree arc on the side of shin, opposite of soe. These different arcs allow for the design to be three-dimensional and act as a guide to allow for intentional space.\n\nEtiquette\n\nAn important aspect of Ikebana is the meditation within the therapeutic process of arranging. Therefore, it is essential to know the proper etiquette required for an effective experience. The class has many rules enforced to help everything come into focus and quiet the room where Ikebana is taking place. The significance of this etiquette is to show respect toward the sensei and to avoid disrupting other deshi. The sensei will guide the class to start after meditation; and at this time, participants are obligated to stop conversing and sit.\nThe sensei is the teacher and head of the class and it is important to express respect to him or her. The sensei decides by need rather than speed; therefore, an arrangement is not finished until the sensei approves the piece. The sensei can readjust and dismantle an arrangement to fit the lesson. Participants must not express grievances in the classroom, as to avoid offending the sensei. Additionally, participants should record notes of the critique.\nStudents are not allowed to critique others, talk during the arrangement process, or stand and walk around the room. Participants must follow the sensei after each arrangement inspection. If there are questions, students must raise a hand, though it is not uncommon for only an assistant to have permission to interrupt the sensei. The sensei will end class when everyone has been critiqued. At this time, students will report back to their seats and assist with cleaning the space.\n\nEquipment\nThere are older, traditional plant holders that may be used or one of the following modern counterparts can be selected: Pinpoint Holder, or kenzan, which is a steel or lead block with sharp points for use with thick and soft stems; Turtle Holder, or kame-dome, which is glass, metal, or actual turtle shells with holes made for stems; Crab Holder, or kani-dome, which is comparable to Turtle Holder, but with crab instead; Whirlpool holder, or kazesui-domei, that has two oblong shapes that are attached to imitate swirling water; and Tripod, or gotoku-dome, which is used to keep a kettle over a hibachi stove. Other plant holders include bundled straw or water lily stems, or komi-wara, which are utilized for portable arrangements, and another holder similar to komi-wara, florist oasis, which is a light foam usually used commercially. A Branch Holder, or kubari; Horse-Bit Holder, or kutsuwa-dome; Circle Holder, or shippo; and Slatty Holder, or yaen-kubari, may all be used to keep the arrangement in place.\n\nMajor Designs\n\nIn order to develop the technique essential for creating designs that utilize an assortment of materials, the artist must first practice standardized styles. The classic standard Banmi Shofu Ryu designs are Moribana, Nageire, Chabana, Oseika and Gendaika. Ric Bansho also introduced a modern designed called Hashibana which comes in three expressions. These expressions are Maru (Global or spherical), Uate (tall and narrow) and Saba (low and narrow). Technical points that an artist needs to focus on when creating a design are: the length of the stems, degrees of slant, intentional space to be used, number of sections in the container, and whether the arrangement will be right or left-sided. Moribana, Nageire Keishatai, Oseika, and Banmi Shofu Chabana are only a few of such designs. Each design has its own characteristics, using particular flowers and specific arrangements styles, which may be appropriate for a certain environment such as a tearoom. The balance of the plants and flowers, combined with the appropriate container and spirit of the materials, creates a beautiful composition, which incorporates the naturalness of each design.\n\nMoribana\n\nMoribana is one of the classic expressions of Banmi Shofu Ryu. The word Moribana means \"piled up flowers\". Moribana uses one or more clusters of arrangements in kenzan to replicate how water plants grow and how creatures move around in natural ponds. Choice of materials and how much water shows in front, side, or back reflects the passing of the season. For example, more water is placed to the front during Spring and Summer.  This style was introduced by Unshin Ohara around 1890 after the Meiji restoration of 1868. Moribana is not only an expression of Unshin Ohara\u2019s creative departure from Ikenobo, but was also a strong sign of the Western influence in Japan. While distinctly a hallmark of the Ohara School, moribana has become one of the classic forms learned and created by Ikebana practitioners regardless of school or style affiliation.\n\nA proper Moribana design uses a flat, shallow container, sometimes referred to as suiban, which allows for  the spreading of floral and line materials sideways and away from the earlier classic vertical lines of the Rikka,Shoka,Oseika, and even Nageire. The complex design shown in Picture 1 is the definitive expression of Banmi Shofu Ryu, depicting the characteristic use of Filipino and Hawaiian driftwood in arrangements depicting nature. The entire composition tells a story. Here the two driftwood pieces, a hardwood and a bamboo, connect with each other representing friendship, and the tropical flowers accentuating the lines of the design with height, color, density, and position with other line and floral materials. The blue furoshiki (cloth used for wrapping gifts and items in Japan) represents the Pacific Ocean. Stories that come with Banmi Shofu designs can be expressed in haiku, and for this moribana kansuike, the haiku goes:  Osawa calm through thousand years flower acceptance free there not here\u2026\n\nNageire \n\nNageire, meaning \"thrown in\", is associated with the legendary story of a samurai. The legend states that a samurai, bored on a hot summer day, threw plant material into the small opening of a tall, deep vase on the opposite corner of the room. Thus this style was named Nageire. This Ikebana form utilizes fresh and spontaneous designs that adhere only loosely to the classical principles of triangular structure and color harmony. Therefore, Nageire is less formal than Rikka, which was developing around the same time. Nageire was also practiced and around the time that Chabana and Shoka were developing.\n\nChabana\n\nBanmi Shofu Ryu Chabana uses a single flower, maybe a branch, but always employs the use of driftwood to support or to emphasize line or to create a dramatic impact.  Although simple and elegant, chabana has deep roots in the traditions of the more formal Ikebana forms, and has its place in both the minimalistic Shintoism and the austentatious Buddhism expressions. Cha means tea, and bana originated from hana meaning flower. This style comes with minimal rules and appeals to those who prefer a simple, natural look in their creation. Banmi Shofu Chabana is the standard style for chanoyu or the Japanese tea ceremony. Chabana, in all its simplicity, requires much skill. Favored flowers are camellias and magnolias, but other less classical and seasonal flowers may be used. A true chabana will evoke the season of the year or take the viewer to a peaceful spot in the woods. Bronze, ceramic, bamboo, or glass containers are usually small to fit easily on a tea ceremony table. When creating a chabana, the artist selects the container and the driftwood based on the seasonal flower and line material (if appropriate), thinking ahead that no kenzan or kubari are used. Chabana designs are appropriate outside the tearoom, such as many places in the home.\n\nOseika\nSeika style evolved as a simplified and smaller version of the Ikenobo Rikka, albeit more formal than the Nageire.  Possibilities for variation were virtually limitless in relation to line and floral materials, as well as containers used.  In 1766, a book whose title translates to, \u201cA Look at Today\u2019s Popular Seika Styles,\u201d mentioned Shofu School as one of the popular schools of the time that had its own interpretation of the Seika style. The practice has continued to this day in creations in moribana suiban or tall Nageire containers.  In Banmi Shofu Ryu, however, the style is referred to as Oseika (adding the \"O\" before Seika indicates respectfulness or honorable).  Examples are in images below:\n\nSpecial or seasonal designs\n\nBoat designs are used for departure or arrival wishes, adapted by Banmi Shofu Ryu from classic Ikenobo principles, and uses a boat-shaped container that may sit on a table or hang from a hook. The wish message is determined by the direction of the \u201coar\u201d (nagashi) or a long sweeping material or branch. An oar that sweeps to the right of the viewer means a departing boat (De-Fune), and therefore a farewell or bon voyage wish. The opposite sweep direction indicates a welcome or a wish for a safe return (Iri-Fune).  Placement of floral and line materials follow the same rules for shin, soe and uke branches. Note that whether or not the boat is hanging or sitting on a surface, the arrangement should be at eye level so that the water cannot be seen. Otherwise, this will suggest a leaking boat. Sato, S. (2012). Ikebana: The art of arranging flowers.Tuttle Publishing.\n\nMorimono designs\n\nMorimono designs are relics of Buddhist traditions of laying flower and fruit offerings, especially during the harvest season. This is much like Thanksgiving in the United States, but instead of using a cornucopia or a horn of plenty, artists use an Ikebana container. Containers can be a basket, a wooden structure, a tray, or a typical suiban, or an upright container. Contemporary Morimono is typically designed with fruit, fruit and flowers, fruit and vegetables, vegetables, or vegetables and flowers. Morimono style captivates beauty through the use of minimum flowers and materials.\n\nGendaika or freestyle designs\nGendaika or freestyle Banmi Shofu designs provide opportunities for using flowers, line materials, and driftwood in creative ways without the constraints of rules that govern other more classical designs. However, the finished creation is not a random arrangement and massing of flowers. It takes sensitivity to forms, colors, and textures and the way that they combine into a beautiful design that touches the viewer both aesthetically and emotionally.\n\nGendaika requires repetitive practice in following rules of engagement using similar materials, containers, tools, and developing a blueprint in one's daily patterns, habits, and routines so that measuring proportions, trimming branches and leaves, insertion of stems into the kenzan can occur without much thinking.  The participation becomes spontaneous, a medium of expression and mindfulness.  This is consistent in the way most people learn \u2013 first comes exploration, then conformity or convergence, and divergence follows.  In Ikebana, the deshi first needs to have explored materials, designs, and tools repeatedly in different variations and multiple times and settings.  This allows for mastery, patience and creativity\u2013 the driving force of Ikebana.\n\nHashibana style\nBanmi Shofu Ryu Hashibana emerged in 2008 as a Banmi Shofu Ryu style. Tradition challenges a new headmaster or iemoto with establishing identity and consistency.  Maintaining fidelity to the philosophy and kaden (rules of flower engagement) of the school, a new iemoto is required to project an identity that is distinct, yet identifiable with the school's style.  Bessie Banmi Fooks' signature was the use of driftwood in all designs. Ric Bansho Carrasco's identity is associated with continuing that legacy in addition to the Hashibana style.  Conceptually, the style is the symbolic bridge (hashi) of flowers (bana) between 6th century traditions and Ikebana of the millennium. It is the link between the classic styles that evolved through generations from the founding Samurai to contemporary designs.\n\nHashibana comes in three expressions: Hashibana Maru, Hashibana Uate, and Hashibana Saba. While there are specific rules in the use of flowers and line materials when creating the three expressions, the more obvious distinctions are in the containers used. Hashibana maru (round) uses globular, round containers with a smaller opening on top or on another part of the container.  Hashibana uate (rectangular) use narrow, tall and wide containers. Hashibana saba use containers like Hashibana uate but are shorter, so they have the appearance of a long boat whether angular or rounded.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official homepage\n\nCategory:Kad\u014d schools"}
-{"text": "Rocky Point, Jamaica\n\nRocky Point is a settlement in Jamaica. It has a population of 3,183 as of 2009. \n\nRocky Point is a small community located on the southern coast of Clarendon. \n\nCategory:Populated places in Jamaica\nCategory:Populated places in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica"}
-{"text": "MTC\n\nMTC may refer to:\n\nOrganizations\n\nEducation\n Mandarin Training Center, in Taiwan\n Marion Technical College, in Marion, Ohio\n Missionary Training Center\n Mississippi Teacher Corps\n\nEntertainment\n Manhattan Theatre Club\n Manitoba Theatre Centre\n Melbourne Theatre Company, in Australia\n\nTelecommunications\n Mobile Telecommunications Company\n Mobile Telecommunications Limited, Namibia\n Mongolia Telecom Company\n\nTransportation\n Mechanised Transport Corps, a British women's civilian organization that provided drivers for government departments\n Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai), operates the public bus service in Chennai, India\n Metropolitan Transportation Commission (San Francisco Bay Area)\n Ministry of Transport and Communications (Venezuela)\n Montreal Transit Corporation\n Metropolitan Transit Commission, in Minneapolis-Saint Paul known as Metro Transit\nMackay Transit Coaches, operates Public Transport in the city of Mackay, Queensland\n\nOther organizations\n Management and Training Corporation, manages private prisons and U.S. Job Corps centers\n Morgan Technical Ceramics\n Multistate Tax Commission, a U.S. intergovernmental state tax agency\n\nOther uses\n Coordinated Mars Time, a proposed Mars analog to Universal Time\n MIDI timecode\n Mill test report (metals industry)\n Medullary thyroid cancer\n Meerut City railway station, by station code\n Metropolitan Transition Center, a prison in Baltimore, Maryland\n\nSee also\n Metropolitan Transit Commission (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Jonathan Kakou\n\nJonathan Kakou (born 18 December 1989) is a footballer who plays as a defender for AS Magenta.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:New Caledonian footballers\nCategory:New Caledonia international footballers\nCategory:Association football defenders\nCategory:AS L\u00f6ssi players\nCategory:AS Magenta players"}
-{"text": "Lacistema robustum\n\nLacistema robustum is a species of plant in the Lacistemataceae family. It is endemic to Brazil.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Lacistemataceae Holistic Database @ www.lacistemataceae.org\n\nCategory:Endemic flora of Brazil\nCategory:Lacistemataceae\nCategory:Least concern plants\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Rani Maharani\n\nRani Maharani is a 1990 Indian Kannada language film directed by B. Ramamurthy, starring  Malashri, Ambarish and Shashikumar in lead roles. The supporting cast features Jaggesh, Umashree, Doddanna, Mysore Lokesh, Umesh, Tennis Krishna. The film is a remake of 1989 ChaalBaaz (1989). It was remade in 2010 by B. Ramamurthy, titled Na Rani Nee Maharani.\n\nCast\n Malashri\n Ambarish\n Shashikumar\n Umashree\n Doddanna\n Jaggesh\n Mysore Lokesh\n M. S. Umesh\n Tennis Krishna\n\nSoundtrack\n\nHamsalekha composed the background score the film and the soundtracks and penning the lyrics for the soundtracks. The album has five soundtracks.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1990 films\nCategory:1990s Kannada-language films\nCategory:Twins in Indian films\nCategory:Films scored by Hamsalekha\nCategory:Indian films\nCategory:Kannada remakes of Hindi films"}
-{"text": "Reca\n\nReca () is a village and municipality in western Slovakia in Senec District in the Bratislava Region.\n\nGeography\nThe municipality lies at an altitude of 124 metres and covers an area of 9.921\u00a0km\u00b2. It has a population of 1420 people.\n\nHistory\n\nPagan tomb-mounds excavated in an around Reca confirm the presence of Magyar mounted border guards from the 10th century.\n\nIn historical records the village was first mentioned in 1256, and was part of the dominion of Matthias Cs\u00e1k, the magnate of Trencs\u00e9n. Documents confirm that before Csak, during the reign of the early \u00c1rp\u00e1d kings, the settlement was inhabited by castle warriors (jobagiones castri) and controlled by the Count of Pozsony. The castle warriors of Reca developed into landowning lower nobility and Reca was a characteristic curial village of Pozsony County until the mid-20th century.\n\nDuring the Counter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries, Reca (or R\u00e9the, as it was then known) became the shelter of Bohemian and Moravian Protestants after the Battle of the White Mountain, because the Reca gentry was not subject to Catholic Habsburg religious laws. An estimated five-sixths of the Bohemian nobility went into exile soon after the Battle of White Mountain, and their properties were confiscated. This period has left a Unity of the Brethren Chapel in the village, containing pieces of rare ecclesiastical plate. After the city of Skalica, Reca was one of the most significant locations in Royal Hungary for Czech exiles, with approximately 30 families settling there in the 17th century.\n\nIn 1878 Reca briefly became known as Nemes R\u00e9te, in line with some other curial villages (e.g. Nemes Dedina. It also adopted a peculiar coat of arms consisting of the Royal arms of Hungary).\n\nThe 1892 Directory of Hungarian Merchants (which covers roughly 10-15% of the working populace of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary) lists the heads of families in Reca engaged in trade. It mainly covers Jewish families living in Reca as craftsmen and shopkeepers, and heads of gentry families engaged in horse-breeding which they subsequently sold in nearby Senec, Bratislava or Vienna. The largest families in the list are the Doka (7 [and long-serving representatives of the noble commune of Reca]), Fadgyas (3), Kar\u00e1tsonyi (4), Klebercz (3), Pomichal (6) and Prikkel (3).\n\nDuring the First Vienna Award in 1938, Reca once more became part of Hungary, during the regime of admiral Mikl\u00f3s Horthy. In 1945 it was recovered by Czechoslovakia. A number of residents were affected by the Benes Decrees and tenthousands of Hungarian families were forced to move to Hungary and Czechia in 1947 as part of the colonisation of Slovaks in the region.\n\nNotable figures \n\nThe first individual known to documented history is Petrus Magnus de R\u00e9the, a descendant of the original castle warriors, recorded in 1256 as a castle warrior of Bratislava Castle.\n\nReferences in popular culture \nReca is the setting for the epic Hungarian film R\u00e1k\u00f3czi hadnagya (1954), or \"R\u00e1k\u00f3czi's Lieutenant\" in English. The heroic officer in the film, Lieutenant J\u00e1nos Bornemissza, is driven by his \"patriotism to Hungary and love for the beautiful Anna B\u00edr\u00f3 from Reca\". When Reca falls into Labanc hands Anna is imprisoned and only rescued by Bornemissza at the end of the film.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nhttp://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html\n\nCategory:Villages and municipalities in Senec District\nCategory:Hungarian nobility"}
-{"text": "2011\u201312 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team\n\nThe 2011\u201312 Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team represented the University of Iowa in the 2011\u201312 college basketball season. The team was led by 2nd year head coach Fran McCaffery and played their home games at Carver-Hawkeye Arena, which has been their home since 1983. They were members of the Big Ten Conference. They finished the season with 18-17 record, 8-10 in Big Ten play finished in a tie with Northwestern in 7th place. They made to the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament where they defeated Illinois in the first round but then lost to Michigan State in the quarterfinals. They made to the 2012 National Invitation Tournament, where they beat Dayton in the first round, and lost to Oregon in the second round.\n\nRoster\nThe 2011\u201312 Iowa Hawkeyes squad contained 16 players which include 4 freshmen, 1 redshirt freshman, 6 sophomores, 2 juniors, 3 seniors, and 1 redshirt senior.\n\n2011 Commitments\n\nSchedule and Results\n\n|-\n!colspan=12| Exhibition\n\n|-\n!colspan=12| Regular Season\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n!colspan=12| 2012 Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament\n\n|-\n!colspan=9| 2012 National Invitation Tournament\n\nReferences\n\nIowa Hawkeyes Men's Basketball Team, 2011-12\nCategory:Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball seasons\nIowa\nHawk\nHawk"}
-{"text": "Sergei Abramov (ice hockey, born 1959)\n\nSergei Abramov (born 15 September 1959) is a Russian hockey player. He competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1959 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1994 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Russian ice hockey goaltenders\nCategory:Olympic ice hockey players of Russia\nCategory:Sportspeople from Kazan"}
-{"text": "John Barkley Dawson\n\nJohn Barkley Dawson (November 10, 1830 \u2013 December 27, 1918) was a US Rancher and namesake of the town of Dawson, New Mexico, which is located on the land that he bought in 1869 and sold in 1901.\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:1830 births\nCategory:1918 deaths\nCategory:People from Colfax County, New Mexico\nCategory:Ranchers from New Mexico"}
-{"text": "List of World War II weapons\n\nWorld War II saw rapid technological innovation in response to the needs of the various combatants. Many different weapons systems evolved as a result.\n\nNote: This list does not consist of all weapons used by all countries in World War II.\n\nBy country\n List of World War II weapons of Germany\n Captured US firearms in Axis use in World War II\n List of World War II weapons of France\n List of World War II weapons of Italy\n List of World War II weapons of the Soviet Union\n List of World War II weapons of Thailand\n List of World War II weapons of the United Kingdom\n List of World War II weapons of the United States\n List of World War II weapons of Japan\nList of World War II weapons of Finland\nList of World War II weapons of Canada\nList of World War II weapons of Australia\nList of World War II weapons of Brazil\nList of World War II weapons of New Zealand\nList of World War II weapons of India\nList of World War II weapons of China\n\nSee also\n List of World War II military equipment\n List of common World War II infantry weapons\n List of prototype World War II infantry weapons\n List of secondary and special-issue World War II infantry weapons\n German designations of foreign artillery in World War II\n German designations of foreign firearms in World War II\n\n \nWorld War II weapons\nWeapons"}
-{"text": "Iron Dragon\n\nIron Dragon may refer to:\n\nIron Dragon (roller coaster), a suspended roller coaster at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio\nIron Dragon (board game), a Crayon rails board game made by Mayfair Games\nA monster in the MMORPG RuneScape.\nA competitive dragonboat team at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering."}
-{"text": "Kamal Mani Dixit\n\nKamal Mani Dixit (, 2 September 1929 \u2013 29 December 2016) was the founder and chairman of Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya and Madan Puraskar. He was the author of numerous Nepali books and has made important contribution to Nepali literature.\n\nEarly life\nDixit was born on 2 September 1929 in Gairidhara, Kathmandu, the son of Kedar Mani Dixit and Bidhya Devi Dixit. Dixit attended Durbar High School in Kathmandu. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Banaras Hindu University in 1949. He also opened Rato Bangala School.\n\nPersonal life\nHe married Anju Paudel in 1949. They have 2 sons and 1 daughter: Kunda Dixit and Kanak Mani Dixit are established journalists of Nepal and daughter Rupa Joshi is also known for her writing.\n\nDeath\nDixit died on the morning of Thursday, 29 December 2016 at B&B Hospital, Lalitpur. He was suffering from respiratory problem from few days. He was cremated at the electronic crematorium at Pashupati Aryaghat on Thursday morning dressed in daura suruwal and Dhaka topi. After his death Rato Bangala School celebrated his death anniversary each year by reciting the different poems he had written.\n\nSee also\nMadan Puraskar Pustakalaya\nMadan Puraskar\nNepali literature\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:1929 births\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:People from Kathmandu\nCategory:Nepalese novelists\nCategory:Nepalese male writers\nCategory:Nepalese male poets\nCategory:Banaras Hindu University alumni\nCategory:Bahun\nCategory:20th-century Nepalese poets\nCategory:21st-century Nepalese poets"}
-{"text": "Danville Dashers\n\nThe Danville Dashers were an ice hockey team in the Continental Hockey League. They played in Danville, Illinois, United States at the David S. Palmer Arena.\n\nSeasons: 1981\u20131986\nWal-Mar Cup Playoff Champs: 1982 and 1984\nRegular Season Champs: 1981\u20131982\nArena: David S. Palmer Arena\nUniform colors: red and blue\nLogo design: A stylized deer\nGeneral Manager: Ken Wilson\nCoach 1981--1982: Gordie Gibson\nCoach 1982--1984: William \"Chick\" Chalmers\nCoach 1984--1986: Ken Wilson\n\nYear-by-year record\n\n1981-1982  http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/cnhl19731982.html\n1982-1983  http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/cnhl19731983.html\n1983-1984  http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/cnhl19731984.html\n\nExternal links\n  Continental Hockey League @ A Z Hockey.COM\n Statistics\n Game Pucks\n\nCategory:Defunct ice hockey teams in Illinois\nDashers FHL\nCategory:1981 establishments in Illinois\nCategory:1986 disestablishments in Illinois"}
-{"text": "Samuil Marshak\n\nSamuil Yakovlevich Marshak (alternative spelling: Samuil Yakovlevich Marchak) (; 4 July 1964) was a Russian and Soviet writer of Jewish origin, translator and poet who wrote for both children and adults. He translated the sonnets and some other of the works of William Shakespeare, English poetry (including poems for children), and poetry from other languages. Maxim Gorky proclaimed Marshak to be \"the founder of Russia's (Soviet) children's literature.\"\n\nEarly years\nMarshak was born to a Jewish family on 3 November 1887 in Voronezh. His father was a foreman at a soap-making plant.  He had a good home education and later studied at the gymnasium (secondary school) of Ostrogozhsk, a suburb of Voronezh. He started to write poetry during his childhood years in Voronezh. His brother Ilya (who wrote under the pseudonym M. Ilin) (1896\u20141953) and sister Liya (who wrote as Elena Ilina) (1901\u20141964) also both became Soviet authors.\n\nIn 1902, the Marshak family moved to Saint Petersburg. There was a complication: as a Jew, Marshak could not legally live outside the Pale of Settlement, thus he could not attend school while living in the city. Philanthropist and scholar Baron David Gunzburg took an interest in Marshak and introduced him to the influential critic Vladimir Stasov. Stasov was so impressed by the schoolboy's literary talent that he arranged an exception from the Pale laws for Samuil and his family. He also introduced Marshak to Maxim Gorky and Feodor Chaliapin.\n\nIn 1904, Samuil was diagnosed with tuberculosis and could no longer continue to live in the cold climate of Saint Petersburg. Maxim Gorky arranged for Samuil to live with his family in the Black Sea resort town of Yalta (1904\u20131907). Gorky and Chaliapin also paid for his education and therapy. However, he spent much of this period in Kerch, living with the Fremerman family.\n\nYoung poet, philosopher and translator\nIn 1904, he published his first works in the magazine Jewish Life and in the mid- to late 1900s, Marshak created a body of Zionist verse, some of which appeared in such periodicals as Young Judea. In 1907 he returned to Saint Petersburg and subsequently published numerous works in the popular magazine Satyricon.\n\nMarshak failed to gain admission at a university in Russia due to 'political insecurity' and earned his living giving lessons and writing for magazines. From his first trip to the Middle East he brought back many impressions, poems and a beautiful wife.\n\nIn 1912 he moved to England and studied philosophy at the University of London. He fell in love with English culture and with poetry written in English. In his senior year at the University he published his translations of the poems written by William Blake, Robert Burns and William Wordsworth, published in Russia. His 1913 visit to an experimental \"free\" school in Wales (led by the Tolstoyan Philip Oyler) is noted as the event that sparked his professional interest in children.\n\nShortly before World War I, in 1914, he returned to Russia and devoted himself to translation.\n\nChildren's poetry\nIn 1914 Marshak and his wife worked with children of Jewish refugees in Voronezh. The death of Marshak's young daughter in 1915 directed him toward children's literature. In 1920 he moved to Ekaterinodar (now Krasnodar) to head the province's orphanages and it was there that he and a group of enthusiasts, including Elena Vasilieva, organized Children's town that included a children's theater, library, and studios. For this theater, he co-wrote plays that later became the book Theater for Children.\n\nIn 1922, Marshak moved back to what was then Petrograd to become the head of the Children's Literature Studio. He published the following works at the publishing house \"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0443\u0433\u0430\" (\"Rainbow\"):\n\u0414\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0432 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0435 (Kids in a cage), \u041f\u043e\u0436\u0430\u0440 (Fire) 1923, \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 \u043e \u0433\u043b\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c \u043c\u044b\u0448\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0435 (The Tale of a Silly Mouse), \u0421\u0438\u043d\u044f\u044f \u043f\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0430 (Blue bird), \u0426\u0438\u0440\u043a (Circus), \u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0435 (Ice Cream), \u0412\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f\u00bb (Yesterday and today) 1925, \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0436 (Luggage) 1926, \u041f\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c (Poodle), \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0430 (Post Office) 1927, and \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 (What an absent-minded guy) 1930.\n\nMarshak had a prolific career in children's literature. Soviet critic Viktor Shklovsky wrote that \"Samuil Marshak understood that many new writers would appear in the new Soviet republic. He stood at the door of literature, a benevolent angel, armed not with a sword or with a pencil, but with words on work and inspiration.\"  Marshak's contributions to the field of children's literature was not just limited to his own writings. In 1924, he became the head of the children's branch of the state publishing house Gosizdat (GIZ), a position he held for over a decade. Through his role as editor, Marshak attracted some of Russia's best writers to try their hand at writing for children, including Evgeniy Shvarts and OBERIU member Daniil Kharms.\n\nTranslations \nAmong his Russian translations there are William Shakespeare's sonnets and songs from Shakespeare's plays, The Merry Wives of Windsor (together with Mikhail Morozov, who translated prosaic scenes), poems of Robert Burns, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, William Wordsworth, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Robert Louis Stevenson, W. B. Yeats, Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll, Rudyard Kipling, T. S. Eliot, A. A. Milne, English and Scottish folk ballads, poems from Nursery rhymes. Besides English poetry, he translated poems of Heinrich Heine, S\u00e1ndor Pet\u0151fi, Gianni Rodari and Hovhannes Tumanyan.\n\nHis main work in this area is translation of Shakespeare's sonnets (1948). This translation has enjoyed great success over the years. Some Shakespeare sonnets in Marshak's translation have been set to music (in classical style by Dmitry Kabalevsky, in pop style by Tikhon Khrennikov, Mikael Tariverdiev, Alla Pugacheva and others, even in rock style \u2014 Kruiz). His translations are considered classics in Russia. But many of Marshak's poetic translations became so entrenched in Russian culture, that it was often quipped that he was not so much a translator as a co-author.\n\nLater years\n\nIn 1937 Marshak moved to Moscow, where he worked on children's books and translations. During World War II, he published satires against the Nazis. After the war he continued to publish children's books including: \u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 (Multicolored book) 1948, \u041a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u0433\u043e\u0434 (All year round) 1948, \u0422\u0438\u0445\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430 (A Quiet tale) 1956, etc.\n\nIn the last years of his life, he wrote aphoristic verses that he named lyrical epigrams. They were published in his last book, Selected Lyrics (\u0418\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u041b\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430) in 1963. He also published three tale plays: The Twelve Months 1943, Afraid of Troubles - Cannot Have Luck 1962, and Smart Things 1964.\n\nAlthough not widely known, in the Soviet era, Marshak was on a (political) razor's edge and barely escaped death in 1937. His name was often mentioned in the documents of the eliminated Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee. However, the process of the committee ended in August 1952 (12 executed and 98 subjected to repression) and Marshak was not accused. In 1953 with the death of Josef Stalin and the onset of Khrushchev Thaw Marshak was out of danger. There is an opinion that Stalin's death saved Marshak from inevitable death in the period of the fight against cosmopolitism.\n\nSamuil Marshak died on 4 July 1964 and was buried in Moscow.\n\nHonours and awards\n\n Four Stalin Prizes \nsecond class (1942) - a poetic text to posters and cartoons\nsecond class (1946) - for the play-tale \"Twelve Months\" (1943)\nsecond class (1949) - translations of sonnets by William Shakespeare\nfirst class (1951) - a collection of \"Verses for Children\"\n Lenin Prize (1963) - for the book \"Selected poetry for children\" (1962) and children's books: \"A quiet tale\", \"Big pocket\", \"The Adventure of the road\", \"Calm down\", \"From one to ten\", \"Vaks Blob\", \"Who can find a ring\", \"Merry journey from A to Z\".\n Two Orders of Lenin, incl 1939\n Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1945)\n Order of the Red Banner of Labour\n Honorary president of Robert Burns World Federation (1960) \n In 2012, his books were included in an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art\n\nSee also\n\nVladimir Lebedev (painter) - he illustrated many of Marshak's books\nThe Twelve Months (1956 film)\nTwelve Months (1980 film)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nSamuil Marshak poetry at Stihipoeta \nMarshak's site \nBiography of Marshak \n\nCategory:1887 births\nCategory:1964 deaths\nCategory:People from Voronezh\nCategory:People from Voronezh Governorate\nCategory:Russian Jews\nCategory:Russian translators\nCategory:Translators of William Shakespeare\nCategory:Jewish poets\nCategory:Russian children's writers\nCategory:Soviet dramatists and playwrights\nCategory:Russian male poets\nCategory:Soviet children's writers\nCategory:Soviet male writers\nCategory:20th-century Russian poets\nCategory:20th-century male writers\nCategory:Soviet Jews\nCategory:Soviet poets\nCategory:Children's poets\nCategory:Stalin Prize winners\nCategory:Lenin Prize winners\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of Lenin\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class\nCategory:Russian male dramatists and playwrights"}
-{"text": "2012 in astronomy\n\n\n\nSpecial Event of the year\n June 6 \u2013 The second and last solar transit of Venus of the century. The next pair is predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.\n\nTransits of Venus across the disk of the Sun are among the rarest of planetary alignments. Indeed, only seven such events have occurred since the invention of the telescope (1631, 1639, 1761, 1769, 1874, 1882 and 2004). The next transit of Venus will occur on 6 June 2012.\n\nEclipses\nTwo solar and two lunar eclipses take place in 2012 as follows.\n\n Annular Solar eclipse of May 20, 2012\n Partial Lunar eclipse of June 04, 2012\n Total Solar eclipse of November 13, 2012\n Penumbral lunar eclipse of November 28, 2012\n\nExternal links\n\n \nCategory:2012 meteorology\nCategory:2012 in spaceflight"}
-{"text": "Natalia Linichuk\n\nNatalya Vladimirovna Linichuk (; born 6 February 1956) is a Russian ice dancing coach and former competitive ice dancer for the Soviet Union. With partner and husband Gennadi Karponosov, she is the 1980 Olympic champion and a two-time World champion.\n\nCompetitive career\nLinichuk began skating due to her mother who enjoyed figure skating. She had a dozen coaches before ending up in the group of Elena Tchaikovskaia, who Linichuk soon sensed was the right coach for her.\n\nLinichuk and Karponosov trained at Dynamo in Moscow. They won the World Universiade in 1972, and were bronze medalists at the 1974 and 1977 World Championships. They also finished 4th at the 1976 Winter Olympics, the year ice dancing was introduced as an Olympic sport. \n\nLinichuk and Karponosov became World champions in 1978 and 1979. They won the European Championships in 1979 and 1980, after winning a silver medal in 1978, and bronze medals from 1974 through 1977. \n\nLinichuk and Karponosov won the 1980 Olympics, but failed to defend their World title, making them the only team ever to unsuccessfully defend a World title after winning the Olympics. In 1981, Linichuk and Karponosov retired from competition.\n\nCoaching career \n\nAfter coaching in Moscow, Linichuk and Karponosov accepted an offer to coach in the U.S. They moved with their students in June 1994 and coached at the University of Delaware in Newark, Delaware. In September 2007, they moved to the Ice Works Skating Complex in Aston, Pennsylvania.\n\nTheir current and former senior-level students include:\n Tanith Belbin / Benjamin Agosto (coached from mid-2008 to 2010). 2009 World silver medalists for the U.S.\n Galit Chait / Sergei Sakhnovsky (World bronze medalists)\n Albena Denkova / Maxim Staviski (coached from mid-2005 to 2007). 2006, 2007 World Champions for Bulgaria.\n Oksana Domnina / Maxim Shabalin (coached from mid-2008 to 2010). 2010 Olympic bronze medalists for Russia.\n Oksana Grishuk / Evgeni Platov (Olympic and World champions). Coached Grishuk from the age of 11 until 1989 and then from 1992 to 1996.\n Natalia Gudina / Alexei Beletski\n Anjelika Krylova / Vladimir Fedorov (World bronze medalists)\n Anjelika Krylova / Oleg Ovsyannikov (World champions, Olympic silver medalists)\n Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh (World champions, Olympic silver medalists)\n\nTheir current and former junior-level students include:\n Lauri Bonacorsi / Travis Mager (from May 2010) 2011 U.S. Junior silver medalists \n Ekaterina Pushkash and Jonathan Guerreiro (coached from mid-2010 to 2014). 2011 World Junior silver medalists for Russia.\n\nPersonal life \nLinichuk accepted Karponosov's proposal after they retired from competition. She had one prior marriage. Linichuk and Karponosov were married on 31 July 1981. Their daughter, Anastasiya Karponosova, was born in February 1985. The couple initially lived in Moscow and then moved to the United States in the early '90s.\n\nCompetitive highlights\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nPicture of Linichuk and Karponosov, 1979-1980 season\nPicture of Linichuk with students Margaglio and Mezzadri\n Care to Ice Dance? - Linichuk & Karponosov\n\nNavigation \n\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Sportspeople from Moscow\nCategory:Soviet female ice dancers\nCategory:Russian female ice dancers\nCategory:Dynamo sports society athletes\nCategory:Olympic figure skaters of the Soviet Union\nCategory:Figure skaters at the 1976 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Figure skaters at the 1980 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union\nCategory:Russian figure skating coaches\nCategory:Olympic medalists in figure skating\nCategory:World Figure Skating Championships medalists\nCategory:European Figure Skating Championships medalists\nCategory:Female sports coaches\nCategory:Medalists at the 1980 Winter Olympics"}
-{"text": "Christina Hattler\n\nChristina Hattler is an American fashion designer. Born and raised in Miami, she is based in Mexico City. She has two distinct and successful lines under the labels, Christina Hattler hand-made, a line of unique hand-sewn dresses and Christina Hattler, a line of limited edition produced pieces. She shows both lines in New York during New York Fashion Week, though unlike many established designers, she chooses to show off 7th Avenue in favor of more intimate settings. Her Fall 2006 collection titled, Duality, was shown at albertine, in the West Village in New York City.\n\nShe counts young celebrities and socialites such as Bryce Dallas Howard, Michelle Williams, Nicole Richie, Victoria Traina and Amber Valletta amongst her best clients. She has been featured in numerous national and international publications such as Elle, British Vogue, Teen Vogue, London Telegraph, WWD, Style.com, Jane, Lucky, People, & Entertainment Weekly.\n\nExternal links\n Official Website\n\nCategory:American fashion designers\nCategory:Women fashion designers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Mekmen Ben Amar\n\nMekmen Ben Amar (Arabic: \u0645\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631) is a municipality in Na\u00e2ma Province, Algeria. It is the district seat the district of Mekmen Ben Amar and has a population of 3,658, which gives it 7 seats in the PMA. Its postal code is 45120 and its municipal code is 4510.\n\nCategory:Populated places in Na\u00e2ma Province"}
-{"text": "Artur Beterbiev\n\nArtur Asilbekovich Beterbiev (; born 21 January 1985) is a Russian professional boxer of Chechen descent. He is a unified light-heavyweight champion, having held the IBF title since 2017 and the WBC and lineal titles since 2019.  As of October 2019, he is ranked as the world's best active light-heavyweight by The Ring and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, and third by BoxRec.\n\nAs an amateur, Beterbiev won a silver medal at the 2007 World Championships, gold at the 2009 World Championships, as well as gold at the 2006 and 2010 European Championships, all in the light-heavyweight division. He also reached the quarter-finals of the heavyweight bracket at the 2012 Olympics.\n\nBeterbiev is particularly known for his exceptional punching power, having won all of his professional fights by knockout or stoppage.\n\nAmateur career\nBeterbiev competed as a light-heavyweight and heavyweight in his amateur career. He won the 2006 European Amateur Boxing Championships beating Kenneth Egan and Ismail Sillakh among others. He beat Egor Mekhontsev but lost to two-time world champion Evgeny Makarenko in 2006. In 2007 he beat future unified light-heavyweight champion Sergey Kovalev in the semi-finals, and eventually beat Evgeny Makarenko in finals to qualify for the World Championships. In the finals of the World Championships he faced the little-known Abbos Atoev but lost in an upset.\n\nAt the Olympics 2008 he beat Kennedy Katende 15:3 then fell controversially to local boxer Zhang Xiaoping who went on to win the gold medal.\n\nIn Milan he beat young Cuban Jose Larduet and Uzbek Elshod Rasulov for the 2009 world championship title.\n\nAt the 2011 World Championships he lost to eventual winner Oleksandr Usyk by 13\u201317. At the 2012 Olympics he edged out Michael Hunter but lost again by 13\u201317 to Usyk. Both of these were in the heavyweight division. His amateur record was 295-5.\n\nProfessional career\n\nEarly career\nBeterbiev moved to Montreal to pursue a professional career. He won his professional debut via a second-round TKO over Christian Cruz at the Bell Centre on July 8, 2013. Beterbiev fought on the undercard of Jean Pascal vs. Lucian Bute, beating Gabriel Lecrosnier by TKO on the fourth round.\n\nNorth American champion\n\nBeterbiev vs. Cloud\nAfter winning his first five professional bouts, Beterbiev would face off against former IBF light-heavyweight champion Tavoris Cloud for the vacant NABA title on September 27, 2014. After a tentative opening minute from both fighters, Beterbiev opened up and began landing powerful shots that visibly rocked Cloud. In the final minute, the Russian would drop his opponent three times via combinations. Before this fight, Cloud had never been dropped in his professional career.  Beterbiev would close the show in round two, landing multiple hard shots to the head that knocked Cloud out, giving Beterbiev his first title.\n\nBeterbiev vs. Page, Campillo\nIn December 2014, Beterbiev stopped light heavyweight prospect Jeff Page Jr. in two rounds, winning the vacant IBF North American and NABO light-heavyweight titles. However, Beterbiev was dropped for the first time in a professional fight in the first stanza of the fight. \"I felt a bit sleepy before the fight. I think I just lost my concentration for a fraction of a second,\" Beterbiev said of the knockdown. Afterwards, Beterbiev would face off against another former IBF world champion, Gabriel Campillo, with his North American title at stake. Both men began cautiously until Beterbiev dropped Campillo late in the first round. The Russian slowly wore down his foe with multiple straight rights to the body. Finally in the fourth, Beterbiev would land a straight/uppercut hybrid that would hit Campillo square on the chin, and followed it up with a perfunctory left hook before walking to his corner while his opponent slid to the canvas, barely conscious. The PSI detector in his gloves stated that the first punch landed with 973 pounds per square inch.\n\nSubsequent defenses\nBeterbiev improved his record to 9-0 against Alexander Johnson on June 12, 2015 at the UIC Pavilion in Chicago. Beterbiev knocked Johnson down twice in the fifth and a third time in the seventh before finishing him at 1:38 of the round, clobbering him with a left hook and finishing him off with an overhand right that put Johnson through the ropes down and out. With the win, Beterbiev added the vacant WBO International light-heavyweight title to his other four minor titles.\n\nIn June 2016, Beterbiev defeated Ezequiel Maderna by round 4 TKO, dropping him four times along the way. Beterbiev's eleventh professional win came against Isidro Prieto, whom he knocked out after a flurry of punches at the end of the first round. Beterbiev had several title eliminators and world title shots fall through, including bouts against Sullivan Barrera, Igor Mikhalkin, and Sergey Kovalev. He also faced long periods of inactivity in a promotional dispute against Yvon Michel.\n\nBeterbiev vs. K\u00f6lling\nIn July 2017, Beterbiev had yet another world title eliminator fall through. He was scheduled to face Enrico K\u00f6lling, with the winner becoming the IBF's mandatory challenger to unified world champion Andre Ward, but the fight was never finalized amidst Beterbiev's contract dispute. A purse bid was later won by Top Rank, with the American promotion planning to broadcast the fight on ESPN, as part of a show including Jessie Magdaleno. The show was later announced to be taking place on November 11 at the Save Mart Arena in Fresno. Magdaleno would later drop out with an injury.\n\nAndre Ward officially announced his retirement on September, therefore the IBF title became vacant. The IBF later announced that the fight between Beterbiev and K\u00f6lling would be for the now-vacant world title. Beterbiev dominated K\u00f6lling in a dull fight, walking him down while K\u00f6lling refused to engage. Beterbiev finally scored a knockdown in round 12, as K\u00f6lling went down on one knee and received a count. When the fight resumed, Beterbiev dropped K\u00f6lling again and the referee waved the fight off. Beterbiev landed 322 of 1,111 punches (29 percent) while K\u00f6lling landed 64 of 252 blows (25 percent).\n\nBeterbiev vs. Johnson \nIn October 2018, Beterbiev fought British champion Callum Johnson in a mandatory defence of his IBF world title in Chicago. Johnson, ranked 7th in the world with the IBF at the time, was coming off a round 1 TKO of domestic rival Frank Buglioni; his first fight in nearly one-and-a-half years. Beterbiev accepted the fight on a co-promotional deal with Matchroom Boxing USA, which was aired live on DAZN in the USA and on Sky Sports in the UK.\n\nBeterbiev won an action-packed fight by round 4 KO, which saw both men hurt and knocked down; Johnson in round 1 by a Beterbiev right hand followed by Beterbiev in round 2 from a Johnson left hook. Both men fought aggressively but it was Beterbiev who knocked down Johnson a final time in round 4 with another right hand to the head; the British fighter failed to beat the count and Beterbiev retained his world title.\n\nBeterbiev vs. Gvozdyk\nAfter Beterbiev defeated Radivoje Kalajdzic (24-1) by KO in May 2019, Top Rank set to work on a unification fight between Beterbiev and WBC and lineal light heavyweight champion Oleksandr Gvozdyk (17-0) for some time in Autumn 2019 on ESPN. The winner of Beterbiev vs. Gvozdyk will hold two of the four world titles at 175, and set up further unification matches. In July it was announced that the fight would be on 18 October, at the Liacouras Center in Philadelphia. Beterbiev would go on to win the fight in the 10th round by TKO.\n\nPersonal life\nBeterbiev was born in Khasavyurt, Dagestan, and is of Chechen descent. He currently resides in his adopted hometown of Montreal, Quebec. Beterbiev is a Muslim, and married with three children; a son and two daughters.\n\nLegal matters\nArtur was formerly promoted By Groupe Yvon Michel. After lengthy legal proceedings, which Beturbiev lost in 2018, he was ruled under contract to Michel until 2021.  Beturbiev appealed, arguing his contract with Michel had expired in March 2017, then agreed to an out-of-court settlement with Michel. His original 2013 contract had been extended to 2015. A judge ruled that a promised purse, which Beterbiev stated was not completely paid by the following March, over a December 2015 bout with Isidro Prieto, and the fact that Beterbiev agreed to a process of elimination bouts to secure the International Boxing Federation World Light Heavyweight title, despite a four-bout-a-year contractual agreement, did not cause any prejudice to his career. Beterbiev\u2019s legal battle kept him relatively inactive, fighting only once in 2017 and 2018, until his contractual dispute was resolved.\n\n\"We are proud of the work we have done with Artur during our association, and we wish him the best success in the pursuit of his career,\" said Promoter Yvon Michel after the settlement agreement. \n\n\"I am relieved, and happy to now be able to focus one hundred percent on my training and my performances in the ring,\" said Beterbiev. \"I want to thank Yvon and all members of the GYM team for their efforts, and support in developing my career since arriving in Canada in 2013\". Beterbiev had entered into new a co-promotional agreement with Eddie Hearn and Matchroom Boxing. However, after one fight under the Eddie Hearn arrangement, Beterbiev left Hearn, and subsequently signed to Top Rank and ESPN.\nB.\n\nProfessional boxing record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n (archived 2015-06-12)\n\nAmateur results\n\nArtur Beterbiev at Premier Boxing Champions\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:World light-heavyweight boxing champions\nCategory:International Boxing Federation champions\nCategory:Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic boxers of Russia\nCategory:People from Khasavyurt\nCategory:Russian people of Chechen descent\nCategory:Chechen people\nCategory:Russian male boxers\nCategory:AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists\nCategory:Russian Muslims\nCategory:Chechen sportsmen\nCategory:Heavyweight boxers"}
-{"text": "Dargu Shomali\n\nDargu Shomali (, also Romanized as Darg\u016b Shom\u0101l\u012b; also known as Dargoo, Dargu, and Dark\u016b-ye Shem\u0101l\u012b) is a village in Cheghapur Rural District, Kaki District, Dashti County, Bushehr Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 9 families.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Dashti County"}
-{"text": "James McVinnie\n\nJames McVinnie (born 13 January 1983) is an English organist and pianist.\n\nHis work as a performer encompasses music from the 16th century to the present day. He has collaborated with many leading figures in new music including Philip Glass, Tom Jenkinson/Squarepusher, Angelique Kidjo, Nico Muhly, Martin Creed, David Lang, Richard Reed Parry, Bryce Dessner and Darkstar, many of whom have written large scale works for him.\n\nJames McVinnie is a member of Icelandic record label Bedroom Community. Cycles, his debut recording of music written for him by Nico Muhly, was released on this label in 2013. An album of music by Philip Glass, The Grid, was released on Orange Mountain Music in 2018. An album of music by Tom Jenkinson/Squarepusher was released on Warp Records in September 2019 recorded at the organ of Royal Festival Hall, London.\n\nJames McVinnie was Assistant Organist of Westminster Abbey between 2008 and 2011. Prior to this appointment, he held similar positions at St Paul\u2019s Cathedral, St Albans Cathedral, and Clare College, Cambridge where he studied music. His teachers were Sarah Baldock, Thomas Trotter and Hans Fagius. He made his debut at London\u2019s Royal Festival Hall in March 2014, giving one of the six reopening recitals on the refurbished iconic 1954 Harrison & Harrison organ. He made his solo debut in the Salzburg Festival at age 26 performing with the Freiburg Baroque Orchestra under Ivor Bolton.\n\nDiscography\n All Night Chroma  (2019) - Warp Records\n Philip Glass: The Grid (2018) - Orange Mountain Music\n Cycles_1 (2017) - Bedroom Community\n Handel: Saul (live on DVD from Glyndebourne, 2017) - Opus Arte\n Cycles (2013) - Bedroom Community\n Baroque (2012) - Bedroom Community\n I was glad: Sacred choral music of Stanford and Parry (2012) - Vivat\n Allegri: Miserere & the music of Rome (2010) - Hyperion records\n Handel: Theodora (live on DVD from Salzburg Festival, 2009) - Naxos\n Ralph Vaughan Williams: Mass in G minor (2009) - Naxos\n John Taverner: Ex Maria Virgine (2008) - Naxos \n S S Wesley: Organ Works (2007) - Naxos\n S S Wesley: Choral Works (2006) - Naxos\n Voices: Music by Tarik O'Regan (2005) - Collegium\n John Rutter: Mass of the Children (2005) - Naxos\n Lo the full final sacrifice (2003) - Lammas\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:English organists\nCategory:Male organists\nCategory:Musicians from Kent\nCategory:21st-century organists\nCategory:21st-century British male musicians\nCategory:1983 births"}
-{"text": "Erik Truffaz\n\nErik Truffaz (born 3 April 1960 in Ch\u00eane-Bougeries, Switzerland) is a French jazz trumpeter, infusing elements of hip hop, rock and roll and dance music into his compositions. He signed with the French EMI label in 1996. Truffaz's second album on Blue Note, The Dawn, produced together with Patrick Muller, Marcello Giuliani and Mark Erbetta. Since then they have produced many Blue Note albums together such as Bending New Corners, which became a Silver Album in France. The 2007 release Arkhangelsk is a mixture of pop songs, French chanson, and jazz-groove. In 2007 he and Ed Harcourt appeared in a Take-Away Show video session shot by Vincent Moon.\n\nDiscography \n Nina Val\u00e9ria (1994)\n Out of a Dream (1997)\n The Dawn (1998)\n Bending New Corners (1999)\n The Mask (2000)\n Mantis (2001)\n ReVisit\u00e9 (2001)\n Magrouni (2002)\n Tales Of The Lighthouse (2002)\n The Walk of the Giant Turtle (2003)\n Saloua (2005)\n Face-\u00e0-face (2CD Live + DVD) (2006)\n Arkhangelsk (2007)\n Benares (2008)\n Mexico (2008)\n Paris (2008)\n In between (2010)\n El tiempo de la Revoluci\u00f3n (2012)\n Being Human Being (with Murcof) (2014)\n Doni Doni (2016)\n Lune Rouge (2019)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n A documentary about the recording of Erik Truffaz's album Arkhangelsk featuring Nya, Christophe & Ed Harcourt.\n\nCategory:Acid jazz trumpeters\nCategory:Jazz fusion trumpeters\nCategory:Post-bop trumpeters\nCategory:Swiss jazz trumpeters\nCategory:French jazz trumpeters\nCategory:Male trumpeters\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Gex, Ain\nCategory:Acid jazz musicians\nCategory:Nu jazz musicians\nCategory:21st-century trumpeters\nCategory:21st-century French male musicians\nCategory:Male jazz musicians"}
-{"text": "Les Chapelles\n\nLes Chapelles is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes region in south-eastern France.\n\nSee also\nCommunes of the Savoie department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nCategory:Communes of Savoie"}
-{"text": "Marka (singer)\n\nSerge Van Laeken (born 27 May 1961 in Molenbeek-Saint-Jean), known as Marka, is a Belgian singer, songwriter, composer and film-maker.\n\nEarly life\nSerge van Laeken was born into a Flemish family in a bilingual Brussels suburb and, since his parents were very busy, was brought up mainly by his grandparents. His childhood was untroubled and he spent a good part of his time playing football with his friends. He was given the nickname Markassou by an African friend and it was later shortened to Marka.\n\nCareer \nMarka bought his first guitar in 1978 and then began performing with small groups in Brussels. He joined the group Allez Allez in 1981. In February 1983 he formed Les Cactus and released his first solo album in 1992. In March 1995 he signed a contract with Columbia France for three albums and released as singles two of the tracks which were to sell the best, \"Accoupl\u00e9s\" et \"La Poup\u00e9e Barbue\". \"L'Idiomatic\" was released in 1997.\n\nTwo months after its release, \"Accoupl\u00e9s\" was removed from French radio playlists in the wake of the terrorist attacks of summer 1995. Marka was new to the French market and he was thought to be an Arab singer. The song includes elements of Arab music, which would have been familiar to Marka, as his home town had a large North African community.\n\nThe album L'homme qui aimait la sc\u00e8ne was released in 1998. It included a version of MC Solaar's \"Caroline\", and this was later issued as a single.\n\nIn 1999 Marka teamed up with his wife, Laurence Bibot, a comedy actress and humorist, and they performed a show called \u00c0 nous deux at Le Botanique. He released a live recording of the show under his own label, Daring Music.\n\nMarka wrote the official anthem for Les Francofolies de Spa in 2000. Then in 2001 the album Avant-Apr\u00e8s was released, with \"Letches Bong\", \"Comment te le dire\" et \"Je parle\". The single \"L'Etat c'est moi\" was released in 2003 and in the same year Marka signed a contract with Inca Music in France. A French version of Avant-apr\u00e8s was issued. In 2004 he recorded a \n\"best of\" album, issued under the name C'est tout moi. This included some  unpublished titles : \"Reine et Roi\", \"L'Etat c'est moi\" and \"13\u00e8me mois\" a collaboration with MC Solaar.\n\nAlso in 2004 Marka recorded the music for a short film by Kamel Cherif called Signe d'appartenance. The film was awarded the Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival.\n\nIn 2005 Marka set off on his Aktion Man tour, performing in Tokyo, Beijing, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. The following year an album was released.\n\nThen in 2007 Marka and Laurence Bibot formed an electro pop rock duo called Monsieur et Madame. They appeared in shows in New York and in Belgium. In the same year shooting took place for  the documentary film Travestis. The album Monsieur et Madame appeared the following year.\n\nIn 2008 he teamed up with a Cuban group, La Sonora Cubana. Their tour gave rise to an album, Marka y La Sonora Cubana, which included the track \"Yo Hablo\", and a documentary film called Se\u00f1or Marka. The following year he began writing a new album and also made the documentary Si j'\u00e9tais japonais. Then in 2010 Marka collaborated with lyricists Jacques Duvall and Thierry Robberecht to produce an album titled Made in Li\u00e8ge.\n\nStyle and other ventures\n\nMarka is above all a live performer and his songs are punchy and rhythmic, with offbeat lyrics which make great use of plays on words.\n\nPassionate about football and the club FC Brussels, which was based in Molenbeek until its demise, he has appeared on a radio programme called Il va y avoir du sport, broadcast on the station Bel RTL.\n\nWhile on foreign tours Marka has made a number of documentary films, including Se\u00f1or Marka, Si j\u2019\u00e9tais japonais and Laisse-moi chanter ta chanson.\n\nIn 2002 he sang Boby Lapointe's \"Mon p\u00e8re et ses verres\" on the album Boby Tutti-Frutti - L'hommage d\u00e9licieux \u00e0 Boby Lapointe by Lilicub.\n\nIn 2013 he published a book called Marka se reprend, which was accompanied by a \"best of\" CD and gave rise to a stage show.\n\nHonours \nIn 2005 Marka was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold II (Chevalier de l'Ordre de L\u00e9opold II) by the Minister of Culture for Wallonia and Brussels, .\n\nDiscography \n\nThis is not an exhaustive list.\n\n Je vous dis tout (1992)\n Merci d'avance (1995)\n L'Idiomatic (1997)\n L'Homme qui aimait la sc\u00e8ne (1999)\n \u00c0 nous deux, live with Laurence Bibot (2000)\n Avant apr\u00e8s (2001)\n L'\u00c9tat c'est moi (2003)\n C'est tout moi (2004)\n Aktion Man (2006)\n Monsieur et Madame, with Laurence Bibot (2008)\n Marka y La Sonora Cubana (2008)\n Made in Li\u00e8ge (2010)\n Days of wine and roses (2015)\n\nSee also \n\nFrench Wikipedia articles: \n Laurence Bibot \u2013 performer and wife of Marka\n Monsieur et Madame \u2013 electro rock pop duo\n Jacques Duvall \u2013 singer and lyricist\n Thierry Robberecht \u2013 writer and lyricist\n Rom\u00e9o Elvis \u2013 rapper and son of Marka\n Ang\u00e8le \u2013 pianist, singer-songwriter and daughter of Marka\n\nNotes and references\n\nExternal links \n  \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Belgian male singers\nCategory:1961 births\nCategory:People from Molenbeek-Saint-Jean\nCategory:Knights of the Order of Leopold II\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Tabernaemontana eglandulosa\n\nTabernaemontana eglandulosa is a species of plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is found in Benin to Angola.\n\nReferences\n\neglandulosa"}
-{"text": "2019 PDC Challenge Tour 1\n\nThe 2019 PDC Challenge Tour 1 was a non-televised darts tournament and the first of twenty Challenge Tour events on the 2019 PDC Pro Tour. The tournament took place in Wigan, England on 26 January 2019. It featured a field of 272 players and \u00a310,000 in prize money, with \u00a32,000 going to the winner. All matches were best of 9 legs. It was won by Shaun Carroll.\n\nPrize Money\n\nResults\n\nFinals\n\nPreliminary Round\n\nTop Half\n\nSection 1\n\nSection 2\n\nSection 3\n\nSection 4\n\nBottom Half\n\nSection 5\n\nSection 6\n\nSection 7\n\nSection 8\n\nReferences \n\nChallenge Tour 1\nPDC Challenge Tour 1\nPDC Challenge Tour 1"}
-{"text": "California Assembly Bill 962 (2009)\n\nCalifornia Assembly Bill 962 (2009) (AB 962) was a gun control law in California, authored by Assemblyman Kevin de Le\u00f3n, and signed into law  by Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger on October 11, 2009. AB 962 was set to take effect on February 1, 2011, but was ruled unconstitutional by Fresno Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Hamilton on January 18, 2011, in Parker v. California.\n\nAB 962 would have required that all transfers of ownership of \"handgun ammunition\" be done in a face-to-face transaction, with the deliverer or transferor being provided bona fide evidence of identity of the purchaser or other transferee. As part of every \"handgun ammunition\" transfer, AB 962 would have required vendors to record and maintain, for a time period no less than five years: the transaction date, the ammunition brand and caliber, the processor's name, as well as the purchaser's driver license number, signature, name, right thumbprint, residential address, phone number, and date of birth. The bill also aimed to stop felony gang crimes by making it a misdemeanor to possess ammunition while associating with a criminal street gang.\n\nOn August 19, 2010, the NRA-CRPA Foundation Legal Action Project filed a lawsuit challenging AB 962. The lead plaintiff in the lawsuit was Tehama County Sheriff Clay Parker. The lawsuit alleged that the mandates in AB 962 were incomprehensible, and that the definition of \"handgun ammunition\" was unconstitutionally vague.\n\nOn January 18, 2011, Fresno Superior Court Judge Jeffrey Hamilton ruled, in Parker v. California, that the definition of \"handgun ammunition\" was indeed unconstitutionally vague. The Court enjoined enforcement of the bill. Mail order ammunition sales to California therefore continue.\n\nSee also\nGun politics\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2009 in California"}
-{"text": "British 21-inch torpedo\n\nThere have been several British 21-inch (533\u00a0mm) diameter torpedoes used by the Royal Navy since their first development just before the First World War.\n\nThe 21-inch was the largest size of torpedo in common use in the RN. They were used by surface ships and submarines rather than aircraft which used smaller 18-inch torpedoes.\n\nMark I \nThe first British 21-inch torpedo came in two lengths, \"Short\"  at 17\u00a0ft 10.5 in (5.45 m), and \"Long\" at 23\u00a0ft 1.25 in (7.04 m). The explosive charge was 200\u00a0lb of gun cotton increased later to 225\u00a0lb.\n\nMark II \n\nThe Mark II, chiefly used by destroyers, entered service in 1914. Apart from some older British ships, it was used with the old US (destroyers for bases agreement) Town-class destroyers provided to the UK during the early part of the Second World War. The running speed was reduced from 45 knots (over 3,000 yards) for better reliability.\n\nThe Mark II*, an improved Mark II was used by battleships and battlecruisers. A wet heater design, it could run for  at .\n\nMark IV \n\nFrom 1912, used by destroyers and other surface ships and was an important weapon in the first World War. In the Second World War they were carried on .\n\nMark V \n\nThe Mark V was used by the A and B-class destroyers and, with modification, by the Kent-class heavy cruisers.\n\nMark VII \n\nThe Mark VII was issued for use on the British heavy cruisers; i.e. cruisers with 8-inch guns. Designed in the mid-1920s the s were built at the same time in the post Washington Naval Treaty period.\n\nThe power came from the use of oxygen enriched air, though torpedo stocks were converted to run on normal air at the start of the Second World War.\n\nMark VIII \nSpecifications:\n\nMark VIII\n Entered Service: 1927\n Weight: 3,452\u00a0lb (1,566\u00a0kg)\n\n Length:  (6.58 m)\n Explosive Charge: 750\u00a0lb (340\u00a0kg) TNT\n Range & Speed: 5,000 yards (4,570\u00a0m) / 40 knots\n\nEarly Mark VIII**\n Range & Speed: 5,000 yards (4,570\u00a0m) / 45.6 knots\n Explosive Charge: 722\u00a0lb (327\u00a0kg) Torpex\n\nLate Mark VIII**\n Range & Speed: 7,000 yards (6,400\u00a0m) / 41 knots\n Explosive Charge: 805\u00a0lb (365\u00a0kg) Torpex\n\nThe Mark VIII was designed around 1925 and was the first British burner-cycle design torpedo. It was used from 1927 on submarines of the O class onwards and motor torpedo boats. The principal World War II version was the improved Mark VIII**, 3,732 being fired by September 1944 (56.4% of the total number). The torpedo is still in service with the Royal Navy albeit in a limited role, and with the Royal Norwegian Navy (Coastal Artillery: Kaholmen torpedo battery at Oscarsborg Fortress) until 1993.\n\nThe Mark VIII** was used in two particularly notable incidents:\n\n On 9 February 1945 the Royal Navy submarine HMS Venturer sank the German submarine U-864 with four Mark VIII** torpedoes. This is the only intentional wartime sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged.\n\n On 2 May 1982 the Royal Navy submarine  sank the Argentine cruiser   with three Mark VIII** torpedoes during the Falklands War. This is the only sinking of a surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine in wartime (and only the second sinking of a surface ship by any submarine since the end of World War II).\n\nMark IX \nFirst appeared in 1930 and was considerably improved by 1939. Used on\nLeander and later cruisers, \"A\" and later destroyer classes.\nAlso replaced the old Mark VII in some 8\" (20.3\u00a0cm) cruisers during the war.\n\nMark X \nFrom 1939, used by submarines, motor torpedo boats and destroyers from other navies such as the Grom.\n\nMark XI \nElectric battery powered torpedo with a  TNT warhead. Entering service during the Second World War it was used by destroyers.\n\nMark 12 \nAt first codenamed Ferry, then Fancy, the Mark 12 never reached production. From 1952, it had a warhead of  Torpex.\nUsing high test peroxide fuel, it attained a top speed of  for .\n\nThere were accidents during testing caused by the unstable nature of high test peroxide. One such engine explosion, after loading aboard the submarine HMS Sidon, caused enough damage to have the submarine taken permanently out of service.\n\nMark 12 torpedoes were out of service in 1959 and the programme was cancelled.\n\nMark 20 Bidder \n\nDeveloped under the codename \"Bidder\", the Mark 20 was a passive-seeker battery-powered torpedo for use by surface ships (the Mark 20E \u2013 for \"Escort\") and submarines (Mark 20S). The E variant was not long in service due to problems with its programming. This led to several of the frigates that were intended to have used them (Rothesay and Whitby classes) never being fitted with torpedo tubes or having them removed.\n\nIt was replaced in the submarine service in the 1980s by Tigerfish.\n\nMark 21 Pentane \nA project for an autonomous active/passive sonar torpedo to be carried by the Short Sturgeon anti-submarine aircraft. It was cancelled after protracted work but the seeker development was used in Tigerfish.\n\nMark 22 \nA wire-guided version of the Mark 20 produced by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL) as a private venture.\n\nMark 23 Grog \nA wire-guided version of the Mark 20. Entered service in 1971 although already obsolescent, serving only as an interim before Tigerfish entered service.\n\nThe MK23 was fitted with a 10,000 \u00a0m outboard dispenser that contains a control wire to guide the weapon, During 1973, all of the RN torpedoes had to be taken out of service as the control system was failing at extreme range.\n\nAfter months of investigation, it was discovered that the fault lay in the Guidance Unit made by GEC. A germanium diode in the AGC circuit had been replaced by a silicon diode, following an instruction by RN stores that all germanium diodes had to be replaced by silicon diodes. Unfortunately, the silicon diode's different characteristics caused the automatic gain control circuit to fail. Once the mistake was found, replacing the diode with the original type cured the problem.\n\nMark 24 Tigerfish \n\nThe first Tigerfish (Mod 0) entered service in 1980. Tigerfish was removed from service in 2004.\n\nThere were several models of Tigerfish due to the modifications made to tackle deficiencies.\n Mark 24 Mod 0 Tigerfish\n Mark 24 Mod 1 Tigerfish\n Mark 24(N) Tigerfish\n Mark 24 Mod 2 Tigerfish\n\nSpearfish\n\nSee also \n British 18-inch torpedo\n List of torpedoes\n\nNotes\n\nReferences \n \n \n \n https://web.archive.org/web/20100311033414/http://middle-watch.com/Torpedoes.htm\n\nCategory:Torpedoes of the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "BeOS R5\n\nBeOS R5 is the final version of BeOS from Be Inc. It was released in March 2000,  and came in two varieties: Professional and Personal.\n\nR5 was the 4th major release of BeOS for a public audience, and the 6th since it left developer-only stages. It changed only slightly from the previous release, BeOS R4.5, and was even seeded to developers as \"R4.6\". Improved POSIX compliance, particularly in the area of networking, was provided.  The OS in general was moved towards the new modular media kit over the former audio-only sound subsystem. For end-users, new logos and some new icons were the only major differences.\n\nR5 was the first release of BeOS for x86 to have a freely downloadable version which could be fully installed on a user's hard drive; previous versions had a free Live CD download, which could not be installed. R5 was also to be the last version to support the PowerPC architecture which BeOS had originated on, including the company's own BeBox hardware. According to Be's marketing, it was the first OS to ship with legal MP3 encoding and decoding support.\n\nVersions\n\nPersonal Edition\nPersonal Edition, a 48MB download, was the most commonly used version of R5. Stripped of developer tools (though these were later made available as a separate download), mp3 and Indeo encoders, and RealPlayer, it was installed into a 500MB \"hardfile\" through Windows or Linux, and could be booted either directly from Windows 9x or DOS, or using a boot floppy. Once booted, it could be installed to a real hard drive or partition, and the Be Bootloader could be installed to allow dual-booting. This bootloader uses only the MBR of the hard disk, and will continue to function even if the BeOS is uninstalled.\n\nProfessional Edition\nProfessional Edition was only available commercially, and for the first time in BeOS's history, could not be purchased from the company unless you were a developer. Instead, a number of regional resellers sold it - Gobe Software in the United States, Apacabar and Koch Media in Europe, and Hitachi in Asia. These resellers were responsible for all packaging of the OS, from localisation to CD labelling and packaging. As a result, some variations exist between packaged R5 Professional discs, with some being slipstream updated to the newest patches, and most notably, the inclusion of commercial printer drivers with Gobe releases, and French translations of the user documentation on Apacabar.\n\nThe CD shipped with an ISO9660/HFS hybrid partition, containing documentation, GPL licensed source code, the Personal Edition installer (with the aim of you circulating the installer to friends), a copy of Partition Magic for Windows, and the Mac OS boot-loading code for the PowerPC version. Two separate BFS partitions existed, one for x86, one for PowerPC, and the x86 one is directly bootable from CD.\n\nIn addition to all the features of Personal Edition, Professional Edition includes the full developers tools, including a rebranded CodeWarrior, RealPlayer G2, Fraunhofer MP3 encoders, and support for both encoding Indeo video, and playback/encoding of Indeo Real Time. Additional media on the CD varied by supplier, but always included some sample multimedia files, including two songs composed by Be staff (\"5038\" and \"virtual (void)\") as well as a video of Be staff pushing computer monitors off the roof of their building in Menlo Park.\n\nUpdates\nThree updates for R5 were released during 2000.\n\nR5.01\nR5.01 was mainly a stability fix for R5 Professional, fixing some deadlocks in drivers and critical servers. However, additional POSIX support was again added for networking, although the update neglected to include the newer headers to use some of these functions - they were only available in an updated Developer Tools for Personal Edition download.\n\nR5.02\nR5.02 (marked as R5.01 on personal) contained all of R5.01's updates, as well as some enhanced drivers, and more stability fixes.\n\nR5.03\nR5.03 was solely a security fix, and fixed a remote-access bug in the system's ftpd. The update, however, made a change to the core C library to do this, and in doing so, updated the version of glibc it was based on, again providing slightly more POSIX compatibility.\n\nSuccession\nFollowing the failure of BeIA, Be's Internet Appliance venture, the company ceased operations, and R5 was the last official release. A widely leaked version of BeOS that had been seeded to developers, codenamed Dano, carried many new features, and a build ID indicating it was BeOS R5.1.0.\n\nAnother extremely widely leaked update is a new, fully POSIX compliant, kernel-land networking stack, known internally in Be as BONE. While officially alpha, this brings higher stability to R5, as well as opening up the application base available. The updater for BONE Alpha 7 increases the system version number to R5.04.\n\nZETA was accepted by some BeOS users as a successor to R5, however legal issues surrounding how Magnussoft obtain Be Inc's source code later lead to the discontinuation of the product.   However, at least during its protracted release candidate stage, it was dogged with problems that left some people using R5, and in some cases, looking to Haiku for the future of their OS.\n\nHaiku OS, now on its beta release, is now the last surviving successor to BeOS. Although deemed by the developers as beta software, the stability, compatibility with BeOS binaries and feature-completeness make Haiku OS a viable option today. Haiku has even improved on BeOS, and includes features never implemented into BeOS, including: wifi support; the layout kit; a unique package manager; and support for x64 processors and modern hardware.\n\nExternal links \n BeOS 5 Personal Edition\n\nCategory:BeOS"}
-{"text": "Robert Dickinson (athlete)\n\nRobert Dickinson (20 May 1901 \u2013 5 March 1981) was a British athlete. He competed in the men's high jump at the 1924 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1901 births\nCategory:1981 deaths\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1924 Summer Olympics\nCategory:British male high jumpers\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Great Britain\nCategory:Place of birth missing"}
-{"text": "Barbary Shore\n\nBarbary Shore is Norman Mailer's second published novel, written after Mailer's great success with his 1948 debut The Naked and the Dead. It concerns a protagonist who rents a room in a Brooklyn boarding house with the intention of writing a novel. Wounded during World War II, he is an amnesiac, and much of his past is a secret to himself. After Rinehart & Company published the novel in 1951, it received poor reviews and sold poorly. The failure of Barbary Shore and only moderate success of Mailer's next novel, The Deer Park (1955) triggered a decade-long hiatus from the novel by Mailer, which ended with the publication of An American Dream in 1965.\n\nReviews\n\"Last of the Leftists?\", Time Magazine, May 28, 1951\n\nCategory:1951 American novels\nCategory:Rinehart & Company books\nCategory:Novels by Norman Mailer\nCategory:Novels set in New York City"}
-{"text": "Durlas \u00d3g GAA\n\nDurlas \u00d3g GAA is a juvenile Tipperary GAA club which is located in Thurles, County Tipperary, in Ireland. The club field teams at under 12, under 14, and under 16 age groups and their home pitch is P\u00e1irc na n\u00d3g in Thurles.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Site\nGAA Info Page\nTipperary GAA site\n\nCategory:Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Tipperary"}
-{"text": "Benzocycloheptene\n\nBenzocycloheptenes are cycloheptenes with additional benzene rings attached. Most have two benzene rings, and are called \"dibenzocycloheptenes\".\n\nSome benzocycloheptenes and substituted benzocycloheptenes have medical uses as antihistamines, anticholinergics, antidepressants, antiserotonergics.\n\nExamples include:\n\n Antihistamines and Antiserotonergics\n Azatadine\n Desloratadine\n Loratadine\n Rupatadine\n Cyproheptadine\n Ketotifen\n Pizotifen\n\n Anticholinergics\n Deptropine\n\n Anticonvulsants\n Oxitriptyline\n\n Antidepressants and Anticholinergics\n Amineptine\n Amitriptyline\n Nortriptyline\n Noxiptyline\n Octriptyline\n Protriptyline\n\n Various\n Cyclobenzaprine\n Intriptyline\n\nSee also \n\n Toll-like receptor 4 investigating probable antagonistic (antiinflammatory) property of several TCA based molecules\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Dibenzocycloheptenes"}
-{"text": "L'Italia s'\u00e8 rotta\n\nL'Italia s'\u00e8 rotta (\"Italy is broken\") is a 1976 Italian comedy film directed by Steno.\n\nPlot \nThe two Sicilian  Peppe Truzzoliti and Antonio Mancuso decide, after a misadventure with some mafia drug dealers, to leave the cold and racist Turin to return to their native land. With them there is  Domenica, a beautiful girl from Veneto, who had arrived in Turin in search of work but, for a number of setbacks, had been forced into prostitution.\n\nCast \n\nDalila Di Lazzaro: Domenica Chiaregato\nMario Scarpetta: Antonio Mancuso\nTeo Teocoli: Peppe Truzzoliti\nEnrico Montesano: Roman robber\nMario Carotenuto: Cavalier Amedeo Zerolli\nAlberto Lionello: Domenica's uncle\nFranca Valeri: Countess Giovanna \nDuilio Del Prete: Censor \nOrazio Orlando: Oronzo \nClelia Matania: Peppe's mother\nCarla Cal\u00f2:  Antonio's mother\nSergio Di Pinto: Zerolli's son\nMarisa Laurito: Rosalia\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1978 films\nCategory:Italian films\nCategory:Commedia all'italiana\nCategory:Films directed by Stefano Vanzina\nCategory:Italian comedy films\nCategory:Italian road movies\nCategory:1970s road movies\nCategory:Films about immigration\nCategory:Films with screenplays by Sergio Donati\nCategory:Films with screenplays by Luciano Vincenzoni\nCategory:1970s comedy films"}
-{"text": "Rivi\u00e8re du Galion\n\nThe Rivi\u00e8re du Galion is a river of Martinique.\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Martinique\n\nReferences\n GEOnet Names Server\nNOAA map\n\nG\nCategory:Rivers of France"}
-{"text": "Ganas (disambiguation)\n\nGanas may refer to:\n\nGana\u015f (), a village in Ac\u00e2\u0219 Commune, Satu Mare County, Romania\nGanas an intentional community on Staten Island, New York\n\nSee also\nGanas, a company of beings in Hinduism"}
-{"text": "Anthonny Sitraka Ralefy\n\nAnthonny Sitraka Ralefy (born July 10, 1995) is a Malagasy swimmer. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the men's 100 metre butterfly event; his time of 54.72 seconds in the heats did not qualify him for the semifinals.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1995 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Malagasy male swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Madagascar\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics"}
-{"text": "Aliyah Saleem\n\nAliyah Saleem (born August 1989), is a British secular education campaigner, writer and market researcher. She is an ex-Muslim atheist, feminist and humanist activist, and co-founder of advocacy group Faith to Faithless. She has also written under the pseudonym of Laylah Hussain.\n\nBiography \nSaleem was born in London into a Pakistani Sunni Muslim immigrant family. From age 6 to 11 she attended Deobandi Arabic-led madrasas, where she learnt the Arabic language and was taught Salafi Islam. When she was 11 years old, Saleem entered the Islamic girls' private boarding school Jamia Al-Hudaa in Nottingham. Around 12, she began having doubts about the truth and ethics of religion, especially the condemnation of homosexuality, but her questioning was branded \"corruption\" and she felt repeatedly repressed to \"not pollute the minds of other girls\". She was expelled in 2006 at the age of 15, accused of \"narcissism\" for owning a disposable camera and consequently publicly humiliated in front of the entire school.\n\nShe went on to study Koranic interpretation at Farhat Hashmi's Al-Huda Institute in Mississauga near Toronto, Canada, which was intended to last a year. Finding the lessons in Urdu difficult, however, after two months she transferred to the Al-Huda Institute's campus in Pakistan to complete the course and, segregated and isolated from her family, she found herself \"sucked in\" by the repetition and religious zeal. She started to willingly wear the face veil (niqab), and in hindsight she considered her 17-year-old self to be a fundamentalist who wanted to proselytise when she returned to the UK.\n\nBack in Britain, where Saleem was no longer in a religiously restricted environment and had free access to books, media and television, her earlier doubts resurfaced. She started studying sociology, which examined religion from several new perspectives such as feminism and Marxism, and first exposed her to the concept that religions could serve as a means of social control. In the library, she came across Richard Dawkins' book The God Delusion, which first exposed her to the idea that God could be a human delusion and might not actually exist, and the theory of evolution, which she did not understand, and decided to spend a great deal of time on studying further. After that, she educated herself on cosmology, and read Carl Sagan's Pale Blue Dot; the sight of the iconic Pale Blue Dot photograph was the last straw, brought her to disbelief and made her a sceptic. By the age of 19, Saleem had reached a point where she no longer believed in Islam, and moved away from it. She believes that \"The Islam that I grew up in, that had been, you know, shoved down my throat for years, was actually being shoved down my throat to actually control me. To control what I did, what I wore, who I spoke to, and what I ate and how I thought.\"\n\nSaleem attended Brunel University in west London where she obtained a first class honours degree in English. She is a market researcher for Kantar having previously done parliamentary research work for the House of Lords. She is also a contributor and advice columnist to Sedaa, a website featuring writers from Muslim backgrounds.\n\nSecular activism \n\nIn October 2014, Saleem first spoke out about her treatment at her Nottingham boarding school at the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain's Secular Conference 2014. In November 2014, she also wrote a more detailed expos\u00e9 about it in The Times under the pseudonym of Laylah Hussain. Saleem claimed that pupils were only taught various Islamic subjects from a fundamentalist perspective, indoctrinated them with anti-gay, anti-Christian and anti-Jewish views, and had no geography, history, art, sport or music classes. The science class omitted evolution and sex education, and she was taught that men are permitted to beat their wives. Due to the concerns she raised, the school was subjected to an unannounced inspection in April 2015, and rated as 'inadequate' by Ofsted as a result. When a second inspection in April 2016 did not show sufficient improvements, Jamia Al-Hudaa Residential College was threatened with partial or full closure. The school's management attempted to appeal the decision, while Saleem urged the Department for Education to \"move swiftly now to protect these pupils.\"\n\nIn 2015 Saleem, with her colleague Imtiaz Shams, an ex-Muslim atheist from Saudi Arabia, co-founded the advocacy group Faith to Faithless. The organisation provides support for people leaving Islam and other minority religions, challenges discrimination faced by non-religious people and aims to create awareness of the issues involved in leaving religion. Saleem and Shams began by holding \"coming out\" events at universities, where ex-Muslims and other apostates could tell their stories in the presence of peers who had also been through deconversion.\n\nIn 2015 Saleem represented Humanists UK (then the British Humanist Association) at a diversity chamber debate in the House of Lords in which she spoke about the discrimination and persecution faced by many ex-Muslim atheists in the UK and around the world. The following year she represented Faith to Faithless at a further debate in the Lords about the particular problems ex-Muslims face when leaving religion.\n\nIn late 2015 and early 2016, Saleem recorded two videos offering strategies for Muslim or ex-Muslim women who no longer want to wear the hijab \u2013 she herself had worn a headscarf from the age of 11 \u2013 but are wary of the negative social consequences they may face for doing so.\n\nIn April 2016 Saleem appeared in the BBC Radio 4 two-part documentary programme about the Deobandis, the isolationist traditional Muslim community that was responsible for her schooling and which controls the majority of Islamic religious schools in the UK.\n\nWorks\n\nSee also \n Ali A. Rizvi\n Fauzia Ilyas\n Sara Khan (human rights activist)\n Sarah Haider\n Maryam Namazie\n Muhammad Syed\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:21st-century atheists\nCategory:British writers of Pakistani descent\nCategory:Former Muslim critics of Islam\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:British atheism activists\nCategory:Writers from London\nCategory:British humanists\nCategory:British feminists\nCategory:British former Muslims\nCategory:British human rights activists\nCategory:British sceptics\nCategory:British secularists\nCategory:Former Muslims turned agnostics or atheists\nCategory:British critics of Islam\nCategory:Opposition to Islam in the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "JDS Sawayuki\n\nJDS Sawayuki (DD-125) is a  of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).\n\nThe ship was built by IHI Maritime in Tokyo and commissioned into service on 15 Feb 1984.\n\nService\nThis ship was one of several in the JMSDF fleet participating in disaster relief after the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Hatsuyuki-class destroyers\nCategory:1982 ships"}
-{"text": "KLZR (FM)\n\nKLZR (91.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Westcliffe, Colorado. The station is owned by Wet Mountain Broadcasting Corp., and airs a variety format.\n\nThe station was assigned the call sign KWMV by the Federal Communications Commission on December 15, 2010. The station changed its call sign to KLZR on April 23, 2012.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Website\n \n\nLZR (FM)\nCategory:Radio stations established in 2012\nCategory:2012 establishments in Colorado\nCategory:Variety radio stations in the United States\nCategory:Community radio stations in the United States\nCategory:Custer County, Colorado"}
-{"text": "N\u00e1rodn\u00ed liga ragby\n\nThe N\u00e1rodn\u00ed liga ragby is the second level of domestic club rugby union in the Czech Republic, below the first division, the Extraliga ragby. There is also one club from Slovakia in the league.\n\nThe season runs from mid-September to the end of May.\n\nHistory\nThe league started out as the Druh\u00e1 Liga (Second League), but was renamed the Prvn\u00ed Liga (First League) in the 1999-2000 season. For sponsorship reasons it has been called KB Prvn\u00ed Liga until the 2015/16 season.\n\nCurrent teams\n2012\u201313 season\n\nChampions\n\n    \nCzech\nCategory:1993 establishments in the Czech Republic\nCategory:Sports leagues established in 1993"}
-{"text": "Lawrence Rosen\n\nLawrence Rosen may refer to:\n\n Lawrence Rosen (attorney), attorney and computer specialist\n Lawrence Rosen (anthropologist), American anthropologist and scholar of law\n\nSee also \n Larry Rosen (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Kabelo Mahlasela\n\nKabelo Mahlasela (born 13 February 1991) is a South African footballer who plays for Kaizer Chiefs.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1991 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:South African soccer players\nCategory:Association football midfielders\nCategory:Roses United F.C. players\nCategory:Royal Eagles F.C. players\nCategory:Bloemfontein Celtic F.C. players\nCategory:Kaizer Chiefs F.C. players\nCategory:South African Premier Division players"}
-{"text": "Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur\n\nChopra is a census town in Chopra CD Block in Islampur subdivision of Uttar Dinajpur district in the state of West Bengal, India.\n\nGeography\n\nLocation\nChopra is located at .\n\nIn the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.\n\nPolice station\nChopra police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over Chopra CD Block. It is 145\u00a0km from the district headquarters and covers an area of 378.40\u00a0km2.\n\nCD block HQ\nThe headquarters of Chopra CD block is at Chopra.\n\nDemographics\nAs per the 2011 Census of India, Chopra had a total population of 5,777, of which 2,997 (52%) were males and 2,780 (48%) were females. The population below 6 years was 841. The total number of literates in Chopra was 3,388 (68.64% of the population over 6 years).\n\nTransport\nNational Highway 27 passes through Chopra.\n\nEducation\nChopra Kamala Paul Smriti Mahavidyalaya was established in 2013-14 at Chopra. Affiliated to the North Bengal University, it offers honours courses in Bengali, history and political science. Urdu is taught as a general subject.\n\nChopra High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational higher secondary school established in 1968. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 18 computers, a library and a playground.\n\nChopra Girls High School is Bengali-medium girls only higher secondary school established in 1979. Housed in a government building it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. It has 11 computers, a library and a playground.\n\nHealthcare\nDalua rural hospital at Dalua (with 30 beds), the main medical facility in Chopra CD block, is located nearby.\n\nPersonalities\n\nMustaque Alam has become a Judge from Chopra. He was born in the year 1989 at Chopra. He passed his Madhyamik Exam from Chopra High School and completed his B. A. L. L. B. Course from the University of Calcutta. He passed the West Bengal Judicial Service Exam in 2015 and was appointed as a Civil Judge /Judicial Magistrate (first class). He is presently posted in Siliguri.\n\nChopra Nagorik Committee\n\nA brutal rape case came into light at 2012 at Chopra for the first time in the history of Chopra. People were frightened and people formed the Chopra Nagorik Committee to protest unitedly against any misdeeds at present or in future. Mustaque Alam, an advocate of the High Court at Calcutta and Alok Sarkar, a reporter of AAJKAL Bengali daily founded Chopra Nagorik Committee (CNC). A student of Chopra Girls High School while returning home from school was abducted and raped mercilessly in a tea garden near Kalagach. Mustaque, Alok and Abhijit took out a protest rally against the brutal rape and their mouths were tied with black tags. People from all class joined the rally independently and demanded the arrest and punishment of the accused. The accused was arrested within a week.\n\nMustaque became the founder Secretary and Alok the founder President of Chopra Nagorik Committee. \n\nAfter the rape case the Committee raised its voice for Thetor Majhi, a 75-year-old man living below the poverty line who was not getting old age pension because he was marked as dead in the Government records though he was alive. Chopra Nagorik Committee raised the issue strongly and media also take the issue seriously. He was deprived of all government benefits as he was dead in the eye of law. About 800 more people, according to an investigation report, were deprived likewise. The agitation of Chopra Nagorik Committee helped them to get justice and they again got their life in the government records and started getting their pensions and benefits of other government schemes as well.\n\nBesides agitation and protest movements Chopra Nagorik Committee used to perform some programmes every year i.e. felicitate the meritorious students of the block and the people of various field who had done beneficial work for Chopra, giving award to the sera Durga Puja Committees, organizing Legal Aid programs, cultural programs, supplying books to the needy meritorious students, Pradip Kumar Smiriti Swarak Boktrita etc.\n\nChopra Nagorik Committee has such a place in the mind of people of Chopra that whenever any injustice is done to any member of the society, its reported to the members of C.N.C.\n\nDalua mela and Syed Saroor Ahmed\n\nMost famous religious place for Hindu people is the Dalua Shivmandir. It is situated on the bank of Dock river in Dalua. Every year on Maghipurnima, a fair (locally known as \"Dalua mela\") is held. This Mela is more than 130 years old.\n\nThe most famous religious place for the Muslims is the Haptiagachh Mazar Sharif, situated under Haptiagachh GP of Chopra Block. The Mazar is of Hazrat Syed Shah Manzoor Ahmed and Hazrat Syed Shah Shahood Ahmed. The father and the son are known as Pir Sahabs (Sufi saints) who are of Silsila Kadriya and blood relations of Muhammad. The yearly URS MUBARAK of Hazrat Syed Shah Manzoor Ahmed and Hazrat Syed Shah Shahood Ahmed are held on 1 and 2 March every year. Thousands of people come to get blessings on the said dates across West Bengal, Bangladesh, Bihar, Jharkhand specially Hazaribagh. Both the Pir Sahabs has many MURIDANS (followers). Both the father and the son is known to be WALI-A-KUTUB. Now Syed Shah Saroor Ahmed is the Gaddinashin. So he is the Pirzada and Sajjadah Nashin. He used to live at Khanquah Alia Quadria Manzooria, Barabilla under Haptiagachh Gram Panchayat.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Cities and towns in Uttar Dinajpur district"}
-{"text": "1917 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team\n\nThe 1917 Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football team represented Oglethorpe University in the sport of American football during the 1917 college football season. In October 1917, Coach Frank B. Anderson held a meeting at Oglethorpe concerning the possibility of football team. Approximately 70 boys were enrolled at the newly re-founded Oglethorpe\u201420 of which were ready to begin Oglethorpe's inaugural season.\n\nSchedule\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Oglethorpe Stormy Petrels football seasons\nOglethorpe\nOglethorpe Stormy Petrels football"}
-{"text": "Castanellidae\n\nCastanellidae is a family of cercozoans in the order Phaeocalpida.\n\nReferences \n\n Report on the Radiolaria. E Haeckel, 1887\n Report on the scientific results of the voyage of the HMS Challenger during the years 1873-1876. E Haeckel, Zoology series, 1887\n\nExternal links \n \n\n Castanellidae at the World Register of Marine Spacies (WoRMS)\n\nCategory:Phaeodaria\nCategory:Cercozoa families"}
-{"text": "Bupirimate\n\nBupirimate (systematic name 5-butyl-2-ethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yldimethylsulphamate; brand names Nimrod and Roseclear 2) is an active ingredient of plant protection products (or pesticides), which has an effect as a fungicide. It belongs to the chemical family of pyrimidines. Bupirimate has translaminar mobility and systemic translocation in the xylem. It acts mainly by inhibiting sporulation and is used for control of powdery mildew of apples, pears, stone fruit, cucurbits, roses and other ornamentals, strawberries, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, hops, beets and other crops. Bupirimate is not an insecticide. It is of low mammalian toxicity and is non-toxic to bees. However, it is used in many products which also contain insecticides.\n\nHistory \n\nA research programme at ICI's Jealott's Hill site during the 1960s had the objective of discovering fungicides which could penetrate into and move within plants and hence could cure established infections. The outcome of the research was three related compounds: dimethirimol, ethirimol and bupirimate which were first marketed in 1968, 1970 and 1975 respectively. The key target for these fungicides are the mildews but each compound differs in its effect on individual mildew species. In particular, bupirimate is effective on apple powdery mildew caused by the fungus Podosphaera leucotricha, which the earlier materials were not.\n\nRegulation \n\nIn terms of the regulation of plant protection products in the European Union, this active substance is in revision of the inclusion in Annex I of the 91/414/EEC Directive. In France, the active substance is permitted in the composition of preparations with an authorization on the market.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Fungicides\nCategory:Aminopyrimidines\nCategory:Sulfamates"}
-{"text": "Arthroclianthus\n\nArthroclianthus is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Its c. 19 species are all endemic to New Caledonia. Its closest relatives include Nephrodesmus, also endemic to New Caledonia, Ohwia and Hanslia.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Desmodieae\nCategory:Endemic flora of New Caledonia"}
-{"text": "1978\u201379 Los Angeles Kings season\n\nThe 1978\u201379 Los Angeles Kings season was the Kings' twelfth season of play.\n\nOffseason\n\nRegular season\n\nFinal standings\n\nSchedule and results\n\nPlayoffs\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nAwards and records\n\nTransactions\n\nRoster\n\nDraft picks\nLos Angeles's draft picks at the 1978 NHL Amateur Draft held at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec.\n\nFarm teams\n\nSee also\n1978\u201379 NHL season\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Los Angeles Kings seasons\nLos Angeles Kings\nLos Angeles Kings\nLos Angeles Kings season\nLos Angeles Kings season"}
-{"text": "Genyorchis platybulbon\n\nGenyorchis platybulbon is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is native to Cameroon and Gabon.  Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.\n\nSources \n\n \n\nplatybulbon\nCategory:Orchids of Cameroon\nCategory:Orchids of Gabon\nCategory:Plants described in 1906\nCategory:Critically endangered flora of Africa\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Dancing Beijing\n\nDancing Beijing is the name of the official emblem of the 2008 Summer Olympics, which took place in Beijing in the People's Republic of China.  It was unveiled on 3 August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people at Beijing's Temple of Heaven.\n\nDescription\nThe emblem draws on various elements of Chinese culture, depicting a traditional red Chinese seal above the words \"Beijing 2008\" and the Olympic rings. The seal is inscribed with a stylised calligraphic rendition of the Chinese character \u4eac (j\u012bng, meaning 'capital', from the name of the host city) in the form of a dancing figure. The curves are also claimed to suggest the body of a wriggling Chinese dragon. The open arms of the figure symbolise the invitation of China to the world to share in its culture. The figure also resembles that of a runner crossing the finish line.  Red, the dominant colour of the emblem, is an important colour in Chinese society, often signifying prosperity.\n\nDesign\nThe logo was created by Guo Chunning, the vice-president of the \"Beijing Armstrong International Corporate Identity\" (AICI). There was only one seal among the 1,985 entries contributed by designers from China and overseas.  Other entries included dozens of Great Walls, pandas and dragons.  Other designers include Chang Wu (\u5f35\u6b66).\n\nUnveiling ceremony\nInternational Olympic Committee President Jacques Rogge delivered an address at the unveiling ceremony on 3 August 2003 saying, \"Your new emblem immediately conveys the awesome beauty and power of China which are embodied in your heritage and your people.\"  Rogge continued, \"In this emblem, I saw the promise and potential of a New Beijing and a Great Olympics. This is a milestone in the history of your Olympic quest. As this new emblem becomes known around the world and, as it takes its place at the centre of your Games, we are confident that it will achieve the stature of one of the best and most meaningful symbols in Olympic history.\"  The ceremony was delayed by several months because of the SARS outbreak in 2003.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic Games logos\nCategory:Chinese logos"}
-{"text": "List of forms of alternative medicine\n\nThis is a list of articles covering alternative medicine topics.\n\nA\n\n Activated charcoal cleanse\n Acupressure\n Acupuncture\n Affirmative prayer\n Alexander technique\n Alternative cancer treatments\n Animal-Assisted Therapy\n Anthroposophical medicine\n Apitherapy\n Applied kinesiology\n Aquatherapy\n Aromatherapy\n Art Therapy\n Asahi Health\n Astrology\n Attachment therapy\n Auriculotherapy\n Autogenic training\n Autosuggestion\n Ayurveda\n\nB\n\n Bach flower therapy\n Balneotherapy\n Bates method\n Bibliotherapy\n Biodanza\n Bioresonance therapy\n Blood irradiation therapies\n Body-based manipulative therapies\n Body work (alternative medicine) or Massage therapy\n\nC\n\n Chelation therapy\n Chinese food therapy\n Chinese herbology\n Chinese martial arts\n Chinese medicine\n Chinese pulse diagnosis\n Chakra\n Chiropractic\n Chromotherapy (color therapy, colorpuncture)\n Cinema therapy\n Coding (therapy)\n Coin rubbing\n Colloidal silver therapy\n Colon cleansing\n Colon hydrotherapy (Enema)\n Craniosacral therapy\n Creative visualization\n Crystal healing\n Cupping\n\nD\n\n Dance therapy\n Detoxification\n Detoxification foot baths\n Dietary supplements\n Dowsing\n\nE\n\n Ear candling\n Earthing\n Eclectic medicine\n Electromagnetic therapy\n Electrohomeopathy\n Equine-assisted therapy\n Energy medicine\n Magnet therapy\n Reiki\n Qigong\n Shiatsu\n Therapeutic touch\n Energy psychology\n\nF\n\n Faith healing\n Fasting\n Feldenkrais method\n Feng shui\n Five elements\n Flower essence therapy\n Functional medicine\n\nG\n German New Medicine\n Grahamism\n Gua sha\n Graphology\n\nH\n\n Hair analysis (alternative medicine)\n Hatha yoga\n Havening\n Hawaiian massage\n Herbalism\n Herbal therapy\n Herbology\n Hijama\n Holistic living\n Holistic medicine\n Homeopathy\n Home remedies\n Horticultural therapy\n Hydrotherapy\n Hypnosis\n Hypnotherapy\n\nI\n\n Introspection rundown\n Iridology\nIsolation tank\n Isopathy\n\nJ\n Jilly Juice\n\nK\n Kampo\n\nL\n Laughter therapy\n Light therapy\n\nM\n\n Macrobiotic lifestyle\n Magnetic healing\n Manipulative therapy\n Manual lymphatic drainage\n Martial arts\n Massage therapy\n Massage\n Medical intuition\n Meditation\n Mindfulness meditation\n Transcendental meditation\n Vipassana\n Meridian (Chinese medicine)\n Mega-vitamin therapy\n Mind\u2013body intervention\nAlexander technique\nAromatherapy\nAutogenic training\nAutosuggestion\nBach flower therapy\nFeldenkrais method\nHatha yoga\nHypnotherapy\n Moxibustion\nMyofascial release\n\nN\n\n Naprapathy\n Natural Health\n Natural therapies\n Naturopathic medicine\n New thought\n Neuro-linguistic programming\n Nutritional healing\n Nutritional supplements\n Numerology\n\nO\n\nOrthopathy\n\nP\n\n Pilates\n Pranic healing\n Prayer\n Psychic surgery\n Prokarin\n Paula method healing exercises\n\nQ\n Qi\n Qigong\n\nR\n\n Radionics\n Rebirthing\n Recreational Therapy\n Reflexology\n Reiki\n Rolfing Structural Integration\n\nS\n\nSalt Therapy\n Self-hypnosis\n Shiatsu\n Siddha medicine\n Sonopuncture\n Sound therapy\n Spiritual mind treatment\n Structural Integration\n Support groups\n\nT\n\n T'ai chi ch'uan\n Tantra massage\n Tao yin\n Thai massage\n Thalassotherapy\n Therapeutic horseback riding\n Therapeutic touch\n Tibetan eye chart\n Traditional Chinese medicine\n History of traditional Chinese medicine\n Traditional Korean medicine\n Traditional Japanese medicine\n Traditional Mongolian medicine\n Traditional Tibetan medicine\n Trager approach\n Transcendental meditation\n Trigger point\n Tui na\n\nU\n\n Unani medicine\n Urine therapy\n Uropathy\n\nV\n Vaginal steaming\n Visualization (cam)\n Visualization\n\nW\n\n Water cure (therapy)\n Wellness (alternative medicine)\n\nY\n\n Yoga\n Ashtanga yoga\n Ashtanga vinyasa yoga\n Bikram yoga\n Hatha yoga\n Iyengar yoga\n Kundalini yoga\n Siddha yoga\n Sivananda yoga\n Tantric yoga\n Viniyoga\n Vinyasa yoga\n Yoga Therapy\n\nZ\n Zang fu\n\n*"}
-{"text": "Tronka, Trondheim\n\nTronka is a detached, monumental wooden building built in the classical style in the Kalvskinnet neighborhood of Trondheim.\n\nThe structure was built between 1836 and 1842 as the Trondheim Hospital Care Foundation for the Feeble Minded () based on a design by Gustav Adolph Lammers and Ole Peter Riis H\u00f8egh. The name Tronka is probably derived from the French word tronc 'alms box', referring to an alms box at the entrance. The building functioned as an institution for the mentally ill until the Municipality of Trondheim took it over in 1919. The building was given protected status by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage in 1927. The structure was taken over by the Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property in 1995 and, after an extensive restoration project, in 2005 the building was put into use as office space for the directorate's Central Norway region.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Norwegian Directorate of Public Construction and Property factsheet on Tronka\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Trondheim\nCategory:Cultural heritage of Norway\nCategory:Psychiatric hospitals in Norway\nCategory:Hospital buildings completed in 1842\nCategory:1842 establishments in Norway"}
-{"text": "Marble Saga: Kororinpa\n\nMarble Saga: Kororinpa is a video game for Nintendo's Wii video game console. It was released in North America on March 17, 2009, roughly two years after the original title Kororinpa: Marble Mania. The game was released in PAL regions under the title Marbles! Balance Challenge and in Japan as .\n\nThe game sets players on a journey to help Anthony the Ant on his quest to find the Golden Sunflower. Players must navigate their customized marble through unique and treacherous mazes to help Anthony reach his goal. The game utilizes the same world-turning technique as the first, requiring players to twist and turn the Wii Remote to control the environment.\n\nGameplay\nIn Marble Saga: Kororinpa, the player tilts the playing field, using the Wii Remote to navigate a spherical object around mazes to reach the end goal, similar to Kororinpa: Marble Mania, the preceding title. Players have also drawn similarities to the Super Monkey Ball series. Some mazes cause the player to tilt them in such a way so that a wall becomes a floor, or to interact with objects such as magnets, conveyor belts, or cannons. Depending on the difficulty level, different collectibles are available in each level. On all difficulty settings, players must collect the Yellow Crystals to complete the level. In Easy and Normal Mode, players must also collect the Stump Temple Pieces in order to unlock the game's final level. Also in Normal Mode, players can collect Green Emeralds which unlock secrets, such as new marbles or Junk for use in creation of new level editor parts. In the highest difficulty setting, players must retrieve the Colony's missing ants from each level. In addition to the collectibles, players may be awarded with bronze, silver, gold, or platinum trophies for completing levels within a predetermined amount of time. Obtaining these trophies also unlocks new balls.\n\nThe game features 7 different worlds with a variety of gadgets to help players through their journey. The game features 150+ levels with a variety of collectibles available in each mode including, Yellow Crystals, Green Emeralds, Stump Temple Pieces, and eventually ants from Anthony's colony. New features for Marble Saga: Kororinpa include increased customization elements in the game. Players can design their own marble by assigning it certain attributes and techniques, and they can even place their own Mii inside the marble. A brand-new level editor has been included, allowing players to share their creations through WiiConnect24.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Japanese Wii website \n\nCategory:2009 video games\nCategory:Hudson Soft games\nCategory:Konami games\nCategory:Puzzle video games\nCategory:Video games developed in Japan\nCategory:Wii-only games\nCategory:Wii games\nCategory:Wii Balance Board games\nCategory:Multiplayer and single-player video games\nCategory:Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection games\nCategory:Video game sequels"}
-{"text": "1962\u201363 Toronto Maple Leafs season\n\nThe 1962\u201363 Toronto Maple Leafs season saw the team finish first in the National Hockey League (NHL) with a record of 35 wins, 23 losses, and 12 ties for 82 points. It was the first time they had finished first overall in the league since 1948. In the playoffs, they defeated their arch-rivals, the Montreal Canadiens, four games to one, in the Semi-finals. They then defeated the Detroit Red Wings in five games to win their second straight Stanley Cup.\n\nOffseason\n\nRegular season\n\nSeason standings\n\nRecord vs. opponents\n\nSchedule and results\n\nAll times EASTERN\n\nPlayer statistics\n\nForwards\n\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes\n\nDefencemen\n\nNote: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes\n\nGoaltending\nNote: GP= Games played; W= Wins; L= Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against\n\nPlayoffs\n\nStanley Cup Finals\nJohnny Bower limited the Wings to 10 goals in the five games, and five different Leafs had multiple-goal games: Duff, Nevin, Stewart, Kelly and Keon.\n\nAll times EASTERN\n\n1963 Toronto Maple Leafs Stanley Cup Champions\n\nJohnny Bower, Don Simmons, Carl Brewer, Tim Horton, Bob Baun, Allan Stanley, Kent Douglas, Larry Hillman, Red Kelly, Dick Duff, George Armstrong (captain), Frank Mahovlich, Bob Nevin, Ron Stewart, Billy Harris, Bob Pulford, Eddie Shack, Dave Keon, Ed Litzenberger, John MacMillan, Punch Imlach (manager-coach), Bob Haggert (trainer)\n\nAwards and records\nCarl Brewer, Runner-Up, Norris Trophy \nKent Douglas, Calder Memorial Trophy\nDave Keon, Lady Byng Trophy\n\nRoster\n\nReferences\nMaple Leafs on Hockey Database\nMaple Leafs on Database Hockey\n\n</div>\n\nCategory:Stanley Cup championship seasons\nCategory:Toronto Maple Leafs seasons\nToronto Maple Leafs season, 1962-63\nTor"}
-{"text": "Jus Lyke Compton\n\n\"Jus Lyke Compton\" is the second single released off DJ Quik's second studio album, Way 2 Fonky. The song is produced by DJ Quik and Rob \"Fonksta\" Bacon.\n\nBackground and release\nDJ Quik speaks about how so many cities seemed to be heavily influenced by the urban culture of Los Angeles. Some of the cities included Oakland, San Antonio, St. Louis, and Denver. However, the narrative of Denver is filled with contempt as Quik describes an incident that went down during a visit to the town.\n\nTrack listings\n\nVinyl, 12\", Promo, 33 \u2153 RPM \n\"Jus Lyke Compton\" \u2013 4:10\n\"Jus Lyke Compton (Radio Version)\" \u2013 4:10\n\"Jus Lyke Compton (Acapella)\" \u2013 1:11\n\"Niggaz Still Trippin'\" (featuring AMG & Hi-C) \u2013 4:12\n\"Jus Lyke Compton (Instrumental)\" \u2013 4:10\n\nCD single\n\"Jus Lyke Compton (Radio Version)\" \u2013 4:10\n\nVinyl, 7\", 45 RPM \n\"Jus Lyke Compton\" \u2013 4:10\n\"Tonite\" \u2013 5:23\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1992 singles\nCategory:DJ Quik songs\nCategory:Song recordings produced by DJ Quik\nCategory:Gangsta rap songs\nCategory:Songs written by DJ Quik\nCategory:1992 songs"}
-{"text": "Wallace River\n\nThe Wallace River is a medium-sized river in Washington, United States.  It is a tributary of the Skykomish River and joins near Sultan, just upstream from the mouth of the Sultan River. The Wallace River is  long. Its drainage basin is  in area.\n\nCourse  \nThe Wallace River begins at the divide between it and Salmon Creek.  It flows west from here until it enters Wallace Falls State Park, where it flows southwest and drops over three large waterfalls, receives the North Fork Wallace River just below the final falls, before going in a westward direction again.  It receives three large tributaries in short order before passing under the Stevens Pass Highway, Olney Creek, May Creek and Bear Creek.  After flowing under the highway, it continues west until it reaches its confluence with the Skykomish. The North Fork Wallace River begins in Shaw Lake and flows south, passing through two more lakes, Jay Lake and Wallace Lake, before merging with the main fork just below the bottom of the three large waterfalls on the main fork.  A trail leads to all three lakes.\n\nSee also \nList of Washington rivers\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Rivers of Washington (state)\nCategory:Rivers of Snohomish County, Washington"}
-{"text": "Kastellbakken\n\nKastellbakken (renamed: Husebybakken) is an abandoned ski jumping hill located at Ullern in Oslo, Norway.\n\nHistory\n\nIt was the venue of Husebyrennet, Norway's and the world's most prestigious Nordic skiing tournament between 1879 and 1891. With a K-point of 20\u00a0meters, two world records were set in the hill, at 20 and 22\u00a0meters.\n\nThe hill originally hosted Husebyrennet (\"The Huseby Race\"), between 1879 and 1891, except for 1880 and 1882, when the event was held in Akershus. From 1892, the tournament moved to Holmenkollbakken and was renamed the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. Two world records were set in the hill, both by Norwegians: 20\u00a0meters by Olaf Haugann in 1879 and 22\u00a0meters set by Sveinung Svalastoga in 1881.\n\nWorld record\n\nExternal links \n Markafolk\n\nCategory:Ski jumping venues in Norway\nCategory:Sports venues in Oslo\nCategory:1879 establishments in Norway"}
-{"text": "Jean Genchi\n\nJean Genchi (born 25 September 1956) is a British rower. She competed in the women's coxed four event at the 1984 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1956 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:British female rowers\nCategory:Olympic rowers of Great Britain\nCategory:Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Rowers from Greater London"}
-{"text": "Eliakim ben Meshullam\n\nEliakim ben Meshullam (born about 1030; died at the end of the eleventh century in Speyer, Rhenish Bavaria) was a German rabbi, Talmudist and payye\u1e6dan.\n\nHe studied at the yeshivot in Mainz and Worms, having Rashi as a fellow student. Eliakim himself founded a Talmudical school in Speyer.\n\nHe wrote a commentary on all the tractates of the Talmud except Berakot and Niddah (see Solomon Luria, Responsa, No. 29, and Asher ben Jehiel, Responsa, Rule 1, \u00a7 8), which was used by scholars as late as the fourteenth century. At present there exists only the commentary on Yoma, in manuscript (Codex Munich, No. 216).\n\nRitual decisions by Eliakim are mentioned by Rashi (\"Pardes,\" 42a, 44c, 48a). He was the composer of a piyyu\u1e6d, to be read when a circumcision takes place in the synagogue on a Saturday.\n\nReferences\nAzulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, i. 28\nMichael, Or ha-\u1e24ayyim, No. 221\nLeser Landshuth, 'Ammude ha-'Abodah, p.\u00a024\nBerliner, in Monatsschrift, 1868, p.\u00a0182\nHeinrich Gr\u00e4tz, Gesch. vi. 364\nEpstein, in the Steinschneider Festschrift, pp.\u00a0125 et seq.\nidem, J\u00fcdische Alterth\u00fcmer in Worms und Speyer, pp.\u00a04, 27.\n\nExternal links\nSource\n\nCategory:11th-century births\nCategory:11th-century deaths\nCategory:11th-century rabbis\nCategory:Jewish poets\nCategory:German rabbis\nCategory:Levites\nCategory:People from Speyer\nCategory:11th-century German writers\nCategory:11th-century Jews\nCategory:Medieval German Jews"}
-{"text": "Lover (AAA song)\n\n\"LOVER\" is the 49th single by Japanese pop group AAA. It is included in the group's tenth studio album AAA 10th Anniversary Best.The single was released in only one edition: CD-only edition. \"LOVER\" debuted at number four on the weekly Oricon singles chart on 10 October.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:2015 singles\nCategory:AAA (band) songs\nCategory:Japanese-language songs\nCategory:Avex Trax singles\nCategory:2015 songs"}
-{"text": "Ke\u017emarok District\n\nKe\u017emarok District (Slovak: okres Ke\u017emarok) is a district in\nthe Pre\u0161ov Region of eastern Slovakia. \nIt is situated in the western part Pre\u0161ov Region. Ke\u017emarok district borders Star\u00e1 \u013dubov\u0148a District, Levo\u010da District, Poprad District, Sabinov District and Poland. It lies mainly on a foothills of High Tatras. Ke\u017emarok district was established in 1923 and in its present borders exist from 1996. It belongs to the smaller Slovak districts with lower population density. The administrative center is Ke\u017emarok town, but the district also profits from the proximity of larger Poprad.\n\nMunicipalities \nAbrah\u00e1movce\nBu\u0161ovce\n\u010cerven\u00fd Kl\u00e1\u0161tor\nHavka\nHolumnica\nHradisko\nHuncovce\nIh\u013eany\nJavorina\nJezersko\nJursk\u00e9\nKe\u017emarok\nKr\u00ed\u017eov\u00e1 Ves\nLechnica\nLendak\n\u013dubica\nMajere\nMal\u00e1 Frankov\u00e1\nMal\u00fd Slavkov\nMatia\u0161ovce\nMlyn\u010deky\nOstur\u0148a\nPodhorany\nRak\u00fasy\nRe\u013eov\nSlovensk\u00e1 Ves\nSpi\u0161sk\u00e1 Bel\u00e1\nSpi\u0161sk\u00e1 Star\u00e1 Ves\nSpi\u0161sk\u00e9 Hanu\u0161ovce\nStar\u00e1 Lesn\u00e1\nStr\u00e1ne pod Tatrami\nToporec\nTvaro\u017en\u00e1\nVe\u013ek\u00e1 Frankov\u00e1\nVe\u013ek\u00e1 Lomnica\nVlkov\u00e1\nVlkovce\nVoj\u0148any\nVrbov\nV\u00fdborn\u00e1\nZ\u00e1lesie\n\u017dakovce\n\nLocal Enterprises \n Isometall, s.r.o. - metal (steel, iron, etc.) manufacture - (http://www.isometall.sk)\n\n*\nCategory:Districts of Slovakia"}
-{"text": "National Division 1\n\nThe National Division 1 is the third tier of rugby league in France, below the Elite Two Championship and above the National Division 2. The season runs from September to April. From season 2012/13 the league was split into regions East and West, each team plays each other in their regional league home and away with the top sides then meeting in a series of play-off matches resulting in a Grand Final. The winner can be promoted to Elite Two subject to having adequate finances and facilities. Occasionally if the winners aren't able to be promoted, or opt out, then the team finishing second could be promoted.\n\nHistory \n\nThe league was first played for in 1949-50 under the title 2nd Division. The 2nd Division was played for until 1966 when the competition, after a league restructure, was ended. Brought back in 1976 under the title National 2 representing clubs at the 3rd tier. In 2008 the competition was rebranded and called National Division 1. For the start of season 2012/13 the league was split into East and West regional divisions.\n\nTeams for 2019-20 Season\n\nWest\n\nEast\n\nPast winners\n\nSee also\n\nRugby league in France\nFrance national rugby league team\nFrance women's national rugby league team\nFrench Rugby League Championship\nElite One Championship\nElite Two Championship\nNational Division 2\nLord Derby Cup\nCoupe Falcou\nPaul Dejean Cup\nFrench rugby league system\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Rugby league competitions in France"}
-{"text": "Shuyesheh\n\nShuyesheh (, also Romanized as Sh\u016byesheh; also known as Shav\u012bsheh and Shev\u012bsheh) is a city and capital of Kalatrazan District, in Sanandaj County, Kurdistan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,136, in 280 families.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Towns and villages in Sanandaj County\nCategory:Cities in Kurdistan Province"}
-{"text": "PTC Creo\n\nCreo is a family or suite of Computer-aided design (CAD) apps supporting product design for discrete manufacturers and is developed by PTC. The suite consists of apps, each delivering a distinct set of capabilities for a user role within product development.\n\nCreo runs on Microsoft Windows and provides apps for 3D CAD parametric feature solid modeling, 3D direct modeling, 2D orthographic views, Finite Element Analysis and simulation, schematic design, technical illustrations, and viewing and visualization.\n\nCreo Elements and Creo Parametric compete directly with CATIA, Siemens NX/Solidedge, and SolidWorks. The Creo suite of apps replace and supersede PTC\u2019s products formerly known as Pro/ENGINEER, CoCreate, and ProductView. Creo has many different software package solutions and features. Creo Illustrate is a good example.\n\nPTC began developing Creo in 2009, and announced it using the code name Project Lightning at PlanetPTC Live, in Las Vegas, in June 2010. In October 2010, PTC unveiled the product name for Project Lightning to be Creo. PTC released Creo 1.0 in June 2011.\n\nCreo apps are available in English, German, Russian, French, Italian, Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Chinese Simplified, and Chinese Traditional. The extent of localization varies from full translation of the product (including Help) to user interface only.\n\nCreo is part of a broader product development system developed by PTC. It connects to PTC\u2019s other solutions that aid product development, including Windchill for Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), Mathcad for engineering calculations and Arbortext for enterprise publishing software.\n\nSee also \n Parametric Technology Corporation\n Creo Elements/Pro\n Creo Elements/View\n Autodesk Inventor\n I-DEAS\n Solid Edge\n Siemens NX\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Product design\nCategory:Computer-aided design software for Windows"}
-{"text": "Stratos Vasileiou\n\nStratos Vasileiou (born 12 December 1948) is a Greek hurdler. He competed in the men's 110 metres hurdles at the 1976 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1948 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Greek male hurdlers\nCategory:Olympic athletes of Greece\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Marco's Greatest Gamble\n\nMarco's Greatest Gamble () is a 1926 German silent comedy film directed by Franz Seitz and starring Joe St\u00f6ckel, Maria Mindzenty and Walter Slezak.\n\nIt was made at the Emelka Studios in Munich. The sets were designed by Ludwig Reiber.\n\nCast\n Joe St\u00f6ckel as Marcco\n Maria Mindzenty\n Walter Slezak\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Quinlan, David. Quinlan's Illustrated Directory of Film Character Actors. Batsford, 1995.\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1926 films\nCategory:German films\nCategory:Films of the Weimar Republic\nCategory:Films directed by Franz Seitz\nCategory:German silent feature films\nCategory:German black-and-white films\nCategory:German comedy films\nCategory:1920s comedy films\nCategory:Bavaria Film films\nCategory:Films shot at Bavaria Studios"}
-{"text": "Jazz mugham\n\nThe Jazz mugham (also known as Mugham jazz) () is a variant of a musical fusion genre that developed from mixing Azerbaijani jazz with mugham, typically instrumental compositions with a jazz approach to lengthy group improvisations, often using wind and vocal music and displaying a high level of instrumental technique.\n\nHistory\nVagif Mustafazadeh is credited with fusing jazz with mugham. Mustafazadeh integrated two different ways of musical thinking by conjoining mugham with rich jazz harmony, fusing familiar motifs with swing, using both jazz and mugham types of melodic elaboration Mustafazadeh learned the classical jazz repertoire from recordings by the help of the characteristics of the oral transmission of mugham. After the death of Mustafa Zadeh, his daughter, Aziza Mustafazadeh made popular jazz mugham in Europe, where she issued seven recordings.\n\nThe style reached its full fame in the 1950s and 1960s under the influence of composer Rafig Babayev and his Gaya Quartet. Dizzy Gillespie, the legendary American jazz trumpeter, reportedly lauded Mustafazadeh for creating \"the music of the future.\"\n\nSee also\n Azerbaijani folk music\n Meykhana\n Music of Azerbaijan\n Culture of Azerbaijan\n\nReferences\n\n*\nCategory:Azerbaijani styles of music\nCategory:Jazz genres\nCategory:Jazz fusion\nCategory:Fusion music genres"}
-{"text": "Duka\n\nDuka is a village in Vas County, Hungary.\n\nFamous people\nThe poet Judit Dukai Tak\u00e1ch was born in Duka in 1795. Z\u00e1dor Gy\u00f6rgy was born there in 1799.\n\nExternal links \n Street map (Hungarian)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Vas County"}
-{"text": "Ordinary Lives\n\n\"Ordinary Lives\" is a single released by the Bee Gees in 1989. It was taken from their 16th studio album One. Following the premature death of their younger brother Andy Gibb in 1988, the Bee Gees dedicated this song and their new album to him. Originally the song was titled \"Cruel World\" but was changed and the name was \"Ordinary Lives\".\n\nComposition and inspiration\nScott Glasel recalled that \"Ordinary Lives\" was started before Andy died, but as completed it seems to be a philosophical comment on life and death. For a time it was called \"Cruel World\", a phrase heard at the start of the second verse as complete. The rhythm has some similarity to \"You Win Again\" and may have been a deliberate attempt to follow it up, but it has many new features including the brief spoken word parts and the existential musings of the lyrics, something often associated with Robin but clearly here coming from Barry. Probably the finished recording has added dubs by the musicians who worked on the album One.\n\nBarry Gibb performed this song in the 2013 Mythology Tour accompanied by his son Stephen Gibb and Maurice's daughter Samantha \"Sammy\" Gibb. He still used the backing vocal effect from the last part of the original record.\n\nPersonnel\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb \u2013 lead, harmony and backing vocals; rhythm guitar\nRobin Gibb \u2013 lead, harmony and backing vocals\nMaurice Gibb \u2013 harmony and backing vocals, keyboards (played bass on TV show performances of this song)\nAdditional musicians\nPeter-John Vettese \u2013 keyboards, synthesizer\n Tim Cansfield \u2013 lead guitar\nAlan Kendall \u2013 lead guitar\nNathan East \u2013 bass\nSteve Ferrone \u2013 drums\n\nChart performance\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Bee Gees songs\nCategory:1989 singles\nCategory:1989 songs\nCategory:Songs written by Maurice Gibb\nCategory:Songs written by Robin Gibb\nCategory:Songs written by Barry Gibb\nCategory:1988 songs\nCategory:Warner Records singles"}
-{"text": "Loni von Friedl\n\nLoni von Friedl (born 1943) is an Austrian film and television actress. She began as a child actress in the early 1950s, before graduating to mature roles during the following decade. The daughter of cinematographer Fritz von Friedl, she also has an actor brother of the same name. He nephew is the actor Christoph von Friedl.\n\nShe was married to the actor  G\u00f6tz George from 1966 to 1976. She later married J\u00fcrgen Schmidt.\n\nSelected filmography\n Maria Theresa (1951), as Marie Antoinette (child)\n The Merry Farmer (1951), as Annamirl (child)\n When the Bells Sound Clearly (1959), as Hanna\n My Schoolfriend (1960), as Rosi\n  (1961), as Katja\n The Shadows Grow Longer (1961), as Erika Sch\u00f6ner\n Two Among Millions (1961), as Christine\n The Happy Years of the Thorwalds (1962), as Brigitte von Tienitz\n  (1963), as Margot Zimmermann\n The Spendthrift (1964), as Amalie\n  (1964), as Vickie Paul\n The Blue Max (1966), as Elfi Heidemann\n The Blood of Fu Manchu (1968), as Celeste\n The Moment To Kill (1968), as Regina Forrester\n Doppelg\u00e4nger (1969), as Lise Hartman\n Diamantendetektiv Dick Donald (1971, TV series), as Daisy Johnson\n Ein Heim f\u00fcr Tiere (1985\u20131987, TV series), as Dr. Ingrid Probst\n Teufels Gro\u00dfmutter (1986, TV series), as Hetty Engelhardt\n Waldhaus (1987\u20131988, TV series), as Ilse Kurawski\n Peter und Paul (1994\u20131998, TV series), as Baroness von Rabenberg\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n Bock, Hans-Michael & Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise CineGraph. Encyclopedia of German Cinema. Berghahn Books, 2009.\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:1943 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Austrian film actresses\nCategory:Austrian television actresses\nCategory:20th-century Austrian actresses\nCategory:21st-century Austrian actresses\nCategory:People from Vienna"}
-{"text": "Adam Briscomb\n\nAdam Briscomb is an Australian actor, best known for his role as Adam Tate in the television soap opera \nSons and Daughters.\n\nReferences\n http://www.sonsanddaughters.co.uk/people/castlist/actor_order_1.htm\n https://aso.gov.au/titles/features/dogs-in-space/credits/\n https://www.ausstage.edu.au/pages/contributor/232587\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Australian male television actors\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Book of Shadows (album)\n\nBook of Shadows is the first solo studio album by the heavy metal guitarist Zakk Wylde.  The album was first released in 1996 by Geffen, and was reissued by Spitfire in 1999 with the bonus disc containing \"Evil Ways\" (the Japanese bonus track from the album's original release), \"The Color Green\", and \"Peddlers of Death\" (an acoustic version of a track that features on Black Label Society's Sonic Brew).\n\nUnlike his work with Ozzy Osbourne and Black Label Society, here Zakk Wylde shows a different side to his music; an introspective and mostly acoustic style recalling many of the lighter moments from his previous project, Pride & Glory as well as classic folk rock artists such as Neil Young.\n\nPromotional singles were released for \"Between Heaven and Hell\" and \"Way Beyond Empty\", the latter of which also had an accompanying music video.\n\n\"Throwin' It All Away\" was written about the death of Shannon Hoon from the band Blind Melon. Shannon and Zakk had lived together and became close friends a few months before he died of a drug overdose.\n\nTrack listing \nAll songs written and composed by Zakk Wylde.\n\nDisc one\n\"Between Heaven and Hell\" \u2013 3:26\n\"Sold My Soul\" \u2013 4:52 (feat. Guiggs)\n\"Road Back Home\" \u2013 5:48\n\"Way Beyond Empty\" \u2013 5:25\n\"Throwin' It All Away\" \u2013 5:47\n\"What You're Look'n For\" \u2013 5:31\n\"Dead as Yesterday\" \u2013 2:51\n\"Too Numb to Cry\" \u2013 2:23\n\"The Things You Do\" \u2013 4:11\n\"1,000,000 Miles Away\" \u2013 6:29\n\"I Thank You Child\" \u2013 4:41\n\nDisc two\n\"Evil Ways\" \u2013 4:13 (Original Japanese bonus track)\n\"The Color Green\" \u2013 3:05\n\"Peddlers of Death\" \u2013 5:51 (later re-arranged and re-recorded with Black Label Society for the Sonic Brew album)\n\nPersonnel\nZakk Wylde \u2013 lead and backing vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, piano, keyboards, harmonica, bass guitar on \"1,000,000 Miles Away\"\nJoe Vitale \u2013 drums, keyboards, piano on \"I Thank You Child\"\nJames LoMenzo \u2013 bass guitar\nJohn Sambataro \u2013 additional background vocals on \"Way Beyond Empty\"\n\nProduction\nProduced and recorded by Ron Albert and Howard Albert\nMixed by Bob Clearmountain, assisted by Ryan Freeland\nStrings arranged and conducted by Mike Lewis\nRecording engineers: Greg Goldman, Ron Albert, Howard Albert, Eric Gobel, Frank Cesarano\nMastered by David J. Donnelly\n\nManagement\n Personal Manager: Gerry Tolman\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Zakk Wylde albums\nCategory:1996 debut albums\nCategory:Geffen Records albums\nCategory:Spitfire Records albums"}
-{"text": "Back in Town\n\nBack in Town may refer to:\n\n Back in Town (George Carlin album), 1996\n Back in Town (Matt Dusk album), 2006\n Back in Town (Mel Torm\u00e9 album), 1959\n Back in Town (The Kingston Trio album), 1964"}
-{"text": "Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913\n\nThe Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 (29 July 1913) was an agreement between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the Shatt al-\u2018Arab. Signed, but never ratified, the long-lasting impact of the agreement was that of the status of Kuwait; the basis for both formal independence and the frontiers of modern Kuwait were established.\n\nBackground\nInformal negotiations began on 29 July 1911 in a British memorandum sent to the Ottoman Government. By this time, it seemed likely that the terminus for the German funded and engineered Baghdad Railway would be situated in Kuwait.  Kuwait had been under Ottoman administration since 1871 and in 1875 was included in the Basra Vilayet, yet Ottoman rule was mainly nominal. Although the sheikhdom now fell under the Empire\u2019s jurisdiction, no Ottoman official was stationed in Kuwait. Influence over Kuwait was crucial to British foreign policy in the Persian Gulf with regard to commerce and strategic interests concerning India. \n\nTo the British, further extension of the railway line meant further expansion of Ottoman influence, and the current administration\u2014already emboldened by the \u201cYoung Turk\u201d regime\u2014desired to reestablish effective control over its empire south of Kuwait. Even worse was the possible encroachment of other European powers. In the proposed memorandum, the British therefore sought to regularize the 1901 Status Quo agreement, with the added refinement of a clear definition of Kuwait\u2019s boundaries  to Britain\u2019s advantage. \n\nAlthough at times deadlocked, negotiations communicated via memorandums continued on a quid pro quo basis in which the British had the advantage; if the Ottomans were to accept Kuwait\u2019s autonomous status and proposed boundaries, the British would have to accept Ottoman suzerainty, and in return, the northern islands of Warba and Bubiyan must be allocated to Kuwait, and so forth.  The waning influence of Istanbul in the Gulf forced it to make concessions without much to gain in return. The Ottoman Empire had faced a number of setbacks in the last few decades\u2014a few of its provinces achieved independence, some were annexed by other countries, or many lost in conflict\u2014and for internal political reasons it may have seemed important to maintain Kuwait as part of the empire, even if only symbolically. The Ottomans also felt that making this agreement would ensure British support on other more pressing issues, such as dealing with invasion by other European powers and conflicts in other parts of the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, British pressures led the Ottomans to abandon the proposed extension of the railway line to Kuwait and instead opt for a Basra terminus. Plans for a Basra terminus created a new series of demands on behalf of the British, including the Ottoman renunciation of Qatar, and delineating its role in the wider Persian Gulf waters. Britain had wanted to conclude agreements with Sheikh of Qatar Jasim al-Thani about illicit arms traffic and maritime peace, and also sought to formally establish its dominance in the Gulf. By 6 May 1913 Britain and the Ottoman Empire initialed the compromise and the Anglo-Ottoman Convention was signed on 29 July 1913, exactly two years after the first memorandum.\n\nNon-ratification\nThe Anglo-Ottoman Convention was only part of a wider bargaining process and the complexities of the competing European commercial interests in the region prevented its ratification. Russia, France, and Germany (and later Italy) also had been pressing the Ottoman government for railway concessions. Ratification was further complicated by the fact that most of the Powers themselves were engaged in bilateral negotiations with the Ottoman Empire, just as the British had done with this Convention. Also, attempts to obtain oil concessions from the Ottoman government added to the complexity of commercial arrangements. Finally, the Ottomans and British emerged as enemies within months of the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913, as the outbreak of World War I diminished any hope left for ratification.\n\nTerms\n\nI. Kuwait\nSection I of the convention comprised ten articles concerning the status of Kuwait, and its territorial boundaries. It included contradictory provisions in that the British acknowledged Kuwait as an autonomous provincial sub-district (kaza) of the Ottoman Empire within the drawn green-zone and pledged to not establish a protectorate, while the Ottoman Empire recognized the validity of agreements that had made Kuwait a British protectorate except by name and recognized Kuwait as an independent entity within the drawn red-zone.\n\nAccording to the agreement, Kuwait constituted \u201can autonomous kaza of the Ottoman Empire,\u201d thereby recognizing Sheikh Mubarak al-Sabah as ruler of Kuwait as well as kaymakam (Ottoman district governor) (Article 1).  Kuwait was listed as such because the Ottomans and British interpretations of \u201csovereignty\u201d and \u201csuzerainty\u201d differed in their counter-drafts and so both terms were omitted in the final draft.  \n\nAs it was an \u201cautonomous\u201d kaza, the Ottoman government agreed to refrain from interfering in the affairs of Kuwait, \u201cincluding the question of succession, and from any administrative as well as any occupation or military act.\u201d It also allowed for the use of the Ottoman flag with the option to inscribe the word \u201cKuwait\u201d on it (Article 2). \n\nThe agreement also identified the territories of Kuwait as two different regions, demarcated in red and green on a map annexed to the convention.  The red line, as it is commonly referred to, demarcated the region in which the sheikh was to have \u201ccomplete administrative autonomy.\u201d This region was formed by \u201ca semicircle with the town of Kuwayt in the center, the Khawr al-Zubayr at the northern extremity and al-Qurrayin at the southern extremity\u201d (Article 5). This also included the surrounding islands of Warba and Bubiyan, which were major bargaining points for the British who viewed the Ottoman military posts on the islands as a threat.  \n\nThe green line defined the region in which the Sheikh of Kuwait would exercise the administrative rights of an Ottoman kaymakam. The tribes situated in that area were \u201crecognized within the dependence of the Shaykh of Kuwait,\u201d and as kaymakam he was required to collect tribute (Article 6).  The importance of the green line is that it set out for the first time the basis for the established frontiers of modern Kuwait:\n\nThe demarcation line begins on the coast at the mouth of Khor al-Zubair in the northwest and crosses immediately south of Umm-Qasr, Safwan, and Jabla Sanam, in such a way as to leave to the vilayet of Basrah these locations and their wells; arriving at the al-Batin, it follows it toward the southwest until Hafr-al-Batin which it leaves on the same side as Kuwayt; from that point on the line in question goes southeast leaving to the wells of al-Safah, al-Garaa, al-Haba, al-Warbah, and Antaa, reaching the sea near Jabal Munifa (Article 7).\n\nAnother major provision, and one which the Ottomans required, was that of the British declaration that no protectorate would be established over Kuwait (Article 4). Yet, the Ottoman government recognized the validity of the Anglo-Kuwaiti Agreement of 1899, and the 1900 and 1904 agreements in which Kuwait had undertaken not to engage in arms trade or allow another power to establish a post office, as well as land concessions made by the Sheikh to the British government (Article 3). \n\t\nSmaller provisions were also added at the convention, which included the Sheikh\u2019s right to his private property in the vilayet of Basra (Article 9) and extradition (Article 10).\n\nII. Qatar & III. Bahrain\nSection II and III constitute provisions for Qatar and Bahrain, respectively. Central to the negotiations was the status of Qatar and Bahrain, and the British pressured the Ottoman government that it should renounce its claims to both. If the Ottoman government retained sovereignty over Qatar and Bahrain that would enable it the right to still intervene in matters of the Gulf, of which the British desired to retain a monopoly.  \n\nThe Ottomans were willing to drop all claims to Bahrain, in which they had never been able to maintain anything but a symbolic role, but not Qatar. As a question of sovereignty, the Ottomans argued that the empire had always exercised effective sovereignty over the peninsula and could not justify the abandonment of territory which it had never formally renounced. Yet under considerable pressure it renounced claims to both (Articles 11 & 13) and a blue line was established to define the territorial limits of Ottoman jurisdiction. This line separated the Ottoman sanjak of Najd from Qatar. The blue line began a few miles to the south of Zaknuniya (which was included in the sanjak), directly south up to the Rub' al-Khali (Article 11). The agreement did not mention that Zaknuniya would be part of the Najd sanjak in return for an Ottoman consideration of \u00a3\u00a01,000 paid to the Sheikh of Bahrain via the British government.  \n\nWith regard to Bahrain, the Ottomans renounced all claims to it so long as the British declared no intention of annexing it (Article 13) and did not claim capitulation rights for subjects of the Sheikh of Bahrain (protected by the Britannic Majesty\u2019s Consuls) living in the Ottoman Empire (Article 15).\n\nIV. The Persian Gulf\nThe final step in ensuring its dominance over the Persian Gulf was formalizing British policing of the Gulf. Therefore, \u201cfor the Protection of its special interests\u2026in the free water of the Persian Gulf and on the borders belonging to the independent Shaykhs from the south of al-Qatar up to the Indian Ocean,\u201d the British were able to continue exercising, as in the past, the following measures (Article 16): \n(a)\tSoundings, lighting of lighthouses, placement of buoys, piloting\n(b)\tMaritime police\n(c)\tQuarantine measures\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nAnscombe, Frederick F. The Ottoman Gulf: the creation of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.\nKelly, J.B. Eastern Arabian Frontiers New York: Frederick A Praeger, 1964.\nKelly, J.B. Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in Eastern Arabia International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) 34.4 (1958): 16-24.\nHurewitz, J.C., ed. The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics: A Documentary Record, 2nd edn. Vol. 1: European Expansion, 1535-1914. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975, pp.567-570. \nSchofield, Richard. Kuwait and Iraq: Historical and Territorial Disputes. London: Chatham House, 1991.\nSlot, B.J. Mubarak al-Sabah: Founder of Modern Kuwait 1896-1915. Arabian Publishing Ltd, 2005.\n\nFurther reading\nTallon, James N. \"Allies and Adversaries: Anglo-Ottoman Boundary Negotiation in the Middle East, 1906\u20131914\" in Justin Q. Olmsted Britain in the Islamic World Imperial and Post-Imperial Connections London: Palgrave, 2019, p.89-105.\n\nCategory:Bilateral treaties of the Ottoman Empire\nCategory:History of Kuwait\nCategory:1913 in Kuwait\nCategory:1913 in the United Kingdom\nCategory:Treaties concluded in 1913\nCategory:Iraq\u2013United Kingdom relations\nCategory:1913 in the Ottoman Empire\nCategory:Ottoman period in Yemen\nCategory:1913 in British law\nCategory:Ottoman Empire\u2013United Kingdom relations\nCategory:July 1913 events\nCategory:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801\u20131922)\nCategory:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom"}
-{"text": "Lemoyne, Pennsylvania\n\nLemoyne is a borough in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania,  United States. Lemoyne was incorporated as a borough on May 23, 1905. As of the 2010 census, the borough population was 4,553. It was formerly named \"Bridgeport\". Lemoyne lies across the Susquehanna River from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania's capital. It is part of the Harrisburg\u2013Carlisle Metropolitan Statistical Area.\n\nLemoyne is served by Interstate 83 and U.S. Routes 11/15. Lemoyne is served by the West Shore School District.\n\nGeography\nLemoyne is located on the eastern edge of Cumberland County at  (40.243389, -76.896532), on the west bank of the Susquehanna River, directly across from Harrisburg. It is bordered to the north by Wormleysburg, to the west by Camp Hill, and to the south by the borough of New Cumberland and Lower Allen Township.\n\nAccording to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of , all of it land.\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there are 3,995 people, 1,926 households, and 999 families residing in the borough. The population density is 2,565.8 people per square mile (988.8/km\u00b2). There are 2,027 housing units at an average density of 1,301.9 per square mile (501.7/km\u00b2). The racial makeup of the borough is 96.52% White, 0.58% African American, 0.08% Native American, 1.30% Asian, 0.55% from other races, and 0.98% from two or more races. 1.08% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.\n\nThere are 1,926 households, out of which 23.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.7% are married couples living together, 9.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 48.1% are non-families. 40.7% of all households are made up of individuals, and 11.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.07 and the average family size is 2.84.\n\nIn the borough the population is spread out, with 20.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 33.5% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females, there are 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.3 males.\n\nThe median income for a household in the borough is $39,803, and the median income for a family is $47,438. Males have a median income of $32,284 versus $26,719 for females. The per capita income for the borough is $28,705. 5.7% of the population and 4.4% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 4.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.9% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.\n\nNotable people\n Bob Adams, baseball pitcher\n Edson Hendricks, computer scientist\n Stan Jones, football player\n Paul Minner, baseball pitcher\n Bob Moorhead, baseball pitcher\n Andy Musser, sports announcer\n Dean T. Stevenson, Episcopal bishop\n Helen Waddell, baseball player\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places on the Susquehanna River\nCategory:Populated places established in 1905\nCategory:Harrisburg\u2013Carlisle metropolitan statistical area\nCategory:Boroughs in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania\nCategory:1905 establishments in Pennsylvania"}
-{"text": "Peter Stewart (Medal of Honor)\n\nGunnery Sergeant Peter Stewart (February 17, 1858 \u2013 June 17, 1914) was a member of the United States Marine Corps and a recipient of the Medal of Honor.\n\nHe was one a group of U.S. sailors and Marines dispatched to guard the United States legation in Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion, and was awarded the medal for his extreme gallantry in four separate actions during June 1900.\n\nStewart was buried at the Cypress Hills National Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York, Section 2, Grave 7303.\n\nMedal of Honor citation\nRank and organization: Gunnery Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps. Born: 17 February 1858, Airdrie, Scotland. Accredited to: Washington, D.C. G.O. No.: 55, 19 July 1901.\n\nCitation:\n\nIn action with the relief expedition of the Allied forces in China during the battles of 13, 20, 21, and 22 June 1900. Throughout this period and in the presence of the enemy, Stewart distinguished himself by meritorious conduct.\n\nSee also\nList of Medal of Honor recipients\nList of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:United States Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients\nCategory:United States Marines\nCategory:1858 births\nCategory:1914 deaths\nCategory:Burials at Cypress Hills National Cemetery\nCategory:Scottish-born Medal of Honor recipients\nCategory:Scottish emigrants to the United States\nCategory:People from Washington, D.C.\nCategory:American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion\nCategory:Boxer Rebellion recipients of the Medal of Honor"}
-{"text": "Greywacke\n\nGreywacke or graywacke (German grauwacke, signifying a grey, earthy rock) is a variety of sandstone generally characterized by its hardness, dark color, and poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments or lithic fragments set in a compact, clay-fine matrix. It is a texturally immature sedimentary rock generally found in Paleozoic strata. The larger grains can be sand- to gravel-sized, and matrix materials generally constitute more than 15% of the rock by volume. The term \"greywacke\" can be confusing, since it can refer to either the immature (rock fragment) aspect of the rock or its fine-grained (clay) component.\n\nThe origin of greywacke was unknown until turbidity currents and turbidites were understood, since, according to the normal laws of sedimentation, gravel, sand and mud should not be laid down together. Geologists now attribute its formation to submarine avalanches or strong turbidity currents. These actions churn sediment and cause mixed-sediment slurries, in which the resulting deposits may exhibit a variety of sedimentary features. Supporting the turbidity current origin theory is that deposits of greywacke are found on the edges of the continental shelves, at the bottoms of oceanic trenches, and at the bases of mountain formational areas. They also occur in association with black shales of deep sea origin.\n\nGreywackes are mostly grey, brown, yellow or black, dull-colored sandy rocks which may occur in thick or thin beds along with shales and limestones. They are abundant in Wales, the south of Scotland, the Longford Massif in Ireland and the Lake District National Park of England; they compose the majority of the main alps that make up the backbone of New Zealand; sandstones classified as feldspathic and lithic greywacke have been recognized in Ecca Group in South Africa. They can contain a very great variety of minerals, the principal ones being quartz, orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars, calcite, iron oxides and graphitic, carbonaceous matters, together with (in the coarser kinds) fragments of such rocks as felsite, chert, slate, gneiss, various schists, and quartzite. Among other minerals found in them are biotite, chlorite, tourmaline, epidote, apatite, garnet, hornblende, augite, sphene and pyrites. The cementing material may be siliceous or argillaceous and is sometimes calcareous. \n\nAs a rule greywackes do not contain fossils, but organic remains may be common in the finer beds associated with them. Their component particles are usually not very rounded or polished, and the rocks have often been considerably indurated by recrystallization, such as the introduction of interstitial silica. In some districts the greywackes are cleaved, but they show phenomena of this kind much less perfectly than the slates. Some varieties include feldspathic greywacke, which is rich in feldspar, and lithic greywacke, which is rich in tiny rock fragments.\n\nAlthough the group is so diverse that it is difficult to characterize mineralogically, it has a well-established place in petrographical classifications because these peculiar composite arenaceous deposits are very frequent among Silurian and Cambrian rocks, and are less common in Mesozoic or Cenozoic strata. Their essential features are their gritty character and their complex composition. By increasing metamorphism, greywackes frequently pass into mica-schists, chloritic schists and sedimentary gneisses.\n\nSee also\n Greywacke zone\n Torlesse Greywacke\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n National Park Service site Presidio\n Franciscan Greywacke/Shales\n\nCategory:Sedimentary rocks\nCategory:Sandstone"}
-{"text": "Emma of Anjou\n\nEmma (or Emme) of Anjou (c.1140\u2013c.1214) was an illegitimate daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, and thus the half-sister of King Henry II of England. She was married to Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd, a Welsh prince. She is occasionally confused with Emma de Laval (1200-1264), the daughter of Guy V de Laval, or alternatively with her mother, Emma de Dunstanville, who is sometimes also known as Emma of Anjou.\nEmma married Dafydd in the summer of 1174, after an unsuccessful rebellion by the queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and her older sons had led her half-brother the king to disperse Eleanor's court in Aquitaine and bring Emma back to England. \n\nEmma had four children by Dafydd:\n\n Owain\n Einion\n Gwenllian\n Gwenhwyfar, who married one Meurig ap Roger, the son of a Powys nobleman who had allied himself with Henry II\n\nIn 1176, after her husband's rule in the Kingdom of Gwynedd had been challenged by his brother, Emma is known to have visited King Henry II and received a gift of manors in Shropshire and Worcestershire. After Henry's death in 1189, she continued to attempt to protect her children's interests by making representations to Henry's heirs.\n\nIn 1196, Emma and her husband, at the request of their son, Owain, gave property to Haughmond Abbey. Shortly afterwards, Dafydd was deposed by his nephew, Llywelyn the Great, and was forced into exile in England, where he died in 1203.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1140s births\nCategory:1210s deaths\nCategory:12th-century French women"}
-{"text": "Willian (footballer, born 1986)\n\nWillian Gomes de Siqueira (born 1 March 1986), simply known as Willian, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Palmeiras.\n\nClub career\n\nEarly career\nBorn in Tr\u00eas Fronteiras, S\u00e3o Paulo, Willian joined Guarani's youth setup in 2002. He made his first team \u2013 and S\u00e9rie A \u2013 debut on 22 August 2004, coming on as a second half substitute for Sandro Hiroshi in a 1\u20131 home draw against Vasco da Gama.\n\nWillian appeared rarely for the club during the season, as his side suffered relegation. He appeared more regularly in the following year, but was still sparingly used.\n\nAtl\u00e9tico Paranaense\nOn 23 December 2005, Willian signed for Atl\u00e9tico-PR. He scored his first goal in the top tier for the club on 30 August 2006, netting the winner in a 2\u20131 home win against Santos. \n\nWillian was rarely used in the following years, also suffering a knee injury in 2007. On 3 February 2009, he was loaned to Vila Nova until December.\n\nWhile on loan, Willian scored eight goals during the year's S\u00e9rie B, being the club's top goalscorer as his side avoided relegation. Highlights included braces against Campinense (two times) and Am\u00e9rica-RN.\n\nOn 26 January 2010, after returning from loan, Willian rescinded his contract with Atl\u00e9tico.\n\nFigueirense\nIn February 2010, Willian joined Figueirense. He was the top goalscorer of Campeonato Catarinense with 13 goals in only 15 matches, being also elected the best player of the tournament.\n\nWillian also scored a further 12 goals during the S\u00e9rie B championship, being one of the key units as the club achieved top level promotion as second.\n\nCorinthians\nOn 3 January 2011, Willian signed for Corinthians, with Atl\u00e9tico still retaining part ownership. He made his debut for the club late in the month, replacing Morais in a 2\u20132 draw at S\u00e3o Bernardo.\n\nWillian scored his first goals for Tim\u00e3o on 13 March 2011, netting a brace in a 3\u20132 away win against Mirassol. Mainly used as a substitute during the Campeonato Paulista, he became a regular starter for the club during the year's Brasileir\u00e3o; he scored a double in a 2\u20130 home win against Fluminense on 12 June.\n\nWillian also appeared regularly in 2012 Copa Libertadores, helping Corinthians to lift their first-ever title in the competition.\n\nMetalist Kharkiv\nOn 2 July 2012 Willian moved abroad, moving to Ukrainian Premier League club FC Metalist Kharkiv. He scored his first goal abroad on 18 August, netting the second in a 3\u20130 win at FC Hoverla Uzhhorod.\n\nWillian made his continental debut on 23 August 2012, starting in a 2\u20130 away win against FC Dinamo Bucure\u0219ti in the UEFA Europa League. Again mainly used as a substitute, he returned to his homeland in the following year.\n\nCruzeiro\nOn 14 July 2013, Willian signed a one-year loan deal with Cruzeiro, with Diego Souza moving permanently in the opposite direction. Roughly one year later, he was bought outright for a fee of \u20ac3.5 million; he also appeared regularly as his side achieved back-to-back Brasileir\u00e3o titles in 2013 and 2014.\n\nDuring the 2015 campaign, Willian became an undisputed starter under new manager Mano Menezes; during the manager's debut on 6 September, he scored four goals in a 5\u20131 home routing of Figueirense.\n\nCareer statistics\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nCorinthians\nCampeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A: 2011\nCopa Libertadores: 2012\n\nCruzeiro\nCampeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A: 2013, 2014\nCampeonato Mineiro: 2014\n\nPalmeiras\nCampeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A: 2018\n\nIndividual\nCampeonato Catarinense Best player: 2010\nCampeonato Catarinense Team of the year: 2010\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nFurac\u00e3o profile \n\nCategory:1986 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Brazilian footballers\nCategory:Association football forwards\nCategory:Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie A players\nCategory:Campeonato Brasileiro S\u00e9rie B players\nCategory:Guarani FC players\nCategory:Club Athletico Paranaense players\nCategory:Vila Nova Futebol Clube players\nCategory:Figueirense FC players\nCategory:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players\nCategory:Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players\nCategory:Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras players\nCategory:Ukrainian Premier League players\nCategory:FC Metalist Kharkiv players\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine\nCategory:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine"}
-{"text": "Zeytinlik\n\nZeytinlik is a Turkish place name meaning \"olive grove.\" It may refer to:\n\n Zeytinlik, Artvin, a village in the central district of Artvin Province, Turkey\n Templos, a village in the Kyrenia district of Cyprus, whose Turkish name is Zeytinlik\n Zeitenlik, a World War I Entente military cemetery in Thessaloniki, Greece"}
-{"text": "Lake Marie\n\nLake Marie is a small freshwater lake in Umpqua Lighthouse State Park, near Winchester Bay, Oregon, USA.  It has a sandy beach at one end for swimming and day use, hiking trails surrounding it, and is overlooked by a couple of log cabins which can be rented.\n\nReferences \n\n http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Oregon-Coast/Outdoor-Recreation/Camp-Oregon/Camping/Umpqua-Lighthouse-State-Park.aspx\n http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_121.php\n http://www.hikercentral.com/campgrounds/117781.html\n http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/PLANS/docs/masterplans/umpqua_lighthouse.pdf\n\nExternal links \nhttp://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_121.php\n\nMarie\nMarie\nCategory:Protected areas of Douglas County, Oregon"}
-{"text": "Bifr\u00f6st (town)\n\nBifr\u00f6st is a small settlement in western Iceland, in the M\u00fdras\u00fdsla county.\n\nIt is located in the Northwest Political constituency and is the site of Bifr\u00f6st University, a small private campus university. In the town of Bifr\u00f6st there is a convenience store called Samkaup strax, a coffee house, a kindergarten and a gym among other things.\n\nGr\u00e1br\u00f3karhraun\nBifr\u00f6st is surrounded by a 3,000-year-old lava field, Gr\u00e1br\u00f3karhraun, which has been overgrown with moss and heather. Just behind the university campus there is an old volcano called Gr\u00e1br\u00f3k and another mountain called Gr\u00e1br\u00f3karfell.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Western Region (Iceland)"}
-{"text": "Cha In-pyo\n\nCha In-pyo (; born October 14, 1967) is a South Korean actor.\n\nEarly life \nCha graduated from Rutgers University in the U.S. with a degree in economics. His father ran a shipping company and had intended for Cha to take over the family business.\n\nCareer \nAfter working at Hanjin Shipping for several years, he quit his job to pursue acting full-time. In 1993 he joined MBC and made his debut in the television series Under the Same Roof (ko) before enlisting and completing his mandatory military service. His major breakthrough came in the 1997 television series Star in My Heart, one of the first Korean dramas to be broadcast overseas and widely acknowledged to be the \"first generation\" of the Korean Wave, earning him public recognition. He has since garnered an extensive filmography in both film and television, including Crossing which was South Korea's entry for the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film and earned him several nominations for various awards. He has also collaborated with Korean-American director Benson Lee in the period drama-comedy indie film Seoul Searching, which was screened at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival and features a diverse cast and crew drawn from the worldwide overseas Japanese, Chinese and Korean diaspora.\n\nPersonal life \nCha met his future wife, co-star Shin Ae-ra, on the set of the drama Love in Your Heart (ko) and they married in March 1995. As two of the top television stars of the 1990s, their marriage received extensive media coverage and was one of the most reported events of the year. They have a son and two daughters. Their decision to adopt their daughters was met with praise, especially given the rarity of adoptions by local Korean families compared to overseas families.\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision series\n\nFilms\n\nMC \n Environmental Special () (KBS, 2007)\n Blackbox (KBS, 2002)\n Love for Three Days (; co-host, Park Cheol) (iTV, 1998)\n\nMusic videos\n Forgiveness (\uc6a9\uc11c, Cho Jang-hyuk, 2001)\n Sad... (Cho Jang-hyuk, 2001)\n Forever (\uc601\uc6d0, Sky, 1999)\n\nDiscography \n \"Heart Fire\" (\u5fc3\u706b, Xin Huo) - The Four Detective Guards opening theme song (2004) \n \"Dream\" (\u68a6, Meng) - The Four Detective Guards ending theme song (2004)\n\nNovels \n Cha, In-pyo. (2011). Today's Forecast (). Hainaim (\ud574\ub0c4\ucd9c\ud310\uc0ac). .\n Cha, In-pyo. (2009). Goodbye, Hill (). Sallim (\uc0b4\ub9bc). .\n\nAwards\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n http://www.inpyosarang.net/ \n Cha In-pyo at HanCinema\n\nCategory:South Korean novelists\nCategory:South Korean television presenters\nCategory:South Korean male television actors\nCategory:South Korean male film actors\nCategory:South Korean male models\nCategory:Male actors from Seoul\nCategory:1967 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Rutgers University alumni"}
-{"text": "Bajumwali\n\nBajumwali is a settlement in Kenya's Lamu County.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Coast Province\nCategory:Lamu County"}
-{"text": "Pontilia gens\n\nThe gens Pontilia was an obscure plebeian family at ancient Rome.  Hardly any members of this gens appear in history, but a number of them are mentioned in inscriptions.\n\nOrigin\nThe nomen Pontilius belongs to a class of gentilicia which were originally derived from cognomina ending in -ilus.  However, such names were so common that the ending {not a typo|-ilius}} came to be regarded as a regular gentile-forming suffix, and was applied in cases where there was no morphological justification.  This may have been the case with Pontilius, which is probably derived from the Oscan praenomen Pompo or Pomptus, which also gave rise to several other nomina, including Pompilius, Pomponius, and Pontius.  Pompo was the Oscan cognate of the Latin praenomen Quintus, and thus Pontilius was equivalent to Latin gentes such as Quinctia and Quinctilia.\n\nPraenomina\nThe chief praenomina of the Pontilii were Gaius, Marcus, Lucius, and Numerius.  The first three were the most common praenomina throughout Roman history, while Numerius was mainly used by plebeian families, especially those of Oscan origin.  Other praenomina are occasionally found, with instances of Publius, Sextus, and Titus, all of which were very common.\n\nMembers\n\n Pontilia, buried at Rome.\n Pontilius, named in an inscription from Carthage in Africa Proconsularis.\n Pontilius M. f., son of Marcus Pontilius Urbanus and Fortunata, buried at Atina in Lucania, in a tomb dating to the third century AD, or the latter part of the second.\n Gaius Pontilius, mentioned by Appian one of the allied leaders during the Social War, may be a mistake for \"Gaius Pontidius\", which is what he is called by Velleius Paterculus.\n Gaius Pontilius, one of the masters of Philippus, a slave mentioned in an inscription from Carthago Nova in Hispania Citerior.\n Gaius Pontilius, named in an inscription from the present site of Mechta 'Ain el Msad, formerly part of Numidia.\n Marcus Pontilius, one of the masters of Philippus.\n Marcus Pontilius, named in an inscription from Aquileia in Venetia and Histria.\n Numerius Pontilius, buried at Atina.\n Gaius Pontilius Bantius, named in a libationary inscription from Thignica in Africa Proconsularis.\n Pontilius Caedimnus, a friend of Gnaeus Julius Maturus, a quattuorvir buried at Hipponium in Bruttium, during the second or third centuries AD.\n Numerius Pontilius Campanus, buried at Atina, in a tomb dedicated by his children.\n Marcus Pontilius Cerealis, named in an inscription from Rome.\n Gaius Pontilius Coronarius, named in a libationary inscription from Thignica.\n Pontilius Crescens, buried at Ausafa in Africa Proconsularis, aged fifty-eight.\n Pontilia Crispina, wife of Tiberius Parmensius Tacitus, and mother of Parmensia Tacitae, buried with her daughter at Parma in Etruria.\n Lucius Pontilius L. f. Durus, a standard-bearer, named in an inscription from Caere in Etruria.\n Lucius Pontilius Epidius, one of the masters of Philodamus, a slave, named in an inscription from Minturnae.\n Marcus Pontilius Epidius, one of the masters of Philodamus.\n Publius Pontillius Eros, named in an inscription from Rome.\n Pontilia Festa, buried at the present site of Sidi Mohammed el Azreg, formerly part of Africa Proconsularis, aged fifty-five.\n Pontilius Fortunatus, buried at Thagura in Africa Proconsularis.\n Gaius Pontilius Fregellanus, an administrative decurion at Salona in Dalmatia.\n Pontilius Nundinarius, namd in a libationary inscription from Thignica.\n Pontilia Renata, dedicated a tomb at Atina, dating to the third century AD, to her husband, Aurelius Quintasius, aged forty-five.\n Publius Pontilius Saturninus, buried at the present site of Marakib, formerly part of Africa Proconsularis.\n Pontilia Secunda, daughter of Pontilius Victorinus, buried at Madaurus in Numidia, aged twenty-nine years, ten months, and twenty-four days.\n Marcus Pontilius Urbanus, husband of Fortunata, buried a son at Atina.\n Titus Pontilius Venal[...], named in an inscription from Pausulae in Picenum.\n Pontilius Victorinus, father of Pontilia Secunda.\n Sextus Pontilius Vindex, aedile and quattuorvir, buried at the present site of Rouzou, formerly in Africa Proconsularis.\n Caecilius Pontilius Paulinus, a flamen and patron of the Roman colony at Madaurus.\n\nSee also\n List of Roman gentes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.\n Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).\n Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\n Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853\u2013present).\n Gustav Wilmanns, Inscriptiones Africae Latinae (Latin Inscriptions from Africa, abbreviated ILAfr), Georg Reimer, Berlin (1881).\n Ettore Pais, Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum Supplementa Italica (Italian Supplement to the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum), Rome (1884).\n Ren\u00e9 Cagnat et alii, L'Ann\u00e9e \u00e9pigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888\u2013present).\n George Davis Chase, \"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).\n St\u00e9phane Gsell, Inscriptions Latines de L'Alg\u00e9rie (Latin Inscriptions from Algeria, abbreviated ILAlg), Edouard Champion, Paris (1922\u2013present).\n Inscriptiones Italiae (Inscriptions from Italy, abbreviated InscrIt), Rome (1931-present).\n\nCategory:Roman gentes"}
-{"text": "The Red Squirrel\n\nThe Red Squirrel () is a 1993 drama film by the Spanish filmmaker Julio M\u00e9dem, starring Emma Su\u00e1rez and Nancho Novo.\n\nPlot\n\nJota (Novo), a failed musician whose girlfriend has recently left him, is about to commit suicide by jumping off a bridge when a girl on a motorcycle, Sof\u00eda (Su\u00e1rez), crashes off it. Rushing to help her, he discovers she has lost her memory, even forgetting her name. After telling the paramedics and staff at the hospital that she is his girlfriend, he later tells her the same. He invents an entire identity for her, giving her the name Lisa, and a history of their relationship according to his own fantasies. With the hospital psychiatrist starting to become suspicious, he spirits her out of the hospital and away on a trip to the 'Ardilla Roja' campsite, which he claims they have been planning for some while. As their relationship becomes intimate, their behaviour sparks the suspicions of a family of fellow campers (Karra Elejalde and Mar\u00eda Barranco) and it becomes clear that Lisa/Sof\u00eda's memory is not entirely missing and she is hiding her own past secrets\u2014notably, the existence of a psychotic ex-boyfriend, F\u00e9lix (Carmelo G\u00f3mez), who is rampaging across the country in search of her.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\nCategory:1993 films\nCategory:1990s romantic drama films\nCategory:German-language films\nCategory:Spanish films\nCategory:Spanish-language films\nCategory:Films directed by Julio Medem\nCategory:Films shot in Madrid\nCategory:Films scored by Alberto Iglesias"}
-{"text": "Messiah (American TV series)\n\nMessiah  is an American thriller web television series created by Michael Petroni. The first season consists of ten episodes, which were released on Netflix on January 1, 2020. The series stars Mehdi Dehbi, Tomer Sisley, Michelle Monaghan, John Ortiz, Melinda Page Hamilton, Stefania LaVie Owen, Jane Adams, Sayyid El Alami, Fares Landoulsi, and Wil Traval.\n\nPremise\nThe series focuses on the modern world's reaction to a man who first appears in the Middle East, whose followers claim him to be the eschatological return of 'Isa (Jesus). His sudden appearance and apparent miracles spark a growing international following, casting doubts around who he really is, a case investigated by a CIA officer.\n\nCast\n\nMain\n Mehdi Dehbi as Al-Masih\n Tomer Sisley as Aviram Dahan\n Michelle Monaghan as CIA Case Officer Eva Geller\n John Ortiz as Felix Iguero\n Melinda Page Hamilton as Anna Iguero\n Stefania LaVie Owen as Rebecca Iguero\n Jane Adams as Miriam Keneally\n Sayyid El Alami as Jibril Medina\n Fares Landoulsi as Samir\n Wil Traval as Will Mathers\n\nRecurring\n Philip Baker Hall as Kelman Katz\n Beau Bridges as Edmund DeGuilles\n Hugo Armstrong as Ruben\n Barbara Eve Harris as Katherin\n Nimrod Hochenberg as Israel\n Emily Kinney as Staci Kirmani\n Jackson Hurst as Jonah Kirmani\n Nicole Rose Scimeca as Raeah Kirmani\n Ori Pfeffer as Alon\n  Rona-Lee Shim'on as Mika Dahan\n Kenneth Miller as Larry\n Assad Bouab as Qamar Maloof\nDermot Mulroney as President John Young\n\nEpisodes\n\nProduction\n\nDevelopment\nOn November 17, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was created by Michael Petroni who is also credited as an executive producer and lead showrunner of the series. Additional executive producers include Andrew Deane, James McTeigue, Mark Burnett and Roma Downey. Production companies involved with the series include Industry Entertainment and LightWorkers Media.\n\nCasting\nIn January 2018, it was announced that John Ortiz, Tomer Sisley and Mehdi Dehbi would star in the series. In May 2018, it was announced that Michelle Monaghan had been cast in a starring role. In June 2018, it was reported that Melinda Page Hamilton, Stefania LaVie Owen, Jane Adams, Sayyid El Alami, Fares Landoulsi and Wil Traval had joined the main cast. In the same month, it was announced that Beau Bridges and Philip Baker Hall had joined the cast in a recurring capacity.\n\nFilming\nPrincipal photography\u00a0for the first season took place in\u00a0Amman, Jordan; Albuquerque, Mountainair, Estancia, Belen, Santa Fe and Clines Corners, New Mexico from June 2018 to August 2018.\n\nRelease\nThe first season was released on January 1, 2020.\n\nMarketing\nOn December 3, 2019, the official trailer for the series was released by Netflix.\n\nReception\n\nCritical reception\n\nThe review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 43% approval rating for the first season, based on 23 reviews. The website's critical consensus states, \"A promising premise and superb ensemble can't save Messiah from its own bland storytelling.\"\n\nControversy\nThe trailer received negative reception from some Muslim audiences. In December 2019, it was announced in a press conference that The Royal Film Commission of Jordan requested Netflix to refrain streaming Messiah in the country due to the provocative subject matter and controversial religious content covered in the series.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  (Official site)\n \n\nCategory:2020 American television series debuts\nCategory:American action television series\nCategory:Central Intelligence Agency in fiction\nCategory:English-language television programs\nCategory:Fictional depictions of the Antichrist\nCategory:Netflix original programming\nCategory:Serial drama television series\nCategory:Suspense television series\nCategory:Television controversies in the United States\nCategory:Television series by MGM Television\nCategory:Thriller television series\nCategory:Thriller web series"}
-{"text": "You Must Go On\n\n\"You Must Go On\" is the fifth single from Bernard Butler released in October 1999. It was the second single taken from the album Friends and Lovers and charted at number 44 on the UK Singles Chart.\n\nSingle track listings\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1999 singles\nCategory:Songs written by Bernard Butler\nCategory:Creation Records singles\nCategory:1998 songs"}
-{"text": "Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics \u2013 Women's 200 metres T11\n\nThe Women's 200m T11 had its first round held on September 15, beginning at 11:26 and the A and B Finals were held on September 16 at 17:25.\n\nMedalists\n\nResults\n\nReferences\nRound 1 - Heat 1\nRound 1 - Heat 2\nRound 1 - Heat 3\nFinal A\nFinal B\n\nCategory:Athletics at the 2008 Summer Paralympics\nCategory:2008 in women's athletics"}
-{"text": "Sun Gro Centre\n\nThe Sun Gro Centre is a multi-purpose recreation complex located in the town of Beausejour, Manitoba. The complex features a 1,100 seat ice hockey arena, a curling club, an outdoor pool, and an indoor walking track.  \n\nThe complex opened in 2002 and was completed at a cost of $2.75 million. The project was primarily funded by the taxpayers of Beausejour and the Rural Municipality of Brokenhead. The federal government contributed $250,000. The naming rights to the facility were sold to Sun Gro Horticulture.\n\nThe Sun Gro Centre is the home arena for the Beausejour Beavers of the Manitoba Senior Hockey League and Eastman Selects of the Manitoba Midget 'AAA' Hockey League. From 2007 to 2009, the Beausejour Blades of the Manitoba Junior Hockey League played out of the Sun Gro Centre, before relocating to Steinbach.  Beausejour's minor hockey and ringette teams also play their home games at the arena.\n\nThe Sun Gro Centre has hosted two Manitoba provincial curling championships \u2013 the 2004 Scott Tournament of Hearts and the 2011 Safeway Championship.\n\nExternal links\nOfficial Website\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Indoor arenas in Manitoba\nCategory:Indoor ice hockey venues in Canada"}
-{"text": "Brian Rolapp\n\nBrian Rolapp is the Chief Media and Business Officer of the National Football League.\n\nCareer\n\nRolapp began as an analyst at CIBC World Markets for their Media and Entertainment Group. In 2000, after completing his MBA at Harvard Business School, Rolapp joined NBC Universal as the Director of Business Development in New York. His concentration included NBC's cable and new media strategies and their acquisition of all properties of Vivendi Universal Entertainment, which include USA Network, Sci-Fi and Trio. After three years with NBC, Rolapp moved to the NFL Network in 2003 where he became the Director of Finance and strategy. In 2005, he was promoted to Vice President of Media Strategy and Digital Media. In 2007, his title was changed to Senior Vice President. He was promoted to COO of NFL Media in 2011 and in 2014 became the Executive Vice President of NFL Media and the CEO and president of the NFL Network, succeeding Steve Bornstein.\n\nPersonal life\nBrian has been named to the Sports Business Journal\u2019s Forty Under 40 Hall of Fame. He is a national trustee for the Boys & Girls Clubs of America.\nRolapp graduated from Brigham Young University with a Bachelor of Arts in English and Business and the Harvard Business School with an MBA. He currently lives in Darien, Connecticut with his wife Cindy and their four children. Brian is a practicing Mormon and is passionate about sports, politics and music.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Harvard Business School alumni\nCategory:American chief operating officers\nCategory:American chief executives in the media industry\nCategory:Brigham Young University alumni"}
-{"text": "Pierre Vaillandet\n\nPierre Vaillandet (13 May 1888 - 25 November 1971) was a French politician.\n\nVaillandet was born in Versailles.  He represented the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) in the Chamber of Deputies from 1936 to 1940. On 10 July 1940 he voted in favour of granting the Cabinet presided by Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain authority to draw up a new constitution, thereby effectively ending the French Third Republic and establishing Vichy France. Later on, he became one of the leaders of the National Popular Rally (RNP). He fled to Germany on 15 August 1944, shortly before the Liberation of Paris.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1888 births\nCategory:1971 deaths\nCategory:People from Versailles\nCategory:Politicians from \u00cele-de-France\nCategory:French Section of the Workers' International politicians\nCategory:National Popular Rally politicians\nCategory:Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic"}
-{"text": "Bogdan Klich\n\nBogdan Adam Klich  (born on 8 May 1960 in Krak\u00f3w) is a former Minister of National Defence of Poland. Bogdan Klich was interned in 1981 during the martial law set by the communist regime.  Until 16 November 2007 he was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Lesser Poland Voivodeship & Swietokrzyskie Voivodeship with the Civic Platform, part of the European People's Party and sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. Senator since November 2011. \nLecturer at the Department of European Studies of the Jagiellonian University since 2002. Lecturer at the Cracow University of Economics since the academic year 2013/2014. Author of numerous publications concerning foreign policy and international security.\n\nEducation\n 1986: Physician, Krak\u00f3w Medical Academy\n 1987: Master's in the History of Art, Jagiellonian University (UJ)\n 1991\u20131995: Doctoral studies, Department of Historical Philosophy\n\nPolitical career\n\nCareer in national politics\n since 1997: President of the Institute of Strategic Studies\n 2001\u20132004: Member of Parliament of the Republic of Poland, Vice-Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, member of the Committee on National Defence\n 1989\u20131999: Advisor to the Chief Negotiator of the Republic of Poland with the European Union\n 1999\u20132000: Deputy Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland\n 2003\u20132004: Observer to the EP\n 2001\u20132004: Polish representative and member of the Policy Committee of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe\n\nMember of the European Parliament, 2004-2007\nA member of the European People's Party group, Kilch served on the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, he was a member of the Parliament's delegation for relations with Belarus.\n\nMinister of Defence, 2007-2011\nFrom 2007 until 2011, Klich served as Minister for National Defence in the Republic of Poland, in the government of Prime Minister Donald Tusk.\n\nDuring his time in office, Klich implemented Tusk's campaign pledge to withdraw Poland's troops from Iraq. By October 2008, he marked the end of his country's five-year partnership with U.S. forces in Iraq; Poland had been the only country other than the United States and Britain to command a full division of foreign troops in Iraq, and contingents from several other countries initially served under Polish command in a broad area south of Baghdad.\n\nAlso under Klich's leadership, Poland and the United States signed a status of forces agreement (SOFA) that paved the way for the stationing of U.S. troops on Polish territory. Three months after the United States announced a reformulated missile-defense plan for Poland in 2010, Klich announced that an undisclosed number of American MIM-104 Patriot surface-to-air missiles would be deployed in the vicinity of Mor\u0105g, in northern Poland, just 35 miles from the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad.\n\nOn 12 May 2011, Klich announced that Poland would lead a new EU Battlegroup of the Visegr\u00e1d Group.\n\nIn July 2011, Klich resigned after an official investigation into the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash which killed President Lech Kaczy\u0144ski and all 95 others on board concluded that mistakes by the military pilots were the primary cause of the disaster. Prime Minister Tusk clarified he did not hold Klich responsible for the crash, saying merely that the investigation had recommended swift and wholesale changes which could only be implemented by a new minister, Klich's deputy, Tomasz Siemoniak.\n\nMember of the Senate, 2011-present\nKlich has been a member of the Senate of Poland since the 2011 national elections and is currently minority leader. He also serves as deputy chairman of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Affairs and as member of the Defence Committee.\n\nIn addition to his role in parliament, Klich has again been serving as member of the Polish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe since 2012. He serves on the Committee on Political Affairs and Democracy and on the Sub-Committee on the Middle East and the Arab World; in this capacity he is also the Assembly's rapporteur on Morocco.\n\nSince 2015, Klich has been serving as a member of the European Commission\u2019s High-level Group of Personalities on Defence Research chaired by\nEl\u017cbieta Bie\u0144kowska.\n\nOther activities\n Member of the International Institute of Strategic Studies, London\n Lecturer at the Centre for European Studies at the Jagiellonian University\n\nDecorations\n Order of Merit for Defence of Lithuania\n Gold Medal of Merit from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Slovakia\n\nReferences\n\nPublications\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:1960 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Politicians from Krak\u00f3w\nCategory:Ministers of National Defence of Poland\nCategory:Jagiellonian University alumni\nCategory:Lesser Poland Voivodeship\nCategory:Civic Platform MEPs\nCategory:MEPs for Poland 2004\nCategory:MEPs for Poland 2004\u20132009\nCategory:Members of the Senate of Poland 2011\u20132015\nCategory:Members of the Senate of Poland 2015\u20132019\nCategory:Members of the Senate of Poland 2019\u20132023\nCategory:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class"}
-{"text": "Grey Eyes\n\nsee also Eye colour#GreyGrey Eyes is the third studio album by a Canadian indie pop band The Salteens. Released on October 12, 2010, this was a new studio album by the band 7 years after they released their second studio album Let Go of Your Bad Days.\n\nThis is the band's first album with Carrie Tennent as a member. Erin Jane, who was in the band for the album Let Go of Your Bad Days, had left the band.\n\nTrack listingAll songs by Scott L.D. Walker (SOCAN); except 'Savings and Loans' words by Carrie Tennant, music by Scott L.D. Walker.''\n\nPersonnel\n\nThe Salteens\n Scott Walker - vocals, mandolin, piano\n Carrie Tennant - vocals, piano, clarinet\n Dion Willis - drums, vocals\n Kevin Cooper - double bass, electric bass, vocals\n Robert Calder - trumpet, baritone, flugelhorn\n\nAdditional musicians and production\n\n Alison Gorman - trumpet, baritone, flugelhorn\n Ellen Marple - trombone, tuba\n Bryan Milks - tenor sax, clarinet, bass clarinet\n Tim Sars - bari sax, flute\n Carol Dymond- flute\n Todd Simko - guitars on 'Go On' and 'Last Train From London'\n Todd Simko and Scott Walker - producing\n Todd Simko - recording\n Ryan Morey - mastering at Ryebread Mastering\n Shawn Penner and John Raham - engineering at Mushroom Studios and at Ogre Studios respectively\n\nExternal links\nThe Salteens-official website \nScott Walker's interview on the release of Grey Eyes \n\nCategory:The Salteens albums\nCategory:2003 albums"}
-{"text": "2016 FA Women's Cup Final\n\nThe 2016 FA Women's Cup Final was the 46th final of the FA Women's Cup, England's primary cup competition for women's football teams. The showpiece event was the 23rd to be played directly under the auspices of the Football Association (FA) and was named the SSE Women's FA Cup Final for sponsorship reasons. The final was contested between Arsenal Ladies and Chelsea Ladies on 14 May 2016 at Wembley Stadium in London. The match was the second FA Women's Cup Final to be held at Wembley.\n\nChelsea, managed by Emma Hayes, went into the match as defending champions, having won the 2015 FA Cup, while Arsenal, managed by Pedro Mart\u00ednez Losa, had won the competition on thirteen previous occasions. But Chelsea were favourites to lift the trophy as Arsenal had enjoyed only moderate success since their victory at the 2014 Cup Final, and had been beaten by Chelsea in a match earlier in the 2016 season of the Women's Super League. Arsenal won the match 1\u20130, with a first-half goal from Danielle Carter scored in the eighteenth minute, and securing the team their fourteenth FA Cup victory. Carter was also named Player of the Match. The match was attended by a crowd of 32,912, an increase on the 30,710 who attended the 2015 final.\n\nThe match was refereed by Sarah Garratt of the Birmingham Football Association, whose appointment was announced by the Football Association on 5 May. The match saw Garratt taking charge of her first FA Cup Final.\n\nMatch\n\nDetails\n\nReferences\n\nCup\nCategory:Women's FA Cup finals\nFA Women's Cup Final\nFA Women's Cup Final\nFA Women's Cup Final, 2016\nFA Women's Cup Final, 2016"}
-{"text": "Maksim Klikin\n\nMaksim Nikolayevich Klikin (; born 30 April 1981) is a former Russian professional football player.\n\nClub career\nHe made his Russian Football National League debut for FC Arsenal Tula on 28 March 2004 in a game against FC Metallurg Lipetsk.\n\nExternal links\n Player page by sportbox.ru\n \n\nCategory:1981 births\nCategory:Sportspeople from Moscow\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Russian footballers\nCategory:FC Dynamo Moscow reserves players\nCategory:FC Metallurg Lipetsk players\nCategory:FC Fakel Voronezh players\nCategory:FC Mostransgaz Gazoprovod players\nCategory:FC Arsenal Tula players\nCategory:FC Zvezda Irkutsk players\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:FC Moscow players\nCategory:FC Salyut Belgorod players\nCategory:FC Novokuznetsk players"}
-{"text": "Cyclone Arthur (2007)\n\nCyclone Arthur (RSMC Nadi designation: 08F, JTWC designation: 09P) was the eighth tropical depression and fourth tropical cyclone of the 2006\u201307 South Pacific cyclone season. Forming as tropical depression on January\u00a025, Arthur rapidly intensified into a strong Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale according to the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi, Fiji. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center assessed the storm to have peaked as a minimal Category 1 cyclone. Shortly after peaking in intensity, the cyclone began to deteriorate due to unfavorable conditions. Quickly moving towards the east-southeast, the Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition. After turning towards the southeast, the center of circulation was almost fully exposed due to strong wind shear. However, Arthur briefly re-strengthened late on January\u00a026 before becoming extratropical the next day. Tropical Cyclone Arthur affected several small islands during its existence. French Polynesia observed the most noteworthy effects from the storm, where several landslides damaged a few homes.\n\nMeteorological history\n\nOn January\u00a021, 2007, the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in Nadi, Fiji identified a tropical depression, which was given the number 08F, about 435\u00a0km (270\u00a0mi) west-northwest of Savai'i island in Samoa. The depression slowly traveled towards the east-southeast for several days as the overall structure of the storm fluctuated due to  diurnal variations and strong wind shear. Around 1700\u00a0UTC on January\u00a022, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the depression. The system developed a large banding feature in the northern portion of the circulation and deep convection formed around the center of circulation. The depression had moved into an area of weak to moderate wind shear with favorable diffulence aloft. Later that day, gale warnings were issued for the northeastern quadrant of the system. Tropical Depression 08F continued to develop as an anticyclone developed above the system, enhancing the environment around it. A mid-latitude trough located north of the depression was steering it towards the east.\n\nEarly on January\u00a024, the system became better organized and strengthened into a cyclone at 0600\u00a0UTC. The storm, which was named Arthur by the RSMC Nadi, began to undergo rapid intensification as the structure improved significantly. Deep convection developed around the center with strong outflow towards the north. Several hours after becoming a cyclone, the JTWC issued their first advisory on Tropical Cyclone 09P as it traveled quickly towards the east-southeast. The quick movement was due to the influences of subtropical ridge to the north and a trough to the south. Later that day, a banding eye feature began to develop as the storm intensified into a Category 2 cyclone on the Australian intensity scale. At 1800\u00a0UTC, the JTWC assessed Arthur to have reached its peak intensity with winds of 120\u00a0km/h (75\u00a0mph 1-minute winds), the equivalent of a minimal Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. Early on January\u00a025, Arthur reached its peak intensity with winds of 110\u00a0km/h (70\u00a0mph 10-minute winds) with a minimum pressure of 975\u00a0hPa (mbar) while located about 635\u00a0km (350\u00a0mi) north-northwest of Rarotonga. Shortly after peaking in intensity, Arthur began to undergo an extratropical transition and rapidly deteriorated due to strong wind shear.\n\nThe storm also began to merge with a low-level frontal boundary associated with the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Zita. The strong shear left the center of circulation partially exposed, with deep convection persisting in only the southeastern quadrant. In addition to the shear, dry air began to enter the system, causing it to weaken further. While continuing to move at a quick pace, the storm began to turn towards the southeast along a baroclinic zone. Early on January\u00a026, the JTWC issued their final advisory on the cyclone as it lost most of its tropical characteristics. Arthur re-intensified shortly after and the JTWC reissued advisories on the storm around 2100\u00a0UTC. The brief re-strengthening was the result of a breakdown in the baroclinic zone which allowed convection to redevelop around the center. Around the same time, Arthur left RSMC Nadi's area of responsibility (AoR) and entered the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre Wellington's AoR. The storm completed its extratropical transition around 1200\u00a0UTC on January\u00a027, leading to the final advisory being issued on the storm.\n\nPreparations and impact\nOn January\u00a021, a gale watch was issued for Tutuila, American Samoa, Manu'a, and Swains Island as Tropical Depression 08F approached the islands. Winds of up to 55\u00a0km/h (35\u00a0mph), with gusts up to 75\u00a0km/h (45\u00a0mph), were expected. Small craft advisories were issued for the Cook Islands due to large swells produced by the storm. All of the watches were cancelled late on January\u00a023 as the depression was no longer forecast to impact the islands. On January\u00a024, an Orange Alert was issued for the Austral Islands. As the storm neared the region, the alert was upgraded to a Red Alert for Rurutu and Tubuai. Arthur produced minor damages in the Cook Islands\u2014primarily consisting of beach erosion\u2014on January\u00a024. Heavy rains throughout French Polynesia resulted in several landslides which damaged several homes on Tahiti and Moorea. Waves near the islands ranged from 1.5 to 2\u00a0m (4.9 to 6.5\u00a0ft). Winds in Tubuai reached 85\u00a0km/h (50\u00a0mph 10-minute winds) with gusts up to 115\u00a0km/h (71\u00a0mph). Several homes were damaged and roads were blocked by fallen trees throughout the island. Minor coastal flooding also occurred due to the large swells.\n\nSee also\n\n 2006\u201307 South Pacific cyclone season\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Category 2 South Pacific cyclones\nCategory:Tropical cyclones in the Cook Islands\nCategory:Tropical cyclones in French Polynesia\nCategory:2007 in the Cook Islands\nCategory:2007 in French Polynesia"}
-{"text": "Voskreseniye\n\nFor the religious movement, see Voskresenie. For the film, see Resurrection (1960 film).\n\nVoskreseniye () is a Russian rock band.\n\nHistory\nThe band was formed in 1979, when drummer Sergey Kavagoe decided to leave Mashina Vremeni and form his own group. Kavagoe was joined by Mashina Vremeni's bassist, Evgeny Margulis. Alexey Romanov became the group's leader and songwriter, and Alexey Makarevich joined as guitarist. During this period the band released the successful albums Voskreseniye 1 () and Voskreseniye 2 (). In 1980, Margulis left the group, after being invited to join the group Araks, and Konstantin Nikolsky, Andrey Sapunov, and Mikhail Shevyakov joined the line-up. In August 1982, Romanov and the group's sound engineer, Alexander Arutyunov, were arrested and charged with private entrepreneurial activity. The band went on a hiatus from 1982 to 1994, and former members played in several other groups.\n\nRomanov, Sapunov, Nikolsky, and Shevyakov reunited in 1989 to play at the Druzhba arena in a concert celebrating the group's tenth anniversary. The group officially reformed in 1994, performing on March 12 with a line-up of Romanov, Sapunov, Nikolsky, and Shevyakov, with Nikolsky serving as the group's leader. Nikolsky left the group shortly afterwards, due to creative differences, and Romanov asked Margulis to rejoin. Voskreseniye performed its first concert with this new line-up in St. Petersburg on May 1, sharing the bill with Cruise. In 2001, they released a new album, called Vse Snachala (), which contained re-recordings of old songs. In 2003, the band released a new album with new songs called Ne Toropyas ().\n\nMembers\n\nCurrent members \n\n Alexey Romanov \u2013  lead vocals, guitar (1979-1982, 1994\u2013present)\n Alexey Korobkov \u2013  drums (2003\u2013present)\n Yuri Smolyakov \u2013  keyboards, backing vocals (2016\u2013present)\n Sergey Timofeev \u2013  bass (2017\u2013present)\n\nFormer members \n\n Andrey Sapunov \u2013 vocals, guitar, bass (1979-1982, 1994-2016)\n Evgeny Margulis \u2013 vocals, bass, guitar (1979, 1980, 1994-2003)\n Alexey Makarevich \u2013 guitar (1979-1980, 1994; died 2014)\n Sergey Kawagoe \u2013 drums, keyboards (1979-1980; died 2008)\n Sergey Kuzminok \u2013 trumpet (1980)\n Pavel Smeyan \u2013 saxophone (1980; died 2009)\n Alik Mikoyan \u2013 guitar (1980)\n Konstantin Nikolsky \u2013 vocals, guitar (1980-1982, 1994)\n Mikhail Shevyakov \u2013 drums (1980-1982, 1994-2003)\n Dmitry Leontiev \u2013 bass (2008-2017)\n\nDiscography\n\nStudio albums \n\n 1979-1980 \u2013 Voskreseniye 1 ()\n 1981 \u2013 Voskreseniye 2 ()\n 2001 \u2013 Vse Snachala ()\n 2003 \u2013  Ne Toropyas ()\n\nLive Albums \n\n 1989 \u2013  Anniversary Concert \"10 Years of Voskreseniye\" ()\n 1994 \u2013 Concert. DK Mekhtekh () (recording of 1982 show)\n 1995 \u2013  My vas lyubim () (recording of June 16, 1994 show)\n 1995 \u2013 Zhiveye vsekh zhivykh () (recording of March 28, 1995 show)\n 1998 \u2013 Zhivaya kollektsiya () (recording of television concert)\n 2000 \u2013 50 na dvoikh () (recording of joint concert with Mashina Vremeni in Moscow's Olympic Stadium)\n 2003 \u2013 Ne Toropyas Live () \n 2005 \u2013 Posmotri, kak ya zhivu ()\n 2005 \u2013 Ya privyk brodit' odin  ()\n\nCompilations \n\n1996 \u2013 Legends of Russian Rock vol 1\n2002 \u2013 Legends of Russian Rock vol 2\n2005 \u2013 Grand Collection\n2009 \u2013The Best\n2010 \u2013The Best songs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official site (Russian)\n Fan-club (Russian)\n Another fan-site (Russian)\n History of the band on another web-site (Russian)\n\nCategory:Musical groups from Moscow\nCategory:Russian rock music groups\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1979\nCategory:Soviet rock music groups"}
-{"text": "Antoine Gizenga\n\nAntoine Gizenga (5 October 1925 \u2013 24 February 2019) was a Congolese (DRC) politician who was the Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 30 December 2006 to 10 October 2008. He was the Secretary-General of the Unified Lumumbist Party (Parti Lumumbiste Unifi\u00e9, PALU).\n\nEarly life\nAntoine Gizenga was born on 5 October 1925 in the small village of Mbanze in present day Kwilu province in what was then the Belgian Congo. He attended a Catholic missionary primary school and received his secondary education at the Kinzambi and Mayidi seminaries. He became an ordained Catholic priest in 1947 and led a parish out of his home in Kwilu. He left his position for personal reasons and took several clerical and accounting jobs. After briefly serving in law enforcement for the colonial government, Gizenga became a teacher at a secondary Catholic school. He soon thereafter married Anne Mbuba, with whom he later had four children.\n\nEarly political career\nInspired by the nationalist and Pan-Africanist ideas of Patrice Lumumba, the co-founder of the Mouvement National Congolais, Gizenga helped to organize the Parti Solidaire Africain (which was openly left leaning). He later became the leader of the party. Following independence and free elections in 1960, Gizenga became Lumumba's deputy prime minister of the new Republic of the Congo.\n\nIn September, President Joseph Kasa-Vubu dismissed Lumumba and Gizenga from their positions for the former's decision to involve the Soviet Union in the Congo Crisis. Lumumba protested, and the government went into a deadlock over the issue. A coup launched shortly thereafter by Colonel Joseph Mobutu politically incapacitated both Lumumba and the President, though Mobutu soon developed a working relationship with the latter. Gizenga objected to the new government and left for Stanleyville on 13 November to form his own. On 12 December, he declared his government, the Free Republic of the Congo, to be the legitimate ruling authority in the Congo. Lumumba had attempted to join him, but was arrested and eventually executed in the State of Katanga in January 1961. Gizenga's government persisted for half the year and garnered diplomatic recognition from the Soviet Union, China, and Egypt, though it received no logistical support.\n\nIn August, Gizenga agreed to rejoin the regular Congolese government as deputy prime minister, now under the leadership of Cyrille Adoula. Aside from his reinstatement ceremony, he chose to stay out of L\u00e9opoldville and remained in Stanleyville. Gizenga soon realized that Adoula was under the influence of Western governments and willing to negotiate with rebel leader Moise Tshombe. He denounced Adoula and declared that the government was committing treason.\n\nIn January 1962 the Congolese Assembly demanded that Gizenga return to L\u00e9opoldville to hear charges levied against him for leading a rebel government. He replied that he would only come back when the Katangan secession was resolved. Gizenga then attempted to arrest Arm\u00e9e Nationale Congolaise Commander-in-Chief Victor Lundula and a UN official, both of whom were in Stanleyville to investigate the Kindu atrocity. The plan backfired when Gizenga's militiamen refused to obey his orders. Clashes between his regular supporters and Congolese soldiers ensued, resulting in several deaths. United Nations Secretary General U Thant ordered peacekeeping troops to restore order in Stanleyville, while Adoula had Gizenga placed under house arrest by UN and Congolese troops. He was flown back to L\u00e9opoldville via UN aircraft and detained at Camp Kokolo.\n\nGizenga turned down an offer of UN protection and was eventually imprisoned on the island Bula Mbemba which lies in the mouth of the Congo River. In July 1964 Tshombe became prime minister and, as part of an attempted political reconciliation, ordered Gizenga's release. In spite of this, Gizenga quickly organised a Lumumbist party and denounced Tshombe's handling of the Simba rebellion. As a result, Gizenga was placed under house arrest in September. Mobutu seized power in a coup in November 1965, thereby freeing Gizenga. He fled to Congo-Brazzaville, though he soon settled in Moscow to pursue a doctorate in political science.\n\nOver the next couple of years Gizenga traveled to Egypt, Guinea, Mali, and Ghana to solicit support for the fractured and crumbling anti-Mobutu movement. In 1973 he briefly joined Laurent-D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Kabila's pro-China rebel group in eastern Zaire (as The Congo was then called), thereby losing Soviet support. He then moved to France, but was deported to Algeria. After briefly living in Angola, he returned to the Republic of the Congo before finally settling in Canada. Mobutu invited him to return to Zaire in 1977 to serve as a figurehead for opposition groups, but Gizenga declined.\n\nLater political career\nMobutu began democratizing Zaire in 1990, allowing Gizenga to return to the country. By 1993, he had consolidated Lumumbist organizations into the Parti Lumumbiste Unifi\u00e9 (PALU). The party had very few members, but Gizenga gained respect for his history of opposing Mobutu. He supported Laurent-D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Kabila's seizure of power in 1997, which resulted in the country's name being changed back to The Congo. The following year his house was ransacked by police and several PALU demonstrators were shot, and he subsequently opposed Kabila's leadership.\n\nGizenga ran as the presidential candidate of PALU in the July 2006 election. According to the provisional election results of 20 August, he came in third place with 13.06 percent of the vote, after Joseph Kabila (Laurent-D\u00e9sir\u00e9's son) and Jean-Pierre Bemba. On 30 September 2006, Gizenga signed a coalition agreement with the AMP, Kabila's platform, whereby he would back Kabila in the second round of the presidential election in October 2006, in exchange for the premiership. Kabila won the election and was sworn in as President on 6 December 2006. He subsequently appointed Gizenga as Informant, a position that involves identifying a parliamentary majority so that a government can be formed, and then appointed Gizenga as Prime Minister on 30 December 2006. Gizenga's new government, with 59 members (excluding himself), was appointed and announced on 5 February 2007. A new government under Gizenga was announced on 25 November 2007, with its size reduced to 44 ministers.\n\nGizenga delegated his duties as Secretary-General of PALU to Remy Mayele on 14 September 2007.\n\nOn 25 September 2008, Gizenga submitted his resignation as Prime Minister to Kabila. Later in the day he announced this on television, saying that he decided to resign due to his advanced age. According to Gizenga, he felt unable to continue in office: \"For every man, even if you are sane and alert, your body has limits which you have to recognise\". He had not received a response from Kabila at that point. Reacting to the news, the opposition Movement for the Liberation of Congo (MLC) said that Gizenga's \"resignation constitutes an admission of failure and negligence from a government which, after nearly two years, left the country in a general state of crisis\". The MLC disputed Gizenga's statement that his resignation was related to age and health. Kabila reportedly \"officially acknowledged\" Gizenga's resignation in a letter sent to Gizenga on 28 September. The governing coalition, the Alliance for the Presidential Majority, remained in place after Gizenga's resignation, and negotiations were held regarding the selection of a successor to Gizenga.\n\nHis successor, Adolphe Muzito, was appointed by Kabila on 10 October 2008; Muzito is also a member of PALU and was Minister of the Budget in Gizenga's government. Gizenga promptly resumed his duties as Secretary-General of PALU on 13 October 2008, 13 months after delegating them to Remy Mayele.\n\nOn 30 June 2009, it was announced that Kabila had designated Gizenga as a National Hero, the DRC's highest honor. His admission to the Order of National Heroes made him its only living member and entitled him to a \"monthly payment equivalent to the earnings of a prime minister, a residence, a garage with six vehicles, a guard including 12 members of the national police\".\n\nDeath\nIn February 2019 Gizenga was hospitalized at the Centre M\u00e9dical de Kinshasa. He died there on 24 February at the age of 93.\n\nSee also\n Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n List of Prime ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\n Antoine Gizenga cabinet\n\nCitations\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1925 births\nCategory:2019 deaths\nCategory:People from Kwilu Province\nCategory:Unified Lumumbist Party politicians\nCategory:Candidates for President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\nCategory:Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\nCategory:Deputy Prime Ministers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo\nCategory:African pan-Africanists\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo rebels\nCategory:People of the Congo Crisis\nCategory:Democratic Republic of the Congo exiles\nCategory:Lumumba Government members"}
-{"text": "Vlastimil Vesel\u00fd\n\nVlastimil Vesel\u00fd (born 6 May 1993 in Brno) is a Czech football player who currently plays for FC Vyso\u010dina Jihlava in Czech National Football League.\n\nReferences\n Profile at FC Zbrojovka Brno official site\n Profile at 1. SC Znojmo official site\n Vlastimil Vesel\u00fd at Soccerway\n\nCategory:1993 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Czech footballers\nCategory:Czech Republic under-21 international footballers\nCategory:Czech First League players\nCategory:FC Zbrojovka Brno players\nCategory:FC Vyso\u010dina Jihlava players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Brno\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers"}
-{"text": "Iron Canyon Site\n\nThe Iron Canyon Site is a Miocene assemblage of vertebrate fossils located in Kern County, California within the Dove Spring Formation dating from ~23.03\u20145.33 Ma.\n\nSpecimens located\nProboscidea (Gomphotheriidae)\nGomphotherium \nRhinocerotidae\nPeraceras\nSerbelodon S. burnhami\nEquidae\nDinohippus\nPliohippus P. tantalus\nMegahippus M. matthewi\nAmphicyonidae\nIschyrocyon I. mohavensis\nCanidae\nEpicyon E. saevus\nArtiodactyla\nAlluvisorex A. chasseae\nParacosoryx P. furlongi\nMerychyus \nLipotyphla\nLimnoecus\nErinaceidae\nLagomorpha\nHesperolagomys\nRodentia\nThomomys\nCupidinimus C. avawatzensis, C. tertius\nPerognathus P. minutus\nGeomyidae \nEucastor\nCopemys C. dentalis, C. longidens, C. russelli\n\nReferences\n\nDavid P. Whistler and Douglas P. Burbank, Miocene biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Dove Spring Formation, Mojave Desert, California, and characterization of the Clarendonian mammal age (late Miocene) in California.Website\n\nCategory:Miocene California\nCategory:Miocene paleontological sites of North America\nCategory:Geology of Kern County, California\nCategory:Paleontology in California"}
-{"text": "Bullying and suicide\n\nBullying and suicide, colloquially referred to as \"bullycide\", are considered together when the cause of suicide is attributable to the victim having been bullied, either in person or via social media. Writers Neil Marr and Tim Field wrote about it in their 2001 book Bullycide: Death at Playtime.\n\nLegal analysts criticise the term bullycide because it links a cause with an effect under someone else's control. Research shows those who are bullied have a higher probability of considering or performing suicide than those who are not. However, there are victims of bullying who do not end up committing suicide, and some of them share their experiences in order to send a positive message to bullying victims that suicide is not the only option.\n\nIn 2010, the suicides of teenagers in the United States who were bullied because they were gay or perceived to be led to the establishment of the It Gets Better project by Dan Savage, The online event, Spirit Day, was created in which participants were asked to wear purple as a symbol of respect for the deceased victims of bullying, particularly cyberbullying, and to signify opposition to the bullying of the LGBT community.\n\nStatistics\n\nThe Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states that almost 45,000 deaths occur from suicide each year. There are about 100 attempts of suicide to every 1 successful suicide. A little over 14% of students in high school consider suicide and approximately 7% of them attempt suicide. Students that are bullied are around 2 to 9 times more likely to consider suicide than non-victims. A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying. 10 to 14 year old teen girls are most likely to commit suicide based on this study. According to ABC News, nearly 30% of students are either victims of bullies or bullies themselves and 160,000 kids stay home from school every day because they are scared of being bullied.\n\nCyberbullying \nCyberbullying is a form of aggression by using the internet and/or electronic communication, such as mobile phones, e-mail, and text message, to cause humiliation, terrorization, embarrassment, and/or psychological distress to a peer. In comparison to verbal bullying, a research study showed that adolescents who reported cyberbullying were 11.5 more likely to have suicidal ideation, while those who have reported verbal bullying were only 8.4 times more Iikely. In another study, 75% of adolescents who experienced cyberbullying presented with higher suicidal ideation than those who have experienced verbal bullying.\n\nCircumstances that can affect a person's vulnerability\n Emotional Distress\n Exposure to Violence\n Family Problems\n Problems within a relationship\n Lack of being connected to school\n Lack of a supportive school environment\n Alcohol and drug use\n Lack of access to support\n\nLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBTQ+) youth\nSuicide attempts are 2-4 times higher than heterosexual peers. Young adults of the LGBT community \"must cope with developing sexual minority identity along with negative comments, jokes, and threats of violence. A research identified that 19 studies were linked to suicidal behavior in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students to bullying at school. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender students experience more bullying than heterosexual students.\n\nSee also\n List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying\n\nReferences \n\n*"}
-{"text": "Euan Duff\n\nEuan Duff is a photographer and photo-journalist, born in 1939 to the political activist Peggy Duff and her husband Bill, a journalist who died in the latter stages of the Second World War.\n\nHe freelanced as a photo-journalist in London during the 1960s and then went into teaching, finally setting up and running the first degree course in photography offered by Trent Polytechnic, Nottingham, before taking early retirement in 1990.\n\nHe published How We Are (Allen Lane, 1971) and Workless (with text by Dennis Marsden, Penguin, 1975), and exhibited at the ICA in London in 1971. His work was included in two major retrospectives of British photography: \"Through the Looking Glass\" at the Barbican in 1990; and \"How We Are: Photographing Britain\" (whose title derived from his book) at Tate Britain in 2007. His work was featured, along with that of Peter Mitchell, in an exhibition and conference about British photography in the 1970s held at the University of Sussex in 2005, after he had donated much of his early work to their archives. Other work was also donated to the V&A collection, the National Portrait Gallery (including a print of his mother ) and Lincolnshire County Council, but he is not represented in the Arts Council's collections of photography.\n\nThe critic John Berger wrote in his introduction to How We Are: \"I can think of no comparable contemporary English work of literature or visual art which so gently, so persistently and so finally brings one face-to-face with the wretchedness of the kind of society in which we live: a society in which every personal meaning achieved by an individual is pitted against corporate meaninglessness; in which every personal need, expressed in terms of what is socially available, is in agonizing conflict with the origins of that need in the soul.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The photographic work of Euan Duff\n The Keep\n\nCategory:Academics of Nottingham Trent University\nCategory:English photographers\nCategory:English photojournalists\nCategory:1939 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Roy Fernandez\n\nRoy Robert Fernandez  (28 January 19282 May 2014) was an Australian public servant and diplomat.\n\nFernandez was born on 12 January 1928 in Melbourne, Victoria.\n\nIn January 1970, Fernandez was appointed Ambassador to Yugoslavia. Then Minister for External Affairs William McMahon announced in March\u00a01970 that Fernandez would also be accredited to Romania during his posting to Belgrade.\n\nIn 1971, Fernandez was appointed Minister in the Australian Embassy in Washington DC. Staff at the post numbered around 350.\n\nIn March 1980 Fernandez was appointed Ambassador to Belgium.\n\nFernandez took up an appointment as Ambassador to the Philippines in November 1982. In the Philippines, Fernandez was outspoken about the bad state of the country's economy.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1928 births\nCategory:2014 deaths\nCategory:Ambassadors of Australia to Belgium\nCategory:Ambassadors of Australia to Myanmar\nCategory:Ambassadors of Australia to the Philippines\nCategory:Ambassadors of Australia to Yugoslavia\nCategory:Officers of the Order of Australia"}
-{"text": "Long Branch State Park\n\nLong Branch State Park is a public recreation area occupying  adjacent to the Long Branch Reservoir in Macon County, Missouri. The state park consists of three units located some two miles west of Macon, Missouri on U.S. Highway 36.\n\nHistory\nFlooding along the Little Chariton River was an ongoing problem for the residents of Macon County and elsewhere in northeast Missouri since the area was first settled in the 1830s. Extensive channelization of the main Chariton River by private entities, local governments, and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, while alleviating flooding issues in some areas, exacerbated them for others. Long Branch Dam was authorized by Congress in 1965 as a multi-purpose project for water supply, flood control, recreation, downstream water quality and fish/wildlife management. Construction began in 1973 and the dam was placed into operation in 1980. \n\nLong Branch Lake is the reservoir created by the dam, with about 24 miles of shoreline and a flood-control capacity of 98,000 acre-feet. In addition to the adjacent state-run state park, the dam has a visitors center at its southern end, and the Atlanta State Wildlife Area at its northern end near Atlanta, Missouri.\n\nLong Branch State Park was created by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources in 1983 after reaching a long term lease agreement with the Corps of Engineers for use of the land.\n\nActivities and Amenities\nThe state park features a wide variety of outdoor activities including boating, swimming, water skiing, fishing, hiking trails, picnicking facilities, three boat ramps, marina, and camping area. The large public acreage surrounding the lake provide opportunities for viewing white-tailed deer, wild turkey, and migratory waterfowl.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nLong Branch State Park Missouri Department of Natural Resources\nLong Branch State Park Map Missouri Department of Natural Resources\n\nCategory:State parks of Missouri\nCategory:Protected areas of Macon County, Missouri\nCategory:Protected areas established in 1983\nCategory:United States Army Corps of Engineers dams\nCategory:1983 establishments in Missouri"}
-{"text": "Ukrainian Women's Union\n\nThe Ukrainian Women's Union () (1920\u20131938) was the most influential women's organization operating among Ukrainian women outside of Soviet Ukraine. Because they represented Ukrainian nationals living in other sovereign states, the organization solidified their struggle for gender recognition with one for nationalist aims. Formed in Lviv in 1920, the organization did not focus on traditional feminist issues of equality and political agency until after they had built up a base membership and helped improve the social and economic lives of the peasantry which made up the majority of their membership.\n\nHistory\nThe Ukrainian Women's Union (UWU) was founded in 1920 by Milena Rudnytska along with , Iryna Sichynska,  and others, to organize women's journals, conferences, and cooperatives. At the time, Ukrainians in the former province of Galicia, which had been part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire were under Polish rule. Though formed in what was technically Poland, the organization strove to unite all Ukrainian women who were not living in Soviet Ukraine. Unlike Western-style feminist organizations, the UWU was not primarily made up of elites, nor did it focus on attainment of political agency for women. Instead, the focus was on modernizing society through community initiatives and self-improvement programs. Between 1921 and 1930, their goal was to establish economic and cultural structures which could be used to improve the quality of life of all Ukrainians and bring their nationalist cause to the attention of international organizations. In December 1921, the UWU hosted a formal congress to formalize its organization and by 1930 had between 50,000 and 100,000 members. Specific numbers are difficult to attain because Polish authorities at the time prohibited Ukrainians from consolidating their membership into one organization. Some 80 regional branches representing around 1,100 local organizations were formed. From 1931 to 1938, the goals turned more toward political feminism and economics rights-based advocacy.\n\nLeadership of the group understood feminist principals, but they did not pursue a feminist agenda until they had increased their membership and initiated economic and social reforms to improve the lives of Ukrainian families. Many of the leaders were from women's clubs such as the temperance clubs and from the intelligentsia, such as teachers. Most of the membership was from the peasant class and the entire organization based its direction on work rather than theory. Leadership stressed the need for organized social activity to improve lives. The UWU carried out activities like sponsoring art cooperatives which encouraged peasants to create goods, and then collected their handicrafts, exhibited and sold them, fostering a market for their products.\n\nPolitically, the group served as a nationalist organ, encouraging political unity for the betterment of all Ukrainians. Because Ukrainian women lived in a non-sovereign state, it was imperative for them to forge their gender identity along the lines of national identity. The UWU of Lviv's leadership were actively involved with the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance, an organization designed to coordinate Ukrainian political responses in Poland. Rudnytska, as a member of the Polish Sejm worked to overcome issues such as suppression of Ukrainian language schools. To bring the case of Ukrainian nationalism to the international arena, the UWU joined such organizations as the International Council of Women, the International Woman Suffrage Alliance and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Speaking out against the 1932\u20131933 famine and Nazi antifeminist policies, the UWU attempted to expand women's spheres in the 1930s.\n\nIn 1934, the UWU in Galicia hosted another congress, ostensively to bolster Ukrainian native culture. The four-day event was attended by around 10,000 delegates and the focus was on active participation of women and their importance in the community affairs of Ukrainian society. In 1935, the UWU founded a journal, Zhinka (Woman) which was edited by Shaparovych and which spoke on education, equality, economic opportunity and training, motherhood, and other women's issues. They also produce articles on exercise and nutrition and public involvement to encourage women to develop a modern sensibility of citizenship. Though the UWU was criticized by Catholic intellectuals, liberals and radicals, the organization managed to maintain its autonomy and the support of peasant population until the outbreak of World War II. On 5 May 1938, the Polish police arrested all of the leadership in all branches of the UWU, thus ending the operations of the most influential Ukrainian women's organization.\n\nReferences\n\nCitations\n\nBibliography\n\nCategory:Organizations established in 1920\nCategory:Organizations disestablished in 1938\nCategory:1920 establishments in Poland\nCategory:1938 disestablishments in Poland\nCategory:Feminist organizations in Ukraine\nCategory:Women's organisations based in Poland"}
-{"text": "Universal C*-algebra\n\nIn mathematics, a universal C*-algebra is a C*-algebra described in terms of generators and relations. In contrast to rings or algebras, where one can consider quotients by free rings to construct universal objects, C*-algebras must be realizable as algebras of bounded operators on a Hilbert space by the Gelfand-Naimark-Segal construction and the relations must prescribe a uniform bound on the norm of each generator. This means that depending on the generators and relations, a universal C*-algebra may not exist. In particular, free C*-algebras do not exist.\n\nC*-Algebra Relations \n\nThere are several problems with defining relations for C*-algebras. One is, as previously mentioned, due to the non-existence of free C*-algebras, not every relation defines a C*-algebra. Another problem is that one would often want to include order relations, formulas involving continuous functional calculus, and spectral data as relations. For that reason, we use a relatively roundabout way of defining C*-algebra relations. The basic motivation behind the following definitions is that we will define relations as the category of their representations.\n\nGiven a set X, the null C*-relation on X is the category  with objects consisting of pairs (j, A), where A is a C*-algebra and j is a function from X to A and with morphisms from (j, A) to (k, B) consisting of *-homomorphisms \u03c6 from A to B satisfying \u03c6 \u2218 j = k. A C*-relation on X is a full subcategory of  satisfying:\n the unique function X to {0} is an object;\n given an injective *-homomorphism \u03c6 from A to B and a function f from X to A, if \u03c6 \u2218 f is an object, then f is an object;\n given a *-homomorphism \u03c6 from A to B and a function f from X to A, if f is an object, then \u03c6 \u2218 f is an object;\n if fi is an object for i=1,2,...,n, then  is also an object. Furthermore, if fi is an object for i in an nonempty index set I implies the product  is also an object, then the C*-relation is compact.\n\nGiven a C*-relation R on a set X. then a function \u03b9 from X to a C*-algebra U is called a universal representation for R if\n given a C*-algebra A and a *-homomorphism \u03c6 from U to A, \u03c6 \u2218 \u03b9 is an object of R;\n given a C*-algebra A and an object (f, A) in R, there exists a unique *-homomorphism \u03c6 from U to A such that f = \u03c6 \u2218 \u03b9. Notice that \u03b9 and U are unique up to isomorphism and U is called the universal C*-algebra for R.\n\nA C*-relation R has a universal representation if and only if R is compact.\n\nGiven a *-polynomial p on a set X, we can define a full subcategory of  with objects (j, A) such that p \u2218 j = 0. For convenience, we can call p a relation, and we can recover the classical concept of relations. Unfortunately, not every *-polynomial will define a compact C*-relation.\n\nAlternative Approach \n\nAlternatively, one can use a more concrete characterization of universal C*-algebras that more closely resembles the construction in abstract algebra. Unfortunately, this restricts the types of relations that are possible. Given a set G, a relation on G is a set R consisting of pairs (p, \u03b7) where p is a *-polynomial on X and \u03b7 is a non-negative real number. A representation of (G, R) on a Hilbert space H is a function \u03c1 from X to the algebra of bounded operators on H such that  for all (p, \u03b7) in R. The pair (G, R) is called admissible if a representation exists and the direct sum of representations is also a representation. Then\n\nis finite and defines a seminorm satisfying the C*-norm condition on the free algebra on X. The completion of the quotient of the free algebra by the ideal  is called the universal C*-algebra of (G,R).\n\nExamples \n The noncommutative torus can be defined as a universal C*-algebra generated by two unitaries with a certain commutation relation.\n The Cuntz algebras, graph C*-algebras and k-graph C*-algebras are universal C*-algebras generated by certain partial isometries.\n The universal C*-algebra generated by a unitary element u has presentation <u | u*u = uu* = 1>. By continuous functional calculus, this C*-algebra is the algebra of continuous functions on the unit circle in the complex plane. Any C*-algebra generated by a unitary element is isomorphic to a quotient of this universal C*-algebra.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:C*-algebras"}
-{"text": "Mother Tucker\n\n\"Mother Tucker\" is the second episode of the fifth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy, an episode produced for Season 4. It originally aired on Fox on September 17, 2006. The episode follows Peter's mother, Thelma, divorcing Peter's father, Francis, and dating news anchorman Tom Tucker. Peter becomes closely attached to Tucker, only for his mother to end the relationship suddenly, leaving Peter feeling abandoned. Meanwhile, Stewie and Brian are employed as DJs on a local radio station, but have creative differences over the tone of the show, which eventually forces Brian to quit.\n\nThe episode was written by Tom Devanney and directed by James Purdum. It received mixed reviews for its storyline, and many cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 9.23 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Jon Benjamin, Max Burkholder, Phyllis Diller, Phil LaMarr, Joe Lomonaco, Tamera Mowry, Anne-Michelle Seiler, Tara Strong, Nicole Sullivan, Gore Vidal, Gedde Watanabe, and Wally Wingert along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series. \"Mother Tucker\" was released on DVD along with twelve other episodes from the season on September 18, 2007.\n\nPlot\nPeter's mother, Thelma, visits the Griffin family home, and alerts her son, Peter that she has finally left his father, Francis. In an attempt to find her a new husband, Peter's wife, Lois, takes her to a meeting for \"single people,\" where she meets local news anchor Tom Tucker. Thelma and Tom begin dating, which upsets Peter, causing him to attempt to sabotage the new relationship. He is eventually persuaded by Tom that he should let his mother be happy, and the two begin bonding. Eventually, his mother suddenly ends the relationship, however, causing Peter to believe it is his fault. The next day, Peter learns that it is important for fathers and sons to spend time together, and tells Tom that he should spend more time with his own son, Jake, instead.\n\nMeanwhile, after interrupting a broadcast of local radio station WQHG's program \"Weenie and the Butt\", Brian gets his own radio talk show, when one of the station's producers compliments his speaking voice. Attempting to have an intelligent dialogue with his listeners, and distancing himself from \"Weenie and the Butt\"'s constant overuse of sound effects, Brian is immediately heckled by Stewie's prank phone calls. After first planning to cancel Brian's show, the station's producer announces that he loved the calls, and eventually decides to hire Stewie as co-host. Stewie then turns Brian's sophisticated talk show into a lewd, raucous, shock jock-style comedy show called \"Dingo and the Baby\", much to Brian's chagrin, who is reluctant to accept the new format. Upon discovering that people love the new show, however, Brian decides to play along with Stewie's idea. However, when author Gore Vidal, whom Brian had contacted for an interview on his original show, walks into one of his \"Dingo and the Baby\" broadcasts and leaves in disgust, Brian quits his job in shame. The show is soon replaced by one featuring Cleveland and Quagmire, entitled \"Dark Chocolate and the Rod\".\n\nProduction\n\nThe episode was written by series regular Tom Devanney, and directed by James Purdum. During the \"Weenie and the Butt\" scene, several sound effects can be heard. Each of these were recorded individually by people who have sung at such venues as the Academy Awards, and other high publicity events. Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane has commented that these sound effect recordings took much longer than expected, as they did not sound professional enough. The episode featured guest performances by actress Phyllis Diller, who has portrayed Peter's mother Thelma in various episodes, and Tamera Mowry in her third appearance. Author Gore Vidal appeared as himself in the episode. In the scene involving Thelma trying to convince Peter to accept that she is dating Tucker, she comments, \"Tom here has won a local Emmy for his work with the retardeds\". The Fox Broadcasting Company has a specific rule stating that the word \"retard\" or \"retarded\" cannot be said on their network, but this scene was nevertheless permitted. MacFarlane has commented that he cannot understand why the word is not permitted on Fox, given that it is allowed on other networks. According to MacFarlane and other episode commentators, the scene provoked an angry reaction among the mental health community.\n\nThere were several scenes throughout this episode that were removed from the script, and not broadcast. One of these comes just after Tom Tucker apologizes to Peter about losing his temper; it was intended that Jake Tucker would appear, and the origin of his upside-down face would be revealed. The scene with \"The Peanuts Reunion\" was originally meant for the season four episode \"Patriot Games\", but was moved to this episode to ease time constraints in \"Patriot Games\". The scene was described by 20th Century Fox worker Leann Siegel as being depressing.\n\n\"Mother Tucker\", along with the twelve other episodes from Family Guys fifth season, were released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on September 18, 2007. The sets included brief audio commentaries by MacFarlane and various crew and cast members for several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes and animatics, a special mini-feature which discusses the process behind drawing Peter Griffin, and mini-feature entitled \"Toys, Toys Galore\".\n\nIn addition to the regular cast, voice actor Jon Benjamin, child actor Max Burkholder, actress Phyllis Diller, voice actor Phil LaMarr, actor Joe Lomonaco, voice actress Tamera Mowry, actress Anne-Michelle Seiler, voice actress Tara Strong, voice actress Nicole Sullivan, author Gore Vidal, actor Gedde Watanabe, and voice actor Wally Wingert guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox, Ralph Garman, writer David A. Goodman, writer Mike Henry, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, and writer John Viener made minor appearances in the episode.\n\nCultural references\nThe episode opens with the Griffin family attending the local Airshow in Quahog, and are shown to be anxiously awaiting one of the pilots to crash. After a pilot successfully lands, Peter expresses his boredom, and states that he would rather be home watching \"the tape from The Ring\". In a flashback, Peter begins playing the film, after first being warned, with the 1987 film Mannequin appearing instead and having the same effect as the cursed tape. Deciding to stay at the airshow to watch their neighbor, Glenn Quagmire perform, he flies his plane through several billboards (specifically through the crotch of the women's images on the boards), including those for Veronica Mars, The Simple Life and On the Record w/ Greta Van Susteren (which he can only do after \"getting some help\" from  a Jack Daniel's Tennessee whiskey billboard.\n\nReturning home, the Griffin family decide to watch a television show entitled Roundtable, featuring guests Al Michaels, Harold Ramis, Ray Romano and Kermit the Frog. Once Thelma appears, and alerts Peter of her split-up with his father, Peter is shocked, stating that the same happened at the Peanuts reunion, with Charlie Brown then appearing as a punk rock drug dealer.\n\nWhen Peter finds Thelma and Tom in bed, a cutaway shows Stewie reading a quotation from the movie Harold and Maude.\n\nAfter Thelma leaves Tom, he begins showing Peter more affection, causing Lois to believe it to be strange. Peter then states that it is no stranger than when Darth Vader from the film franchise Star Wars was a parking attendant. Vader is then shown in the contemporary world as a failure, and making minimum wage. This scene, as with all scenes that contain references to Star Wars or its characters, was sent to Lucasfilm for approval, in order to protect copyright. After Stewie takes over Brian's radio show, the two begin playing random sound clips from various films and television shows, including dialogue from the 1993 drama film Philadelphia, which was acknowledged as a mistake by Stewie. Other movie clips used by Brian and Stewie are \u201cOh sexy girlfriend!\u201d from Sixteen Candles (1984) and \u201cDon\u2019t you do it!\u201d from An Officer and a Gentleman (1982).\n\nIn an attempt to rebel against Tom Tucker, Peter decides to reach for the freezer to take out some ice cream during dinner, much to the chagrin of Tucker, who attempts to stop him. As Peter lifts a spoon of ice cream to his mouth, he is warned by Tucker several times not to eat it. When he does, however, Tucker repeatedly spanks him, in reference to the 1979 drama feature Kramer vs. Kramer (even though the spanking does not occur in the movie, but it does occur in the 1995 Indian remake, Akele Hum Akele Tum). After author Gore Vidal appears at the radio station Brian had invited him to speak at, Vidal quickly leaves after he finds the show to be low-brow. This causes Brian to quit the show, noting that he has become \"worse of a sell-out\" than when Stewie appeared in a Butterfinger commercial. Stewie is then shown eating a Butterfinger, and says \"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger\", which is a parody of the many Butterfinger commercials featuring Bart Simpson, and utters the annoyed grunt, D'oh!, a phrase used regularly by The Simpsons character Homer Simpson. The bit is also a reference to the negative criticism and similarities between Family Guy and The Simpsons.\n\nReception\nIn a slight decrease from the previous week, the episode was viewed in 9.23 million homes in its original airing, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode also acquired a 3.3 in the 18\u201349 demographic, slightly edging out The Simpsons, in addition to series creator Seth MacFarlane's second show American Dad!, in both rating and total viewership.\n\nReviews of the episode were mixed, calling it a \"slow start to the season.\" Dan Iverson of IGN reviewed the episode positively, noting that the episode \"would make even the most anti-Family Guy television viewers out there laugh pretty hard.\" Iverson went on to comment, however, that \"it probably won't be remembered as fondly as some of the episodes from the first few seasons.\" For him, the \"funniest aspect of the episode\" was the radio scene, in which \"we get the impression that [radio jockeys] are immature, simple-minded idiots.\" Brett Love of TV Squad reviewed the episode slightly more negatively, stating that \"the whole Peter story just didn't do much for me.\" Love did find that the \"Stewie and Brian stuff was the best part of the episode,\" but went on to proclaim that \"there are 20 more episodes to get it right.\" In his review of the Family Guy Volume 5 box set, Francis Rizzo of DVD Talk wrote that the radio subplot is \"a perfect parody of everything that's wrong in radio.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nCategory:Family Guy (season 5) episodes\nCategory:2006 American television episodes"}
-{"text": "America Star Books\n\nAmerica Star Books, formerly PublishAmerica, is a Maryland-based print-on-demand book publisher founded in 1999 by Lawrence Alvin \"Larry\" Clopper III and Willem Meiners. Some writers and authors' advocates have accused the company of being a vanity press while representing itself as a \"traditional publisher\". It changed its name in 2014, and since 2017 it has stopped accepting new authors.\n\nPublishAtlantica was an imprint of PublishAmerica. PublishAtlantica was headquartered in the UK in Milton Keynes. It was formerly PublishBritannica before a lawsuit from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. PublishIcelandica was another imprint of PublishAmerica. According to a letter from PublishAmerica in 2006, neither imprint is active.\n\nHistory \n, the executive director of PublishAmerica was Miranda N. Prather. In 2004, Prather said that 80% of authors who submitted manuscripts to the house were rejected, and that the house had \"30 full-time editors\" with plans to expand. She refused to identify the CEO of PublishAmerica. In 2005, the company had 70 full-time employees of various functions.\n\nIn 2004, PublishAmerica published small runs of over 4,800 titles. In 2005, the company had approximately 11,000 authors under contract.\n\nIn June 2005, PublishAmerica identified Willem Meiners as \"PublishAmerica CEO\" and Clopper as \"company president\".\n\nIn August 2005, PublishAmerica was sued by Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica for trademark violation over PublishAmerica's PublishBritannica imprint.  The matter was settled out of court, with PublishAmerica agreeing to stop using the \"PublishBritannica\" name. However, PublishAmerica continued to use the website address on letterhead as late as 2008.\n\nIn late September 2005, PublishAmerica announced its books would be returnable by the bookseller if they failed to sell, a standard practice among other commercial publishers. The announcement stated that this applied to \"all\" of its books, though it noted that there would be \"a few exceptions initially\" and that the offer would apply to United States booksellers only. In 2009 PA's site said that \"many of our books are returnable.\"\n\nPrather left PublishAmerica (renamed America Star Books) in 2016.\n\nCriticism\nPA pays advance fees of US$1\u2013$1,000 to its authors, provides minimal editing, and provides few of the services handled by trade publishing, such as retail distribution, marketing and media relations. Disgruntled authors told Publishers Weekly that PA did not pay royalties owed to them, sold books it no longer had any rights to sell, set unreasonably high list prices and lower-than-average discounts for authors to buy their own books, and either neglected or failed to place books into bookstores.\n\nPublishAmerica's Prather stated that book prices reflected \"what the market would bear\" and that \"we don't control the bookstores in the country.\" Other PublishAmerica authors have spoken out in support of the publisher, denying it is a vanity press and highlighting the opportunities it gives to unpublished authors.\n\nAcceptance of hoax manuscripts\nIn an attempt to demonstrate a lack of editorial oversight at PublishAmerica, several authors have written \"sting\" manuscripts. For instance, in December 2004, PublishAmerica agreed to publish the novel Atlanta Nights, which was later revealed to be a deliberately badly written hoax, featuring every \"bad writing\" trope the authors could conceive of and one chapter randomly generated by a computer. PublishAmerica also accepted another author's manuscript that featured the same 30 pages repeated ten times.\n\n2005 Arbitration case\nIn December 2005, PublishAmerica author Philip Dolan, who had spent between US$7,000 and $13,000 promoting his book, learned that no book stores were able to order copies of it. \n\nHe took PublishAmerica to arbitration for breach of contract. Dolan also alleged accounting irregularities: despite a clause in his contract allowing him to inspect PublishAmerica's accounts, his accountant was denied access. Dolan received royalties for fewer copies of his book than he was able to account for having sold himself.  He was awarded an unspecified amount in compensation for PublishAmerica's breach of contract, and his contract was rescinded.\n\nLawsuit\nIn June 2012, a class action lawsuit was filed in Maryland District federal court against PublishAmerica LLLP, by plaintiffs Darla Yoos, Edwin McCall, and Kerry Levine.\n\nNew name\nIn January 2014, PublishAmerica changed its name to America Star Books. In 2017, America Star Books became ASB Promotions and ceased accepting new authors.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n PublishAmerica \u2013 official site\n J.K. Rowling and PublishAmerica's unfulfillable promise \n\nCategory:Publishing companies established in 1999\nCategory:Book publishing companies based in Maryland\nCategory:Companies based in Frederick County, Maryland\nCategory:1999 establishments in Maryland\nCategory:Self-publishing companies\nCategory:2017 disestablishments in Maryland"}
-{"text": "Let's Don't Call It a Night\n\n\"Let's Don't Call It a Night\" is a debut song co-written and recorded by American country music singer and American Idol season 9 finalist Casey James.  It was released in August 2011 as the first single from James' self-titled album, released by BNA Records in March 2012.  James wrote this song with Terry McBride and Brice Long.\n\nCritical reception\nJeff Lincoln of Country Standard Time said that the song \"has a charming, sultry groove. Exchanging sharp Dobro twangs with understatedly suggestive lyrics, it's something Ronnie Milsap may have plucked for himself 30 years ago.\" Giving it three stars out of five, Billy Dukes of Taste of Country called the opening lyrics \"vapid\" but praised the chorus, also saying, \"The mood is right\".\n\nMusic video\nRoman White directed the music video.\n\nChart performance\n\nYear-end charts\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2011 singles\nCategory:BNA Records singles\nCategory:Casey James songs\nCategory:2011 debut singles\nCategory:Music videos directed by Roman White\nCategory:Songs written by Brice Long\nCategory:Songs written by Terry McBride (musician)\nCategory:Song recordings produced by Chris Lindsey\nCategory:2011 songs"}
-{"text": "List of Inuyasha volumes\n\nThe manga series Inuyasha was written and illustrated by Rumiko Takahashi and serialized in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Sunday from November 13, 1996, to June 18, 2008. The 558 chapters have been collected into 56 bound volumes by Shogakukan, with the first volume released in May 1997 and the final one in February 2009.\n\nViz Media licensed the series for an English translated release in North America. Initially, Viz released it in monthly American comic book format (page size 17x26cm, or 6\u215d\u00d710\u00bc\") under the title \"Inu-Yasha[sic]: A Feudal Fairy Tale\", with each individual issue containing two or three chapters from the original manga. Eventually, this system was abandoned in favor of collected volumes in trade paperback format, using the same chapter divisions as the Japanese volumes.\n\nThe first-edition series of Viz trade paperbacks retained the same title and subtitle but reduced the page size to approximately ISO A5 dimensions (14.5x22.5\u00a0cm, or 5\u215dx8\u215e\"). After volume 12, the first-edition A5 series was discontinued. Subsequently, Viz issued new volumes and reprints of older volumes in the \"Action Edition\" second-edition format, with the simple title \"InuYasha\" and slightly smaller pages (12.8x19cm, or 5x7\u00bd\").\n\nViz released the first 37 volumes on a quarterly schedule, mirror-imaging the artwork to a \"flipped\" left-to-right format as standard in English-language works, as opposed to the right-to-left reading direction of Japanese. Volume 1 was released on July 6, 1998; volume 37 was released on April 14, 2009. On April 22, 2009, Viz announced that future volumes would be released in an unflipped format on a monthly schedule, starting with volume 38 in July 2009. However, reprints of the first 37 volumes have remained \"flipped\" instead of being reflipped back to right-to-left.\n\nIn November 2009, Viz began to issue a third-edition set of paperbacks in their \"VizBig\" format, with three of the original volumes combined into each omnibus. These restore the page dimensions to the slightly larger size of the first-edition paperbacks, and also faithfully reproduce the occasional full-color bonus pages that were reduced to grayscale in previous printings.\n\nViz Media also releases a separate series of \"ani-manga\" derived from full-color screenshots of the anime episodes, with dialogue and sound effects added in. These volumes are slightly smaller than the regular manga volumes, are oriented in the Japanese convention of right to left, feature new covers with higher quality pages, and are sold at a higher price point versus the regular volumes. Each ani-manga volume is arranged into chapters that correspond to the anime episodes rather than to the manga.\n\nThe chapter numbers listed below refer to the overall placement within the series. The Viz reprints have used several different renumbering systems; in the second-edition collections, the first chapter of each volume is indexed as \"Scroll One\", the second chapter is \"Scroll Two\", and so on, with the numbering reverting to \"Scroll One\" at the start of each new volume.\n\nVolume list\n\nVolumes 1\u201320\n\nVolumes 21\u201340\n\nVolumes 41\u201356\n\nAdditional chapter\n\n is a special manga chapter published in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Sunday in 2013 for Shogakukan's \"Hero Comes Back\" manga anthology composed of short stories of their retired series, published to raise funds for the recovery of the areas afflicted by the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami. The chapter was later included in the last volume of the wide ban Inuyasha reprint in 2015. In it, set six months after the last original manga chapter, Inuyasha and Miroku work as y\u014dkai slayers. Kiky\u014d sealed away a minor y\u014dkai called Ne no Kubi before she first met Inuyasha 50 years ago. Ne no Kubi has escaped and seeks the Shikon no Tama. Inuyasha kills Ne no Kubi and Kagome is able to help him without outside spiritual assistance.\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral\n\nSpecific\n\nExternal links\nInterview with English translator\n\n*"}
-{"text": "Dmanisi skull 3\n\nD2700, also known as Dmanisi skull 3, is one of five skulls discovered in Dmanisi, Georgia in 2001 and classified as early Homo erectus. It is an almost complete skull and is in an exceptionally good condition. It was dated stratigraphically as about 1.8 million years old.\n\nSince the publication of the Dmanisi skull 5 in 2013, all of the five Dmanisi skulls (Skull 3 included) have contributed to the ongoing debate on human taxonomy, with some experts proposing the re-categorization of Homo ergaster, and possibly even Homo habilis, as morphologically diverse subspecies of H. erectus.\n\nDiscovery \nD2700 and D2735 were found in 2001, just a decade after the first discovery of an early hominin mandible D211 at Dmanisi on September 24, 1991. In 1999, partial crania D2280 and D2282 were discovered. Cranium D2282 is likely the accompanying skull to mandible D211 and to be the remains of a young adult around 18\u201320 years old. Skull D2280 is inferred to have been an adult around 25\u201330 years old at the time of death. Moreover, in 2005, a new complete skull cranium was found: D4500. This cranium is inferred to be an adult skull and is more commonly known as \"Skull 5.\" D4500's features are very rare compared to early Homo in that it had a small braincase yet an unusually large prognathic face. \"Skull 5\" has an accompanying mandible, D2600, which was found in 2000.\n\nIn 1999 two other skulls had been found at the same site\u2014D2280 and D2282. D2280 was a near-complete brain-case with 780 cc brain-size. D2282 was a cranium and it included many of the facial and upper jaw bones. Its brain size was about 650 cc. In 1991 and 2000, two more lower jaws D211 and D2600 were discovered from the same site.\n\nThe five Dmanisi skulls are: D2280 (skull 1), D2282/D211 (skull 2), D2700/D2735 (skull 3), D3444/D3900 (skull 4) and D4500/D2600 (skull 5)\n\nMorphology \n\nThe skull was found in an exceptionally good condition including a lower jaw (D2735) found about a meter away which is considered to be of the same person. D2700 is smaller than D2282. The fossil was dated stratigraphically, as from a site that was occupied between c. 1.85 and 1.77 million years ago. Its brain size is estimated at 600 cc.\n\nThere are many characteristics in which it resembles H. ergaster (or H. erectus) and also a number that resembles the ER1813. \n\nVekua et al. (2002) concluded:\nIn overall shape, D2700 is similar to D2280 and D2282, and D2735 resembles D211. Despite certain differences among these Dmanisi individuals, we do not see sufficient grounds for assigning them to more than one hominid [now, \"hominin\"] taxon. We view the new specimen as a member of the same population as the other fossils, and we here assign the new skull provisionally to Homo erectus.\nAll Dmanisi hominin remains were suggested to have been buried quickly after death. D2700 was found with four upper teeth, while D2735 contained eight teeth. As both fossil hominin remains are jointed, it is found that they ultimately fit one another. D2700's narrow nasal bones were found inferiorly broken from the orbital margins. Because the cranium's upper molars were partially erupted, D2700 is believed to have been the skull of a 13 to 15-year-old individual. It is considered that the skull was of a teenager.\n\nThere is some uncertainty as to the sex of the individual. The smaller size of the D2700 skull compared to skulls D2280 and D2282 suggests as well as its more slender feature suggest female sex, but the very large size of huge upper canines and large crowns have been argued to support classification as male.\n\nClassification \n\nIt was conjectured that the categorical differences seen in for instance the mandibular and dental features of the crania from Dmanisi, may be ascribed to taxonomic diversity, as opposed to all five deriving from the same H. erectus lineage. The rather small braincase of D2700 was believed to be at odds with the characteristics of H. erectus. H. erectus georgicus was besides small in size compared to H. erectus. For these reasons, D2700, along with the other Dmanisi fossil remains, has been variously classified as a new subspecies, H. erectus georgicus, or as a new species in its own right, H. georgicus.\n\nSee also \n List of human evolution fossils\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Homo fossils"}
-{"text": "Monroe Canyon Formation\n\nThe Monroe Canyon Formation is a geologic formation in Idaho. It preserves fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period.\n\nSee also\n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Idaho\n Paleontology in Idaho\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Carboniferous Idaho"}
-{"text": "Belleville-sur-Loire\n\nBelleville-sur-Loire is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.\n\nGeography\nA farming village with a nuclear power station situated by the banks of the river Loire, some  northeast of Bourges at the junction of the D82, D951 and the D751 roads. The canal lateral a la Loire flows through the centre of the commune.\n\nPopulation\n\nSights\n\n The church, dating from the twelfth century.\n Two chateaux, dating from the 15th and seventeenth century.\n Vestiges of Roman occupation.\n The nuclear power plant.\n\nSee also\nBelleville Nuclear Power Plant\nCommunes of the Cher department\n\nReferences\nINSEE\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial website of Belleville sur Loire \nVal de Jazz Festival website \nBelleville-sur-Loire on the Quid website \n\nCategory:Communes of Cher (department)"}
-{"text": "\u015alepie\n\n\u015alepie  () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Olecko, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. \n\nIt lies approximately  south of Olecko and  east of the regional capital Olsztyn.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Olecko County"}
-{"text": "St. Peter's Church, Laragh, Co.Monaghan.\n\nSt. Peter's Church in Laragh, County Monaghan, Ireland, is a tin tabernacle constructed in 1890 from corrugated iron and timber.\n\nHistory\nThe Swiss-Gothic design of the church was inspired by travels on the continent in the 1800s by Laragh Tweed Mill operator James McKean and his wife.\n\nLocal rumour suggests McKean had the mill river realigned to create the spectacular site in Aughnamullen parish. The intention being to build a Catholic church to serve the mill workers of the town. \nHowever, following a breakdown in industrial relations, a falling out with the local clergy and the eventual permanent closure of the Irish Laragh Tweed factory in 1885; St. Peter\u2019s was eventually built in 1890 and consecrated as Church of Ireland on 13 August 1891.\n\nSt. Peter's was de-consecrated in 1962.\n\nRestoration\nIn 2012, Laragh Heritage group  was formed to raise funds to restore St. Peter's back to its former glory.\n\nOn 13 September 2014, St. Peter's Church was officially reopened.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nCategory:Former churches in the Republic of Ireland"}
-{"text": "ATP citrate synthase\n\nIn enzymology, an ATP citrate synthase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction\n\nADP + phosphate + acetyl-CoA + oxaloacetate  ATP + citrate + CoA\n\nThe 4 substrates of this enzyme are ADP, phosphate, acetyl-CoA, and oxaloacetate, whereas its 3 products are ATP, citrate, and CoA.\n\nThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases that convert acyl groups into alkyl groups on transfer.  The systematic name of this enzyme class is acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate C-acetyltransferase [(pro-S)-carboxymethyl-forming, ADP-phosphorylating]. Other names in common use include ATP-citric lyase, ATP:citrate oxaloacetate-lyase [(pro-S)-CH2COO-->acetyl-CoA], (ATP-dephosphorylating), acetyl-CoA:oxaloacetate acetyltransferase (isomerizing, ADP-phosphorylating), adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, citrate cleavage enzyme, citrate-ATP lyase, citric cleavage enzyme, and ATP citrate (pro-S)-lyase.  This enzyme participates in citrate cycle (tca cycle) and reductive carboxylate cycle (co2 fixation).\n\nReferences \n\n \n \n\nCategory:EC 2.3.3\nCategory:Enzymes of unknown structure"}
-{"text": "Glen Bruk-Jackson\n\nGlen Keith Bruk-Jackson (born April 25, 1969 in Salisbury - now Harare) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer.\n\nA right-handed batsman, Bruk-Jackson played two Tests and one One Day International for Zimbabwe, all during their tour of Pakistan in December 1993. He played domestically for Mashonaland Country Districts and later Mashonaland.\n\nCategory:1969 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Alumni of Falcon College\nCategory:Zimbabwe Test cricketers\nCategory:Zimbabwe One Day International cricketers\nCategory:Zimbabwean cricketers\nCategory:Mashonaland cricketers"}
-{"text": "Darwin Glacier (California)\n\nDarwin Glacier is a mountain glacier located on the north side of Mount Darwin in the Sierra Nevada, California. The glacier is located in Kings Canyon National Park. The glacier inherited its name from Mount Darwin, named for Charles Robert Darwin.\nIn 2004, a study found that since 1900, Darwin Glacier had lost half its surface area.\n\nSee also\n List of glaciers in the United States\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Glaciers of California\nCategory:Kings Canyon National Park\nCategory:Glaciers of Fresno County, California"}
-{"text": "Schaumburg Flyers\n\nThe Schaumburg Flyers were a professional baseball team based in Schaumburg, Illinois, in the United States.  The Flyers were to be charter members of the North American League, which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball, but the team folded in March 2011, before beginning play in the NAL.  From 1999 to 2010, the Flyers played their home games at Alexian Field, near the Elgin O'Hare Expressway.  They formerly played in Thunder Bay, Ontario, where they were known as the Thunder Bay Whiskey Jacks.  The team belonged to the Northern League from 1993 to 2010.\n\nOn July 27, 2009, the Flyers played host to Battle of the Sexes II, which pitted the Flyers against the National Pro Fastpitch Softball Champions, the Chicago Bandits, featuring star pitcher Jennie Finch. Played by official softball rules, the game was seen by an overflow record crowd of 8,918, and was won by the Bandits 4-2. \n\nIn 1999, the Flyers hired their first manager, Ron Kittle, best known for his playing days with the Chicago White Sox. The former Chicago Cubs and White Sox player Greg Hibbard was the pitching coach.  Kittle did a series of TV commercials to promote the team, using the gimmick \"Ma Kittle,\" portraying both himself and his \"Ma.\"  The ads sparked interest as the Flyers hoped to steal away fans from the nearby Kane County Cougars.  The campaign mimicked the highly successful Converse ads in which basketball star Larry Johnson starred as both himself and \"Gramama.\"  After the 2001 season, however, Kittle resigned as manager, with Jim Boynewicz hired to replace him.\n\nIn 2004, the Flyers made it to the Northern League Championship Series against the St. Paul Saints. Despite leading the five-game series 2-1, Schaumburg eventually lost the championship. In Game 5, Flyers relief pitcher Lyle Prempas allowed a game-winning grand slam by St. Paul infielder Marc Mirizzi in the ninth inning.\n\nThe Flyers appeared in the Northern League Playoffs four times (1999, 2003, 2004, 2006) but never won the championship.  Among those who played for the Flyers were former Oakland A's outfielder Ozzie Canseco and former Chicago Cubs outfielders Dwight Smith and Brant Brown, as well as, very briefly, John Henry Williams, son of Ted Williams.\n\nYear-by-year record\n\n2006 and 2007 seasons\nFor the second half of the 2006 season, the Flyers and MSN partnered to let fans choose the Flyers lineups online.  This program is called \"Fan Club: Reality Baseball\". The program also included online video segments that took fans through the season alongside the team with behind-the-scenes access. The 2007 season saw the Flyers undergo some changes, most notably with the departure of '06 manager Andy McCauley to the Kansas City T-Bones. Steve Maddock became the fourth manager in Flyers history after McCauley left for Kansas City, and he quickly worked to build a team that had only one member carry over from the 2006 campaign. The road for Schaumburg that year proved to be difficult, as the Flyers could manage no more than 20 wins in either half of the season and failed to make the playoffs.\n\n2008 season\nThe Flyers struggled mightily through the 2008 season, dropping their final 14 contests and winning just 30 games. Manager Steve Maddock will not return for the following season, and only six players will don Flyers uniforms on Opening Day 2009. The Flyers did set attendance records on Bearon's Birthday, with 8,636 fans attending the Flyers game with the JackHammers on July 23.\n\n2009 season\nFebruary 18, 2009: Flyers hold Grand Reopening of The Schaumburg Club to a record off-season crowd of over 300 fans. Mayor Larson was on hand for the ribbon-cutting ceremony and local band 7th Heaven entertained fans and community partners until late in the evening.\n \nMay 21, 2009: Flyers prepare to unveil their new logo, accompanied by a new black jersey to be worn for all Friday night home games. Along with this new look, the Flyers teamed up with Rainbow Play Systems and Finish Stong Sports Academy to expand their Kidz Zone, located along the left field line. \n\nMay 22, 2009: Flyers starter Dustin Glant goes the distance, allowing just two runs en route to a 6-2 Flyers home-opener victory over the JackHammers in front of 5,288 fans. \n\nMay 24, 2009: Glant earns season\u2019s first Northern League Pitcher of the Week honor, going 2-0 with a sparkling 1.13 ERA in his first two starts of the campaign. \n\nMay 25, 2009: Flyers turn second triple play in franchise history. With runners on first and second and in motion, Joliet\u2019s Wally Backman Jr. lined out to 2B Jose Valdez. Valdez threw to first for the second out, and 1B Jason Colson completed the play by firing to SS Travis Brown behind the lead runner at second.\n  \nJune 6, 2009: Richard Mercado blasts season\u2019s first walk-off homer at Alexian to top Kansas City 7-5, extending the Flyers win-streak to a season-best eight games.\n \nJune 7, 2009: Flyers players sweep Northern League weekly awards, with Jeff Dunbar taking NL Player of the Week and Craig James earning NL Pitcher of the Week.\n \nJune 28, 2009: Forty-three-year-old former big-leaguer and Flyers DH Felix Jose improves OBP to season-high .457, a .050 lead over the Northern League\u2019s second best.\n  \nJune 30, 2009: A Northern League-best nine Flyers are named to the Great Lakes All-Star roster. Honorees are DH Felix Jose, 3B Vince Harrison, OF Jeff Dunbar, 2B Jose Valdez, OF Victor Ferrante, and pitchers Dustin Glant, Cephas Howard, Ed Almonte, and Craig James.\n \nJuly 16, 2009: Hundreds storm the infield at Alexian for the first Richard Allen Jewelers Diamond Dig. Participants are given Popsicle sticks to dig the infield dirt in search of a $1,500 diamond gold ring, which becomes the property of the lucky finder, no strings attached.\n \nJuly 27, 2009: An Alexian Field record crowd of 8,918 witnesses the much-anticipated Battle of the Sexes, as the National Pro Fast-Pitch Softball\u2019s Chicago Bandits defeats the Flyers 4-2 in a game governed by official softball rules.\n \nJuly 30, 2009: Mayor proclaims Rotary Night. Rotarians and their guests account for 5,000 of the 5,596 people at the game.\n \nAugust 8, 2009: Flyers ride Dustin Glant to 7-2 win over Winnipeg, sealing their first series win at CanWest Park since 2006 and notching back-to-back victories for the first time in nearly a month.\n \nAugust 25, 2009: Flyers RF Victor Ferrante named Northern League Player of the Week, leading the league during the seven-day stretch in total bases (23), RBI (9) and slugging percentage (.920),  while batting .440 (11-for-25) with seven runs scored, four doubles, a triple, and two home runs in the week.\n \nAugust 31, 2009: Flyers lead the Northern league in win increase from 2008 to 2009 as well as highest attendance increase from 2008 to 2009.\n \nSeptember 16, 2009: Cephas Howard named Northern League Rookie Pitcher of the Year, and shortstop Travis Brown named Northern League Defensive Player of the Year  for the 2009 campaign.\n\n2010 season\nMay 20, 2010: Flyers win the season opener with a 10-2 rout in Rockford. Dustin Glant gives up only one earned run on six hits and one walk in seven innings of work to earn the win. Richard Mercardo and Mike Mooney blast their first home runs of the season.\n \nMay 28, 2010: The Flyers come onto Alexian Field under the temporary team name of Schaumburg Pilots.  The Pilots name was upheld throughout the Stanley Cup Finals as a sign of support for the hometown Chicago Blackhawks as they took on (and beat) the Philadelphia Flyers in 6 games. The Pilots beat the Gary Southshore Railcats 5-3 for the team\u2019s first home win of the season.\n\nJune 1, 2010: Pilots win 6-5 over the Fargo-Moorhead Redhawks. Richard Mercado hit a two-run homer, and Andre Marshall hit a walk off solo home run to seal the game for the Pilots.\n\nJune 19, 2010: Ryan Gehring strikes out eight Kansas City T-Bones and allows only five hits en route to a 4-1 Flyers victory. Gehring picked up the win in his first start of the season. \n\nJune 21, 2010: Dustin Glant tosses a complete game shutout as the Flyers win 2-0 over Joliet. The righty allowed five hits while striking out seven batters. Joey Gomes hit an RBI single in the first inning, and Andre Marshall added a solo home run in the fourth to give the Flyers all they would need for the victory. \n\nJune 22, 2010: University of Illinois head football coach Ron Zook and head basketball coach Bruce Weber were on hand to witness a 9-5 Flyers victory on Illini night at Alexian Field. \n\nJune 23, 2010: The Flyers knocked off the Jackhammers in dramatic style with a bottom of the ninth walk-off double by Joe Pauley for a 5-4 win, securing Schaumburg\u2019s first series sweep of the season. Joey Gomes stretched his league leading hit streak to 18 games, going 3-4 with three singles. \n\nJune 25, 2010: Flyers need just three hits to secure a 4-3 victory over the Lake County Fielders. Joey Gomes drew two walks in the game, but did not collect a hit, snapping his 19-game hit streak. \n\nJune 26, 2010:  Flyers win their sixth straight game. Dustin Glant pitched 8.2 strong innings before being pulled in a bases loaded jam in the top of the ninth. Evans was able to strike out the Fielder\u2019s Brian McFall to seal the win for Glant and pick up the save. \n\nJuly 7, 2010: Flyers sweep their series against the Rockford Riverhawks, winning both games of a double-header. Richard Mercado and Joe Nowicki smacked solo home runs for the Flyers in the first game, and Matt Elliott picked up the win in the 5-2 victory. In the second game, Ron Bourquin drew a game-winning bases-loaded walk in the eleventh inning to score Ruddy Yan and win 4-3. \n\nJuly 14, 2010: Dustin Glant and Richard Mercado represent the Schaumburg Flyers in the Northern League All-Star game in Tucson, Arizona. Mercado notched a hit and Glant pitched one inning of relief, giving up one earned run on two hits to go along with a strikeout. The Northern League All-Stars cruised past the Golden League All-Stars 9-3. \n\nJuly 24, 2010: Dustin Glant tosses a complete-game gem, his second of the year, as the Flyers beat the Winnipeg Goldeyes 4-2. Glant allowed just two runs on eight hits with four strikeouts and two walks. \n\nJuly 28, 2010: Newly inducted Hall of Famer Andre Dawson hosts a celebrity softball event at Alexian Field following the Flyers game against Joliet. The Hawk suited up in front of a lively crowd with several other baseball greats and celebrities, including Dale Murphy, Gary Sheffield, Don Zimmer, Vida Blue, Steve McMichael, and Giuliana and Bill Rancic. \n\nJuly 31, 2010: The Flyers beat the Fargo-Moorhead RedHawks 9-7 in an impressive display of offense by both teams at Alexian Field. Ruddy Yan hit an inside-the-park home run that scored two. \n\nAugust 2, 2010: Joey Gomes hit two home runs to blast the Flyers past the Riverhawks 12-5. Gomes finished his remarkable night 3-5 with two homers, a double, five RBI, and three runs scored. Mario Delgado returned to the Flyers with a bang as he launched a Brett Durand offering over the center field fence in the second inning. \n\nAugust 11, 2010: Alain Quijano was almost unhittable at Alexian Field. The lefty tossed a one-hit shutout as the Flyers earned a 4-0 win over the Lake County Fielders. It took 116 pitches for Quijano to finish the complete game, striking out seven Fielders along the way. It was the fourth complete game of the season for the Flyers. \n\nAugust 15, 2010: Dustin Glant is named Northern League Player of the Week. Glant went 2-0 in two starts with a 1.80 ERA during the week. \n\nAugust 29, 2010: Flyers sweep Fielders 9-4. Dustin Glant picked up his ninth win of the year, and Kit Pellow and Chris Schultz each hit homers for the Flyers. The first three batters set the tone for the Flyers as Travis Brown led off with a triple. Ruddy Yan followed with a RBI single and Kit Pellow stepped up next with a two run blast to left field for an early 3-0 lead. The Flyers would tack on another run in the second inning with another RBI single from Ruddy Yan. \nThe Fielders would get their four runs sparingly in the game as Higgins led off in the third inning with a double and would eventually come to score.\nChris Schultz got the hitting going again in the 4th inning. A big two RBI double followed by Ruddy Yan's third RBI single would make the game 7-1 after four innings. \nFielders scored in the sixth inning off a solo home run by Cody Strait, but the Flyers would get the run back in same fashion from Chris Schultz. Mario Delgado followed with a RBI double to finish off the Flyers scoring and putting the lead at 9-2 after six inning.\nThe Fielders would get two more runs in the top of the 8th inning with Cody Strait and Adam Hale getting back to back hits, while both would round the bases to score. Dustin Glant picked up his ninth win of the season, going seven innings, allowing two runs on ten hits with three strikeouts. Alec Lewis got the loss for the Fielders, allowing seven runs in 3.2 innings on ten hits.\n\nSeptember 1, 2010: Flyers pitcher Brian McCullough is named the Northern League\u2019s Pitcher of the Month for August. McCullough allowed only one earned run during August and owned a 3-0 record with a 1.33 ERA in the month. He also had 5 saves during that span, while appearing in 12 games. \n\nSeptember 5, 2010 \u2013 Going into their final game, the Flyers entered Sunday's game up 2-0 in the final series against Winnipeg, and looked to finish the season on a high note with a sweep of the Goldeyes. However, with a late two-RBI double in the 8th inning, Winnipeg shut down those hopes and defeated the Flyers 4-3 in the final game of the 2010 season.\nThe scoring began early off a Chris Schultz home run, his fourth of the season, putting the Flyers up 1-0 in the second inning. Winnipeg would get that run back in the top of the third as Price Kendall hits a single, advanced on a stolen base, and scored on a Kevin West RBI single to tie the game 1-1. \nNeither team would score until Juan Diaz stepped up to the plate against Alain Quijano in the 6th inning. Diaz connected for his 24th homer of the season, and his 75th RBI to help the Goldeyes take the lead 2-1. The lead would not last long, as the Flyers would answer in the bottom half of the inning. Ruddy Yan got on base with a single and Joey Gomes would drive him in to tie the game 2-2 after six. \nOnce more in the game, back-to-back scoring frames would occur starting with Winnipeg in the top of the 8th inning. Justice would have the game winning 2-RBI single to make the score 4-2, leaving the Flyers left to answer in the bottom half of the inning. Mario Delgado got things rolling with a double, Brett Harker came in to pinch-run, and eventually scored on Gomes' second RBI single of the game, his 53rd RBI of the season. \nThere seemed to be a late surge in the bottom of the ninth, as the Flyers put two on base with two outs to go, but Ruddy Yan could not come through in the clutch, as the Flyers ended their season with a suspenseful 4-3 loss to the Winnipeg Goldeyes, giving the Flyers a 41-59 mark for the year. \nA tough loss for Alain Quijano, who pitched a complete game, allowing four runs on seven hits with six strikeouts, ending the season with a 3.77 ERA. Chad Benefield would be credited with his first career win as a professional pitcher, throwing 1.2 innings in relief of Goldeyes starter Jason Mackintosh. \n\nSeptember 15, 2010: Travis Brown is named the Northern League\u2019s Top Defensive Player of the Year for the second consecutive season. Brown led all shortstops with 330 assists and 522 total chances, committing only 20 errors (.962), and helping the Flyers post the best fielding percentage in the league (.977). \n\nNovember 18, 2010: Flyers join newly formed North American Baseball League.  The league was formed by members of the Golden Baseball League, the Northern League, and the United League.\n\nLatter years and disbandment\nToward the end of the 2010 season, in late August, Rich Ehrenreich's operating company for the team, Schaumburg Professional Baseball, L.L.C., was stripped of its business registration for nonpayment of sales and withholding taxes. Heavily in debt, Ehrenreich was attempting to sell the team since the beginning of the 2010 season to concentrate on the Lake County Fielders (which Ehrenrich co-owns under a separate operating company), and a proposed sale in June 2010 to Adriano Pedrelli had fallen through.\n\nDespite troubles with Illinois tax officials, the Flyers signaled their intent to join the newly formed North American League in the winter of 2010, intending to play the 2011 season in that league. However, the Schaumburg Flyers were served an eviction notice from Alexian Field on February 24, with the team over $900,000 in arrears in rent on Alexian Field going back to 2007. A Cook County judge terminated the lease and ordering Flyers' ownership to pay the village and the Schaumburg Park District (the co-landlords) $551,828.92 in back rent (although the actual amount owed was $920,000 going back to 2007), with the eviction becoming final on March 6, 2011. Three days after the eviction notice became final, the owner of the Joliet Slammers, Alan Oremus, was awarded a new lease on the stadium. A new lease was signed by the new operating company, E.J.I., LLC, in July 2011, after which Oremus sold the franchise to local attorney Patrick A. Salvi. The replacement team, the Schaumburg Boomers, began play in 2012.\n\nThe assets of the Flyers were auctioned in April 2011, bringing an end to the franchise. The back rent, however, has not been collected by Schaumburg officials.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n nlfan.com - yearly league standings & awards\n Flyers eviction postponed, sale expected, triblocal.com\n Schaumburg Flyers' business license revoked, dailyherald.com\n Costin accuses Schaumburg officials of accepting \"perks\", dailyherald.com\n\nExternal links\n Official Flyers Website\n\nCategory:1999 establishments in Illinois\nCategory:2011 disestablishments in Illinois\nCategory:Defunct baseball teams in Chicago\nCategory:North American League teams\nCategory:Northern League (baseball, 1993\u20132010) teams\nCategory:Professional baseball teams in Illinois\nCategory:Schaumburg, Illinois\nCategory:Defunct independent baseball league teams\nCategory:Sports clubs disestablished in 2011\nCategory:Baseball teams established in 1993"}
-{"text": "Vladimirovac\n\nVladimirovac () is a village in Serbia. It is situated in the Alibunar municipality, in the South Banat District, Vojvodina province. The village has a Serb ethnic majority and a population of 4,111 people (2002 census).\n\nName\nIn Serbian, the village is known as Vladimirovac or \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446; in Romanian as P\u0103trov\u0103s\u00e2la or/also spelled \"Petrov\u0103s\u00e2la;\" in German as Petersdorf; and in Hungarian as Petre.\n\nEthnic groups (2002 census)\nSerbs = 2,259 (54,95%)\nRomanians = 1,424 (34.63%)\nRoma = 110 (2.67%)\nothers.\n\nHistorical population\n\nSites\nThe present church was built from 1859 to 1863; on 8 December 1894. a railway station for rail Vr\u0161ac - Kovin was opened; and on 26 August 1896, the Pan\u010devo was opened as well.\n\nNotable people\nDejan Dra\u017ei\u0107, footballer\nBaba Anujka, serial killer\n\nSee also\nList of places in Serbia\nList of cities, towns and villages in Vojvodina\n\nReferences\n\nGallery\n\nExternal links\n\nOfficial page of Vladimirovac\nCanadian Webpage\n\nCategory:Populated places in South Banat District\nCategory:Populated places in Serbian Banat\nCategory:Alibunar"}
-{"text": "Mike Martin (basketball, born 1974)\n\nMike Martin (born 20 February 1974 in London, England) is a British professional basketball player, and currently plays for the London Lions in the British Basketball League.\n\nThe 6ft6 Forward started his career in 1996, where he spent two years before signing professional with BBL club Milton Keynes Lions in 1998. However, after just one season, Martin started a nomadic career by signing for Leopards, in 1999, before moving to Brighton Bears and back to the Leopards, within the space of a few months.\n\nIn 2001, after two seasons with his hometown franchise, Martin signed for Thames Valley Tigers, the predecessors to his current club, Guildford. The following year, Martin was on the move again, this time to Europe, where he played for French team Saint \u00c9tienne, before moving back to the BBL to play for Scottish Rocks in 2003. After just a season back in his homeland, Martin moved again back to France, where he signed for JSF Nanterre of the Pro B Ligue.\n\nIn 2005, Martin signed for Guildford in their rookie season, and also won a Bronze medal with England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia. In 2007, Martin was part of the Heat team that won their first piece of silverware in the BBL Cup final, on 7 January, in an 81\u201378 win against Scottish Rocks. Martin has been at the Heat ever since.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1974 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Surrey Scorchers players\nCategory:English men's basketball players\nCategory:Sportspeople from London\nCategory:Commonwealth Games competitors for England\nCategory:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England\nCategory:London Lions (basketball) players\nCategory:Glasgow Rocks players\nCategory:Basketball players from Greater London\nCategory:Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball\nCategory:Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games"}
-{"text": "Deportivo Mictl\u00e1n\n\nDeportivo Mictl\u00e1n is a Guatemalan football club, playing in the top division again in the 2010 Clausura tournament.\n\nNicknamed Los Conejos (the Rabbits) and based in Asunci\u00f3n Mita, Jutiapa, their home stadium is Estadio La Asunci\u00f3n, which holds 3,000.\n\nHistory\nMictl\u00e1n was promoted for the first time in 1992 when they bought the license that Galcasa from Villa Nueva left in the top division. In 2006 Mictl\u00e1n achieved their second promotion to the Liga Nacional when they defeated Xinabajul in Primera Divisi\u00f3n de Ascenso extra match, playing the 2006\u20132007 season in Liga Nacional for the first time since 1996. They would be back in the Second Division soon again after finishing last in the overall standings, thus being automatically demoted and stay there through the 2009\u20132010 season .\n\nThe team returned to Guatemala's top division for the 2010 Clausura tournament after defeating Sacachispas 1\u20130 in overtime.\n\nFirst-team squad\n\nCurrent Coaching Staff\nAs of December 1, 2012.\n\nBoard of directors\nAs of June 25, 2010.\n\nClub Statistics and Records\nBiggest win achieved: 6\u20131 to Juventud Retalteca (1993\u201394 League).\nEmbedded biggest win: 6\u20131 from Comunicaciones (1994\u201395 League).\nBest League position: 3rd. (1995)\nTop scorer: Rudy Rolando Ram\u00edrez (18 goals)\n\nList of coaches\n Jhonny Ch\u00e1vez\n\nReferences\n\nMictlan"}
-{"text": "Vegetable oils as alternative energy\n\nVegetable oils are increasingly used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are the basis of biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles, but straight vegetable oil needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity and surface tension. Another alternative is vegetable oil refining.\n\nThe availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing, although still tiny compared to conventional fossil fuel sources.  There is significant research in algaculture methods to make biofuel from algae.\n\nConcerns have been expressed about growing crops for fuel use rather than food and the environmental impacts of large-scale agriculture and land clearing required to expand the production of vegetable oil for fuel use. These effects/impacts would need to be specifically researched and evaluated, economically and ecologically, and weighed in balance with the proposed benefits of vegetable oil fuel in relation to the use of other fuel sources.\n\nFuture of energy for world economy \nThere is a limited amount of fossil fuel inside the Earth.  Since the current world energy resources and consumption is mainly fossil fuels, we are very dependent on them for both transportation and electric power generation.  The Hubbert peak theory predicts that oil depletion will result in oil production dropping off in the not too distant future.  As time goes on our economy will have to transition to some alternative fuels. Fossil fuels have solved two problems which could be separately solved in the future: the problem of a source of primary energy and of energy storage.  Along with straight vegetable oil and biodiesel, some energy technologies that could play an important part in the future include:\n\n| width=\"30%\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" style=\"border:0\"|\n hydrogen economy\n methanol fuel\n ethanol fuel\n lithium economy\n zinc-air battery\n liquid nitrogen economy\n synthetic fuel\n| width=\"30%\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" style=\"border:0\"|\n solar energy / photovoltaics\n nuclear power (fission power)\n fusion power\n wind power\n compressed air energy storage\n flywheel energy storage\n biofuel\n| width=\"30%\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" style=\"border:0\"|\n\nNet CO2 or greenhouse gas production \n\nPlants use sunlight and photosynthesis to take carbon dioxide (CO2) out of the Earth's atmosphere to make  vegetable oil.  The same CO2 is then put back after it is burned in an engine.  Thus vegetable oil does not increase the CO2 in the atmosphere, and does not directly contribute to the problem of greenhouse gas.  It is really a way of catching and storing solar energy; it is a renewable energy.\n\nHowever, as with other \"renewable\" energy sources, there may be a (relatively small) carbon footprint associated with production or distribution of vegetable oil.\n\nSafety \n\nVegetable oil is far less toxic than other fuels such as gasoline, petroleum-based diesel, ethanol, or methanol, and has a much higher flash point (approximately 275-290\u00a0\u00b0C).  The higher flash point reduces the risk of accidental ignition.  Some types of vegetable oil are edible.\n\nGeneration and storage \nTechnologies of  hydrogen economy, batteries, compressed air energy storage, and flywheel energy storage address the energy storage problem but not the source of primary energy.  Other technologies like fission power, fusion power, and solar power address the problem of a source of primary energy but not energy storage.  Vegetable oil addresses both the source of primary energy and of energy storage. The cost and weight to store a given amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential replacements for fossil fuels.\n\nType of vegetable oil \nThe list of vegetable oils article discusses which types of vegetable oil are used for fuel and where different types are grown.\n\nTransportation \nVegetable oil is used for transportation in four different ways:\n Vegetable oil blends - Mixing vegetable oil with diesel lets users get some of the advantages of burning vegetable oil and is often done with no modification to the vehicle.\n Biodiesel - If vegetable oil is transesterified it becomes biodiesel.  Biodiesel burns like normal diesel and works fine in any diesel engine.  The name just indicates that the fuel came from vegetable oil.\n Straight vegetable oil -  Straight vegetable oil works in diesel engines if it is heated first. Some diesel engines already heat their fuel, others need a small electric heater on the fuel line.  How well it works depends on the heating system, the engine, the type of vegetable oil (thinner is easier), and the climate (warmer is easier).  Some data is available on results users are seeing.  As vegetable oil has become more popular as a fuel, engines are being designed to handle it better. The Elsbett engine is designed to run on straight vegetable oil.  However, as of the start of 2007, it seems that there are not any production vehicles warrantied for burning straight vegetable oil, although Deutz offer a tractor and John Deere are known to be in late stages of engine development.  There is a German rapeseed oil fuel standard DIN 51605.  At this point straight vegetable oil is only a niche market although the market segment in Germany is rapidly growing with large haulage vehicle fleets adopting the fuel, largely for economic reasons. A growing number of decentralised oil mills provide a large part of this fuel.\n Vegetable oil refining - Vegetable oil can be used as feedstock for an oil refinery.  There it can be transformed into fuel by hydrocracking (which breaks big molecules into smaller ones using hydrogen) or hydrogenation (which adds hydrogen to molecules).  These methods can produce gasoline, diesel, or propane.  Some commercial examples of vegetable oil refining are NExBTL, H-Bio, and the ConocoPhilips Process.\n\nThe transition can start with biodiesel, vegetable oil refining, and vegetable oil blends, since these technologies do not require the capital outlay of converting an engine to run on vegetable oils.  Because it costs to convert vegetable oil into biodiesel it is expected that vegetable oil will always be cheaper than biodiesel.  After there are production cars that can use straight vegetable oil and a standard type available at gas stations, consumers will probably choose straight vegetable oil to save money.  So the transition to vegetable oil can happen gradually.\n\nElectricity generation \nOther methods, like nuclear power, fusion power, wind power and solar power, may provide cheaper electricity, so vegetable oil may only be used in peaking power plants and small power plants, as diesel is limited to today.  There is at least one 5 MW power plant that runs on biodiesel. MAN B&W Diesel, W\u00e4rtsil\u00e4 and other companies produce engines suitable for power generation that can be fueled with pure plant oils.\n\nMarket, cost, price, and taxes \n\nIn Europe, straight vegetable oil (SVO) costs 150 pence/litre at most supermarkets  and somewhat less when bought in bulk direct from the manufacturers whereas diesel costs at least 130 pence per litre (in the UK ) to well over that (depends on the year, 1.4 euro is the current market price in central Europe). In the USA, diesel costs about 0,6 $ per liter and the cheapest SVO costs about the same, with more expensive oils costing more than that (up to $7 per gallon).\n\nThe availability of biodiesel around the World is increasing.  It is estimated that by 2010 the market for biodiesel will be 7.5 billion litres (2 billion USgallons) in the U.S and 9.5 billion litres (2.5 billion USgallons) in Europe.  Biodiesel currently has 3% of the diesel market in Germany and is the number 1 alternative fuel.  The German government has a Biofuels Roadmap in which they expect to reach 10% biofuels by 2010 with the diesel 10% coming from fuel made from vegetable oil.\n\nFrom 2005 to 2007 a number of types of vegetable oil have doubled in price. The rise in vegetable oil prices is largely attributed to biofuel demand.\n\nMuch of the fuel price at the pump is due to fuel tax.   If you buy vegetable oil at the grocery store it does not have such high taxes.  So at times people have bought vegetable oil at the store for their cars because it was cheaper.  They did this in spite of the fact that packaging by the gallon adds to the cost and it was illegal to use in a car since no fuel tax had been paid on it.\n\nSince vegetable oil (even as biodiesel) does not contribute to greenhouse gas, governments may tax it much less than gasoline as they have done with ethanol.\nThis would help them reach Kyoto protocol targets.\n\nProduction in sufficient quantity \n\nThe World production of vegetable oil seed is forecast to be 418 million tonnes in 2008/09.  After pressing this will make 131 million tonnes of vegetable oil. Much of this is from Oil Palm, and palm oil production is growing at 5% per year.  At about 7.5\u00a0lb/USgal (900 g/L) this is about 38 billion USgallons (144 billion L).  Currently vegetable oil is mostly used in food and some industrial uses with a small percentage used as fuel.  The major fuel usage is by conversion to biodiesel with about  in 2009.\n\nIn 2004 the US consumed 530 billion litres (140 billion USgal) of gasoline and 150 billion litres (40 billion USgal) of diesel. In biodiesel it says oil palm produces 5940 litres per hectare (635 USgal/acre) of palm oil each year.  To make  of vegetable oil each year would require  or a square of land  on a side.\n\n\"The gradual move from oil has begun. Over the next 15 to 20 years we may see biofuels providing a full 25 percent of the world's energy needs. While the move is good for reducing greenhouse emissions, soaring oil prices have encouraged most countries to 'go green' by switching to greater use of biofuels.\" - Alexander M\u00fcller, Assistant Director-General of Sustainable Development at the FAO.\n\nAlgaculture could potentially produce far more oil per unit area.   Results from pilot algaculture projects using sterile CO2 from power plant smokestacks look promising.\n\nGenetic modifications to soybeans are already being used.  Genetic modifications and breeding can increase vegetable oil yields.  From 1979 to 2005 the soybean yield in bushels per acre more than doubled.  A company has developed a variety of camelina sativa that yields 20% more oil than the standard variety.\n\nEnvironmental effects\n\nThere is concern that the current growing demand for vegetable oil is causing deforestation, with old forests being replaced with oil palms. When land is cleared it is often burned, which releases large amounts of the greenhouse gas CO2. Vegetable oil production would have to increase substantially to replace gasoline and diesel.  With current technology such an increase in production would have a substantial environmental impact.\n\nFood vs fuel debate \n\nIn some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems. There are those that say using a food crop for fuel sets up competition between food in poor countries and fuel in rich countries.   Some propose that fuel only be made from non-edible vegetable oils like jatropha oil. Others argue that the problem is more fundamental. The law of supply and demand predicts that if fewer farmers are producing food the price of food will rise.  It may take some time, as farmers can take some time to change which things they are growing, but increasing demand for biofuels is likely to result in price increases for many kinds of food.  Some have pointed out that there are poor farmers and poor countries making more money because of the higher price of vegetable oil.\n\nWith the use of non-edible vegetable oils produced by trees such as Millettia Pinnata (formerly Pongamia Pinnata) or the Moringa oleifera tree, both which grow on borderline or non-arable land, the food versus fuel debate becomes less of an either/or question. Apart from their facility of growing in non-arable and/or marginal land, these trees offer major advantages over peanut, soy-bean, sunflower, etc., in that they have long lives (up to 100 years), very low maintenance (since the intensive husbandry is limited to the first few years of their producing lives) and can provide cash-crops to rural areas, such as rural India. In the case of Millettia Pinnata and a few others, the fact that they are nitrogen-fixing legumes is another very important factor, in that they do not deplete the soil. Among other benefits of these trees is that they have root-systems that penetrate much deeper and do not compete with shallow-rooted plants, like grass (once the trees have attained a certain maturity). This means that the land can be used for multiple purposes, such as grazing for animals. Yet another benefit of using Millettia Pinnata to produce bio-diesel is that it can tolerate low rainfall (as little as 250 ml per year), far below what most food-crops require, thus reducing yet more their potential to compete.\n\nAlgae for vegetable oil production \n\nSome species of algae contain as much as 50% vegetable oil.  Algae have very high growth rates compared to plants normally used to produce vegetable oil. Potentially algae could produce much more oil per area of land than current farming methods.   So producing vegetable oil this way should result in less deforestation and less competition for food production land.   One expert wrote: \"As demonstrated here, microalgal biodiesel is technically feasible. It is the only renewable biodiesel that can potentially completely displace liquid fuels derived from petroleum. Economics of producing microalgal biodiesel need to improve substantially to make it competitive with petrodiesel, but the level of improvement necessary appears to be attainable.\n\"\n\nWhere there is existing electricity generation using fossil fuels, there is a source of sterile CO2.  This makes algaculture much easier.  To grow algae you need lots of CO2, but if you get it from air you will also get all kinds of other organisms, some of which eat algae.  Getting CO2 from a smokestack works out really well.  Governments trying to address the external costs of coal power plants may have a carbon tax or carbon credit that provides additional motivation to use CO2 from smokestacks.   Several commercial pilot plants are under construction.\n\nThere is substantial research and development work in this area but as of 2007 there is no commercial vegetable oil produced from algae and used as biofuel. ExxonMobil is investing $600 million and estimates they are 5 to 10 years from significant production, but could invest billions in final development and commercialization.   If and when the commercialization challenges are overcome, vegetable oil production could expand very rapidly.\n\nIn 2012 President Obama supported the idea of getting oil from algae.\n\nSee also\n\n Biodiesel by region\n Dimethyl ether: another diesel fuel alternative\n Food price crisis\n Greasestock\n Hydrocarbon economy\n List of vegetable oils\n Low-carbon economy\n Motor oil\n Renewable energy\n Straight vegetable oil\n Strategic Fuel Reserve\n Sustainable development\n Vegetable oil blends\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Truth About Biofuels in America\n\nCategory:Renewable energy economy\nCategory:Biofuels\nCategory:Vegetable oils"}
-{"text": "Chiu Ban It\n\nJoshua Chiu Ban It (;  \u2013 2016) was  the Bishop of Singapore from 1966 to 1981, and was the first indigenous Bishop of Singapore.\n\nChiu graduated with a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London in 1941 and was ordained after a period of study at Westcott House, Cambridge in 1943. His first post was as Curate at St Francis Bournville after which he was Priest in charge of St Hilda, Katong. and then Vicar of Selangor.\n\nFrom 1959 to 1961, Chiu was  Secretary of the Australian Board of Missions and from then, until his elevation to the Episcopate, held a similar post with the Laymen World Council of Churches.\n\nExternal links \nPortrait\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:Alumni of the University of London\nCategory:1921 births\nCategory:Bishops of Singapore\nCategory:2016 deaths\nCategory:Singaporean Anglicans\nCategory:Singaporean people of Chinese descent\nCategory:Singaporean religious leaders\nCategory:Deans of Singapore\nCategory:Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge"}
-{"text": "Psychedelic literature\n\nThis is a list of psychedelic literature, works related to psychedelic drugs and the psychedelic experience. Psychedelic literature has also been defined as textual works that arose from the proliferation of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic research with hallucinogens during the 1950s and early 1960s in North America and Europe.\n\nThe science of psychedelic drugs\n\nThe anthropology of psychedelic drugs\n\nSubjective effects of psychedelic drugs\n\nPolitical possibilities of psychedelic drugs\n\nDirect inspiration of the psychedelic experience\n\nPsychedelic magazines\nPsychozoic Press\n High Frontiers\n Psychedelic Monographs and Essays\n The Entheogen Review\n Dragibus Magazine\n Psychedelic Magazine\n Psychedelic Press''\n\nSee also\n Erowid\n Psychedelic film\n Psychedelic art\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Psychedelic literature\nCategory:Lists of books\nCategory:Psychology bibliographies\nCategory:Philosophy bibliographies"}
-{"text": "John Crawford (cricketer)\n\nReverend John Charles Crawford (29 May 1849 \u2013 21 February 1935), known as Parson Crawford, was an English clergyman and amateur cricketer. He played for Kent County Cricket Club between 1872 and 1877.\n\nCrawford made his first-class cricket debut for WG Grace's XI in 1871 against Kent before going on to play 10 times for Kent. He also played for a large number of non-first-class teams, including Leicestershire and Gentlemen's teams in Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey and for Surrey's Second XI between 1891 and 1894. Crawford was a fast bowler and powerful batsman who was \"large framed and powerfully built\".\n\nHe was born in Hastings in Sussex in 1849. His father had played for the Gentlemen of England and his brother, Frank Fairbairn Crawford, also played first-class cricket for Kent as did three of Carwford's sons \u2013 Jack for Surrey and England, Reginald for Leicestershire and Vivian for both Surrey and Leicestershire. His Wisden obituary notes that he \"loved the game so much that all his children played from an early age\" and that an entire team of Crawford's played on occasion, including at least two of his daughters.\n\nCrawford attended University College, Oxford. He was the chaplain to Cane Hill Hospital in Surrey for 36 years from 1883 until he retired in 1919. He was an honorary curate at St Mary's Church in Merton after his retirement and died at Wimbledon Chase in Surrey in 1935 aged 85. He is buried in the churchyard at St Mary's, Merton.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1849 births\nCategory:1935 deaths\nCategory:English cricketers\nCategory:Kent cricketers\nCategory:W. G. Grace's XI cricketers"}
-{"text": "Eric Miller (industrialist)\n\nSir Eric Miller (12 June 1882 \u2013 11 July 1958  was a leading figure in the British rubber industry, and played a prominent role in establishing research facilities such as the British Rubber Producers Research Association.\n\nEarly life\nMiller was born Hans Eric Miller, in Yorkshire, and attended the Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Darlington. He then studied at the Leipzig School of Commerce for two years.\n\nCareer\nMiller entered business at the age of 18 at Harrisons and Crosfield, an import-export company. He was appointed a Director in 1908, aged 25, when the company was incorporated.\n\nAs a Director, he was largely concerned with developing a number of rubber plantation companies that Harrisons and Crosfield had an interest in. He became Chairman in 1924 and represented them on many boards of rubber companies in which it had an interest, as well as the Port of London Authority. As a council member of the Rubber Growers' Association he became an early proponent of research and was in 1920 awarded an honorary Gold Medal for his efforts. He later became chairman of the British Rubber Producers Research Association, formed in 1938, and the International Rubber Development Board.  He was also a sponsor of the International Rubber Regulation Committee, whose work these bodies was intended to complement. He was knighted in 1952 for this work.\n\nPersonal interests and awards\n\nHe farmed, collected books and art. Aside from his gold medal from the Rubber Growers' Association and knighthood, he was also a Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1882 births\nCategory:1958 deaths\nCategory:British businesspeople\nCategory:People from Yorkshire\nCategory:Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau\nCategory:Rubber industry"}
-{"text": "2004 Senior League World Series\n\nThe 2004 Senior League World Series took place from August 15\u201321 in Bangor, Maine, United States. Freehold Township, New Jersey defeated El Rio, California in the championship game.\n\nTeams\n\nResults\n\nGroup A\n\nGroup B\n\nElimination Round\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Senior League World Series\nSenior League World Series"}
-{"text": "Abaninath Mukherji\n\nREDIRECT Abani Mukherji"}
-{"text": "Margarita de Ochoa\n\nMargarita de Ochoa was a Spanish film editor who worked on around fifty films during her career including Calle Mayor (1956).\n\nSelected filmography\n Whirlwind (1941)\n Unknown Path (1946)\n Black Jack (1950)\n Under the Sky of Spain (1953)\n The Beauty of Cadiz (1953)\n Plot on the Stage (1953)\n The Devil Plays the Flute (1953)\n The Red Fish (1955)\n Calle Mayor (1956)\n The Tenant (1957)\n Sonatas (1959)\n Sound of Horror (1964)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n Mira, Alberto. The Cinema of Spain and Portugal. Wallflower Press, 2005.\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Year of birth unknown\nCategory:Year of death unknown\nCategory:Spanish film editors"}
-{"text": "Paraceto\n\nParaceto is a genus of Chinese and Korean araneomorph spiders in the Trachelidae family, first described by C. Jin, X. C. Yin & F. Zhang in 2017.  it contains only two species.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Araneomorphae genera\nCategory:Trachelidae"}
-{"text": "Psi (instant messaging client)\n\nPsi is a free instant messaging client for the XMPP protocol (including such services as Google Talk) which uses the Qt toolkit. It runs on Linux (and other Unix-like operating systems), Windows, macOS and eComStation (OS/2).\n\nReady-to-install deb and RPM packages are available for many Linux distributions. Successful ports of Psi were reported for Haiku, FreeBSD and Sun Solaris operating systems.\n\nDue to Psi's free/open-source nature, several forks have appeared, which occasionally contain features that may appear in future official Psi versions. These official and unofficial builds are documented on their external wiki page.\n\nProject name \n'Psi' is the twenty-third letter of the Greek alphabet (\u03a8), which is used as the software's logo.\n\nMission statement \nThe goal of the Psi project is to create a powerful, yet easy-to-use XMPP client that tries to strictly adhere to the XMPP drafts and XMPP XEPs. This means that in most cases, Psi will not implement a feature unless there is an accepted standard for it in the XMPP community. Doing so ensures that Psi will be compatible, stable, and predictable.\n\nHistory\nThe application was created by Justin Karneges and it began as a side project. At various points during its existence Karneges was paid to develop the codebase, during which Psi flourished. Typically however, the release cycle of Psi is relatively slow, but the client has always been seen by its fans as a very stable and powerful instant messaging client. Karneges left the project in late 2004 to pursue other endeavors.\nIn 2002 Michail Pishchagin started hacking Qt code which later became libpsi library. Pishchagin joined the team in March 2003 and he is responsible for many large chunks in Psi code.\n\nIn November 2004, maintenance was taken over by Kevin Smith, a long-time contributor to the project. In 2009, Smith handed maintenance back to Karneges, who also maintains Iris, the Qt/C++ XMPP library upon which Psi is based.\n\nRemko Tron\u00e7on started writing his custom patches for Psi in 2003, and became an official developer in May 2005.\n\nIn 2009 a Psi fork named Psi+ was started. Project purposes are: implementation of new features, writing of patches and plugins for transferring them to upstream. As of 2017 all active Psi+ developers have become official Psi developers, but Psi+ still has a number of unique features. From developers point of view Psi+ is just a development branch of Psi IM client which is hosted at separate git repositories and for which rolling release development model is used.\n\nFeatures \nBecause XMPP allows gateways to other services, which many servers support, it can also connect to Yahoo!, AIM, Gadu-Gadu, ICQ and Microsoft networks. Other services available using gateway servers include RSS and Atom news feeds, sending SMS messages to cellular networks and weather reports.\n\nAs of 2012, Psi has language packs for 20 languages, with more being created.\n\nEmoticon packs are supported using the jisp format. Many jisp emoticon packs are available, including ones from AIM, iChat, and Trillian.\n\nPsi supports file transfers between other XMPP clients, and it is possible to send to or receive files from other IM networks, if the user's servers support this. Psi supports Contact Is Typing Notification (which works with Yahoo!, MSN, and AIM contacts). Version 0.10, released in January 2006, brought automatically resizing contact list and composing window in chat dialogs, tabbed chats, support for Growl messaging system on Mac OS X, window transparency and many other changes.\n\nEncryption \nPsi has official plugins with GnuPG, OTR and OMEMO encryption of private messages. Encryption of messages in group chats is supported only via OMEMO plugin.\n\nSee also \n\n Comparison of instant messaging clients\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Official website\n Interview with Justin Karneges\n\nCategory:2001 software\nCategory:Free instant messaging clients\nCategory:Free XMPP clients\nCategory:Instant messaging clients for Linux\nCategory:MacOS instant messaging clients\nCategory:Windows instant messaging clients\nCategory:Portable software\nCategory:Software that uses Qt"}
-{"text": "February 2018 Mogadishu attacks\n\nOn 23 February 2018, at least 45 people were killed and 36 others injured in two car bombings and a shooting in Mogadishu. Al-Shabaab later claimed responsibility.\n\nAttack \nOn 23 February 2018, two suicide car bombs exploded in the Somali capital of Mogadishu. The first car bomb went off after militants breached a checkpoint near the president's residence by shooting at security personnel. The other detonated in front of a hotel away from the palace. 45 bystanders were killed and 36 others injured. Five attackers were also reported dead.\n\nResponsibility \nThe Somalia-based Islamist group Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack via its Andalus radio arm, stating that both its drivers were suicide bombers.\n\nReferences \n\nFebruary attacks\nCategory:2018 murders in Somalia\nCategory:2018 road incidents\nFebruary 2018 attacks\nCategory:2010s road incidents in Africa\nCategory:21st-century mass murder in Somalia\nFebruary 2018 attacks\nCategory:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2018\nFebruary 2018 attacks\nCategory:Attacks on government buildings and structures\nCategory:Attacks on hotels in Africa\nCategory:February 2018 crimes in Africa\nCategory:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2018\nCategory:Mass murder in 2018\nFebruary 2018 attacks\nCategory:Road incidents in Somalia\nCategory:Suicide bombings in 2018\nFebruary 2018 attacks\nCategory:Suicide car and truck bombings in Somalia\nCategory:Terrorist incidents in Somalia in 2018\nCategory:War in Somalia (2009\u2013present)"}
-{"text": "Georges Gr\u00fcn\n\nGeorges Serge Gr\u00fcn (born 25 January 1962, in Schaerbeek, Belgium) is a former Belgian football defender, who currently works as a television presenter for the UEFA Champions League matches at RTL TVI.\n\nGr\u00fcn made his international debut against Yugoslavia on 13 June 1984, scoring on his debut. He is most famous in his home country for scoring the away goal that qualified Belgium at the expense of their neighbours Netherlands in the 1986 World Cup qualifying rounds. Belgium would go on to a very respectable fourth-place finish. He played in three FIFA World Cups for the Belgium national football team (1986, 1990 and 1994).  He made his World Cup debut against Mexico on 3 June 1986.  Gr\u00fcn is the sixth most capped player for Belgium with 77 caps. On the club level, he played for Anderlecht, Parma and Reggiana.\n\nHonours\nAnderlecht\nBelgian First Division: 1984\u201385, 1985\u201386, 1986\u201387\nBelgian Cup: 1987\u201388, 1988\u201389\nBelgian Super Cup: 1985, 1987\nUEFA Cup: 1982-83\n\nParma\nCoppa Italia: 1991\u201392\nEuropean Cup Winners' Cup: 1992\u201393\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1962 births\nCategory:1986 FIFA World Cup players\nCategory:1990 FIFA World Cup players\nCategory:1994 FIFA World Cup players\nCategory:Reggio Audace F.C. players\nCategory:Belgian expatriate footballers\nCategory:Belgian First Division A players\nCategory:Belgian footballers\nCategory:Belgium international footballers\nCategory:Expatriate footballers in Italy\nCategory:Belgian expatriate sportspeople in Italy\nCategory:Association football central defenders\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Parma Calcio 1913 players\nCategory:R.S.C. Anderlecht players\nCategory:Serie A players\nCategory:UEFA Euro 1984 players\nCategory:People from Schaerbeek\nCategory:Association football defenders"}
-{"text": "Samuel Sandars\n\nSamuel Sandars (25 April 1837, Chelmsford, Essex  - 15 June 1894) was an English bibliographer, barrister and university benefactor.\n\nHe was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his BA degree in 1860 and became MA in 1863. Admitted to the Inner Temple in 1859, Sandars was called to the Bar in 1863. In July 1863 Sandars married Elizabeth Maria, eldest daughter of Francis William Russell, MP for Limerick.<ref>Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 215, 1863, p. 236</ref>\n\nSandars was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, a member of the Library Association and a member of the Bibliographical Society. He became JP for Buckinghamshire, and shortly before his death in 1894 High Sheriff of Buckinghamshire.\n\nFrom 1869 onwards Sandars donated rare books to Cambridge University Library; he bequeathed 1,460 printed books to the library on his death.Fabian, Bernhard, Handbuch deutscher historischer Buchbest\u00e4nde in Europa, 1997, p. 178 He was also a benefactor to the Fitzwilliam Museum, Great St Mary's Church and the Divinity School in Cambridge, and bequeathed \u00a32000 to Cambridge University to endow the Sandars Readership in Bibliography for the delivery of one or more lectures annually on \"Bibliography, Palaeography, Typography, Bookbinding, Book Illustration, the science of Books and Manuscripts and the Arts relating thereto.\"\n\nReferences\n\nFurther readingThe Cambridge Review'', 1894\n\nExternal links\nSandars family tree\nSamuel Sandars: Book Lists and Cambridge Miscellanea at Cambridge University Library\nThe Sandars Readership in Bibliography\n\nCategory:1837 births\nCategory:1894 deaths\nCategory:English philanthropists\nCategory:High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire\nCategory:Members of the Inner Temple\nCategory:People educated at Harrow School\nCategory:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nCategory:English bibliographers\nCategory:English book and manuscript collectors\nCategory:English barristers\nCategory:19th-century philanthropists"}
-{"text": "Xitole\n\nXitole is a sector in the Bafata Region of Guinea-Bissau.\n\nCategory:Bafat\u00e1 Region\nCategory:Sectors of Guinea-Bissau\nCategory:Populated places in Guinea-Bissau"}
-{"text": "Electoral results for the district of Shepparton\n\nThis is a list of electoral results for the Electoral district of Shepparton in Victorian state elections.\n\nMembers for Shepparton\n\nElection results\n\nElections in the 2010s\n\nElections in the 2000s\n\nElections in the 1990s\n\nElections in the 1980s\n\nElections in the 1970s\n\nElections in the 1960s\n\nElections in the 1950s\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nCategory:Victoria (Australia) state electoral results by district\nCategory:Shepparton"}
-{"text": "Ervenik Zlatarski\n\nErvenik Zlatarski may refer to the following places in Croatia\n\n Ervenik Zlatarski, Zlatar\n Ervenik Zlatarski, Zlatar Bistrica"}
-{"text": "Niphecyra\n\nNiphecyra is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae.\n\n Niphecyra interpres Kolbe, 1894\n Niphecyra papyri Lepesme, 1949\n Niphecyra rufolineata (Quedenfeldt, 1888)\n Niphecyra uniformis Breuning, 1936\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Crossotini"}
-{"text": "Eva Giganti\n\nEva Giganti (born 29 May 1976) is an Italian weightlifter. She competed in the women's flyweight event at the 2000 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Italian female weightlifters\nCategory:Olympic weightlifters of Italy\nCategory:Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:People from San Cataldo, Sicily"}
-{"text": "John D'Auban\n\nFrederick John D'Auban (1842 \u2013 15 April 1922) was an English dancer, choreographer and actor of the Victorian and Edwardian eras.  Famous during his lifetime as the ballet-master at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, he is best remembered as the choreographer of many of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas.\n\nAfter performing as a child with his family, D'Auban continued a career as a comic dancer in music hall and pantomime.  He also served as dance master for the Alhambra Theatre, the Gaiety Theatre, London, and, for decades, Drury Lane.  In 1868, he began a long association with W. S. Gilbert, staging the dances for most of the original productions of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, including H.M.S. Pinafore (1878) and The Mikado (1885), as well as many other Savoy operas.  Between the 1860s and 1909, D'Auban choreographed more than 150 productions, including pantomimes, burlesques, musical comedies and comic operas.  He also taught dance to many who became famous performers.\n\nBiography\n\nEarly years\nAs a child, D'Auban appeared with his sister, Marie, as Madame D'Auban's \"celebrated infant dancers\", from 1850 onwards, and continued to appear as part of the D'Auban family song and dance act throughout his childhood. As adults, he and his sister appeared together in a comic dance double act at the Crystal Palace in 1863. They appeared together in a Harlequinade at the opening of the Surrey Theatre, as Harlequin and Columbine, which ran during the Christmas season that year. They repeated their Harlequinade with variations during the Christmas seasons of 1868, 1869 and 1871.\n\nBurlesque, pantomime and other early work\n\nD'Auban quickly became popular as a grotesque dancer and \"star-trap\" performer in London music halls early in his career.  From 1865 to 1868, he danced in many of the Alhambra Theatre burlesques and pantomimes under director John Hollingshead.  He made a sensation in Paris in 1866, introducing that city to the star-trap.  According to Hollingshead, D'Auban was the champion of star-trap jumpers, able to spring through the trap, from below the stage, high up in the air in sight of the audience.\n\nD'Auban began his forty-year association with W. S. Gilbert in 1868 by appearing in the bill at the opening of Hollingshead's Gaiety Theatre, London, including as one of two mysterious fiddlers in Gilbert's burlesque Robert the Devil.  The other was John Warde, elder brother of Willie Warde.  D'Auban and John Warde were billed as the theatre's \"principal grotesque dancers and pantomimists\". D'Auban then acted as ballet-master at the Gaiety, choreographing its famous burlesques, until 1891. In 1870 and in 1875 at the Gaiety, D'Auban choreographed Charles Dibdin's musical farce, The Waterman.  From 1868 to 1909, D'Auban arranged the dances for more than 150 productions in the West End, at 30 different theatres.\n\nD'Auban married Warde's sister, Emma, in 1871, with whom he also performed. In the 1871 Christmas season, in the Harlequinade section of the pantomime Nip Van Winkle at the Pavilion Theatre, D'Auban played Harlequin, Emma was the \"Harlequin \u00e0 la Watteau\", D'Auban's sister Marie was Columbine, and John Warde was Clown. The next Christmas, D'Auban and Warde appeared together as the eponymous Valentine and Orson at the Elephant and Castle Theatre. At the Gaiety, D'Auban appeared in and choreographed Fiz-Gig, \"a new pantomimic ballet\" in 1874.\n\nComic opera; Drury Lane\nIn 1876, D'Auban arranged the dances for the Gilbert and Frederic Clay comic opera Princess Toto, starring Kate Santley. In 1877, D'Auban began working with Richard D'Oyly Carte, Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan by arranging the dances for their comic opera The Sorcerer. In 1878, D'Auban trained Gilbert in his dances as Harlequin for the Harlequinade section of The Forty Thieves. D'Auban arranged the dances for the next Gilbert and Sullivan opera, H.M.S. Pinafore, which became extraordinarily successful. For the Christmas season in 1879, he choreographed the extravaganza burlesque of Gulliver's Travels by H. J. Byron at the Gaiety.\n\nIn 1880, D'Auban choreographed and appeared with his wife and sister in E. L. Blanchard's pantomime of Mother Goose at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.  Thereafter, until at least 1909, he was ballet-master and director at Drury Lane, especially of the pantomimes, where he also continued to perform in the Christmas pantomimes.  His son, Ernest Henry D'Auban (1874\u20131941), became the stage manager at Drury Lane for many years.  In 1881, D'Auban appeared in and arranged the dances for Robinson Crusoe, followed in subsequent years by such Drury Lane pantomimes as Sinbad The Sailor, Cinderella and Aladdin. In 1880, he choreographed Billee Taylor at the Imperial Theatre, Franz von Supp\u00e9's Boccaccio for H. B. Farnie, The Vicar of Bray at the Globe Theatre, and Rip van Winkle by Henri Meilhac, Phillipe Gille and Farnie, both at the Comedy Theatre.\n\nIn 1886, D'Auban choreographed Vetah, a comic opera with a libretto by Kate Santley and music by Firmin Bernicat and Georges Jacobi, which toured the British provinces in 1886. He played Demonico in Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim in 1887 at the Gaiety and arranged the dances. He also choreographed Faust up to date by Meyer Lutz, including his famous ballet music, a Pas de Quatre (1888), that became very popular and is still available today on CD. In 1889, he choreographed Cinderella; Or, Ladybird, Ladybird, Fly Away Home at Her Majesty's Theatre and both choreographed and appeared in Aladdin, and the Wonderful Lamp; or, The Willow Pattern plate and the Flying Crystal Palace at the Crystal Palace. Other later Gaiety burlesques choreographed by D'Auban included Ruy Blas and the Blas\u00e9 Rou\u00e9 (1889) and Carmen Up to Data (1890).\n\nD'Auban continued to choreograph most of the Gilbert and Sullivan and other Savoy Theatre pieces throughout the 1880s and 1890s.  These included Iolanthe (1882),Princess Ida (1884), The Mikado (1885) (D'Auban is played by Andy Serkis in the 1999 film Topsy-Turvy concerning the making of The Mikado), Ruddigore (1887), The Yeomen of the Guard (1888), The Vicar of Bray (1892), Captain Billy (1892), Haddon Hall (1892), Jane Annie (1892), Utopia Limited (1893), The Chieftain (1894), The Grand Duke (1896), His Majesty (1897), The Grand Duchess of Gerolstein (1897), The Beauty Stone (1898) and The Emerald Isle (1901).\n\n1890s and 1900s\n[[File:D'Auban-Denny-Haddon-Hall.jpg|thumb|right|300px|D'Auban rehearsing W. H. Denny for Haddon Hall]]\nThe 1890s were D'Auban's most prolific decade as a choreographer, with more than 70 productions in the West End, in some of which he also danced. In addition to the many comic operas that he choreographed at the Savoy in the 1990s, he choreographed a series of musical pieces at the Lyric Theatre, beginning with The Red Hussar (1889), and including La Cigale (1890), Little Christopher Columbus (1893) and others.  In 1890, D'Auban played the Beast in the Drury Lane's Christmas pantomime of Beauty and the Beast, and he both performed in and choreographed Humpty Dumpty or, Harlequin the Yellow Dwarf, and the Fair One with the Golden Locks (1891). He and his wife danced in a revised version of The Golden Web, libretto by Frederick Corder and B. C. Stephenson, music by Arthur Goring Thomas at the Lyric in 1893. He was the resident choreographer at the Adelphi Theatre in 1892 to 1893.\n\nHis other choreographic work during this period embraced pantomime, comic opera and musical comedy, including a revival of the hit comic opera Dorothy by B. C. Stephenson and Alfred Cellier at the Trafalgar Square Theatre (1892), Gilbert's The Mountebanks at the Lyric (1892), The Black Domino by George R. Sims and Robert Buchanan at the Adelphi Theatre (1893) and Gilbert's His Excellency at the Lyric (1894). At the beginning of the transition of British musical theatre from comic opera and burlesque to Edwardian musical comedy, he choreographed An Artist's Model at Daly's Theatre for George Edwardes in 1895. In 1896, he choreographed a revised version of a musical, The New Barmaid, followed by A Man About Town and The Mermaids at the Avenue Theatre, Aladdin at Drury Lane, in which his son Ernest appeared with Decima Moore, Dan Leno and Paul Cinquevalli and Black-ey'ed Susan at the Adelphi. He then choreographed the British production of Lost, Strayed or Stolen (1897) a musical comedy by J. Cheever Goodwin, Woolson Morse and Leslie Stuart at the Duke of York's Theatre and Babes in the Wood at Drury Lane (1898). In 1897, he was also back at Her Majesty's Theatre with Rip Van Winkle, Hansel and Gretel and The 'Prentice Pillar and at the Shaftesbury Theatre choreographing The Yashmak and The Wizard of the Nile.\n\nIn 1900 and 1901, D'Auban returned to the Globe Theatre with The Gay Pretenders, A Little Supper and Sweet Nell of Old Drury.  Also in 1900, he was at the Haymarket Theatre with Sweet Nell of Old Drury and The School for Scandal.  In 1903, he choreographed Monsieur Beaucaire at the Imperial, also choreographing many revivals of this piece in London throughout the decade. He choreographed W. S. Gilbert's Harlequin and the Fairy's Dilemma at the Garrick Theatre (1904). In 1905, he first choreographed The Scarlet Pimpernel at the New Theatre, a work that he saw through several revivals.  He then choreographed revivals of The Yeomen of the Guard (1906) and The Gondoliers (1907) at the Savoy for Helen Carte. His final productions were Gilbert's last opera, Fallen Fairies (1909) and another Aladdin at Drury Lane, both in December 1909.\n\nDance teacher and last years\nD'Auban became so famous as a dance teacher that his teaching style became known as the \"D'Auban school\".  Among his dance students were Alice Lethbridge, Sylvia Grey, Mabel Love, Margaret Morris, Lillie Langtry, Mary Anderson and Letty Lind.  He partly inspired the art of skirt dancing.\n\nThe humour magazine Punch honoured D'Auban in the following verse:\nSee Mr. Johnny D'Auban,\nHe's so quick and nimble,\nHe'd dance on a thimble,\nHe's more like an elf than a man.\n\nD'Auban died at his home in Maida Vale, London at the age of 80.\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nG\u00e4nzl Kurt. The British Musical Theatre'', vol. 1, Macmillan Press, 1986\n\nExternal links\n1892 Variety performance choreographed by D'Auban\nTheatre programme for Carmen up to data noting that the dances were arranged by D'Auban\n\nCategory:English male stage actors\nCategory:English male dancers\nCategory:English choreographers\nCategory:People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan\nCategory:1842 births\nCategory:1922 deaths\nCategory:19th-century English male actors"}
-{"text": "Makin' Out (album)\n\nMakin' Out is the third album by jazz pianist John Wright. The album was recorded in 1961 and released on the Prestige label.\n\nTrack listing \nAll compositions by John Wright except where noted\n \"Makin' Out\" (John Wright, Eddie Williams) \u2013 4:54\n \"Like Someone in Love\" (Jimmy Van Heusen, Johnny Burke) \u2013 4:31\n \"Back in Jersey\" (Wright, Williams) \u2013 4:13\n \"Sparkie\" (Williams) \u2013 4:37\n \"*Soul Search\" (Williams) \u2013 4:33\n \"It Could Happen to You\" (Van Heusen, Burke) \u2013 4:18\n \"Street\" \u2013 3:14\n \"Kitty\" \u2013 7:37\n\nPersonnel\n\nPerformance\nJohn Wright - piano\nEddie \"Cat-Eye\" Williams \u2013 tenor saxophone\nWendell Marshall - bass\nRoy Brooks - drums\n\nProduction\n Esmond Edwards \u2013 supervision\n Rudy Van Gelder \u2013 engineer\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:John Wright (pianist) albums\nCategory:1961 albums\nCategory:Prestige Records albums\nCategory:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio\nCategory:Albums produced by Esmond Edwards"}
-{"text": "Entomovector\n\nAn entomovector is a pollinating insect used as a vector to spread a substance used in the biocontrol of plant pests and diseases. The insect is typically a honey bee, bumble bee, or mason bee, but may be any variety of insect that spreads pollen among plants. The choice of vector species is decided by a combination of native species in the area to be pollinated, the plant species to be treated, and the ease of care of the vector species.\n\nThe substance is typically a powdered substance containing a virus, bacterium, or fungus to be used to protect the host plant from a given disease or pest. The insect, or vector, is typically exposed to this material by placing a tray containing the powder at a hive exit or by using fans to blow it into the hive.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Biological pest control"}
-{"text": "Crystal King (band)\n\nis a Japanese pop rock and kay\u014dkyoku band. They won commercial success at the end of 1979 with their debut single \"Daitokai\", which sold 1.5 million copies, winning two popular song festivals, (18th Popcon and 10th World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo), others of their hits are \"Shinkir\u014d\" in 1980 (750.000 copies sold), Shojo K\u014dkai (1980), Passion-Lady (1981), Ceccile (1982) and \"Setouchi k\u014dshinkyoku (IN THE MOOD)\" (1984).\nWorldwide they are remembered for their composition and performance of the first two songs and hits of the anime \"Fist of the North Star\" such as \"Ai wo torimodose\" and Yuria ... Eien ni \" , the original single of 1984 sold more than 500,000 copies, and adding the new versions that were released years later, sales already exceed 1 million copies sold.\n\nToday, Monsieur Yoshizaki (leader and vocalist) has the rights of the band and he is still active under the name of \"Crystal King\" as a solo project.\n\nHistory\nOriginally consisting of vocalists  and Masayuki Tanaka, guitarist , pianist , keyboardist , drummer , and bassist , the band broke up in 1995, Yoshisaki began performing as Crystal King as a solo project. Tanaka began his own solo career, In 1986 he left Crystal King to start a solo career. But in June 1989 he lost his voice after being struck in the throat by a baseball and was never able to regain his original three-octave vocal range. The rest of the band performs as , reuniting with Tanaka on occasion.\n\nAlbums\n\n-1980.05.05 CRYSTAL KING\n\n-1980.12.21 LOCUS\n\n-1981.9.21 eleven carats\n\n-1983.4.21 CITY ADVENTURE\n\n-1985.6.21 MOON\n\n-1987.7.25 1968\u30fb\u590f\u30fb\u6771\u4eac\n\n-1996.6.6 Bear Away\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Japanese rock music groups\nCategory:Musical groups from Fukuoka Prefecture"}
-{"text": "Maung Maung Soe\n\nMaung Maung Soe () is the mayor of Myanmar's largest city, Yangon. He was concurrently appointed as mayor and chairman of the Yangon City Development Committee on 5 April 2016.  He is a retired professor at the Yangon Institute of Economics.\n\nMaung Maung Soe was born on 15 May 1951. He earned a Bachelor of Economics degree at the then Rangoon Institute of Economics in 1973.\n\nIn April 2016, controversy surrounding his academic credentials surfaced, because his master's and doctorate degrees were obtained from a diploma mill, the Christian International School of Theology (Manila). Further, his master's and doctorate degrees from the International Institute of Social Studies could not be independently verified.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Mayors of Yangon\nCategory:1951 births\nCategory:Living people"}
-{"text": "Ray Keeler\n\nRaymond Monroe \"Tubby\" Keeler (April 24, 1891 \u2013 November 8, 1945) was an American football player and coach.\n\nKeeler attended the University of Wisconsin, where he played for the Wisconsin Badgers football team and was selected as a consensus first-team honoree at the guard position on the 1913 College Football All-America Team.  He was six feet tall and weighed 185 pounds during the 1913 season.  He also competed on the Wisconsin track team in the shot put and hammer throw events.\n\nKeeler later served as the head football coach at the Wisconsin State Teachers College\u2014later renamed the University of Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse\u2014from 1917 to 1929. In 13 years as the head football coach, Keeler's teams won three conference championships and compiled a record of 45 wins, 24 losses, and 15 ties.\n\nKeeler died of a heart attack while visiting Eau Claire, Wisconsin.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1891 births\nCategory:1945 deaths\nCategory:American football guards\nCategory:American male hammer throwers\nCategory:American male shot putters\nCategory:Wisconsin Badgers football players\nCategory:Wisconsin Badgers men's track and field athletes\nCategory:Wisconsin\u2013La Crosse Eagles football coaches\nCategory:All-American college football players\nCategory:People from Grant County, Wisconsin\nCategory:Players of American football from Wisconsin"}
-{"text": "Willmer \"Little Ax\" Broadnax\n\nWillmer M. Broadnax (December 28, 1916 \u2013 June 1, 1992), also known as \"Wilbur\", \"Willie\", and \"Wilmer\", was an American hard gospel quartet singer during the golden age of traditional black gospel. His most common nickname was \"Little Axe,\" due to both his small stature and his brother William \"Big Axe\" Broadnax, who was a popular baritone.\n\nEarly life\nBroadnax was born in Houston, Texas in 1916, to William Broadnax and Gussie Frazier. By 1930 he lived with his step-father Augustus Flowers, mother Gussie Frazier, younger brother William Broadnax, and younger step-sister Armatha Broadnax (presumably carrying her step-father's surname because she was born before her parents' marriage) in Houston.  Broadnax was born female; a fact which was only discovered upon his death and leads to confusion surrounding his early life. \n\nAlthough Willmer was the oldest of the three Broadnax children, most sources state that Wilmer was the younger of the two brothers  . As Armatha Broadnax is unmentioned after the 1930 census, it is possible that she took on Wilmer's name after his death and truly was William's younger sibling. This would mean that Willmer Broadnax as known today was born in 1922 in Louisiana to Augustus Flowers and Gussie Frazier.  It is also possible that Willmer was in fact the older brother and had already started using male pronouns by age thirteen, and that later he was mistaken as the younger brother because of his high voice and short stature.\n\nCareer\nBroadnax began his career as a gospel singer during his teenage years with his brother William as a member of the St. Paul Gospel Singers in Houston in the 1930s.  The two brothers moved to Los Angeles and joined Southern Gospel Singers, of which Wilmer was a member of from 1939-1940; the group only performed on weekends and did not tour. \n\nThe brothers eventually broke off to form their own quartet, Little Axe and the Golden Echoes. Although William eventually left for Atlanta, where he joined the Five Trumpets, Willmer stayed on as lead singer throughout the 1940s. In 1949 the group, augmented by future member of The Soul Stirrers Paul Foster (singer), recorded a single of \"When the Saints Go Marching In\" for Specialty Records. Label chief Art Rupe decided to drop them before they could record a follow-up, and shortly thereafter the Golden Echoes disbanded. \n\nPianist Willie Love said during this period that, \"Little Axe couldn\u2019t sing low, because he had a relatively high voice. It wasn\u2019t falsetto, it was naturally high. So somebody had to sing the bottom.\"  His point is clear in the recordings of the Golden Echoes, where Paul Foster's rich baritone and Broadnax's clear tenor riff off each other to create the illusion of a multi-octave lead singer. As music critic Ray Funk points out, \"Little Axe\u2019s lead is absolutely distinctive on these cuts. He is the high lead that takes over from the baritone of Paul Foster. His voice is sweet but almost vicious, dripping with emotion, while Foster, in contrast, would offer almost a growl.\" \n\nIn 1950, Broadnax joined the Spirit of Memphis Quartet. Along with Broadnax, the group featured two other leads \u2013 Jethro \"Jet\" Bledsoe, a bluesy crooner, and Silas Steele, an overpowering baritone. The Spirit of Memphis Quartet recorded for King Records, and Broadnax appeared on their releases at least until 1952. Shortly after that, Broadnax moved on, working with The Fairfield Four, and in the early 1960s as one of the replacements for Archie Brownlee in the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi. Until 1965 Wilmer headed a quartet called \"Little Axe and the Golden Echoes,\" which released some singles on Peacock Records. By then, quartet singing was fading in commercial viability, and Broadnax retired from touring. \n\nIn retirement, Broadnax continued to record new material occasionally with the Blind Boys into the 1970s and 1980s.\n\nLater years and death\nBroadnax was killed in 1992 by his lover Lavina Richardson (age 42 at the time), who was later found guilty of involuntary manslaughter on February 4, 1993. Leading up to the stabbing, Broadnax had allegedly been jealous of Richardson. Broadnax saw Richardson in a vehicle with another man, bumped his car into theirs, and dragged Richardson out. He then threatened her with a knife before he was disarmed by a bystander, whereupon Richardson picked up his knife and stabbed him three times. Broadnax died from his injuries several days later on June 1, 1992. \n\nUpon Broadnax's death in 1992, it was discovered that Broadnax was a trans man.  This created a stir in the gospel community, with many prominent singers at the time insisting that they had suspected all along that his gender assigned at birth was female, including JoJo Wallace of the Sensational Nightingales who said, \"I always wondered about Axe.\" However, this is likely all bravado and it is most likely that only his brother William \"Big Axe\" Broadnax and other close family members knew about his gender identity. \n\nThe intersection of Broadnax's gender and race created some issues for him on tour as public bathroom were segregated. It was not uncommon for many gospel singers to be unable to use public restrooms where they performed. Broadnax was forced to keep his gender identity a secret by using the restroom alone, which also provoked from retrospective suspicion by Claude Jeter who said, \"Ax\u2019d always go off by himself.\"\n\nLegacy\n\nOn June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Little Axe and the Golden Echoes among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.\n\nDiscography\n\nLittle Axe and the Golden Echoes\nThe Lord Is My Sunshine / Remember Me, Peacock Records, 1963\nMy Mind On Jesus / Jesus Loves Me, Peacock Records, 1963\nMy Life Is In His Hands / So Soon, Peacock Records, 1964\nLord Have Mercy / Swing Down Chariot, Peacock Records, 1965\nOld Time Religion, Specialty Records / Ace Records (United States), 1992 \nAmerican Pop / Gospel's Golden Age, Volume 3 (1945 - 1959), Collector Records, 2012\n\nThe Spirit of Memphis Quartet\nMake More Room For Jesus / Calvary, King Records, 1950\nHow Far Am I From Canaan / I'll Never Forget, King Records, 1950\nOn The Battlefield / Jesus, Jesus, King Records, 1950\t\nDays Past And Gone/Blessed Are The Dead, King Records, 1950\t\t\nTell Heaven I'm Coming / Ten Commandments, King Records, 1951\t\t\nSign Of The Judgement / Every Time I Feel The Spirit, King Records, 1951\t\nThe World Prayer / Every Day And Every Hour, King Records, 1951\t\nLord Jesus Part 1 / Lord Jesus Part 2, King Records, 1952\n\nThe Fairfield Four\n Come Over Here/Who Is That Knocking, Dot Records, 1953\n His Eye Is on the Sparrow/Every Day, Dot Records, 1953\n How I Got Over/This Evening Our Father, Dot Records, 1953\n Stand by Me/Hear Me When I Pray, Dot Records, 1953\n When The Battle Is Over/Standing on the Rock, Dot Records, 1953\n Somebody Touched Me/Mother Don't Worry, Dot Records, 1953\n\nThe Five Blind Boys of Mississippi\nPrecious Memories, Peacock Records, 1960\nI Call On Jesus / Time To Think About The Lord, Peacock Records, 1960\nI Never Heard A Man, Peacock Records, 1960\nSending Up My Timber, Peacock Records, 1961\t\nCan't Serve The Lord / Constantly Abiding, Peacock Records, 1961\t\nFive Blind Boys* / Spirit Of Memphis - Negro Spirituals, Peacock Records, 1961\t\t\nFather I Stretched My Hands To Thee / Lord Remember Me, Peacock Records, 1962\t\nI Got It Within Me / The Tide Of Life, Peacock Records, 1962\t\nYou Done What The Doctor Couldn't Do / Speak For Jesus, Peacock Records, 1963\t\nJust A Little While / Servant's Prayer, Peacock Records, 1963\t\nSomething To Shout About / Leaning On Jesus, Peacock Records, 1964\nFather I Stretch My Hand to Thee, Peacock Records, 1964\nLift The Savior Up / In The Hands Of The Lord, Peacock Records, 1965\t\nMy Soul Is A Witness / Love Lifted Me, Peacock Records, 1970\t\t\nOh Well, What Can You Do / I Have But One Desire, Peacock Records, 1974\n\nCompilations\nSo Many Years, Jubilee Records, 1989\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1916 births\nCategory:1992 deaths\nCategory:American gospel singers\nCategory:American tenors\nCategory:LGBT African Americans\nCategory:LGBT musicians from the United States\nCategory:LGBT singers\nCategory:LGBT people from Texas\nCategory:Transgender and transsexual men\nCategory:Transgender and transsexual musicians\nCategory:Place of death missing\nCategory:20th-century American singers\nCategory:20th-century male singers"}
-{"text": "Hellions on Parade\n\n\"Hellions on Parade\" is a song by American heavy metal band CKY. Written by Deron Miller and Chad I Ginsburg, it was featured on the band's 2009 fourth studio album, Carver City. \"Hellions on Parade\" is the third song in the band's \"Hellview\" song trilogy, succeeding \"96 Quite Bitter Beings\" and \"Escape from Hellview\". It was released as the first single from Carver City on April 20, 2009.\n\nRecording and music\nVocalist, guitarist and primary songwriter Deron Miller has revealed that he recorded the vocals for \"Hellions on Parade\" alone in Santa Monica, California (at 4th Street Recording, according to the liner notes for Carver City), amid tensions between members of the band. Speaking about the musical style of the track, he noted that it contains \"really cool keyboard lines ... and it turned out really heavy\".\n\nLyrical content\n\"Hellions on Parade\" was written as the third entry in the band's \"Hellview\" song trilogy, which started with \"96 Quite Bitter Beings\" (from 1999's Volume 1) and \"Escape from Hellview\" (from 2002's Infiltrate\u2022Destroy\u2022Rebuild). According to Miller, \"Hellview\" is a story \"about a town that doesn't take kindly to outsiders\", and the story of the third song in the trilogy \"is about Hellview destroying its rival city\".\n\nPromotion and release\nThe opening track on Carver City, \"Hellions on Parade\" was released as a digital download single on April 20, 2009. In 2015, it was included on the reissue of the compilation album The Best of CKY.\n\nCritical reception\nIn a review of the album Carver City for the website PopMatters, Lana Cooper praised \"Hellions on Parade\" for its \"finely-tuned production and songwriting elements\", highlighting the \"chugging guitar riffs\" and presence of keyboards, which she assured added to the song's \"eerie atmosphere\".\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2009 singles\nCategory:CKY (band) songs\nCategory:2009 songs\nCategory:Roadrunner Records singles"}
-{"text": "UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy\n\nThe UNESCO Confucius Prize for Literacy recognizes the activities of outstanding individuals, governments or governmental agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in literacy serving rural adults and out-of-school youth, particularly women and girls. The Prize  was established in 2005 through the support of the Government of the People's Republic of China in honour of the great Chinese scholar Confucius. It is part of the International Literacy Prizes, which UNESCO awards every year in recognition of excellence and inspiring experiences in the field of literacy throughout the world. The Confucius Prize offers two awards of US$20,000 each, a medal and a diploma, as well as a study visit to literacy project sites in China.\n\nThe Prize is open to institutions, organizations or individuals displaying outstanding merit in literacy, achieving particularly effective results and promoting innovative approaches. The selection of prizewinners is made by an International Jury appointed by UNESCO\u2019s Director-General, which meets in Paris once a year. The Prize is awarded at an official ceremony held for that purpose at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris on the occasion of International Literacy Day (8 September).\n\nRecipients of the Prize by year \n2017\nAdulTICoProgram (Columbia) for teaching digital competencies to seniors\nThe Citizens Foundation (Pakistan) for its Aagahi Literacy Programme for Women and Out-of-School Girls \nFunDza (South Africa) for its readers and writers project to develop a culture of reading and writing for pleasure through an online platform\n2016\n The South African department of Basic Education's Kha Ri Gude Mass Literacy Campaign\n The Jan Shikshan Sansthan organization in Kerala, India for its programme, Vocational and Skill Development for Sustainable Development\n The Directorate of Literacy and National Languages in Senegal for its \u2018National Education Programme for Illiterate Youth and Adults through ICTs\n2015\n Sonia \u00c1lvarez, Juan Luis Vives School of Valparaiso, a school  in Chile, is recognized for its programme \"Literacy for People Deprived of Liberty''\n Svatobor an Association, in Slovakia, is honoured for its \u2018Romano Barardo\u2019 programme, which helps the Roma overcome social exclusion and enjoy their basic human rights.\n Platform of Associations in Charge of ASAMA and Post-ASAMA, an NGO in Madagascar that developed a comprehensive approach to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)\n2012\nDepartment of Continuing and Adults Education \u2013 Programme of Non-Formal and Continuing Education \u2013 (Bhutan)\nTransformemos Foundation Directors Mar\u00eda Aurora Carrillo Rodolfo Ardila \u2013 Interactive System Transformemos Educando \u2013 (Colombia)\n(Honourable Mention) Illiteracy Eradication Directorate of the Ministry of Education \u2013 Literacy and Post-literacy programme: Means of empowerment and socio-economic integration of women in Morocco \u2013 (Morocco)\n2011: \nRoom to Read \u2013 (United States) \nCollectif Alpha Ujuvi \u2013 (Democratic Republic of Congo) \n (Honourable Mention) Dr. Allah Bakhsh Malik, Punjab, (Pakistan)\n2010: \nGovernorate of Ismailia \u2013 (Egypt) \nCoalition of Women Farmers (COWFA) \u2013 (Malawi) \n Non-Formal Education Centre \u2013 (Nepal)\n2009: \nSERVE Afghanistan \u2013 (Afghanistan) \nMunicipal Literacy Coordinating Council \u2013 (Philippines)\n2008: \nAdult and Non-Formal Education Association (ANFEAE) (Ethiopia) \nOperation Upgrade (South Africa)\n2007: \nFamily Re-orientation Education and Empowerment (FREE) (Nigeria)\nReach Out and Read (United States of America)\n2006:\nMinistry of National Education of the Kingdom of Morocco, for its innovative national literacy initiative\nDirectorate of Literacy and Continuing Education of Rajasthan, for its Useful Learning through Literacy and Continuing Education Programme in Rajasthan (India)\n\nSee also \nInternational Literacy Day\nList of international literacy prizes\nNoma Literacy Prize\nUNESCO King Sejong Literacy Prize\nUNESCO Nadezhda K. Krupskaya literacy prize\nUnited Nations Literacy Decade\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\nCategory:Literacy-related awards\nCategory:UNESCO\nCategory:UNESCO awards\nCategory:Confucius"}
-{"text": "Kotlasy\n\nKotlasy is a village and municipality (obec) in \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou District in the Vyso\u010dina Region of the Czech Republic.\n\nThe municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 124 (as at 28\u00a0August 2006).\n\nKotlasy lies approximately  south of \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou,  east of Jihlava, and  south-east of Prague.\n\nReferences\nCzech Statistical Office: Municipalities of \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou District\n\nCategory:Villages in \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou District"}
-{"text": "Ash Lake (Timberlea)\n\nAsh Lake is a lake of Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada.\n\nSee also\nList of lakes in Nova Scotia\n\nReferences\n National Resources Canada\n\nCategory:Lakes of Nova Scotia"}
-{"text": "List of largest civil only pharmaceutical settlements\n\nThe following is a list of the 21 largest civil settlements, reached between the United States Department of Justice and pharmaceutical companies from 2001 to 2017, ordered by the size of the total civil settlement. Some of these matters also resolved criminal fines and penalties, listed in parentheses, but these amounts are not considered when ranking these settlements as some of the settlements listed did not have a criminal component. Thus, this article provides the most accurate list of the largest civil-only portion of settlements between pharmaceutical companies and the Department of Justice. Because this article focuses on civil portions of settlements, some of the larger total settlements do not make the list.  For example, Purdue Pharmaceuticals entered an agreement with the United States, pleading guilty to felony misbranding of OxyContin with intent to defraud and mislead under sections 33 1(a) and 333(a)(2) of the FD&C Act and agreed to pay more than $600 million, but only $160 million was allocated to resolve civil claims under the False Claims Act, while the remainder was allocated to resolve criminal claims and private claims.\n\nLegal claims against the pharmaceutical industry have varied widely over the past two decades, including Medicare and Medicaid fraud driven by off-label promotion, and inadequate manufacturing practices. With respect to off-label promotion, specifically, a federal court recognized that bills submitted to Medicare or Medicaid driven by off-label promotion as a violation of the False Claims Act for the first time in Franklin v. Parke-Davis, leading to a $430 million settlement. The civil portion of this settlement was $190 million, and it is the last settlement included in the below table.\n\nSee also\nPharmaceutical fraud\nList of off-label promotion pharmaceutical settlements\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Lists of lawsuits\nCategory:Pharmaceutical industry in the United States\nCategory:Product liability\nCategory:Medical controversies\nCategory:Drug advertising"}
-{"text": "3 (Netsky album)\n\n3 (stylised as III) is the third studio album by Belgian drum and bass musician Netsky. It was released on 3 June 2016 as a digital download through Sony Music in the UK and Europe, and through Ultra Records in the United States. It was also released physically on 10 June 2016 through Epic Records on CD and through Hospital Records on vinyl. The album includes the singles \"Rio\", \"Work It Out\", \"Higher\", and promotional singles \"Forget What You Look Like\" and \"TNT\". It became Netsky's second album to top the Belgian Albums Chart.\n\n3 is also Netsky's first album since signing to Sony Music, having previously been exclusively under Hospital Records.\n\nSingles\n\"Rio\" was released as the album's official lead single on 5 July 2015. It features vocals from London-based music producer and songwriter Digital Farm Animals (real name Nick Gale). The track was premiered one month earlier through BBC Radio 1 as Annie Mac's Friday Night Special Delivery for 12 June. The official music video for \"Rio\" premiered on 6 July, the day after its release. The cartoon-style clip was directed and designed by animation collective Powster. It features both artists as animated versions of themselves on an adventure through the title city.\n\nIn 2016 \"Work It Out\", which also featured Digital Farm Animals, was released as the follow-up single from the album on 22 January. It was premiered the day before as Annie Mac's Hottest Record in the World on 21 January 2016. The official music video, described as \"an everyday tale of high schoolers with giant cartoon heads and telekinetic powers\", premiered one month later on 23 February 2016. The interactive video, created by Powster in association with Vevo, enables the viewer from their devices to manipulate objects within the video in real time as you are given the power of telekinesis. The video was directed by Leo Bridle for Powster with live action footage directed by Charlotte Regan for xFilm. Both artists make a cameo appearance from the previous music video.\n\n\"Higher\", a collaborative track with Los Angeles-based DJ/producer Jauz, was initially released as a promotional single on 25 March (along with the release of \"Forget What You Look Like\"). The collaboration was premiered two days prior as Zane Lowe's World Record through his Beats 1 radio show. A fan music video was premiered through Vevo on 13 May. It features a performance by Belgian dance crew Battledroids filmed in one shot by Richard Van der Vieren of An Overdose Of Awesomeness (AOOA) TV. \"Higher\" later became the third official single from the album on 20 May (the same day as the release of \"TNT\"), supported with a remix by British drum and bass duo The Prototypes.\n\n\"Forget What You Look Like\" was released as a promotional single on 25 March 2016, following the announcement of the album. It featured vocals from Canadian singer Lowell, which were sampled from her 2015 collaboration with German DJ Alle Farben, titled \"Get High\".\n\n\"TNT\" was released as a promotional single on 20 May 2016, the album's original intended release date. It features Dave 1, one-half of electro-funk outfit Chromeo, and was co-written by singer-songwriter Sam Frank (who previously collaborated with Netsky providing vocals on the song \"Without You\"). The track was heavily inspired by Prince \u2014 more specifically, his 1979 hit song \"I Wanna Be Your Lover\". Netsky, who named Prince as one of his musical heroes, recorded the song months before the musician's death.\n\nTrack listing\n\nNotes\n signifies an additional producer.\n \"Higher\" is not featured on the vinyl release.\n\nPersonnel\n Elizabeth Lowell Boland \u2013 vocals (10. \"Forget What You Look Like\")\n Jonny Coffer \u2013 additional production, strings, guitar (1. \"Thunder\")\n Boris \"Netsky\" Daenen \u2013 production, mixing (all tracks), mastering (all tracks except 3. \"Rio\")\n DC \u2013 vocals (uncredited) (11. \"Bird of Paradise\")\n Leon Else \u2013 vocals (12. \"Higher\")\n Sam Frank \u2013 backing vocals (8. \"TNT\")\n Nicholas \"Digital Farm Animals\" Gale \u2013 additional production (4. \"Leave It Alone\", 6. \"Go 2\"), vocals (2. \"Work It Out\", 3. \"Rio\", 6. \"Go 2\")\n Teddy Geiger \u2013 additional production (2. \"Work It Out\")\n Sara Hartman \u2013 vocals (7. \"High Alert\")\n Stuart Hawkes \u2013 mastering (3. \"Rio\")\n Dave Macklovitch (Dave 1) \u2013 lead vocals (8. \"TNT\")\n Saint Raymond \u2013 vocals (4. \"Leave It Alone\")\n Paije Johannes Lamarill Richardson \u2013 vocals (5. \"Who Knows\")\n Arlissa Ruppert \u2013 vocals (9. \"Stay Up With Me\")\n Emeli Sand\u00e9 \u2013 vocals (1. \"Thunder\")\n Joshua Thompson \u2013 additional production, background vocal (12. \"Higher\")\n Sam \"Jauz\" Vogel \u2013 production, mixing (12. \"Higher\")\n\nCredits adapted from liner notes.\n\nCharts\n\nWeekly charts\n\nYear-end charts\n\nRelease history\n\nSee also\n List of number-one albums of 2016 (Belgium)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n 3 at Hospital Records\n\nCategory:2016 albums\nCategory:Dance-pop albums by Belgian artists\nCategory:Epic Records albums\nCategory:Hospital Records albums\nCategory:Netsky (musician) albums\nCategory:Ultra Records albums\nCategory:Electropop albums\nCategory:Breakbeat albums"}
-{"text": "B. G. Kolse Patil\n\nB. G. Kolse Patil [Marathi: \u092c\u0940. \u091c\u0940. \u0915\u094b\u0933\u0938\u0947-\u092a\u093e\u091f\u093f\u0932] is an Indian social activist and former judge of the Bombay High Court in India. He recently joined the Janata Dal (Secular) as the State Secretary of Maharashtra State.\n\nEarly life and education \n\nPatil was born on 18 September 1942, in the village of Guha, Ahmednagar (in present-day Maharashtra state). His parents were landless farm laborers, who worked on the fields of the local landlord for daily wages. He attended a local primary school till 7th grade, after which he dropped out because his parents couldn't afford the high school fees. He worked as a farm-hand for five years and rejoined high school when the government high school in Ahmednagar started providing free secondary education. He completed his education till 12th grade and thereafter attained a B.Sc. degree, supporting his education by working as a daily wage worker and doing several odd jobs. After B.Sc., he secured an appointment as a school teacher in Khadakwasala near Pune. While working as a teacher, he completed his Bachelor of Laws degree from the Law College in Pune and specialized in criminal law thereafter.\n\nLegal career \nHis career as a lawyer was fairly successful and he gained fame due to his role in a few high-profile trials like the Manwath murder case and the Joshi-Abhyankar serial murder trial. He joined the Pune bar council in 1973. In that capacity, he raised the issue of relaxing the judicial entry age limit by ten years for backward castes and five years for all categories. He was appointed district public prosecutor in 1981 by the government of Maharashtra and continued in that role till 1985. In 1985, at the age of 43, he was appointed as judge of the Bombay High Court.\n\nDuring his judicial tenure, he delivered strict judgments against tax and octroi evaders. His judgement in \"Kanjilal Premjit vs Range Forest Officer\" led to an amendment to the Forest Act which held saw-mill owners liable to punishment for buying illegally chopped timber. Another of his notable judgments was in the case of \"Associated Bearings Pvt. Ltd. vs the Union of India\"; he held that taxes evaded by exploiting loopholes should not be retrospectively refunded by the government to corporations because the corporations do not refund the consumers and effectively pass the tax burden to them. His difference of opinion with Justice Shah, in that case, is widely cited in the legal literature. He was also instrumental in getting the government to institute the Aurangabad bench of the Bombay High Court. \n\nHe resigned prematurely from the judiciary in 1990 to pursue social activism full-time.\n\nActivism \nAfter leaving the judiciary, he founded the Lokshashan Andolan (People's Democratic Movement). He has been associated with another former judge-turned-activist Justice P.B. Sawant (former judge of the Supreme Court of India). He spearheaded various grassroots movements throughout Maharashtra. Most of the movements were for social and economic justice for rural, Adivasi, small farmers and displaced people. Notable movements among them include:\n\n Anti Enron protests in Maharashtra in the late 1990s. In 1997, he was arrested under section 151 of the CrPC to prevent him and his associates from taking part in the planned hunger strike against Dhabol Power project.\n Movement of farmers and Adivasis against the Alibag SEZ in the 2000s\n Protest against the Dow chemicals plant in Shinde-Vasuli near Pune\n Movement against the Jaitapur Nuclear Power Project in Konkan\n\nBesides popular movements, he has been part of fact-finding teams which have investigated several matters of civil rights and social justice, such as: \n\n Fact-finding team investigating Khairlanji murder case in 2006\n Rehabilitation and resettlement of Manibeli Oustees Sardar Sarovar project inquiry report (Inquiry into the status of Manibeli Oustees conducted by him on behalf of Indian People's Tribunal on Environment & Human Rights)\n Concerned Citizens Inquiry on the Nanded blast in February 2007\n\nFor his role in these people movements, he was kept under surveillance and profiled by the private surveillance company Stratfor, which had been hired by Dow Chemicals. This was revealed when WikiLeaks released the Stratfor papers.\n\nPolitics \nIn March 2019, he announced his candidature for the 2019 Lok Sabha election from Aurangabad constituency on behalf of the opposition alliance called Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi (Front of the Deprived Majority) on a Janata Dal (Secular) ticket with support from the Congress.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1942 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Indian politicians\nCategory:Janata Dal (Secular)\nCategory:Indian lawyers"}
-{"text": "Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway\n\nGoodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway is a fictional law firm appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The firm is commonly depicted in the pages of the She-Hulk comic books - named after Marvel Founders Martin Goodman, Stan Lee, under his birth name Stanley Lieber, and Jack Kirby, using his birth name Jacob Kurtzberg.  Created by Dan Slott, senior GLK&H law partner Holden Holliway first appeared in She-Hulk #1 (May 2004), where he hired the titular heroine to be a lawyer for his law firm, but as Jennifer Walters.\n\nAs a law firm specializing in superhuman law, they represent superhumans whenever they need any sort of legal help.  These cases can run from libel lawsuits (such as the one launched by Spider-Man against J. Jonah Jameson in She-Hulk #4) to defending superheroes from damages (such as in She-Hulk #10, where The Constrictor sued Hercules for $168,000,000). Their legal cases also run into the outer-worldly territory, such as across time, space, and the mortal plane.  \n\nTo help with legal precedents, actual Marvel Comics (especially those published with the approval of the Comics Code Authority) are routinely cited as legal documents.  As a result, their library basement consists entirely of comic books, although they were forced to change over to trade paperbacks when the law offices were destroyed in She-Hulk #11 (March 2005).\n\nInitially representing heroes, the law firm began representing villains, which leads to some conflicts of interest, considering Jennifer Walters's status as a superheroine.  \n\nIn She-Hulk #21 (2007), the firm name becomes Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Book.\n\nThe main offices of the firm are in Timely Plaza (a reference to Timely Comics) in New York City, which, according to Dan Slott, is near the New York Supreme Court.\n\nPersonnel Roster\nGoodman, Lieber, and Kurtzberg (first names all unknown), the first three senior law partners of GLK&H. Their names are based on founding members of Marvel Comics, namely Martin Goodman (the first publisher at Marvel), Stan Lee (born Stanley Lieber), and Jack Kirby (born Jacob Kurtzberg).\nHolden Holliway.  The only regularly seen partner at GLK&H.  He is currently on sabbatical while he tracks down his delinquent granddaughter, Sasha Martin (a.k.a. the teen supervillain, Southpaw).\nAwesome Andy, formerly the Awesome Android, used to be the robotic lackey of Mad Thinker.  He gained self-awareness and is now a general office worker at GLK&H, doing heavy lifting and other menial tasks.  He was also responsible for Mallory Book's rehabilitation and developed a crush on her, although he left the firm after she rejected him. He was last seen returning to his creator, his memory apparently wiped by himself. \nMallory Book, another lawyer at GLK&H.  Is antagonistic towards Jennifer Walters for reasons not yet fully understood.  She was left using a wheelchair when the law offices were destroyed, although she has since recovered. She is also the Leader's attorney during his trial (She-Hulk v.2#19). She now heads up the firm and rehired She-Hulk, provided she work as Jennifer Walters. Her \"Ultimate plan\" whatever it was, was revealed by RTZ9 as ultimately not important in the great scheme of things and petty. \nStu Cicero, works in the law library basement.  He was almost killed by Boomerang, but because of the shift from comics to trade paperbacks, they were thick enough to prevent a weaponized boomerang from stabbing him. He is also in possession of an official No-Prize from Marvel Comics.  He was shot and appeared to be disintegrated by Arthur Zix in She-Hulk #10 (October 2006) upon discovering Zix' true identity. However, he had been merely teleported to Duckworld, pseudo-homeworld of Howard the Duck (She-Hulk v.2 #19). Now back he's taken up a job at Marvel Comics. \nDitto, the shape-shifting process server, who assumes the form of trusted individuals to serve legal notices.  After he gave up the whereabouts of Jennifer Walters to Titania, his then-roommate Awesome Andy ceased communications with him. Discovering the murder of Stu by Zix, Ditto has been forced to take Stu's place, despite his lack of knowledge of comics. (In a typical in-joke, when Ditto claims to know nothing of comic continuity, Zix responds \"From what I've heard of comics these days, that shouldn't be a problem.\")\nSasha Martin, who is also known as the supervillain Southpaw.  A glimpse into the future reveals that she will become a lawyer herself, influenced by her grandfather. Currently on the run. \nAugustus \"Pug\" Pugliese, Jennifer Walters' roommate, colleague, and occasional work-out partner.  Holds an unspoken crush on her, although she's married to John Jameson. He took a potion from a witch and now only sees She-Hulk as a friend and is that witch's indentured servant. \nTwo-Gun Kid, the time-displaced former Avenger who was initially brought in as a lawyer, but due to him needing to catch up on over 100 years of changes in the justice system, he decided to focus on more of a bailiff-type role, which allows him to keep his guns.\nJennifer Walters, also known as She-Hulk, she was recruited at GLK&H due to her experience in the superhuman community.  As Holliway hired Jennifer Walters (as opposed to She-Hulk), one of the terms of her employment is that she comes to work in her normal form, a policy that has since been relaxed with Arthur Zix in charge. Now he's gone and after a brief leave she is back on the payroll. \nWhiz Kid, a superfast courier in the firm's mail room. She was a member of the Liberteens, but was apparently killed saving her teammates.\nArthur Zix.  The mysterious lawyer who first appeared in the second She-Hulk series, he is left in charge at GLK&H while Holliway is on sabbatical.  He has a much more relaxed approach to law and allows Jennifer Walters to come into work as She-Hulk.  He put in changes at the law firm to allow them to start defending the supervillain community. Ultimately revealed to be a disguised RT-Z9 (or simply \"Z9\"), She-Hulk's robotic recorder and bailiff while she works for the Magistrati (agents of the Living Tribunal).  A more complete version of his name is \"Rigel Type Zeta 9\".  He appears to be a variant of the Rigellians' Recorders. He is now destroyed, having been used by a villain in his attempts to find a safe place to plot his attack on creation.\n\nReferences"}
-{"text": "Jack Devlin (Australian politician)\n\nJohn Joseph \"Jack\" Devlin (6 January 1900 \u2013 26 May 1957) was an Australian politician. Born at Violet Town, Victoria, he was educated at state schools before becoming a farmer. He served on Violet Town Shire Council from 1927 to 1957, and as President for some of that time. In 1946, he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria. He died in 1957; Charles Sandford was appointed to replace him.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia\nCategory:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria\nCategory:Members of the Australian Senate\nCategory:1900 births\nCategory:1957 deaths\nCategory:20th-century Australian politicians"}
-{"text": "Clarkia epilobioides\n\nClarkia epilobioides is a species of flowering plant in the evening primrose family known by the common name canyon clarkia. It is native to California, Arizona, and Baja California, where it grows in shaded habitat in woodland and chaparral. It is an annual herb producing a slender, erect stem sometimes exceeding half a meter in height. The leaves are narrowly to widely lance-shaped and less than 3 centimeters long. The top of the stem is occupied by the inflorescence. Each hanging bud has four red sepals which remain fused all together or in pairs as the petals emerge during blooming. The petals are one half to one centimeter long, oval in shape, solid white or cream in color, often fading pink as they age. There are eight protruding stamens and one stigma.\n\nExternal links\nJepson Manual Profile\nPhoto gallery\n\nepilobioides\nCategory:Flora of Arizona\nCategory:Flora of Baja California\nCategory:Flora of California\nCategory:Plants described in 1840"}
-{"text": "Birch, Essex\n\nBirch is a village and civil parish in Essex, England.  It is located approximately   south-west of Colchester and  north-east of the county town of Chelmsford.  The village is in the borough of Colchester and in the parliamentary constituency of North Essex.  There is a Parish Council.\n\nThe parish incorporates the hamlet of Heckfordbridge.\n\nIt is only  from Abberton Reservoir.\n\nThe parish church of St Peter and St Paul is a Grade II listed building, but has been derelict since it closed in the late 20th century.\n\nAccording to the 2001 census, Birch had a population of 817, increasing to 873 at the 2011 Census.\n\nGovernance\nBirch forms part of the electoral ward called Birch and Winstree. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 5,651.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Birch Parish Council Web Site\n Birch C of E Aided Primary School, Home Page\n Mainly about the villages of Birch, Layer Breton and Layer Marney near Colchester, Essex\n Birch History and pictures from Mersea Museum\n\nCategory:Villages in Essex"}
-{"text": "Malia, Crete\n\nMalia or Mallia () is a coastal town and a former municipality in the northeast corner of the Heraklion regional unit in Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Hersonissos, of which it is a municipal unit. It lies  east of Heraklion, the Cretan capital city. The town (pop. 3,224 in 2011) was the seat of the municipality of M\u00e1lia (pop. 5,433). The municipal unit also includes the villages of Mochos (Greek: \u039c\u03bf\u03c7\u03cc\u03c2) (825), Krasi (Greek: \u039a\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9) (147), and Stalida (Greek: \u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1) (1,237), and has a total land area of . The town is a tourist attraction, primarily for its significant archaeological site and nightlife. The Minoan town ruins lie three km east of the site and cover an area of approximately . The original name for the town is not known.\n\nHistory\nThe palace of Malia, dating from the Middle Bronze Age, was destroyed by an earthquake during the Late Bronze Age; Knossos and other sites were also destroyed at that time. The palace was later rebuilt toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. Most of the ruins visible today date from this second period of construction. The palace features a giant central courtyard, 48m x 23m in size. On the south side are two sets of steps leading upwards and a maze of tiny rooms. Also here is a strange carved stone called a kernos stone, which looks like a millstone with a cup attached to the side of it. On the north side of the courtyard were storage rooms with giant earthenware pithos jars, up to two metres tall. These were used for holding grain, olive oil and other liquids; the floor of these rooms has a complex drainage system for carrying away spilled liquids.\n\nThe palace of Malia was discovered in 1915 by Joseph Hadzidakis, a Greek archaeologist. It was fully excavated from 1922 onwards by the French School at Athens in collaboration with Greek scholars. In 1921 the French School of Athens was invited to continue its work, where under the direction of Jean Charbonneaux 1930 Central Court was exposed.\nAfter the First World War, the excavations were continued under the direction of Fernand Chapouthier and Pierre Demargne and they uncovered the palace, and dug the surrounding residential neighborhood. Only after the 2nd World War in the 50s Micheline and Henri van Effenterre made the excavations at the \"Crypt\" and \"Agora\", Andre Dessene and Olivier Pelon on Quartier E, and Jean-Claude PourSat (from 1965) on important \"Quartier Mu \". 1981, Pascal and Claude Darcque Bourrain further investigated the NO corner of the palace. The  soundings in the years 1981 and 1982, conducted by Olivier Pelon have brought new insights into the precursors of the palace. Since 1988, the excavations of Alexandre Farnoux and Jan Driessen have been continued.\n\nThe Palace of Malia has a floor area of 7,500 m2 and is oriented as all Minoan palaces to NS. With regard to design and equipment, it is smaller and more modest (rustic) compared to Knossos and Phaestos.\n\nSeveral features stand out but immediately catches the eye, which distinguishes the \"Palace of Malia\" from all the others and identifies it: the 8 kouloures or silos in the SW corner, the oblique building in the north court  and the altar in the Central Court.\n\nAround this Central Court the district or ensembles are arranged, whose communication was made possible through corridors and routes.\nEach of these quarters has been assigned a specific function, but each of these chamber ensembles should be considered on its own, before it is placed in the overall plan.\nOlivier Pelon differentiated 4 functional areas: representative, residential, cultic-religious and economic (Magazine)\n\nFrom the Central Court, the rooms were centrifugally arranged. Thereby the typical projections and recesses of the Minoan Palace fa\u00e7ades arise.\nThe fa\u00e7ade was given a different meaning:\n\n(>) Undoubtedly, the west fa\u00e7ade is the most important in Malia.\nIn the center, it consists of carefully hewn cuboid blocks of sandstone, which are built on a base along the entire width. (Ashlar masonry) At edges with limestone blocks. They represent more than anything else the typical characteristics of Minoan fa\u00e7ades, a series of pre- and recessed walls.\n\n(>) The west fa\u00e7ade is preceded by a large courtyard, the West Court. (100 m long and 20 m wide). Pelon constitutes a transition zone of settlement and palace, between civil and political, between the profane and the religious areas. Originally, the whole West Court was created as Kalderim, moreover, it is traversed by 1.05 m wide limestone plates\nThis way, the \"raised walks\" are often used as processional paths, dubbed, but generally seem to lead to the main points of the building.\nThe West Court is bounded on the north and south of interesting complexes:\nin the north by the much discussed ensemble, \"Hypostyle Crypt\" an escape to space, which is connected underground with a number of magazine spaces whose floors are stuccoed, provided with gutter and sump. The excavator Henri van Effenterre supposed therein a gathering of 2 councils, the elderly and the young, who reigned over the city at the time of the first palaces.\nIn the south, large storage rooms were partially exposed that were not architecturally connected to the palace, but apparently had a close relationship in the Protopalatial time. Some of these rooms still contain numerous Pithoi.\n\n\u21921) Date:\nBy soundings following dating has revealed:\n1. There is a core of EMIII-MMIA (mid 3rd millennium/ 2300\u20131900 BCE), i.e. there is a period prepalatiale taken along the west fa\u00e7ade (Quarter I) but also in the north of the Central Court (Quartier IX)\n2. The construction of the first palace building in the Old Palaces MMIB-MMII (1900\u20131700) has an area of analog New Palaces Period.\n3. In the New Palace Period there is a succession of two major phases (in MMIII and LMIA 1700\u20131450 BCE.\nThe first palace was in MMIB \u2013 MMII c. 1900 BCE built, which was probably destroyed by an earthquake in 1700 BCE.\nDuring this time, we will find an urban center with settlements, the palace, villas, workshops and cemeteries. From this stage \u2013 by the soundings lately \u2013 unfortunately, very little is visible in the palace (Schedule I).\nBut the northwest surrounding the palace building complexes as \"Hypostyle Crypt\", \"Agora\" and the \"Quartier Mu\" demonstrate the \"political center\" at this time.\nThe New Palace, whose ruins are still visible today, was built in MMIII about 1650 BCE. And at about 1450 BCE in LMIA, finally destroyed as Phaestos, Zakros. Most likely, the volcanic eruption of Thera is to be regarded as the cause or the subsequent earthquake or a parallel invasion of Mycenaeans from mainland.\nImportantly, the palace was surrounded by a Minoan town which has only recently been uncovered. Excavation is ongoing. Important parts of the old and new excavations are covered by a series of large semi-transparent roofs, which protect them from the elements. In places tourists are allowed to wander among the ruins; in others, walkways allow passage above. There are rooms which have been identified as metal workshops, ceramic workshops and meeting rooms; there is also a large residential dwelling with en-suite bath, which is similar to a design at Phaistos, both taking advantage of expansive views.\n\nMalia resort\nModern day Malia is a holiday resort, tourism and commerce are the main economic activities in the town, with plenty of hotels, restaurants, gift shops, bars and nightclubs. Malia has become one of the most popular tourist locations of Crete, and one of the most popular in Europe, rivalling Ibiza and Magaluf. It is mainly visited by young people from the United Kingdom and Northern Europe. The prominence of Malia as one of the leading spots for nightlife in Europe is cemented by the attraction of big name DJs and events.  The Main Strip is home to many bars, clubs, taverns and restaurants. This is supported by the many close by hotels and apartments in Malia and the immediate area. \nMalia has a fine sandy beach which starts from the bottom of the strip and continues towards the East near to the Minoan palace of Malia.\n\nIn the past, Malia town was well known for its agricultural products and its windmills. Today it is known for its crystal clear waters and its sandy beaches as well as its Minoan Palace of king Sarpidon, one of the three greatest Minoan palaces of Crete. The town of Malia is a well-known tourist destination that combines tradition with modern. These two different aspects of the town are separated by the main road, south of it is the old town with the picturesque alleyways built based on the traditional way and south of it, the new part of the town, full of countless bars and clubs where every visitor will enjoy the nightlife. The visitor, wandering in the alleyways of the old town, will admire traditional buildings (newly renovated with the help of locals and sarpidonistas volunteers), churches (some of them is dated back at Venetian age) and can also visit the traditional taverns and restaurants. In the new part of the town, visitors during the day can shop, but also can enjoy the nightlife, either on one of the numerous cafes or at the restaurants with traditional cuisine.\n\nMalia was also the setting for 2011 British comedy film The Inbetweeners Movie, in which the four main characters went on a lads' holiday. Through the years Malia has become increasingly popular, outgrowing other holiday resorts such as Ayia Napa and Zante. An independent review of booking numbers from many travel agents discovered that the resort of Malia looks to be the most popular among young adults of 2013.\n\nVillages in Municipal Unit of Malia\n\nKrasi village \nKrasi village is located 46.3\u00a0km southeast of Heraklion city and just 6\u00a0km south of Malia town, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality at an altitude of 600 m. Its villagers are involved in agricultural production, in particular in olive growing and livestock, producing high quality olive oil and dairy products that every visitor can taste and purchase from local shops. A remarkable point of interest of the village is the square, with its three ancient plane trees that decorate the square and during the summer time offer plenty of shade for the traditional cafes, taverns and shops. On the south side of the village you can see the \u2018\u2018Megalh Vrish- Ydragogio\u2019\u2019 fountain, that to this day provides endless water to the local agricultural irrigation system and for the wider area. The church of Metamorphosis Sotiros, in the village, is an ideal point to visit and admire the enviable frescoes and wooden carved temple inside. In conclusion, the archaeological site of the area is the \u2018\u2018Protominoikos Tafos\u2019\u2019, a tomb that was discovered in 1929 by Spiridon Marinatos, and is dated before the Minoan era. Krasi has a long and magnificent tradition in music and dancers, which is maintained to this day, and this is the guarantee for every visitor to live an experience full of tradition, celebration with local delights and drinks.\n\nMochos village \nMochos village is located 12\u00a0km south of Stalis village, on the mountain side 45\u00a0km southeast of Heraklion city, in the inland of Hersonissos Municipality at an altitude of 400 m. A traditional village; which preserves its 16th century architecture, with a magnificent village square. In the square, traditional cafes, taverns and a local grocery shop offer local dishes, drinks and agricultural products. Every year on the 15th of August, the celebration of Virgin Mary take place, and a vast number of people gather in her honour, to feast on traditional delights and drink to the sound of Cretan traditional music and dance till the early morning hours. A worthwhile visit to the Folklore Museum of Mochos, where a traditional Cretan house is presented as well as a number of tools and objects from old traditional occupations. A walk around the picturesque alleyways is a must, and will definitely make visitors feel the warm atmosphere of the village and the characteristic hospitality of locals well known for their music and multicultural heritage.\n\nStalis village \nStalis village is located 31\u00a0km east of Heraklion city and 3\u00a0km east and of Hersonissos village and 3\u00a0km from Malia town. It is a resort by the sea with accommodation facilities, shops, and sightseeing not only on its coastline but also on the south hillside of its area. It is an ideal destination for families, due to its relaxing atmosphere satisfying number of fully organized and beautiful beaches as well as taverns, cafes and restaurants. It is a breath away from, the more intense, nightlife of Malia and Hersonissos that visitors may seek. Easy and fast access is one of the advantages of Stalis, to its accommodation facilities and beaches, with the characteristic example of Foinikas beach an outstanding crystal clear water beach, fully organized with courts and areas for tennis, volley and water sports. The picture of this particular beach closes with the Cretan palm trees that spread across its area. In conclusion, a must see experience is the Xwrodeion event that take place on the 12th of August in the courtyard of Agios Ioannis church, where visitors will see and admire Cretan traditional costumes, dances, music and the making of local traditional delights. The entrance is free for this event.\n\nPoints of interest in Malia\n\nMinoan Palace of Malia \nThis Minoan Palace is situated 3\u00a0km east of Malia town and is the third most significant known Minoan Palace after Knossos and Phaistos. It is known for its strategic port, nearby and moreover for its characteristic large central courtyard, the centerpiece of the complex, the stairwells, the skylights, polythira, monumental fa\u00e7ades and on each side rooms for specific functions.\n\nPlatanos and Fountains in Krasi \nKrasi village is located in the mountains and it is distanced of about 10\u00a0km from the main town of Malia. Its square is naturally decorated with three enormous plane trees; the one in the middle is the biggest of them all and is considered to be one of the oldest plane trees in the Mediterranean. Opposite the majestic trees, two spectacular fountains stand to impress the visitors, giving a spectacular picture for everyone.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Malia palaceHellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports\n Malia Palace   Well illustrated account of the Palace and the nearby Minoan town\n\nCategory:Cities in ancient Crete\nCategory:Aegean palaces of the Bronze Age\nCategory:Minoan sites in Crete\nCategory:Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)"}
-{"text": "Mumps vaccine (disambiguation)\n\nMumps vaccine may refer to\n\ngenerally, a vaccine against mumps\nMumpsvax, Merck's brand of the Jeryl Lynn strain vaccine\n\nExternal links \nSee this page for discussion of previous and other Mumps vaccines including the abandoned Urabe strain."}
-{"text": "Vai Lung Thlan\n\nVai Lung Thlan is a variety of the board game mancala variant played by the Mizo people of eastern India. The game is played on a board with 12 holes in two rows. Initially each hole contains five beads.\n\nSources \n Russ L. The Complete Mancala Games Book: How to play the World\u2019s oldest Board Games. Marlowe & Company, New York 2000. \n http://www.manqala.org/wiki/index.php/MancalaGames/VaiLungThlan\n\nCategory:Traditional mancala games"}
-{"text": "Thomas Joshua Platt\n\nSir Thomas Joshua Platt KC (22 August 1788  \u2013 10 February 1862) was a British judge who served as a Baron of the Exchequer.\n\nBiography\nPlatt, born in 1788, was the son of Thomas and Amelia Platt of London. His father was a solicitor who served as principal clerk to  Lords Mansfield, Kenyon, and Ellenborough. He was educated at Harrow and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1810, and M.A. 1814.\n\nHe was called to the bar at the Inner Temple on 9 February 1816, and named a king's counsellor on 27 December 1834, when he became a favourite leader on the home circuit. As an advocate he was remarkable for the energy of his manner and the simplicity of his language. Before a common jury he was usually invincible, but met with fewer successes before special juries. He succeeded Baron Gurney as a Baron of the Exchequer on 28 January 1845, and sat until failing health obliged him to retire on 2 November 1856. He was knighted at St. James's Palace on 23 April 1845.\n\nThough not deeply read, he proved a sensible judge, while his blunt courtesy and amiability made him popular with the bar. He died at 59 Portland Place, London, on 10 February 1862, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery. His widow, Augusta, died at 61 Queen's Gardens, Hyde Park, London, on 16 February 1885, aged 88. By her, Platt had a large family.\n\nReferences\n\nAttribution\n\nCategory:18th-century births\nCategory:1862 deaths\nCategory:Lawyers from London\u200e\nCategory:People educated at Harrow School\nCategory:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nCategory:Members of the Inner Temple\nCategory:British Queen's Counsel\nCategory:Queen's Counsel 1801\u20131900\nCategory:English judges\nCategory:Knights Bachelor\nCategory:Burials at Highgate Cemetery\nCategory:Barons of the Exchequer"}
-{"text": "10000 series\n\n10000 series may refer to:\n\nJapanese train types\n Keihan 10000 series EMU, operated by Keihan Electric Railway\n Odakyu 10000 series HiSE EMU\n Seibu 10000 series EMU\n Sotetsu 10000 series EMU\n Tobu 10000 series EMU\n Toei 10-000 series EMU\n Tokyo Metro 10000 series EMU\n Tokyo Monorail 10000 series EMU\n Yokohama Municipal Subway 10000 series EMU"}
-{"text": "Hanton City, Rhode Island\n\nHanton City (known locally as Lost City) is a colonial-era ghost town in Smithfield, Rhode Island. The remains of Hanton City consist of several stone foundations, a burial site, a defunct dam apparently used for irrigation, and a dilapidated scattering of stone walls, typifying it as a standard small New England farming community. The entire site is completely overgrown, making it nearly impossible to locate when any vegetation is present.\n\nTheories of its existence\n\nAt the time of its habitation, the small settlement was extremely isolated from the main town of Smithfield, and several theories have been posited in regards to its existence. One theory is that those who founded Hanton City were Loyalists, colonists who remained loyal to the king of England during the American Revolution. The theory leaves it unclear whether they were forced to live in exile by the Rhode Island Patriots or whether they chose to form an enclave of like-minded people. Several Tories from Newport were exiled to Smithfield and Glocester in 1776, including Thomas Vernon whose diary was published.\n\nThe small Alfred Smith Cemetery is located in the area.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Ghost towns in Rhode Island\nCategory:Populated places in Providence County, Rhode Island\nCategory:Smithfield, Rhode Island"}
-{"text": "INS Akshay (P35)\n\nINS Akshay (P35) is an Abhay class corvette, currently in service with the Indian Navy.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Abhay-class corvettes"}
-{"text": "Yutaka Tsujinaka\n\nYutaka Tsujinaka (born 1954) is a professor of political science and the Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the University of Tsukuba.\u3000He is now teaching at the College of Social Sciences and the doctoral program in International and Advanced Japanese Studies.  He is also the president of Japan Political Science Association, a member of the International Association of Universities (2012\u20132016), the director of Internationalization Subcommittee of IAU (2013\u2013), the executive assistant to the President at University of Tsukuba (2013\u2013) and the director of Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR) (2014\u2013).\nYouji Inaba professor of economy at Nippon University said in a newspaper column that Professor Tsujinaka talks in friendly Kansai dialect and always gives everyone warm smile as if he has \"Tender-Heated DNA\" in his body.\n(Nikkei: July 8, 2015)\n\nAcademic background\n1972 Graduate from Kozu High School in Osaka\n1976 LL.B Osaka University, School of Law\n1978 LL.M. Osaka University, School of Law (Political Science)\n1981 Completion of the coursework for doctoral program of Osaka University School of Law (Political Science)\n1996 Doctor of Law (Political Science) Kyoto University\n\nPositions and teaching career\n\n2017\u2013current Chair of Doctoral Program in International and Advanced Japanese Studies\n2014\u20132016 President of Japanese Political Science Association\n2013\u2013current Director of Institute for Comparative Research in Human and Social Sciences (ICR)\n2013\u2013current Executive Advisor to the President at University of Tsukuba\n2013 current Chairman of Internationalization Subcommittee of IAU\n2012\u20132016 current Administrative board member of International Association of Universities (IAU)\n2011\u20132013 Headquarter Vice President at University of Tsukuba\n2008\u20132011 Chair of  Doctoral Program in International and Advanced Japanese Studies\n2003\u20132008 Manager of Special Research Project on Civil Society, the State and Culture in Comparative perspective\n2001\u20132004 Dean of College of Social Sciences University of Tsukuba\n1998\u2013current Professor of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at University of Tsukuba\n1989\u20131991 Visiting Fellow: Cornell University East Asia Program and Department of Government\n1986\u20131998 Associate professor of Institute of Social Sciences and Political Science at University of Tsukuba\n1984\u20131986 Associate professor at Department of Law and Political Science, University of Kitakyushu\n1981\u20131984 Assistant professor at Department of Law and Political Science, University of Kitakyushu\n\nAcademic societies\nJapan Political Science Association\nAssociation for Asian Studies\nAmerican Political Science Association\n Japan NPO Research Association\nPublic Policy Studies Association \nJapan Association For Comparative Politics\n\nHonors and awards\n2010 Japan NPO Research Association Award\n2010 Best Faculty member 2009\n1995 Okinaga Award\n1990 American Council of Learned Societies Award\n1989 Fulbright Award\n\nResearch projects\n2016- current    \"Comparative Study on Local Governance\u3000(State / Civil Society Relations) in Japan and Asia\"\n2010\u20132015 \"A Comparative and Empirical Study of the Structural Change in Politics and Transformations in Pressure Groups, Policy Networks, and Civil Society in Japan since 2009\"\n2005\u20132010 \"A Comprehensive Empirical Study on the Three-Level Civil Society Structure and Governance in Japan, South Korea, the United States, Germany, and China in Comparative Perspective\"\n2002\u20132005 \"A Systematic and Comparative Study on Public Policy and Policy-Making Processes in Japan and Korea\"\n2000\u20132004 \"Comparative and Empirical Study of Interest Groups and Civil Society Organizations focusing Primarily on Contemporary China\"\n1996\u20131998 \"A Comparative and Empirical Study on Changes in Government and Interest Group Sector in Japan and Korea\"\n1995\u20132002 \"A Comparative and Empirical Analysis of Environmental Policy Network in Japan, the United States, Germany, and Korea\"\n1993\u20131995 \"A Comparative Statistical Analysis of the Formation and Change in Interest Groups in Advanced Countries\"\n\nMajor Publications in English\n\nEnglish Language Books\n2017\u3000Yutaka Tsujinaka, Hiroaki Inatsugu.   Aftermath: Fukushima and the 3.11 Earthquake (Japanese Society).  Trans Pacific Press\n2017 Timur Dadabaev, Murod Ismailov, Yutaka Tsujinaka Capital Construction and Governance in Central Asia] Palgrave Macmillan US\n2016 Sae Okura, Leslie Tkach-Kawasaki, Yohei Kobayashi, Manuela Hartwig, and Yutaka Tsujinaka\"Analysis of the Policy Network for the \u201cFeed-in Tariff Law\u201d in Japan: Evidence from the GEPON Survey.\" Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia vol15.World Association for Triple hElix and Future strategy studies\n2015 Yutaka Tsujinaka, Shakil Ahmed, and Yohei Kobashi \"Constructing Co-Governance between Government and Civil Society: An Institutional Approach to Collaboration.\"Edited by Ishtiaq Jamil, Salahuddin M. Aminuzzaman, Sk. Tawfique M. Haque Governance in South, Southeast, and East Asia:Trends, Issues and Challenges Springer \n2015 Edited by Fahimul Quadir with Yutaka Tsujinaka [https://www.routledge.com/Civil-Society-in-Asia-In-Search-of-Democracy-and-Development-in-Bangladesh/Hudson-Schak/p/book/9781472423313 Civil Society in Asia: In Search of Democracy and Development in BangladeshRoutledge\n2014 Edited by Robert J. Pekkanen, Steven Rathgeb Smith, and Yutaka TsujinakaNonprofits and Advocacy: Engaging Community and Government in an Era of RetrenchmentThe Johns Hopkins University Press\n2014 Robert J. Pekkanen, Yutaka Tsujinaka, and Hidehiro YamamotoNeighborhood Associations and Local Governance in JapanRoutledge\n2012 Robert Pekkanen, Yuko Kawamoto, and Yutaka Tsujinaka \"Civil Society and the Triple Disasters: Revealed Strengths and Weaknesses\" pp.\u00a078\u201393 Edited by Jeff KingstonNatural Disaster and Nuclear Crisis in Japan: Response and Recovery after Japan's 3/11 Routledge\n2010 Yutaka Tsujinaka \"Civil Society and Social Capital in Japan\" pp.\u00a0252\u2013259Edited by Helmut Anheier and Stefan ToeplerInternational Encyclopedia of Civil SocietySpringer\n2008 Robert Pekkanen and Yutaka Tsujinaka\"Neighbourhood Associations and the Demographic Challenge\" pp.\u00a0707\u2013720Edited by F. Coulmas, H. Conrad, A. Schad-Seifert, and G. VogtThe Demographic Challenge: A Handbook about JapanBrill\n2008 Yutaka Tsujinaka \"Japan's Internal Security Policy\" pp.\u00a076\u2013103Edited by Peter J. KatzensteinRethinking Japanese Security: Internal and External DimensionsRoutledge\n2003 Yutaka Tsujinaka \"From Developmentalism to Maturity: Japan's Civil Society Organizations in a Comparative Perspective\" pp.\u00a083\u2013115Edited by Frank J. Schwartz and Susan J. Pharr The State of Civil Society in JapanCambridge University Press\n1996 David Knoke, Frantz Urban Pappi, Jefferey Broadbent, and Yutaka Tsujinaka Comparing Policy Networks: Labor Politics in the U.S., Germany, and JapanCambridge University Press\n1995 Peter J. Katzenstein and Yutaka Tsujinaka '\"Bullying\", \"Buying\", and \"Binding\": US-Japanese Transnational Relations and Domestic Structures\"' pp.\u00a079\u2013111Edited by Thomas Risse-KappenBringing the Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International InstitutionsCambridge University Press\n1993\u3000Yutaka Tsujinaka\u3000 \"Rengo and Its Osmotic Networks\" pp.\u00a0200\u2013213\u3000Edited by Gary D. Allison and Yasunori Sone\u3000 Political Dynamics in Contemporary Japan Cornell University Press\n1991 Peter J. Katzensein and Yutaka Tsujinaka  Defending the Japanese State: Structures, Norms and the Political Responses to Terrorism and Violent Social Protest in the 1970s and 1980s Cornell University Press\n\nRegular Articles\n2013 Yutaka Tsujinaka, Shakil Ahmed, and Yohei Kobashi    \"Constructing Co-governance between Government and Civil Society: An Institutional Approach to Collaboration\"   Public Organization Review2012 Kazuko Kojima, Jae-Young Choe, Takafumi Ohtomo, and Yutaka Tsujinaka   \"The Corporatist System and Social Organizations in China\"   Management and Organization Review \n2007 Yutaka Tsujinaka, Jae-Young Choe, and Takafumi Ohtomo   \"Exploring the Realities of Japanese Civil Society through Comparison\"   ASIEN2007 Yutaka Tsujinaka and Robert Pekkanen  \"Civil Society and Interest Groups in Contemporary Japan\"  Pacific Affairs''\n\nMiscellaneous\n2016 Yutaka Tsujinaka and Hiroomi Abe  \"Social Capital and Citizen Satisfaction in Associational Perspective: Analyzing Urban Governance in Japan\"\n2005 Yutaka Tsujinaka \"Chinese Civil Society Organisations from the Comparative Perspective: Civil Society Organisations Research (JIGS) 6-Country Comparison\"\n2005 Yutaka Tsujinaka, Robert Pekkanen, and Takafumi Ohtomo \"Civil Society Groups and Policy-Making in Contemporary Japan\"\n2002 Yutaka Tsujinaka   \"The Cultural Dimension in Measuring Social Capital: Perspective from Japan\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Yutaka Tsujinaka official homepage\n\nCategory:1954 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Osaka University alumni\nCategory:University of Tsukuba faculty\nCategory:Japanese political scientists"}
-{"text": "Trapp Filling Station\n\nThe Trapp Filling Station, at 252-256 W. Capitol Drive in Hartland, Wisconsin, was built in 1922.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.\n\nOriginally, the structure was built and used as a house.  It was located on the major highway into Hartland, though, and in the 1920s Cornelius Trapp began to operate it as a filling station.  Apparently \"its location was obviously not prominent enough to succeed in sales. The site was soon used by others, twice as a grocery store by the Elmer Hornburg family and the Ferdi Dombroski family. More recently it has seen use as a handcraft outlet store and a health food market. Members of the Trapp family remained residents of the upper residential areas even when changing commercial\nagents operated out of the lower area.\"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Gas stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Waukesha County, Wisconsin\nCategory:Tudor Revival architecture in the United States\nCategory:Buildings and structures completed in 1922"}
-{"text": "Laurent Porchier\n\nLaurent Porchier (born 27 June 1968) is a French competition rower and Olympic champion.\n\nPorchier won a gold medal in the lightweight coxless four at the 2000 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1968 births\nCategory:French male rowers\nCategory:Olympic rowers of France\nCategory:Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic gold medalists for France\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Olympic medalists in rowing\nCategory:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:World Rowing Championships medalists for France"}
-{"text": "Kasafoni\n\nKasafoni is a town in northeastern Sierra Leone in the mountainous area near the Guinea border.\n\nMining \n\nThe area is prospective for iron ore.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Populated places in Sierra Leone"}
-{"text": "Olympia Scott\n\nOlympia Scott, formerly known under her married name of Olympia Scott-Richardson, is an American former professional basketball player in the WNBA, and a former college coach. She is also co-founder of an online parenting education company called \"Super Parenting LLC\" and of a coaching company called \"A Wonderful Life! Coaching\".\n\nShe was born Olympia Ranee Scott on August 5, 1976 in Los Angeles, California.\n\nHigh School and Stanford University \n\nScott was named a Kodak High School All-American by the WBCA. She participated in the WBCA  High School All-America Game in 1994, scoring eight points. Olympia was named Parade Magazine'''s Second Team All-America during her senior year at St. Bernard High School in Playa del Rey, California. Olympia was also the youngest player to participate in the US Olympic Festival in a team sport in 1994 while playing for the West team. She also posted the single-game shot-block record in the Festival that year, with four blocks. Scott also led St. Bernard High School of Playa del Rey, CA to its first 2 girls' basketball state championships her junior and senior years.\n\nWhile attending Stanford University on full scholarship, Scott played on their women's basketball team (known as the Cardinal'') for four years (1994 to 1998).  She averaged 12.9 points and 6.4 rebounds per game during her four-year Stanford career.  As a senior, she was a Naismith \"Player of the Year\" finalist and named an Associated Press honorable mention All-American and was a Kodak All-Region selection.  She also was selected to participate in the inaugural Women's Basketball Coaches Association All-Star game after leading the Cardinal in steals (48) and blocked shots (14) in 1998.  She was named to the All-Pac-10 first team in both 1997 and 1998. She competed with USA Basketball as a member of the 1995 Jones Cup Team that won the Bronze in Taipei and the 1997 World University Games Team that won the Gold Medal In Sicily, Italy. Scott also led the Stanford Cardinal as a four-year starter to four Pac-10 Conference Championships, including back-to-back undefeated in conference seasons, and only 2 conference losses her entire four years. She also led the Cardinal to 3 NCAA Final Four appearances.\n\nA member of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority, Scott graduated with a Bachelor's degree in Sociology.\n\nProfessional career \n\nIn the 1998 WNBA Draft, Scott was selected by the Utah Starzz in the second round (#11 overall).\n\nShe missed most of the following season, due to the birth of her daughter on April 7, 1999.  She returned to play in four games for the Starzz before she and teammate Wendy Palmer were traded on July 29 to the Detroit Shock, in exchange for Korie Hlede and Cindy Brown.\n\nShe played for the Shock until just prior to the 2001 season, when she was traded to the Indiana Fever.  Having been being used as a utility player since her WNBA debut, Scott became a member of the Fever's starting lineup for the 2001 and 2002 seasons. Scott was named team captain of the Indiana Fever and awarded the Community Assist award for excellence in community service and leadership by the WNBA and the Fever. Started 31 games in her second season with the Fever, averaging career highs of 9.4 ppg and 6.8 rpg...in her best game ever as a professional, she led the Fever in scoring, rebounding, assists and blocked shots vs. Utah, 7/10...against the Starzz, she scored a career-high 31 points (11-17 FG, 9-11 FT) to accompany nine rebounds, four assists and two blocked shots in 39 minutes...she finished the season ranked 11th in the WNBA in rebounds per game...she hauled in the 500th rebound of her WNBA career vs. Charlotte, 7/22...she had five games with 10+ rebounds and posted three double-doubles, including consecutive games vs. Miami (14 points, 11 rebounds), 7/12, and vs. L.A. (12 points, 10 rebounds), 7/17...she was eighth in the WNBA in field goal percentage, shooting 48.7 percent from the floor.\n\nAfter sitting out the 2003 season due to a knee injury, she signed a free agent contract with the Charlotte Sting, for the 2004 season.  After that season, she was traded along with her Charlotte teammates Nicole Powell and Erin Buescher, to the Sacramento Monarchs in exchange for Tangela Smith and a 2006 WNBA Draft second-round pick.\n\nShe spent the 2005 season with the Monarchs in a reserve role, but enjoyed the team's success as they went on to win the WNBA Championship, defeating the Connecticut Sun three games to one, in a best-of-five playoff.\n\nOn February 3, 2006, Scott, who had been a free agent after the 2005 season ended, signed a contract to return to the Indiana Fever.  She played one year with the Fever, then was traded again in March 2007 to the Phoenix Mercury where she enjoyed winning a second WNBA Championship.\n\nOlympia Scott is the first woman in WNBA history to win two WNBA Championships with two different teams.\n\nScott also served several years on the Women's National Basketball Players' Association (WNBPA) Executive Committee as the Secretary/Treasurer as well as an active member of the Negotiating Committee, participating in the last 2 Collective Bargaining Agreements between the WNBA and the WNBPA.\n\nScott has yet to officially retire from the WNBA where she has played a total of 10 seasons.\n\nOlympia has also played in 6 different European countries for a total of 11 seasons including Russia for the Dynamo Moscow Region team; in Turkey for Mersin Buyuksehir, Istanbul University, Erdemir and the Ceyhan clubs; in Ibiza, Spain; Alcamo and Schio, Italy; Thessaloniki, Greece; and Yerevan, Armenia.\n\nShe retired from professional basketball in 2011.\n\nCoaching career \nScott once served as an assistant coach at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, California, and has also coached AAU basketball as well as numerous camps and clinics.\n\nIn October 2004, she was named the head coach of the women's basketball team at William Smith College.  Scott led her team to the Liberty League regular season and tournament championships, an appearance in the NCAA Division III regional semifinals, and the program's first 20-win season (20 wins against eight losses) since the 1999-2000 season.  The team's efforts resulted in Scott and her coaching staff being voted by the conference as the Liberty League Coaching Staff of the Year.\n\nHowever, after her Sacramento Monarchs team won the WNBA championship by defeating the Connecticut Sun, Scott resigned from her coaching position to devote herself full-time to her playing career.\n\nCorporate career \nIn 2003, she co-founded, together with her mother, Jacqueline Parker Scott, Ed.D, MBA, an online parenting education company named \"Super Parenting LLC\". In 2007, she founded a coaching company called \"A Wonderful Life! Coaching\".\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American women's basketball coaches\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Greece\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Italy\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Russia\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Spain\nCategory:American expatriate basketball people in Turkey\nCategory:American women's basketball players\nCategory:Centers (basketball)\nCategory:Charlotte Sting players\nCategory:Delta Sigma Theta members\nCategory:Detroit Shock players\nCategory:Indiana Fever players\nCategory:Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)\nCategory:Phoenix Mercury players\nCategory:Sacramento Monarchs players\nCategory:Stanford Cardinal women's basketball players\nCategory:Utah Starzz draft picks\nCategory:Utah Starzz players\nCategory:Universiade gold medalists for the United States\nCategory:Universiade medalists in basketball"}
-{"text": "Vincula tendina\n\nWithin each osseo-aponeurotic canal, the tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus are connected to each other, and to the phalanges, by slender, tendinous bands, called vincula tendina.\n\nStructure \nThere are around three to seven vincula for each flexor tendon. Vincula tendina can be classified into two types according to their morphology. \n\nThe vincula brevia (short), which are two in number in each finger, and consist of triangular bands of fibers, one connecting the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis to the front of the first interphalangeal joint and head of the first phalanx, and the other the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus to the front of the second interphalangeal joint and head of the second phalanx.\n\nThe vincula longa (long and slender), one which connects the flexor digitorum superficialis to the base of the first phalanx, and the other which connects the under surfaces of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus to those of the subjacent flexor digitorum superficialis after the tendons of the former have passed through the latter.\n\nFunction \nThe vincula tendina carry blood supply to the flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons. The vincula breve helps facilitate digital flexion following injury to the distal flexor digitorum profundus tendon.\n\nAdditional images\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Upper limb anatomy"}
-{"text": "De Cuyper\n\nDe Cuyper is a surname, equivalent to English Cooper. Notable people with the surname include:\n\nAlphons De Cuyper (1887\u20131950), Belgian sculptor and painter\nKatrien De Cuyper (1967\u2013c. 1991), Belgian homicide victim\nNorbert De Cuyper (b. 1943), Belgian politician\nSimon De Cuyper (b. 1986), Belgian triathlete\nXavier De Cuyper, Belgian agricultural engineer and civil servant\n\nCategory:Occupational surnames"}
-{"text": "3551 Verenia\n\n3551 Verenia, provisional designation , is an Amor asteroid and a Mars crosser discovered September 12, 1983, by R. Scott Dunbar. Although Verenia passed within 40\u00a0Gm of the Earth in the 20th century, it will never do so in the 21st. In 2028 it will come within 0.025\u00a0AU of Ceres.\n\n3551 Verenia was named for the first vestal virgin consecrated by the legendary Roman king Numa Pompilius.\n\nSee also\n V-type asteroid\n HED meteorite\n 4 Vesta\n 4055 Magellan\n 3908 Nyx\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Catchall Catalog of Minor Planets\n NeoDys \n \n \n\nCategory:Amor asteroids\nVerenia\nVerenia\nCategory:V-type asteroids (Tholen)\n19830912"}
-{"text": "Charles Cl\u00e9mencet\n\nCharles Cl\u00e9mencet (17035 August 1778) was a French Benedictine historian.\n\nHe was born in Painblanc, in present-day C\u00f4te-d'Or, and was one of the authors who helped complete the great chronological work Art de v\u00e9rifier les dates (the usual short form of a long title). He also wrote part of the monumental Histoire litt\u00e9raire de la France, and the history of the abbey of Port Royal. He died in Paris.\n\nMain publications \n1750: L'Art de v\u00e9rifier les dates des faits historiques, des chartes, des chroniques et autres anciens monuments, depuis la naissance de Notre-Seigneur, par le moyen d'une table chronologique, with Maurus Dantine \n1753: Lettres d'Eusebe Philalethe a M. Franc\u031cois Mor\u00e9nas sur son pr\u00e9tendu Abreg\u00e9 de l'histoire eccl\u00e9siastique, dans lesquelles on refute les fables ridicules, les erreurs grossieres avanc\u00e9es par cet auteur, en faveur des J\u00e9suites, contre les disciples de Saint Augustin, pour servir de suppl\u00e9ment \u00e0 l'Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'histoire eccl\u00e9siastique\n1755\u20131757:Histoire g\u00e9n\u00e9rale de Port-Royal, depuis la r\u00e9forme de l'abbaye jusqu'\u00e0 son enti\u00e8re destruction (10 volumes)\n1758: La V\u00e9rit\u00e9 et l'innocence victorieuses de l'erreur et de la calomnie. Lettre a un ami sur la R\u00e9alit\u00e9 du projet de Bourg-Fontaine\n1759: \u0152uvres posthumes de M. l'abb\u00e9 Racine, pr\u00eatre-chanoine de Notre-Dame de la cit\u00e9 d'Auxerre et auteur de l'Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'histoire eccl\u00e9siastique avec des r\u00e9flexions \n1760: Conf\u00e9rences de la M\u00e8re Ang\u00e9lique de Saint Jean, sur les Constitutions du monast\u00e8re de Port-Royal du Saint Sacrement (3 volumes)\n1773: Histoire litt\u00e9raire de S. Bernard, abb\u00e9 de Clairvaux, et de Pierre le V\u00e9n\u00e9rable, abb\u00e9 de Cluny, qui peut servir de suppl\u00e9ment au XIIe de l'histoire litt\u00e9raire de la France \nCollaborations\n1733\u20131763: Histoire litt\u00e9raire de la France, o\u00f9 l'on traite de l'origine et du progr\u00e8s, de la d\u00e9cadence et du r\u00e9tablissement des sciences parmi les Gaulois et parmi les Fran\u00e7ois (12 volumes)\n1847: Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, tomes XII-XIII\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography \n  via HathiTrust\n\n)\n\nCategory:1703 births\nCategory:1778 deaths\nCategory:18th-century French historians\nCategory:French Benedictines\nCategory:Congregation of Saint-Maur"}
-{"text": "Liam Neeson\n\nLiam John Neeson  (born 7 June 1952) is a Northern Irish actor. He has been nominated for a number of awards, including an Academy Award for Best Actor, a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Drama. Empire magazine ranked Neeson among both the \"100 Sexiest Stars in Film History\" and \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\".\n\nIn 1976, Neeson joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast for two years. He then acted in the Arthurian film Excalibur (1981). Between 1982 and 1987, Neeson starred in five films, most notably alongside Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in The Bounty (1984), and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in The Mission (1986). He landed a leading role alongside Patrick Swayze in Next of Kin (1989).\n\nNeeson rose to prominence when he starred as Oskar Schindler in Schindler's List (1993). He has since starred in other successful films, including the drama Nell (1994), the historical biopic Michael Collins (1996), the 1998 film adaptation of Victor Hugo's Les Mis\u00e9rables, the epic space opera Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace (1999), the biographical drama Kinsey (2004), the superhero film Batman Begins (2005), the action thriller series Taken (2008\u20132014), the survival film The Grey (2011), and the historical drama Silence (2016). He also provided the voices of Aslan in The Chronicles of Narnia trilogy (2005\u20132010) and the titular monster in A Monster Calls (2016).\n\nEarly life\nLiam John Neeson was born in Ballymena on 7 June 1952, the son of Katherine \"Kitty\" Neeson (n\u00e9e Brown), a cook, and Bernard \"Barney\" Neeson, a caretaker at the Ballymena Boys All Saints Primary School. Raised Roman Catholic, he was named Liam after the local priest. The third of four siblings, he has three sisters: Elizabeth, Bernadette, and Rosaleen. Neeson said growing up as a Catholic in a predominantly Protestant town made him cautious, and once said he felt like a \"second-class\" citizen there, but has also said he was never made to feel \"inferior or even different\" at the town's predominantly Protestant technical college. Neeson has described himself as out of touch with the politics and history of Northern Ireland until becoming aware of protests by fellow students after Bloody Sunday in 1972, during the Troubles. That experience encouraged him to learn more local history. In a 2009 interview, Neeson said, \"I never stop thinking about it [the Troubles]. I've known guys and girls who have been perpetrators of violence and victims. Protestants and Catholics. It's part of my DNA.\"\n\nAt age nine, Neeson began boxing lessons at the All Saints Youth Club, going on to win a number of regional titles before discontinuing at age 17. He acted in school productions during his teens. Neeson's interest in acting and decision to become an actor were also influenced by Ian Paisley, founder of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), into whose Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster Neeson would sneak. Neeson has said of Paisley, \"He had a magnificent presence and it was incredible to watch him just Bible-thumping away... it was acting, but it was also great acting and stirring too.\" In 1971, Neeson was enrolled as a physics and computer science student at Queen's University Belfast, before leaving to work for the Guinness Brewery. At Queen's, he discovered a talent for football and was spotted by Se\u00e1n Thomas at Bohemian FC. There was a club trial in Dublin, and Neeson played one game as a substitute against Shamrock Rovers FC but was not offered a contract.\n\nCareer\n\nEarly career (1976\u20131993)\nAfter leaving university, Neeson returned to Ballymena, where he worked in a variety of casual jobs, from a forklift operator at Guinness to a truck driver. He also attended teacher training college for two years in Newcastle upon Tyne, England, before again returning to his hometown. In 1976, Neeson joined the Lyric Players' Theatre in Belfast, where he performed for two years. He got his first film experience in 1977, playing Jesus Christ and Evangelist in the religious film Pilgrim's Progress (1978). Neeson moved to Dublin in 1978 after he was offered a part in Ron Hutchinson's Says I, Says He, a drama about The Troubles, at the Project Arts Centre. He acted in several other Project productions and joined the Abbey Theatre (the National Theatre of Ireland). In 1980, he performed alongside Stephen Rea, Ray McAnally and Mick Lally, playing Doalty in Brian Friel's play Translations, the first production of Friel's and Rea's Field Day Theatre Company, first presented in the Guildhall, Derry, on 23 September 1980.\n\nIn 1980, filmmaker John Boorman saw him on stage as Lennie Small in Of Mice and Men and offered him the role of Sir Gawain in the Arthurian film Excalibur. After Excalibur, Neeson moved to London, where he continued working on stage, in small budget films and in television. He lived with the actress Helen Mirren at this time, whom he met working on Excalibur. Between 1982 and 1987, Neeson starred in five films, most notably alongside Mel Gibson and Anthony Hopkins in 1984's The Bounty and Robert De Niro and Jeremy Irons in 1986's The Mission. Neeson guest-starred in the third season of the television series Miami Vice in 1986 and moved to Hollywood to star in more high-profile roles in the next year. That year, he starred alongside Cher and Dennis Quaid in Suspect, a role that brought him critical acclaim. In 1988, he starred alongside Clint Eastwood in the fifth Dirty Harry film, \"The Dead Pool\", in the role of Peter Swan, a horror film director. In 1990, he followed this with a starring role in Sam Raimi's Darkman. Although the film was successful, Neeson's subsequent years did not bring him the same recognition. In 1993, he joined Ellis Island co-star and future wife Natasha Richardson in the Broadway play Anna Christie. They also worked together in Nell, released the following year.\n\nRise to prominence (1993\u20132000)\nDirector Steven Spielberg offered Neeson the role of Oskar Schindler in his film about the Holocaust, Schindler's List, after seeing him in Anna Christie on Broadway. Kevin Costner, Mel Gibson and Warren Beatty all expressed interest in portraying Schindler, (the last auditioning), but Neeson was cast in December 1992 after formally auditioning for the role. Neeson read the Keneally book and concluded that his character \"enjoyed fookin' with the Nazis. In Keneally's book, it says he was regarded as a kind of a buffoon by them... if the Nazis were New Yorkers, he was from Arkansas. They don't quite take him seriously, and he used that to full effect.\" His critically acclaimed performance earned him a nomination for a Best Actor Oscar, and helped the film earn Best Picture of 1993. (The best actor award went to Tom Hanks for his performance in Philadelphia.) Neeson also garnered BAFTA and Golden Globes nominations for his performance as Schindler. Soon after these accolades, Neeson became an in-demand leading actor. He starred in the subsequent period pieces Rob Roy (1995) and Michael Collins (1996), the latter earning him a win for Best Starring Role at the Venice Film Festival and another Golden Globe nomination. He went on to star as Jean Valjean in the 1998 adaptation of Victor Hugo's Les Mis\u00e9rables and in The Haunting (1999) as Dr. David Marrow.\n\nIn 1999, Neeson starred as Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn in Star Wars: Episode I \u2013 The Phantom Menace. Director George Lucas cast Neeson in the role because he considered him a \"master actor, who the other actors will look up to, who has got the qualities of strength that the character demands.\" As the first Star Wars film to be released in 16 years, it was surrounded by a large amount of media anticipation. Neeson's connection to Star Wars started in the Crown Bar, Belfast. He told Ricki Lake, \"I probably wouldn't have taken the role if it wasn't for the advice of Peter King in the Crown during a Lyric reunion.\" Despite mixed reviews from critics and fans, The Phantom Menace was an enormous box-office success and remained the most financially successful Star Wars film unadjusted for inflation until Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). Neeson's performance as Qui-Gon received positive reviews and a Saturn Award nomination. A stock recording of his voice from The Phantom Menace can be heard during a scene in Star Wars: Episode II \u2013 Attack of the Clones (2002). Neeson was later reported to be appearing in Star Wars: Episode III \u2013 Revenge of the Sith (2005), but ultimately did not. In the animated television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008\u201314), Neeson reprised the role of Qui-Gon  by voicing the character in two episodes of the third season and one episode of the sixth season. He most recently made a voice cameo as Qui-Gon in Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker (2019), among other veteran Star Wars actors.\n\nMainstream roles (2001\u20132007)\n\nNeeson narrated the 2001 documentaries Journey into Amazing Caves, a short film about two scientists who travel around the world to search for material for potential cures, and The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Adventure. The latter won awards at a number of film festivals including Best Documentary from both the Chicago Film Critics Association and the National Board of Review. After being nominated for a Tony Award for his role opposite Laura Linney in The Crucible, Neeson appeared with Harrison Ford in Kathryn Bigelow's 2002 submarine thriller K-19: The Widowmaker as Captain Mikhail Polenin. He was also on the cast of Martin Scorsese's Gangs of New York with Leonardo DiCaprio, Brendan Gleeson, Cameron Diaz and Daniel Day-Lewis, and played a recently widowed writer in Richard Curtis's ensemble comedy Love Actually (2003). His role as Alfred Kinsey in Kinsey again put Neeson up for nomination for a Golden Globe Award, but he lost to Leonardo DiCaprio for The Aviator.\n\nIn 2004, Neeson hosted an episode of the NBC sketch show Saturday Night Live. He starred as a redneck trucker, Marlon Weaver, in an \"Appalachian Emergency Room\" sketch and as a hippie in a one-off sketch about two stoners (the other played by Amy Poehler) who attempt to borrow a police dog to find their lost stash of marijuana. Despite vowing not to play any Irish stereotypes, Neeson did play a stereotypically Irish man named Lorcan McArdle in the home makeover show parody \"You Call This A House, Do Ya?\"\n\nIn 2005, Neeson played Godfrey of Ibelin in Ridley Scott's epic adventure Kingdom of Heaven; Ra's al Ghul, one of the main villains in Batman Begins; and Father Bernard in Neil Jordan's adaptation of Patrick McCabe's novel Breakfast on Pluto. In The Simpsons episode \"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Guest Star\" (2005), he voiced the kindly priest who (briefly) converts Bart and Homer to Catholicism. That same year, he gave his voice to the lion Aslan in the blockbuster fantasy film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. In 2007, he starred in the American Civil War epic Seraphim Falls.\n\nNeeson voiced the main character's father, James, in the video game Fallout 3. Executive producer Todd Howard said, \"This role was written with Liam in mind, and provides the dramatic tone for the entire game\". Fallout 3, the third game in the Fallout series, was extremely well received by critics and shipped 4.7\u00a0million copies by the end of 2008, the year it was released.\n\nIn the director's commentary of the 2007 Transformers DVD, Michael Bay said he had told the animators to seek inspiration from Neeson in creating Optimus Prime's body language. Neeson appeared as Alistair Little in the BBC Northern Ireland/Big Fish Films television drama Five Minutes of Heaven, which tells the true story of a young Protestant man convicted of murdering a Catholic boy during The Troubles.\n\nLater success (2008\u2013present)\n\nIn 2008 Neeson starred in the action film Taken, a French-produced film also starring Famke Janssen and Maggie Grace, based on a script by Luc Besson and Robert Mark Kamen and directed by Pierre Morel. Neeson plays a retired CIA operative from the elite Special Activities Division who sets about tracking down his teenage daughter after she is kidnapped. Taken was a worldwide box office hit, grossing $223.9\u00a0million worldwide, making almost $200\u00a0million more than its production budget. Neeson has said in interviews that he believed that Taken had put some people off the idea of actually travelling to Europe. Taken brought Neeson back into the center of the public eye and resulted in his being cast in many more big-budget Hollywood movies. That year he also narrated the documentary Black Holes: The Other Side of Infinity and again lent his voice to Aslan in The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (2008). He also provided a voice for Hayao Miyazaki's anime film Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, which received an August 2009 release.\n\nIn 2010, Neeson played Zeus in the remake of the 1981 film, Clash of the Titans. The film was a huge box-office hit, grossing $475\u00a0million worldwide. Neeson also starred in Atom Egoyan's erotic thriller Chloe, theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics on 26 March 2010. Chloe had enjoyed commercial success and became the Canadian director's biggest money maker ever. Later the same year, he played John \"Hannibal\" Smith in the spin-off movie from the television series The A-Team. Neeson continued to voice Aslan in the sequel The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010).\n\nIn 2011, Neeson starred in the action-thriller Unknown, a German-British-American co-production of a French book filmed in Berlin in early 2010, and directed by Jaume Collet-Serra.  This film led to a collaboration between Neeson and Collet-Serra on a series of similar action films including Non-Stop (2014), Run All Night (2015) and The Commuter (2018).\n\nNeeson reunited with Steven Spielberg with plans to star as Abraham Lincoln in the 2012 film Lincoln, based on the book Team of Rivals by Doris Kearns Goodwin. In preparation for the role, Neeson visited the District of Columbia and Springfield, Illinois, where Lincoln lived before being elected, and read Lincoln's personal letters. Neeson eventually declined the role, claiming he was \"past his sell date\" and had grown too old to play Lincoln. He was replaced by Daniel Day-Lewis.\n\nIt was announced in July 2010 that Neeson would guest-star on the new Showtime series The Big C. In 2011, he played himself in BBC2's series Life's Too Short. In late 2011, Neeson was cast to play the lead character, a journalist, in a new album recording and arena production of Jeff Wayne's War of the Worlds. He replaced Richard Burton, who had posthumously appeared in the arena production through CGI animation. Neeson did not physically appear on the stage, instead playing the role through the use of 3D holography. In 2012, Neeson starred in Joe Carnahan's The Grey. The film received mostly positive reviews and Neeson's performance received critical acclaim. He also starred in Taken 2, a successful sequel to his 2008 blockbuster. That year, he once again played Ra's al Ghul in The Dark Knight Rises, the third and final film in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He narrated the first trailer for the film.\n\nOn 31 January 2014, it was reported that Neeson would work with director Martin Scorsese again in an adaptation of the novel Silence. Neeson had a supporting role as the henchman Bad Cop/Good Cop in the animated film The Lego Movie, which was a critical and commercial success. Neeson later played Bill Marks in the 2014 action film Non-Stop. The film was released on 28 February 2014. He also appeared, uncredited, as God in the BBC2 series Rev.. Neeson stars in the 2014 film A Walk Among the Tombstones, an adaption of the best-selling novel of the same name, in which he plays former cop Matthew Scudder, a detective hired to hunt the killers of a drug dealer's wife.\n\nDuring Super Bowl XLIX, Supercell did a Clash of Clans commercial with Neeson playing the game as \"AngryNeeson52\" and vowing revenge on his opponent \"BigBuffetBoy85\" while waiting for his scone at a bakery. The appearance was a parody of his role in Taken. In 2016 Neeson narrated the RT\u00c9 One three-part documentary on the Easter Rising, 1916. In 2016, he voiced the Monster in the Spanish film A Monster Calls.\n\nPolitics\nNeeson opposes what he sees as the unrestricted right to own firearms in the United States and has made calls for gun control. In January 2015, he repeated his views, calling US gun laws a \"disgrace\" in an interview with Emirati newspaper Gulf News when replying to a question about the Charlie Hebdo shootings in Paris earlier that month. In response, U.S gun manufacturer Para USA, which provided the weapons used by Neeson in the Taken film series, expressed regret at working with him, saying: \"We will no longer provide firearms for use in films starring Liam Neeson and ask that our friends and partners in Hollywood refrain from associating our brand and products with his projects.\"\n\nIn 2014, he protested against the anti-carriage horse campaign of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio, who said he would outlaw horse-drawn carriages in Central Park once he took office. Neeson wrote an opinion page published in The New York Times citing the carriage trade as a safe one for employees, horses and tourists and noted it was a livelihood for many immigrants.\n\nNeeson narrated a video for Amnesty International in favour of the legalisation of abortion in Ireland, which some conservative and pro-life commentators criticised, calling it \"creepy\" and \"anti-Catholic\".\n\nIn September 2017, Liam Neeson compared the presidency of Donald Trump to the Watergate scandal of Richard Nixon, saying: \"Democracy works and no man\u2014and certainly not the President\u2014is above the law. He has to be accountable.\"\n\nIn January 2018, Neeson raised concerns over the Me Too movement on Ireland's The Late Late Show, describing the movement as a \"witch hunt\", and citing Garrison Keillor's dismissal from Minnesota Public Radio.\n\nIn February 2019 Neeson was accused of racism after a press junket interview he had conducted with The Independent, while promoting his film Cold Pursuit, about a father seeking revenge for his son's murder. Neeson explained his character's \"primal\" anger by recounting an experience he had dozens of years ago. A woman close to him had been raped by a stranger, and Neeson asked what colour skin the attacker had; after learning the attacker was black, Neeson said that for about a week, he \"went up and down areas with a cosh ... hoping some 'black bastard' would come out of a pub and have a go\" so that Neeson \"could kill him\". In the interview, Neeson also said he was \"ashamed\" to recount the experience and that it was \"horrible\" that he did what he did. \"It's awful ... but I did learn a lesson from it, when I eventually thought, 'What the fuck are you doing?'\"\n\nIn an appearance on Good Morning America, Neeson elaborated on his experience while denying being a racist, saying the incident occurred nearly 40 years ago, that he asked for physical attributes of the rapist other than race, that he would have done the same if the rapist was \"a Scot or a Brit or a Lithuanian\", that he had purposely gone into \"black areas of the city\", and that he \"did seek help\" from a priest after coming to his senses. Neeson said that the lesson of his experience was \"to open up, to talk about these things\", as there was still underlying \"racism and bigotry\" in both the United States and Northern Ireland. The controversy Neeson's comments caused led to the cancellation of the red carpet event for the premiere of Cold Pursuit.\n\nTrevor Noah defended Neeson, saying, \"I want to live in a world where a person who said something like that is ashamed of it and they are telling it to you and you aren't catching them out\", and that it was a \"powerful admission\". Michelle Rodriguez, Whoopi Goldberg, and Ralph Fiennes have also defended Neeson.\n\nPersonal life\nNeeson lived with actress Helen Mirren during the early 1980s. They met while working on Excalibur (1981). Interviewed by James Lipton for Inside the Actors Studio, Neeson said Mirren was instrumental in his getting an agent.\n\nNeeson met actress Natasha Richardson while performing in a revival of the play Anna Christie on Broadway in 1993. They were married on 3 July 1994 and had two sons together. In October 1998, they won \u00a350,000 ($85,370) in libel damages after the Daily Mirror wrongly claimed that their marriage was suffering. They donated the money to victims of the August 1998 Omagh bombing. In August 2004, they purchased an estate in Millbrook, New York. On 18 March 2009, Richardson died when she suffered a severe head injury in a skiing accident at the Mont Tremblant Resort, northwest of Montreal. Neeson donated her organs following her death.\n\nNeeson holds British, Irish and American citizenship, having been naturalised as an American citizen in 2009. In 2009, nearly four decades after he was an undergraduate in physics and computer science at Queen's University, Belfast, Neeson was awarded an honorary doctorate. It was presented to him in New York by Vice-Chancellor Professor Peter Gregson. In March 2011, he was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF. Neeson is a patron of Belfast-based charity and film festival CineMagic, which encourages and helps young people to get involved in the movie industry.\n\nA heavy smoker earlier in his career, Neeson quit smoking in 2003 while working on Love Actually. When he took the role of Hannibal for the 2010 film adaptation of The A-Team, Neeson had reservations about smoking cigars (a signature trait of the character) in the film due to being an ex-smoker, but agreed to keep that trait intact for the film. In June 2012, Neeson's publicist denied reports that Neeson was converting to Islam. Neeson has expressed an affection for the adhan, the Islamic call to prayer, that he grew accustomed to while filming Taken 2 in Istanbul: \"By the third week, it was like I couldn't live without it. It really became hypnotic and very moving for me in a very special way. Very beautiful.\" He also expressed admiration for the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius of Loyola.\n\nHonours and awards\nIn the year 2000, Neeson was offered the \"Freedom of the Town of Ballymena\" by the Ballymena Borough Council, but because of objections made by members of the Democratic Unionist Party regarding his comments that he had felt like a \"second-class citizen\" growing up as a Catholic in the town, he declined the award, citing tensions. Following the controversy, Neeson wrote a letter to the council, stating; \"I will always remain very proud of my upbringing in, and association with, the town and my country of birth, which I will continue to promote at every opportunity. Indeed I regard the enduring support over the years from all sections of the community in Ballymena as being more than sufficient recognition for any success which I may have achieved as an actor.\" Subsequently, on 28 January 2013, Neeson received the Freedom of the Borough from Ballymena Borough Council at a ceremony in the town.\n\nNeeson was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in her 2000 New Year Honours. The American Ireland Fund honoured Neeson with their Performing Arts Award for the great distinction he has brought to Ireland at their 2008 Dinner Gala in New York City. In 2009, at a ceremony in New York, Neeson was awarded an honorary doctorate by Queen's University, Belfast. On 9 April 2016, he was honoured with the Outstanding Contribution to Cinema Award by the Irish Film and Television Academy (IFTA) at the Mansion House, Dublin, with Irish President Michael D. Higgins presenting the award. In 2017, Neeson was listed by UK-based company Richtopia at number 74 in the list of 200 Most Influential Philanthropists and Social Entrepreneurs Worldwide. In January 2018, he was awarded the Distinguished Service for the Irish Abroad Award by Irish President Michael D. Higgins, who described it as an award \"for Irish people abroad who are making a contribution to humanity\".\n\nFilmography\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n \n Liam Neeson on GQ's Actually Me\n\nCategory:1952 births\nCategory:20th-century male actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:21st-century male actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:Actors at the Royal Exchange, Manchester\nCategory:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast\nCategory:Audiobook narrators\nCategory:Expatriates from Northern Ireland in the United States\nCategory:Northern Ireland emigrants to the United States\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Male film actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:Male television actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:Male video game actors from Northern Ireland\nCategory:Officers of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:People from Ballymena\nCategory:People from County Antrim\nCategory:People with acquired American citizenship\nCategory:Redgrave family\nCategory:Volpi Cup for Best Actor winners\nCategory:Volpi Cup winners\nCategory:2019 controversies in the United States"}
-{"text": "Jonathan Prescott (military officer)\n\nDr. Jonathan Prescott was a British officer who fought at the Siege of Louisbourg (1745), became the Captain of the militia at Chester, Nova Scotia and later was involved with the Raid on Chester, Nova Scotia (1782).      He was the father of Charles Ramage Prescott and uncle of Dr. Samuel Prescott who finished the \"midnight ride\" begun by Paul Revere.\n\nLife\nPrescott was born on 24 May 1725 at Littleton, Massachusetts. He was a surgeon and Captain of the engineers in the Siege of Louisbourg (1745). He led a company of men in Colonel Samuel Moore's regiment from New Hampshire. After the Siege, he returned to Boston only to return to Halifax in 1751 where he established a rum distillery.  He also operating a fleet of fishing boats and operated a lumber mill in Chester and developed a lime quarry.  He was one of the original grantees of the Shoreham Grant, which would become Chester.  He became the Justice of the Peace.  Jonathan and his wife Ann built a large house in Chester, Lunenburg County Nova Scotia called \"Maroon Hall\". French prisoners of war were housed at this house and painted portraits of Jonathan and Ann (c. 1760). During the French and Indian War, he reported the Mi'kmaq burned his house and mill twice and, for the protection of his family, he spent much of his time during these years in Halifax. \n\nDuring the American Revolution, Prescott defended the village of Chester from an attack by American Privateers, firing cannon from the blockhouse (The cannons are now located on the grounds of the Chester Legion.)  Prescott was suspected of being an American Patriot sympathizer given that, after the initial hostile engagement, Prescott reportedly allowed Captain Noah Stoddard to bury his dead and then had tea with him the day before Stoddard orchestrated the Raid on Lunenburg (1782).  \n\nAfter the war, Prescott was given the blockhouse (now the Wisteria Cottage House) and used it as his home.  Prescott died at 11 Jan 1807 Chester, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada and was buried at Saint Stephens Anglican Church Cemetery  Chester, Lunenburg County, Nova Scotia, Canada.\n\nFamily \nA number of Dr. Prescott's family were Patriots in the American Revolution.  His nephew Samuel road with Paul Revere. Samuel eventually was taken prisoner to Halifax where he is reported to have died during the war.  Jonathan named one of his son's after his nephew Samuel and he is buried in Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia). Jonathan's son Joseph joined the Continental Army, fought at Fort Ticonderoga and was a founding member of the Society of the Cincinnati.  Another of Dr. Prescott's sons John fought in the Battle of Lexington. His other son was Charles Ramage Prescott.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1725 births\nCategory:1807 deaths\nCategory:History of Nova Scotia"}
-{"text": "Annie Constance Tocker\n\nAnnie Constance Tocker (6 May 1889\u201313 October 1980) was a notable New Zealand librarian, Methodist deaconess, nurse and child welfare officer. She was born in Greytown, Wairarapa, New Zealand in 1889.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1889 births\nCategory:1980 deaths\nCategory:New Zealand Methodist ministers\nCategory:New Zealand nurses\nCategory:People from Greytown, New Zealand\nCategory:New Zealand librarians\nCategory:New Zealand women nurses"}
-{"text": "Isoxathion\n\nIsoxathion is a molecular chemical with the molecular formula C13H16NO4PS. It is an insecticide, specifically an isoxazole organothiophosphate insecticide.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Data sheet\n \n\nCategory:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors\nCategory:Organophosphate insecticides\nCategory:Isoxazoles\nCategory:Phosphorothioates"}
-{"text": "Kellett XR-10\n\n__NOTOC__\n\nThe Kellett XR-10 was a military transport helicopter developed in the United States in the 1940s that only flew in prototype form. It was designed in response to a USAAF Technical Instruction issued for the development of a helicopter to transport passengers, cargo, or wounded personnel within an enclosed fuselage. Kellett's proposal followed the general layout that the company was developing in the XR-8, with twin intermeshing rotors, and was accepted by the Air Force on 16 October over proposals by Sikorsky, Bell, and Platt-LePage.\n\nThe XR-10 resembled a scaled-up XR-8, although its twin engines were carried in nacelles at the fuselage sides, driving the rotors via long driveshafts, and the aircraft was skinned entirely in metal. The first of two prototypes flew on 24 April 1947, and at the time, was the largest rotorcraft to fly in the United States. During test-flights, however, the same problem that had been encountered with the XR-8's rotor system emerged when blades from the two rotors collided in flight. With fixes in place, flight testing continued, but on 3 October 1949, the first prototype crashed due to a control system failure and killed Kellett's chief test pilot, Dave Driskill. The project was abandoned shortly thereafter, and a 16-seat civil variant, the KH-2, never left the drawing board.\n\nSpecifications\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n \n \n \n aerofiles.com\n NASM website\n\nExternal links\n\n  \"Heaviest Copter Checks Out\" , September 1947, Popular Science bottom of page\n\nCategory:1940s United States military transport aircraft\nCategory:1940s United States helicopters\nR-10\nCategory:Aircraft first flown in 1947"}
-{"text": "Wabongo\n\nWabongo is a village in the Lobaye region in the Central African Republic southwest of the capital, Bangui and near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\n\nNearby towns and villages include Babassoua (2.2\u00a0nm), Bogboua (2.0\u00a0nm), Bohomandji (1.0\u00a0nm) and Bokanga (1.4\u00a0nm) \n.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in the Central African Republic\nCategory:Populated places in Lobaye"}
-{"text": "Never Let Me Go\n\nNever Let Me Go may refer to:\n\nFilm and literature\nNever Let Me Go (1953 film), a romance starring Clark Gable and Gene Tierney\nNever Let Me Go (2010 film), based on the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro\nNever Let Me Go (novel), a 2005 novel by Kazuo Ishiguro\n\nMusic\n\nAlbums\nNever Let Me Go (Luther Vandross album), 1993\nNever Let Me Go (Stanley Turrentine album), 1963\nNever Let Me Go, by Mark Murphy, 2010\n\nSongs\n\"Never Let Me Go\" (The Black Sorrows song), 1990\n\"Never Let Me Go\" (Florence and the Machine song), 2011\n\"Never Let Me Go\" (Johnny Ace song), 1954\n\"Never Let Me Go\", by Bono and The Million Dollar Hotel Band from The Million Dollar Hotel soundtrack, 2000\n\"Never Let Me Go\", by The Human League from Credo, 2011\n\"Never Let Me Go\", by Jess Glynne from Always In Between, 2018\n\"Never Let Me Go\", by Nat King Cole from the film The Scarlet Hour, 1956\n\nSee also\n Never Let You Go (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Plastic Paddy\n\nPlastic Paddy is a slang expression describing unconvincing or obviously non-native Irishness. The phrase has been used as a positive reinforcement and as a derogatisation in various cultures and situations including Ireland itself. The term has been applied widely in connection to Irish diaspora and its adherents alike. Originally the phrase was used in the 1980s to describe Irish seeking assimilation with English culture as synthetic and Irish.\n\nThe plastic Paddy need not know they exhibit Irish traits to be accused of exhibiting them unconvincingly, and the term has often been used, particularly outside Ireland, as a tool of racially driven antipathy (pejorative).\n\nUsage\nThe name Paddy is a diminutive form of the Irish name Patrick (P\u00e1draic, P\u00e1draig, P\u00e1raic) and, depending on context, can be used either as an affectionate or a pejorative reference to an Irishman.\n\nThe term \"plastic Paddy\" came into use in the 1980s when it was frequently employed as a term of abuse by recently arrived middle-class Irish migrants to London. Hickman states: it 'became a means of distancing themselves from established Irish communities.' And the use was a part of the process by which the second-generation Irish are positioned as inauthentic within the two identities, of Englishness and Irishness.\n\nPeople who were not born in Ireland, and who did not grow up in Ireland, but nonetheless possess Irish citizenship and an Irish passport are sometimes labelled by members of Irish communities as plastic Paddies.\n\nThe term can have a different connotation depending on where it is used.\n\nIreland\nWithin Ireland, \"plastic Paddy\" may refer to someone who misrepresents the Irish culture by enacting ethnic stereotypes that portray an inaccurate, outdated and offensive image of Ireland and Irish culture. This is often seen in non-Irish citizens who have a romantic or noble savage image of \"the Irish Race\" and those who enact stereotypes to appeal to tourists. This naming is a critical reaction to, and defiance of, the demeaning, inaccurate depictions of the Irish at celebrations that originated in the Irish diaspora, as well as the commercialisation and distortion of St. Patrick's Day.\n\nThe Killarney Active Retirement Association displayed a banner promising to \"Chase the plastic Paddy out of Ireland\" in the Kerry 2005 St Patrick's Day celebrations, and Irish journalists have used the term to characterise Irish bars in the diaspora as inauthentic and with the \"minimum of plastic paddy trimmings.\"\n\n\"Plastic Paddy\" has also be used as a derogatory term for Irish people who show more allegiance to English culture than Irish culture, such as those who support English football teams.  First generation Irish-English model Erin O'Connor was called a \"plastic Paddy\" in Ireland due to her parents' choice of forename and non-Irish birth despite them both being Irish citizens.\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\nMary J. Hickman writes that \"plastic Paddy\" was a term used to \"deny and denigrate the second-generation Irish in Britain\" in the 1980s, and was \"frequently articulated by the new middle-class Irish immigrants in Britain, for whom it was a means of distancing themselves from established Irish communities.\" According to Bronwen Walter, Professor of Irish Diaspora Studies at Anglia Ruskin University, \"the adoption of a hyphenated identity has been much more problematic for the second generation Irish in Britain. The Irish-born have frequently denied the authenticity of their Irish identity, using the derogatory term plastic Paddy, and the English regard them as \"assimilated\" and simply \"English\".\n\nThe term has been used to taunt non-Irish born players who choose to play for the Republic of Ireland national football team, fans of Irish teams, who are members of supporters clubs outside Ireland, and other Irish individuals living in Great Britain. A study by the University of Strathclyde and Nil by Mouth found the term was used abusively on Celtic and Rangers supporters' Internet forums in reference to Celtic supporters and the wider Catholic community in Scotland. In August 2009, a man from Birmingham, England, received a suspended sentence after making derogatory comments to a police officer, who was of Irish origin. The prosecutor said the man had made racist remarks about the officer, including accusations that the officer was a \"plastic Paddy\".\n\nIn the book Why I Am Still a Catholic: Essays in Faith and Perseverance by Peter Stanford, the television presenter Dermot O'Leary describes his upbringing as \"classic plastic Paddy\", where he would be \"bullied in a nice way\" by his own cousins in Wexford for being English \"until anyone else there called me English and then they would stick up for me.\"\n\nIn Spiked, Brendan O'Neill uses the term to refer to \"second-generation wannabe\" Irishmen, and writes that some of those guilty of \"plastic Paddyism\" (or, in his words, \"Dermot-itis\") are Bill Clinton, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Shane MacGowan.\n\nUnited States\nPlastic Paddy is typically used in a derogatory fashion towards those who identify as Irish Americans or who celebrate \"Irishness\" on Saint Patrick's Day, accusing them of having little actual connection to Irish culture.  For example, British mixed martial arts fighter Dan Hardy has called American fighter Marcus Davis a \"plastic Paddy\" due to Marcus' enthusiasm for his Irish ancestry.\n\nAlex Massie, a Scottish journalist, wrote in National Review:\n\nSee also \n\n Cultural appropriation\n Cultural cringe\n Ethnic slur\n Ethnic stereotype\n Hate speech\n Insult\n Mockney\n More Irish than the Irish themselves\n Noob\n Passing (racial identity)\n Plastic Brit\n Plastic Shaman\n Poseur\n Symbolic ethnicity\n Tartanry\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nUK suffers from Plastic Paddy syndrome\nMan Who's 1/16 Irish Proud Of His Irish Heritage (satirical article from The Onion)\n\nCategory:Ethnic and religious slurs\nCategory:Cultural appropriation\nCategory:Irish diaspora\nCategory:Neologisms\nCategory:Pejorative terms for people\nCategory:Irish slang\nCategory:English phrases"}
-{"text": "Finlay Air Park\n\nFinlay Air Park  is located in Deerfield, Nova Scotia, Canada.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Registered aerodromes in Nova Scotia\nCategory:Transport in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia"}
-{"text": "Gilbert L\u00e8pre\n\nGilbert L\u00e8pre (born 6 February 1945) is a French ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1945 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:French ice hockey players\nCategory:Olympic ice hockey players of France\nCategory:Ice hockey players at the 1968 Winter Olympics\nCategory:Sportspeople from Creuse"}
-{"text": "Crow Lake\n\nCrow Lake may refer to:\n\nGeography\n Crow Lake Township, Minnesota\n Crow Lake, South Dakota\n Crow Lake Township, South Dakota\n Crow Lake (Alaska)\n Crow Lake (Arkansas)\n Crow Lake (Idaho)\n Crow Lake (Alger County, Michigan)\n Crow Lake (Mackinac County, Michigan)\n Crow Lake (Cook County, Minnesota)\n Crow Lake (Stearns County, Minnesota)\n Crow Lake (Montana)\n Crow Lake (New Mexico)\n Crow Lake (Barnes County, North Dakota)\n Crow Lake (Dickey County, North Dakota)\n Crow Lake (Rolette County, North Dakota)\n Crow Lake (South Dakota)\n Crow Lake (Okanogan County, Washington)\n Crow Lake (Yakima County, Washington)\n Crow Lake (Wisconsin)\n Kakagi Lake, a lake in Ontario also known as Crow Lake\n\nOther uses\n Crow Lake (novel), novel by Mary Lawson"}
-{"text": "Center Stage: Turn It Up\n\nCenter Stage: Turn It Up is a 2008 dance drama film and a sequel to Center Stage (2000). The film was directed by Steven Jacobson and written by Karen Bloch Morse. The film was released on October 30, 2008 in Australia and debut on Oxygen on November 1, 2008.\n\nIt stars Rachele Brooke Smith as Kate Parker and Kenny Wormald as Tommy Anderson, and also features Sarah Jayne Jensen as Suzanne Von Stroh, with Peter Gallagher and Ethan Stiefel returning from the first film as Jonathan Reeves and Cooper Nielson, respectively.\n\nThe film was followed by a sequel Center Stage: On Pointe (2016).\n\nPlot\nKate Parker is saying goodbye to her friends in Detroit, Michigan and her little sister Bella because she is leaving home to go to an audition for the greatest dance school in America, the American Ballet Academy. Kate doesn't make it and instead of her Suzanne Von Stroh is chosen, because of an argument between the director of the school, Jonathan and one of the teachers, Cooper Nielson, who has returned to ABA after his ballet company lost its funding. A young dancer, Tommy Anderson, is stunned by Kate and is sure that she passed and got into the academy, but soon he discovers that she was rejected, and he is paired up with Suzanne instead. Kate, homeless in New York City, goes to a club called The Foundry where she finds Tommy and impresses both him and the owner of the club, Sal, who is Tommy's best friend, with her dance moves and energy. She is given a job at the club and sleeps in the upstairs office. Because she needs to find an apartment she agrees to help Tommy with his dance if he pays her.\n\nSoon they start the classes, she finds an apartment, Tommy becomes a great student and is given the opportunity to dance with Suzanne for the famous choreographer Monica Straus. Meanwhile, Tommy and Kate begin to have feelings for each other and become a couple. They break up after Kate sees Tommy dance with Suzanne, for a gala, and at the end of the dance Suzanne kisses him. The next day Tommy finds Bella waiting for her at ABA and takes her to Kate. She then confesses to her sister that she was not accepted into the school. Kate decides to give up on dancing and go home to Detroit with Bella.\n\nThe next morning while waiting for the bus, Bella shows Kate a leaflet Tommy gave her, advertising an audition for \"The Glass Slipper\", a Broadway ballet version of Cinderella that Monica Strauss is casting. Kate decides to give her dancing dream one last shot. Kate gets into a final audition with two other girls, Suzanne being one of them, and three boys, including Tommy. Monica Strauss asks Tommy to dance with Suzanne, but he rejects her and offers the dance to Kate instead. Tommy receives the part of Prince and Kate of Cinderella.\n\nCast\n Rachele Brooke Smith as Kate Parker\n Kenny Wormald as Tommy Anderson\n Sarah Jayne Jensen as Suzanne Von Stroh\n Nicole Mu\u00f1oz as Bella Parker\n Christopher Russell as Sal\n Peter Gallagher as Jonathan Reeves\n Ethan Stiefel as Cooper Nielson\n Christian Vincent as Harris\n Daniela Dib as Allison\n Crystal Lowe as Lexi\n Lucia Walters as Monica Strauss\n Harry Shum Jr. as Club Dancer\n\nProduction\nThe film was shot in Vancouver, BC, Canada.\n\nRelease\nCenter Stage: Turn It Up was first broadcast in the United States on November 1, 2008, on the Oxygen Network. The DVD was released in January 2009, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. The film was theatrically released in Australian cinemas in October 2008.\n\nSoundtrack\n Raising the Barre \u2013 Medusa\n Balloon \u2013 Sara Haze\n Give It All I've Got \u2013 Bekki Friesen\n Turn Around \u2013 Soul P\n Burnin' \u2013 Ms. Triniti\n I Ain't Goin' Nowhere \u2013 Soul P\n Num Num \u2013 The DNC\n You Should Be Gone \u2013 Christelle Radomsky\n Loosen Up \u2013 Golden ft. Sophia Shorai\n Mista Ambarosia \u2013 The Spectaculars\n Don't Sweat \u2013 Ms. Triniti\n Street Ballet \u2013 Medusa\n Paper Plane \u2013 Lucy Schwartz\n A Part in That Show \u2013 Chris Joss\n Act Like You Want It \u2013 X5 ft. Mr. Fang\n Inside Outside \u2013 Miss Eighty 6\n Swing Baby Swing \u2013 The DNC\n Nobody Hot as Me \u2013 KU\n Rainmaker \u2013 Sara Haze\n Ten Things to Prove \u2013 Amali Ward\n You Belong \u2013 The Skies Of America\n 24 \u2013 Jem\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2008 films\nCategory:2000s teen drama films\nCategory:2000s musical drama films\nCategory:American coming-of-age films\nCategory:American dance films\nCategory:American musical drama films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American teen drama films\nCategory:Films about ballet\nCategory:2000s hip hop films\nCategory:Films set in Detroit\nCategory:Films set in New York City\nCategory:Films produced by Laurence Mark\nCategory:2000s sequel films\nCategory:Directorial debut films\nCategory:Stage 6 Films films"}
-{"text": "1986 Japan Series\n\nThe  Japan Series was the 37th edition of Nippon Professional Baseball's postseason championship series.  It matched the Central League champion Hiroshima Toyo Carp against the Pacific League champion Seibu Lions.  The series is notable for being the only time in Japan Series history that an eighth game was played.  After a tie in the first game, the Carp won the next three games.  However, the Lions would respond by winning the next four in a row to capture their sixth Japan Series championship and their third title in five years.\n\nSummary\n\nSee also\n1986 World Series\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Japan Series\nCategory:Hiroshima Toyo Carp\nCategory:Saitama Seibu Lions"}
-{"text": "The Boxed Life\n\nThe Boxed Life is a double spoken word release by former Black Flag singer Henry Rollins. It also features Canadian journalist and radio show host Ian Bussi\u00e8res, better known as \"The Oddball\". It was originally released on cassette tape in 1993 on Imago Records and has also been released on CD.\n\nTrack listing\n All tracks written by Henry Rollins.\n Ian Bussi\u00e8res appears on Disc 1, Track 10 and Disc 2, Track 9.\n\nTape/Disc 1\n \"Bone Tired\" \u2013 3:59\n \"Airplanes\" \u2013 7:52\n \"Airport Courtesy Phone\" \u2013 2:22\n \"Jet Lag\" \u2013 3:40\n \"Hating Someone's Guts-Pt. 1\" \u2013 5:48\n \"Funny Guy\" \u2013 12:17\n \"Love in Venice\" \u2013 5:37\n \"Strength-Pt.1\" \u2013 11:11\n \"Strength-Pt.2\" \u2013 23:03\n \"The Odd Ball\" \u2013 1:26\n\nTape/Disc 2\n \"Hating Someone's Guts-Pt.2\" \u2013 8:11'\n \"Blues\" \u2013 4:01\n \"Big Knowledge\" \u2013 14:43\n \"Good Advice\" \u2013 13:07\n \"Vacation in England\" \u2013 5:47\n \"Condos\" \u2013 12:41\n \"Trade Secrets\" \u2013 2:44\n \"I Know You\" \u2013 5:34\n \"The Odd Ball Gets a Big Laugh\" \u2013 0:54\n\nTrivia\n The track \"Love in Venice\" features two poems Rollins wrote for the movie Ted & Venus (working title: Love in Venice) directed by Bud Cort.\n\nCategory:1993 albums\nCategory:Henry Rollins albums\nCategory:Spoken word albums by American artists\nCategory:Live spoken word albums"}
-{"text": "Planocraniidae\n\nPlanocraniidae is an extinct family of basal crocodylians known from the Paleogene of Asia, Europe and North America. The family was coined by Li in 1976, and contains two genera, Boverisuchus and Planocrania. Planocraniids were highly specialized crocodylians that were adapted to living on land. They have extensive body armor, long legs, and blunt claws resembling hooves, and are sometimes informally called \"hoofed crocodiles\". Most phylogenetic analyses (analyses of evolutionary relationships) place planocraniids in a basal position within Crocodylia. Some of these analyses find that planocraniids lie just outside Brevirostres, the group of crocodilians that includes alligators, caimans, and crocodiles but not gharials. Planocraniids are inferred to have first appeared in the Late Cretaceous, several tens of millions of years before they actually occur in the fossil record. This is because the earliest members of Brevirostres appear in the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, and Planocraniidae, being an outgroup to Brevirostres,  must have branched off before this time.\n\nPristichampsidae\nPrior to 2013 the term Pristichampsidae/Pristichampsinae was used for this group. However, the type specimen of Pristichampsus was found to be undiagnostic, and considered to be a nomen dubium. As such, Broch (2013) transferred the other species placed in Pristichampsus to Boverisuchus, and resurrected Planocraniidae to replace Pristichampsidae/Pristichampsinae as the name for the clade.\n\nDescription\nPlanocraniids were land-living (terrestrial) crocodylians with longer legs than living species of crocodylians. They grew to a maximum size of  in length. Nearly complete skeletons of Boversuchus indicate that planocraniids were more heavily armored than living crocodylians, with bony plates called osteoderms tightly interlocking along the back, completely encasing the tail, and extending down the legs. The claws are blunt and have been described as hoof-like in shape, suggesting that planocraniids may have been unguligrade, walking on the tips of their toes like mammalian ungulates. The areas on the leg bones where muscles attach are in different positions in planocraniids than they are in living crocodylians, possibly as an adaptation to walking on land.\n\nWhile most crocodilians have flattened skulls, planocraniids had tall and narrow (or laterally compressed) skulls. Their teeth are also laterally compressed and not conical like those of other crocodilians. The combination of a laterally compressed skull and laterally compressed teeth is called the \"ziphodont\" condition. The ziphodont condition is common among terrestrial non-crocodylians crocodylomorphs that lived in the Mesozoic, but among crocodylians it is unique to planocraniids and the extinct Australian crocodile Quinkana (which is also thought to have been terrestrial).\n\nThe teeth of the upper jaw completely overlap the teeth of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed, giving planocraniids an alligator-like overbite. Planocraniids also have a notch between the premaxilla bone at the tip of the upper jaw and the maxilla behind it. Living crocodiles have this notch, which provides room for the enlarged fourth tooth of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed. In planocraniids and other basal crocodyloids, the fourth tooth is small and does not fit into the notch.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Paleocene crocodylomorphs\nCategory:Terrestrial crocodylomorphs\nCategory:Paleocene first appearances\nCategory:Eocene extinctions\nCategory:Eocene crocodylomorphs\nCategory:Eocene reptiles of Asia\nCategory:Eocene reptiles of Europe\nCategory:Eocene reptiles of North America"}
-{"text": "Robert J. Nemiroff\n\nDr. Robert J. Nemiroff is a Professor of Physics at Michigan Technological University. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in Astronomy and Astrophysics in 1987 and his B.S. from Lehigh University in Engineering Physics in 1982. He is an active researcher with interests that include gamma-ray bursts, gravitational lensing, and cosmology, and is the cofounder and coeditor of Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD), the home page of which receives over a million hits a day, approximately 20% of nasa.gov traffic.  He is married and has one daughter.\n\nResearch\nNemiroff's research interests include gamma-ray bursts, gravitational lensing, sky monitoring, and cosmology.\nAmong other findings, his research on gamma-ray bursts:\nshowed (along with others) that gamma-ray bursts are consistent with a cosmological distance scale origin before they were discovered to be so distant\nled a team that, along with others, showed a lack of energy-dependence in the speed of photons from distant gamma-ray bursts which implies, in contrast to some theories of quantum gravity, that the universe is smooth below the Planck-length scale, as Einstein had predicted\nIn 1999 Nemiroff and colleague Bruce Rafert published a paper showing that continuous astronomical sky monitors could soon become a reality. With students, Nemiroff's initial night sky monitor was an automatically repeating SLR camera with a fisheye lens deployed to Michigan Technological University in 1999, Nemiroff then led a group that designed, built, and deployed the first astronomical all sky optical web monitor, dubbed a CONtinuous CAMera (CONCAM), and in 2000  deployed it to Kitt Peak National Observatory.  By the mid-2000s, most major astronomical observatories deployed CONCAM or CONCAM-like devices together capable of monitoring most of the night sky most of the time.  Astronomical all sky web monitors are now common at astronomical observing sites. Subsequent collaborative efforts in astronomical deep-sky monitoring now include Pan-STARRs and LSST.\n\nIn 1986, he predicted the likelihood of microlensing and calculated basic microlensing induced light curves for several possible lens-source configurations in his 1987 thesis.\nAmong his microlensing findings, he, along with others:\npredicted before observational recovery that microlensing light curves can effectively resolve the surface of source stars\nshowed that microlensing boosts the brightnesses of stars actually below the magnitude limit of a survey over the survey limit\nNemiroff and graduate student Bijunath R. Patla showed that the Sun is a \"very interesting gravitational lens,\" and Nemiroff found that GRB pulses start at the same time at every energy and that they are scale invariant over energy.\n\nHis complete publication list is available from ADS.\n\nAstronomy Picture of the Day (APOD)\nNemiroff is one of two creators and editors of the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) website. Started in 1995 by Nemiroff and Dr. Jerry T. Bonnell, APOD is consistently among the most popular astronomy sites. Its home page typically receives over one million hits per day; APOD has served over one billion images  since its start. It is translated into more than 20 languages and has social media outlets on Facebook, Google+, Twitter, and various apps.\n\nNemiroff and Bonnell were awarded the 2015 Klumpke-Roberts Award by the Astronomical Society of the Pacific \"for outstanding contributions to public understanding and appreciation of astronomy\" for their work on APOD.\n\nAstrophysics Source Code Library (ASCL)\nNemiroff and John Wallin established the Astrophysics Source Code Library (ASCL), an online registry of scientist-written software used in astronomy or astrophysics research, in 1999. The ASCL improves the transparency of astrophysics research by making the software used in research discoverable for examination.\n\nBooks\nThe Universe: 365 Days, 2003\nAstronomy: 365 Days, 2006\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nFaculty web page at MTU\nAstronomy Picture of the Day\nAstrophysics Source Code Library\n \n \n\nCategory:American astrophysicists\nCategory:American astronomers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Lane Plateau\n\nLane Plateau () is a flat, ice-covered plateau that rises to  between Mount Waterman, Mount Cartwright, and Mount Bronk in the central Hughes Range of the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica. It trends north\u2013south for  and is  wide.\n\nThe plateau was discovered and photographed by R. Admiral Byrd on the Baselaying Flight of November 18, 1929, and surveyed by A.P. Crary, 1957\u201358. It was mapped by the United States Geological Survey from surveys, 1962\u201363, and U.S. Navy photography taken 1958\u201363. The plateau is named in honor of Neal Lane, Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1993 to 1998. Under his leadership the NSF won congressional approval for rebuilding South Pole Station as a premier international science facility set to open at the beginning of the 21st century.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Plateaus of Antarctica\nCategory:Landforms of the Ross Dependency\nCategory:Dufek Coast"}
-{"text": "Di'Ja\n\nHadiza Blell, better known by her stage name Di'Ja, is a Nigerian singer and songwriter. She is currently signed to Mavin Records. In 2009, she released her first single \"Rock Steady\", which was nominated for Best Urban/R&B Single at the 2009 Canadian Radio Music Awards. Moreover, she won the Best New Artist award at the 2008 Beat Music Awards.\n\nEarly life\nDi'Ja has lived in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, the United States and Canada. Her mother is from Northern Nigeria and her father is from Sierra Leone. Di'Ja's received a joint degree in biology and psychology.\n\nMusic career\nHer music career started in 2008. In 2012, Di'Ja released several singles, including \"Dan'Iska (Rudebwoy)\", \"Hold On (Ba Damuwa)\" and \"How Can We Be Friends\". On February 14, 2014, Di'Ja signed a record deal with Don Jazzy's Mavin Records. \"Yaro\", her first official single under the label was also released that same day. It infuses Hausa and Krio dialects in honour of her Nigerian and Sierra Leonean roots.\n\nIn May 2014, Di'Ja was featured on \"Dorobucci\" alongside label mates Don Jazzy, Dr SID, Tiwa Savage, D'Prince, Korede Bello and Reekado Banks. She was also featured on \"Arise\", alongside Don Jazzy and Reekado Banks. On December 15, 2017, Di'Ja released her extended play Aphrodija, which also features guest vocals from Tiwa Savage and Reekado Banks.\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nDiscography\n\nSingles\n\nVideography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n  Official website\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Nigerian female singers\nCategory:Nigerian singer-songwriters\nCategory:Nigerian songwriters\nCategory:Nigerian people of Sierra Leonean descent\nCategory:21st-century Nigerian singers\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:21st-century women singers"}
-{"text": "Kohler Design Center\n\nThe Kohler Design Center is the Kohler Company museum showcase of product design in Kohler, Wisconsin.\n \nThe main floor showcases the products of the companies that comprise the Kohler family of businesses. It features Kohler's own \"great wall of china,\" a floor-to-ceiling display of plumbing fixtures in all shapes, sizes and colors. The lower level features the Kohler Company Museum. Visitors can watch a short film and view displays from the company's establishment in 1873 as a maker of cast iron farm implements. Also in the lower level is an arts gallery developed by the John Michael Kohler Arts Center.\n \nThe building was originally used as a recreation hall for Kohler village residents. In 1985, it was transformed into a 36,000-square-foot showcase for the extensive array of Kohler Company products.\n\nSee also\n Kohler Company\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kohler Design Center\n \n\nCategory:Kohler Company\nCategory:Sheboygan County, Wisconsin"}
-{"text": "Cape Kormakitis\n\nCape Kormakitis (, Akrot\u00edrio Kormak\u00edti, ), anciently known as Crommyon or Krommyon ( or \u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03cd\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f04\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1) and also Crommyacum or Krommyakon (\u039a\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bc\u03c5\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd) is a promontory on the north-western coast of the Mediterranean island of Cyprus, located in the self-proclaimed republic of Northern Cyprus. Named after the nearby Maronite village of the same name, the cape marks the northernmost extent of Morphou Bay. The nearest coastal town to Cape Kormakitis is Kyrenia. Anciently, it was opposite to Anemurium in Cilicia on what is now the Turkish mainland.\n\nThe Be\u015fparmak Trail, a 255 km long hiking trail, starts at Cape Kormakitis, and follows the Kyrenia Mountains all the way to Cape Apostolos Andreas, the north-easternmost point on Cyprus, at the tip of the Karpaz Peninsula.\n\nReferences\n\nKormakitis\nCategory:Landforms of Northern Cyprus"}
-{"text": "Sakuragi Station (Chiba)\n\nis a monorail station on the Chiba Urban Monorail in Wakaba-ku in the city of Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is located 9.0 kilometers from the northern terminus of the line at Chiba Station.\n\nLines\n Chiba Urban Monorail Line 2\n\nLayout\nSakuragi Station is an elevated station with two opposed side platforms serving two tracks.\n\nPlatforms\n\nAdjacent stations\n\nHistory\nSakuragi Station was opened on March 28, 1988.\n\nSee also\n List of railway stations in Japan\n\nExternal links\n\nChiba Urban Monorail home page \n\nCategory:Railway stations opened in 1988\nCategory:Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture"}
-{"text": "Colleen Doran\n\nColleen Doran is an American writer-artist and cartoonist. She illustrated hundreds of comics, graphic novels, books and magazines, including the autobiographical graphic novel of Marvel Comics editor and writer Stan Lee entitled Amazing Fantastic Incredible Stan Lee, which became a New York Times bestseller. She adapted and did the art for the short story \"Troll Bridge\" by Neil Gaiman, which also became a \"New York Times\" bestseller. Her books have received Eisner, Harvey, and International Horror Guild Awards.\n\nShe illustrated the works of Neil Gaiman, Alan Moore, Warren Ellis, Joe R. Lansdale, Anne Rice, J. Michael Straczynski, Peter David and Tori Amos.\n\nNotable credits include: The Sandman, Wonder Woman, Legion of Superheroes, Teen Titans, The Vampire Diaries comics, Walt Disney's Beauty and the Beast, and her space opera series, A Distant Soil.\n\nShe was one of two people listed among the top 25 female comic creators of all-time in both the writer and artist categories, ranking #7 among artists and #21 among writers. Comics Alliance listed Doran as one of twelve women cartoonists deserving of lifetime achievement recognition.\n\nEarly work\nAt age five, Doran won an art contest sponsored by the Walt Disney Company. Doran created her comic book series, A Distant Soil, at age twelve.\n\nDoran landed her first work for an advertising agency at age fifteen. She attended Christopher Newport University and the Art Institute of Pittsburgh and used her professional works for curriculum credit. Science fiction artist Frank Kelly Freas was her mentor, and she apprenticed with him in the early 1980s.\n\nShe broke into the comic book industry when still a teenager, scouted by Tom Long for his fanzine Graphic Showcase. Long hired Doran to draw a revival of the 1940s character Miss Fury. Underage Doran quit the assignment due to its adult content. She also contributed illustrations to the Hugo Award nominated fanzine Lan's Lantern.\n\nA Distant Soil was published in fanzines as early as 1979, then scouted by The Donning Company Starblaze imprint before it was contracted by WaRP Graphics. Doran left the company after nine issues due to an acrimonious dispute with WaRP, which attempted to claim copyright and trademark on her work. The WaRP version of the story has never been reprinted despite its unusual all-pencil style, and Doran's ownership of the publishing rights.\n\nCareer\nDoran discarded the 300 pages of work she did at Warp, and rewrote and redrew the entire A Distant Soil story from scratch, first with Donning, then as a self-publisher. A 1000-page long-form comics narrative, it has been published by Image Comics since 1996.  It sold more than 700,000 copies in multiple printings. The production archives were destroyed by the printer, and an extensive restoration process brought the series back to publication in 2013.\n\nDoran was scouted by Keith Giffen to work at DC Comics after he saw her work in the Legion of Superheroes fanzine Interlac. They went on to become frequent collaborators at DC on The Legion of Superheroes projects, Justice League 3001, and the series Reign of the Zodiac. Her art also appeared in Amethyst, Princess of Gemworld #12, multiple issues of Who's Who in the DC Universe and Who's Who in the Legion of Superheroes, Superman: Man of Steel Gallery, Christmas with the DC Superheroes, Captain Atom, Star Trek, and Hawkman Annual. She did art for several Teen Titans and Wonder Woman projects.\n\nShe illustrated portions of the \"Dream Country\" and \"A Game of You\" story arcs in Neil Gaiman's The Sandman series. The character Thessaly in Neil Gaiman's Sandman is based on Doran. Other Vertigo appearances include Shade, The Changing Man, Lucifer (DC Comics), Transmetropolitan and the original graphic novel Orbiter (comics) written by Warren Ellis.\n\nDoran's premiere at Marvel Comics was in 1986, Swords of the Swashbucklers #9 and 11, with issue 11 having the dubious distinction of being one of the books confiscated in the 1986 Friendly Franks \"obscene\" comics raid that precipitated the formation of the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund. Swords of the Swashbucklers was eventually excluded from the prosecution proceedings.\n\nDoran worked on other projects at Marvel including The Guardians of the Galaxy Annual #3, The Silver Surfer, Marvel Fanfare, Excalibur #28, Captain America: Drug Wars, Amazing Spider-Man, Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man, a Power Pack mini-series, Handbook of the Marvel Universe, Mutant X, X-Factor, Marvel Girl Comics, and X-Men Millennial Visions for which she wrote and drew an entry. She also worked in the Special Projects Department on promotional, educational, and greeting card art, sometimes working directly with Stan Lee.\n\nAt Marvel Comics' Epic division, she worked on Clive Barker's Nightbreed #21 and #22 as interior and cover artist, and Clive Barker's Hellraiser #5 and #14, as artist and colorist.\n\nDoran was a web columnist for Wizard Magazine in the early 1990s, and illustrated Super Idol for Warren Ellis in 2001, an early webcomics format experiment at Artbomb.\n\nDoran is featured in the films Ringers (a documentary about The Lord of the Rings fans), Scenes From the Small Press: Colleen Doran by Rich Henn, Sex, Lies and Superheroes, the documentary The Cartoonist about Bone creator Jeff Smith, and Captured Ghosts, a documentary about writer Warren Ellis. She was also featured in the Dec. 12, 2011 episode of \"Stalked: Someone's Watching,\" a Discovery ID television series that profiles stalking incidents, focusing on interviews with victims.\n\nDoran worked as a creator rights activist and as a lobbyist in  Washington D.C., and served on the advocacy committee of the  Graphic Artists Guild. Lecture venues include the Smithsonian Institution, The Singapore Writers Festival, the Comics Masterclass in Sydney, Australia, and the Maryland Institute College of Art. She spoke at CREATE: Protecting Creativity from  the Ground Up at the Newseum in Washington DC, with Congresswoman Marsha  Blackburn, Rick Carnes President of the Songwriters Guild of America, musician Suzanne Vega, and other artists and technology policy specialists.\n\n2010s\nDoran illustrated young adult novelist Barry Lyga's first graphic novel for Houghton Mifflin, Mangaman in 2011.\n\nGone to Amerikay, a graphic novel drawn by Doran and written by Derek McCulloch, was released in 2012 from DC/Vertigo. It is a \"multi-generational Irish saga.\" Gone to Amerikay themed cover art was featured in the St. Patrick's Day edition of the Irish Echo, which was then presented to President Barack Obama by Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness of Northern Ireland. An excerpt from Gone to Amerikay was chosen for inclusion in The Best American Comics 2013.\n\nDoran produced cover art for The Walking Dead #1 (2015, Image Comics), Red Sonja (Dynamite, 2014), Marvel's S.H.I.E.L.D. #4 (2015), and Squirrel Girl #7 (2016). For DC Comics, she wrote and drew stories for The Vampire Diaries (2014), based on the TV show, and art for Justice League 3001 #6, 9 and 10 (2015-2016). For IDW's Womanthology (2012), she contributed biographical essays about classic cartoonists Rose O'Neill and Ethel Hays.\n\nIn 2015, she illustrated the autobiography Amazing Fantastic Incredible Stan Lee, co-written by Lee and Peter David.\n\nWith Alan Moore, she did the art for Big Nemo, a dystopian sequel to Winsor McCay's Little Nemo in Slumberland, as a webcomic for the Electricomics app.\n\nShe did the art for an adaptation of Neil Gaiman's short story \"Troll Bridge\" as a graphic novel for Dark Horse, released in October 2016. She also worked on issues of Faith and X-O Manowar for Valiant Comics. She produced work for the adaptation of Neil Gaiman's American Gods. She is the artist for the series Finality with Warren Ellis at Line Webtoon.\n\nIn 2019, Dark Horse Comics published Doran's adaptation of Neil Gaiman's \"Snow, Glass, Apples\" which was described by \"The Comics Journal\" as a work which \"...solidifies her place as one of the greatest cartoonists of her generation.\" The Horror Writers Association nominated \"Snow, Glass, Apples\" for the Bram Stoker Superior Achievement in a Graphic Novel award for 2019.\n\nBibliography\n\nAwards and honors\n Bram Stoker Award Superior Achievement in a Graphic Novel Nominee, Neil Gaiman's Snow, Glass, Apples, Horror Writers Association 2019  \n Wizard World Hall of Legends 2017  \n Great Graphic Novels for Teens 2017 Nominee Non-Fiction: Amazing Fantastic Incredible Stan Lee, Stan Lee, Peter David, Colleen Doran, Young Adult Library Services Association 2017  \n The Best American Comics 2013: Gone to Amerikay excerpt, Derek McCulloch and Colleen Doran, Houghton Mifflin  \n Hugo Award Nominee: Chicks Dig Comics, Best Related Work 2013 (Group Nomination) \n Great Graphic Novels for Teens Fiction: Mangaman 2012, Young Adult Library Services Association \n Best Adult Books for Teens: Gone to Amerikay, Derek McCulloch and Colleen Doran, School Library Journal 2012 \n Eisner Award Winner: Tori Amos Comic Book Tattoo (anthology) 2009, Best Anthology (Group Award) \n Harvey Award Winner: Tori Amos Comic Book Tattoo (anthology) 2009, Best Anthology (Group Award) \n International Horror Guild Award: The Nightmare Factory (anthology) 2008, Best Illustrated Narrative (Group Award) \n Eisner Award Winner: Best Archival Collection/Project Comic Books, Absolute Sandman ,Vol 1 (Group Award) \n Women Cartoonist's Hall of Fame, 2007, Friends of Lulu  \n Artist In Residence, Smithsonian Institution May 6\u201314, 2006 \"Capricious Comics\", Freer/Sackler Galleries, The Smithsonian Museums of Asian Art\n Comics Buyer's Guide Fan Award Top Ten Nominee: Favorite Penciler, Favorite Inker, Favorite Cover Artist, Favorite Comic Book A Distant Soil 2004  \n Chesley Award Nominee, Monochrome Work Unpublished 2002\n American Library Association 2002 featured speaker\n Gaylactic Spectrum Award Nominee, A Distant Soil, Best Other Work 2001\n Guest of Honor, San Diego Comic Con 1998\n 3rd Annual Japan-US Manga Symposium, Tokyo 1996, Tezuka Productions\n Eisner Award Nominee: Sandman, Best Serialized story 1993 (Group Nomination)\n Eisner Award Winner: Sandman, Best Continuing Series 1993 (Group Award)\n Eisner Award Winner: Sandman, Best Continuing Series 1992 (Group Award) \n Eisner Award Nominee: Sandman: Dream Country, Best Graphic Album Reprint 1992 (Group Nomination) \n Dori Seda Award Nominee: Most Promising New Female Cartoonist 1988\n\nNotable works\nAmazing Fantastic Incredible Stan Lee (2015) original graphic novel artist \nAmazing Spider-Man #326 (1989)\nAmazing Spider-Man #600 (2009)\nFriendly Neighborhood Spider-Man Annual #1 (2007)\nAmazing Spider-Man Epic Collection: Cosmic Adventures (2013) \nSpider-Man: Died In Your Arms Tonight (2009) \nSpider-Man: The Other (2006) \nSpider-Man: Back In Black hardcover (2007) \nSpider-Man: Back in Black TPB (2008) \nArt of He-Man and Masters of the Universe (2015) Dark Horse Books, \nShe-Ra Princess of Power DVD insert art (2006) A Navarre Corporation \nArt of Star Wars Galaxy, Vol 2.  (1994) Berkeley Publishing Group, \nStar Wars Galaxy Magazine #4\nStar Wars Galaxy 4 Trading Cards\nStar Wars Galactic Files 2 Trading Cards\nStar Wars Clone Wars Trading Cards\n Walt Disney's Beauty and the Beast: A Tale of Enchantment (1992) Disney Comics\n Disney Adventures\nDisney Cartoon Tales: Beauty and the Beast, a Tale of Enchantment (1991) W.D. Publications \nDisney's Beauty and the Beast Junior Graphic Novel (1992) \n Disney Princess Treasury Volume I (2015) Joe Books \n A Princess Treasury (Step Into Reading) (2010) Random House \n The Book of Lost Souls (2005) Marvel Comics/Icon series artist issue #1-6\nThe Book of Lost Souls: Introductions All Around (2006) Marvel Comics compilation of comics issues 1-6 \n A Distant Soil graphic novel editions:\n Late-1980s original color editions:\n A Distant Soil: Immigrant Song Donning/Starblaze (1987) \n A Distant Soil: Knights of the Angel Donning/Whitford Press (1989) \n 1990s and on black and white reprints:\n A Distant Soil: The Gathering Image Comics (1997) compilation of comic issues 1\u201313 \n A Distant Soil: The Ascendant Image Comics (1998) compilation of comic issues 15\u201325 \n A Distant Soil: The Aria Image Comics (2001) compilation of comic issues 26\u201331 \n A Distant Soil: Coda Image Comics (2005) compilation of comic issues 32\u201338  hardcover, November 2005, \n 2013 and on Digital Remasters and new editions:\n A Distant Soil: The Gathering TPB Volume I Image Comics/Shadowline (2013) digitally remastered compilation of issues 1\u201313 with new story content  \n A Distant Soil: The Ascendant TPB Volume II Image Comics/Shadowline (2014) digitally remastered compilation of issues 14-25 with new story content  \nJustice League 3001 #6,9,10 (2015-2016) DC Comics full issue and short stories\nJustice League 3001 Volume I: Deja Vu All Over Again (2016) \nThe Legion of Superheroes Vol 3 #27 (1986) DC Comics \nTales of the Legion of Superheroes #352 DC Comics \nThe Legion of Superheroes Vol 4 #31 (1992) and #100 (1996)DC Comics\nThe Legion of Superheroes Annual #5 (1994) #6 (1995) DC Comics\nWho\u2019s Who in the Legion of Super-Heroes #1-5, #7 (1988) DC Comics\nLegionnaires #8 (1993) DC Comics\nValor #14\u201323 (1994/5) DC Comics\nTeen Titans Spotlight #19 (1985) DC Comics\nNew Teen Titans Annual #4 (1988) DC Comics\nThe Teen Titans Omnibus #3 (2012) DC Comics 978-1401238452\n Manga, Anime, Manhwa \n Mangaman  (2011) Houghton Mifflin original graphic novel artist \n Komacon - 2013 Image Comics/Shadowline writer original short story anthology \nRobotech Art II (1987) Donning Co Publishers, primary illustrator \nRobotech Art II (1987) promotional poster art\nGirl to Grrrl Manga: How to Draw the Hottest Shoujo Manga Impact Books, writer/artist\nManga Pro Superstar Impact Books. writer/artist\nManga Mania: How to Draw Japanese Comics Watson-Guptill art book illustrations\nAnime Mania Watson-Guptill art book illustrations\nCall Me Princess CPM Manga cover art\nAquarium CPM Manga cover\n Anne Rice\u2019s The Master of Rampling Gate: A Graphic Tale of Unspeakable Horror (1991) Innovation graphic novel adaptation ASIN B00SB53P62\nOrbiter original graphic novel artist (2003) DC Comics/Wildstorm HC \nOrbiter (2004) DC Comics/Vertigo TPB \nOcean/Orbiter Deluxe Edition (2015) DC Comics/Vertigo HC \n Sandman #20, #34 DC Comics/ Vertigo\nSandman Volume III: Dream Country (1995)(2010) DC Comics/Vertigo \nThe Absolute Sandman Volume I (2006) DC Comics/Vertigo \nThe Absolute Sandman Volume II (2007) DC Comics/Vertigo \nSandman: A Gallery of Dreams (1994) DC Comics/Vertigo ASIN B002EAHJN0\nThe Death Gallery (1996) DC Comics/Vertigo\nSandman 20th Anniversary Poster (2008) \nSandman Omnibus Volume 1 (2013) DC Comics/Vertigo \nDeath: Deluxe Edition (2012) DC Comics/Vertigo \nAbsolute Death (2009) DC Comics/Vertigo \nVertigo Visions: Ten Years on the Edge (2003) Watson Guptill \nLucifer #62 DC Comics/Vertigo\nLucifer: Volume 10: Morningstar (2006) DC Comics/Vertigo  \n The Vampire Diaries #1,3 (writer) #6 (writer/artist) (2013) DC Comics \n The Vampire Diaries (2014) DC Comics graphic novel compilation, writer artist anthology, pinup \n Wonder Woman #44, #49 DC Comics\nWonder Woman Annual #2 DC Comics\nWonder Woman: The Once and Future Story (1998) DC Comics original graphic novel\n\nExhibits\n Four Color Images Gallery, New York, NY\n Kunstlerhaus, Stuttgart, Germany\n Porto, Portugal\n Secession Gallery, Vienna, Austria\n Gijon Cultural Center, Gijon, Spain\n San Francisco Cartoon Art Museum, San Francisco, CA\n Museum of Cartoon Art, Rye Brook, New York\n Gallery Nucleus: 20 Years of Sandman 2008\n Gallery Nucleus: A Handful of Dust, 25 Years of Sandman\n Krannert Art Museum; Out of Sequence: Underrepresented Voices in American Comics\n Laboratory of Art and Ideas at Belmar; Out of Sequence\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n\nCategory:American female comics artists\nCategory:Female comics writers\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Tolkien artists\nCategory:American comics writers\nCategory:20th-century American women writers\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Arbach (Swabian Rezat)\n\nArbach is a river of Bavaria, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Swabian Rezat near Pleinfeld in the Middle Franconian district Wei\u00dfenburg-Gunzenhausen.\n\nThe Arbach rises at an altitude of  above sea level at Walting in Pleinfeld and feeds there the pond Bachweiher. To the north-east of the wood field sector Totenleite, it is fed on its right side by the Arbachgraben, which is coming from the north from Kreisstra\u00dfe WUG 16 . It flows further north along the Celtic Viereckschanze and then south of the hill Weingartner Berg ( above sea level) and finally flows at a height of  above sea level in Pleinfeld, north of the street Zollgasse, from the right into the Swabian Rezat.\n\nSee also\nList of rivers of Bavaria\n\nCategory:Rivers of Bavaria\nCategory:Wei\u00dfenburg-Gunzenhausen\nCategory:Rivers of Germany"}
-{"text": "James Nicol Robinson\n\nJames Nicol Robinson was a lawyer and politician in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. He was Mayor of Brisbane in 1900.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Mayors and Lord Mayors of Brisbane"}
-{"text": "Barton Waterside\n\nBarton Waterside is a village in North Lincolnshire, England. It is in the civil parish of Barton-upon-Humber.\nBarton Waterside consists of the former port area at the north end of Barton-upon-Humber. The Community is centred on Barton Haven - a late Anglo-Saxon artificial harbour - which was dug c.1000\u00a0AD to create a reliable deep water port for the extreme north of Lindsey. It seems possible that the project was initiated by Peterborough Abbey which had interests in the parish at that time.\n\nBarton-upon Humber was a medium-sized port in the early Middle Ages with the majority of the commercial activity being concentrated at the head of Haven close to Fleetgate and the modern day railway station. Barton declined as a port after the foundation of Kingston upon Hull c. 1300. By 1550 the port was of only local significance.\n\nThe oldest building presently surviving within the area is the Waterside Inn (now Waterside House) built in 1715. This was the southern terminus for the ferry to Hull until it ceased running in the 1850s. This building is about one-third of its former size due to the demolition of the former hotel c.1860. In the early nineteenth century a daily mail coach ran from Barton Waterside via Brigg to Lincoln. After the introduction of paddle steamers c. 1818 a three or four times daily service between Barton and Hull left from a long wooden pier at the bottom of Waterside Road at a place locally called Point. This pier was later used by the Coastguard Station which closed in 1927, after which it was removed although the foundations of the pier can still be seen at low tide.\n\nAs river traffic increased in the late 18th and 19th centuries Barton became a local port serving the river trade along the Humber, Trent, and Ouse, and the North Sea Coastal trade.  Houses were built along the road leading to the Ferry eventually creating a thriving suburb with its own industries, shops, pubs, schools and churches.\n\nIn the 19th century there were two whiting works, and three mills west side of Barton Haven.  East of the Haven were two brickyards, Hall's Ropery and the Maltings. Brown and Clapson's shipyard which opened in the 1870s, survives today as Offshore Steel Boats. At various times there were coal staithes, a petroleum depot, and various other wharves and business along the Haven.\n\nThese industries created a tight knit community of boatmen, shipwrights, loose hands and factory workers distinct from the town of Barton-upon-Humber. In addition to the various places of employment, three pubs existed on the Waterside in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries - the Royal Vaults at the corner of Hewson (or Vaults) Lane and Waterside; The Sloop Inn at the corner of Far Ings Lane and Waterside, and the Waterside Inn (called \"Bottom Pub\" by locals) opposite the old ferry landing. There were also eight shops of which only one survives today. The two places of worship in Barton Waterside were St Chad's Mission Church (Anglican), and the Wesleyan Mission. There was also St. Chad's C of E School which operated from 1904 until 1967. Scholars of this institution were referred to locally as \"Chad-Rats.\" The school building had served as St. Chad's Mission and Sunday School from 1894 to 1906 replacing an earlier (1863) Mission Room on the east side of the Haven. The Wesleyan Mission operated from 1876 to c.1955. The buildings are now a house and a bicycle showroom.\n\nSince the 1950s, Barton Waterside has gradually declined into a residential area at the North end of Barton-upon-Humber. Most of shops, and businesses have closed. The Sloop Inn survives, along with the Shipyard. Commercial river traffic in and out of Barton Haven ceased c.1981 with the opening of the Humber Bridge. The last barge to operate regularly in and out of Barton Haven was the former Humber keel the \"Hope\" which brought raw materials to Hall's Barton Ropery.\n\nThe last major Community Building - St Chad's Mission Church - closed in 1977.\n\nReferences\n\n Ron Newton - My Childhood Playground - Hutton Press 2001\n Rodney Clapson - Barton and the River Humber 1086\u20131900 - Barton-on-Humber WEA 2005\n Dinah M. Tyszka - Church and People in a Victorian Country Town - Barton-on-Humber WEA 2006\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Villages in the Borough of North Lincolnshire\nCategory:Ports and harbours of the Humber\nCategory:Barton-upon-Humber"}
-{"text": "P. Roupakiotis\n\nP. Roupakiotis (Greek: \u03a0. \u03a1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2) was a Greek politician and a mayor of Patras from 6 April until 7 June 1875.  His last name may originate from a place known as \"Roupaki\".  Other than his mayoral run, his life was little known.\n\nHe substituted the deposition from the Voulgaris government, mayor Georgios Roufos as the first mayoral president.  He remained mayor for two months.  The small name does not know he was famous on his later life.\n\nReferences\n\nReferences\n''The first version of the article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)\n\nCategory:19th-century births\nCategory:Year of death missing\nCategory:19th-century Greek people\nCategory:Greek politicians\nCategory:Mayors of Patras\nCategory:People from Patras\nCategory:Year of death unknown"}
-{"text": "Brother Where You Bound (song)\n\n\"Brother Where You Bound\" is the epic length title track to Supertramp's 1985 album of the same name.  Written and sung by keyboardist Rick Davies, it is the longest song Supertramp ever recorded clocking in at 16 and a half minutes (surpassing \"Try Again\" from their 1970 self titled debut album by more than three minutes).\n\nThe introduction to the track features a reading from George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, fragments of spoken news reports, and the final lines from the nursery rhyme Oranges and Lemons. An excerpt from \"The Internationale\" can also be heard from minute 1:10. The introduction is followed by lyrics that speak about the Cold War that was happening at the time of the recording in 1984. A music video was also produced for the song, which was filmed in the derelict Pan-Pacific Auditorium, starring actor Chris Mulkey. The video was directed by Rene Daalder and aroused controversy due to its graphic violence.\n\nThis track features drummer Bob Siebenberg's then brother-in-law Scott Gorham of Thin Lizzy on rhythm guitar. The guitar solos throughout the track were performed by Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour who used his own mixing system where he controlled every sound that went from his guitar onto the album.  \n\nIn a 2002 radio interview on Rockline, Davies explained how Gilmour got involved on the title cut: \"I remember saying to the guys, 'We need to find somebody that can play a bit like Gilmour' for the guitar stuff, and I think it was someone at A&M - it might have been Jordan Harris or somebody, one of those guys - and he said, 'Well, I know David - maybe he would like to come over and do it,' and he sent him a demo and he decided he'd like to do it and he was very reasonable. Came over, brought all his gear and straight to the studio. It was a home studio, my studio, and we did it.\"\n\nPersonnel\nRick Davies: piano, keyboards, vocals\nJohn Helliwell: saxophones\nBob Siebenberg: drums, percussion\nDougie Thomson: bass\nMarty Walsh: lead guitar\nDavid Gilmour: electric guitar solos\nScott Gorham: rhythm guitar\nScott Page: flute\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Supertramp songs\nCategory:1985 songs\nCategory:Songs written by Rick Davies"}
-{"text": "Weld Boathouse\n\nWeld Boathouse is a Harvard-owned building on the bank of the Charles River in Cambridge, Massachusetts.  It is named after George Walker Weld, who bequeathed the funds for its construction.\n\nHistory\n\nWeld Boathouse is the second of two boathouses created at its location on the Charles River near Harvard by George Walker Weld.  The first was built in 1889. The second, grander structure was built in 1906 with funds that Weld bequeathed for that purpose.  It is this famous Cambridge landmark, best viewed looking across the Charles from Boston, whose centennial was celebrated in 2006.\n\nSituated at the halfway point of the Head of the Charles course, the Weld Boathouse is just a short walk from Harvard Yard and serves as an integral part of Harvard's athletic landscape.  It is also a favored subject of painters and photographers.\n\nAlthough previously used for Harvard men's freshmen crew team, Weld Boathouse is currently the home of the heavyweight and lightweight crews of Harvard's varsity women's rowing.  These programs retain the title of Radcliffe Women's Crew, a reminder of the phased merger of Radcliffe College into Harvard University during the latter part of the 20th century. Additionally, Weld Boathouse is home to Harvard's recreational sculling program and the House Crews of Harvard College's twelve residential colleges. Graduate rowing programs also use Weld. Harvard men's rowing uses Newell Boathouse on the Boston side of the river.\n\nUntil recent decades, rowing and sculling used finely crafted wooden boats. In that tradition, Weld was home to the hand-carving of a traditional baidarka of the type used by Aleutian hunters.\n\nAnderson Memorial Bridge\n\nNext to the boathouse is the Anderson Memorial Bridge built in 1913 by Weld's niece Isabel Weld Perkins and her husband Larz Anderson.  This bridge was designed with \"a high enough arch to admit the passage of all sorts of pleasure craft.\"  Both the Weld Boathouse and the Anderson Memorial Bridge were funded by heirs to the fortune of 19th century magnate William Fletcher Weld.\n\nSee also\nHarvard Crimson\nList of Charles River boathouses\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nHarvard Crimson 2/4/1981 \"Blaze Burns Weld Boathouse, Causes Little Serious Damage\" by Paul Jefferson and Thomas J. Meyer\nHarvard Magazine November-December 1998, \"The Welds of Harvard Yard\" by associate editor Craig A. Lambert\nJamaica Plain Historical Society, \"The Weld Family\"\nProject Gutenberg, Book of Annals and Reminiscences of Jamaica Plain by Harriet Manning Whitcomb\n\nCategory:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1889\nCategory:Cultural infrastructure completed in 1906\nCategory:Culture of Boston\nCategory:Landmarks in Cambridge, Massachusetts\nCategory:Harvard University buildings\nCategory:Harvard Crimson"}
-{"text": "Sweden at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics\n\nSweden participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires from 6 to 18 October 2018. 18 athletes will compete for the country at the games.\n\nMedalists\n\n| width=\"56%\" align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" |\n\nMedalists in mixed NOCs events\n\nBadminton\n\nSweden qualified one player based on the Badminton Junior World Rankings. \n\nSingles\n\nTeam\n\nBeach volleyball\n\nSweden qualified a boys' team based on their performance at 2017-18 European Youth Continental Cup Final.\n\nGolf\n\nIndividual\n\nTeam\n\nGymnastics\n\nArtistic\nSweden qualified two gymnasts based on its performance at the 2018 European Junior Championship.\n\nBoys\n\nGirls\n\nMulti-discipline\n\nRowing\n\nSweden qualified one boat based on its performance at the 2017 World Rowing Junior Championships.\n\nSwimming\n\nSweden is eligible to send a total of eight swimmers to the games after finishing among the top sixteen teams at the 2017 World Aquatics Championships.\n\nBoys\n\nGirls\n\nMixed\n\nTable tennis\n\nSingles\n\nTeam\n\nTaekwondo\n\nGirls\n\nTriathlon\n\nSweden qualified one athlete based on its performance at the 2018 European Youth Olympic Games Qualifier.\n\nIndividual\n\nRelay\n\nWrestling\n\nGirls' freestyle\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2018 in Swedish sport\nCategory:Nations at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics\nCategory:Sweden at the Youth Olympics"}
-{"text": "Girolamo Zenti\n\nGirolamo Zenti (Viterbo c.1609 - Paris c.1666) (also: Girolama de Zenti, Gerolamo de Sentis, Hieronymus de Zentis) was an Italian harpsichord maker and organ builder in the 17th century. He is known as the probable inventor of the bentside spinet and for having traveled unusually extensively to practice his trade at the courts of Europe, including Rome, Florence, Paris, London and Stockholm.\n\nBiography\nInformation on Zentis life is fragmentary and spread wide. Zenti was born in Viterbo, near Rome, and was registered as an instrument maker in the papal capital by 1638. He was apprentice to Giovani Battista Boni, and took over the workshop at the latter's death in 1641. He took a commission at the Swedish court in 1653, serving Queen Christina for several years. He took an Organ building project in Rome in 1660, but left the instrument unfinished for Paris. By 1664 he was in service at the newly restored English court of Charles II. He received the title of The King's virginal maker, but was back in Rome before the year was out. Two years later he was again in Paris, where he died in 1666. At some point he was probably in service of the Medici family in Florence, for an inventory made at Cristofori's arrival there in 1700 lists six Zenti instruments.\n\nZenti and the bentside spinet\nIt is not proven that Zenti invented the bentside spinet, but the earliest existing bentside spinet (1631) is by Zenti, and the instrument became popular, especially in Britain, after his travels there. The final clue giving this theory support is that in France the bentside spinet was called: espinette \u00e1 l'italienne.\n\nSurviving instruments\n\nNo instruments from his time in northern Europe have been discovered, but around a dozen instruments from Italy have been attributed to him, although only two with certainty, a bentside spinet and a harpsichord.  The most famous is without doubt the 1631 bentside spinet now in Brussels. A true inner instrument of thinwalled cypress in an ornate outer box, single scale in brass.   A harpsichord, now preserved at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in NY, dated to the year of his death in 1666, is a single manual, 2x8', true inner-outer instrument, notbly restored by Cristofori's apprentice, Giovani Ferrini, bearing the inscription: \"HIERONYMUS ZENTI FECIT ROMAE A.S. MDCLXVI/ JOANNES FERRINI FLORENTINVS RESTAVRAVIT MDCCLV\"    The Metropolitan museum also houses an octave spinet probably by Zenti of unusually small size, possibly made for a child. In the Deutsches Museum in Munich there is an instrument traced through organological evidence to Zenti, that regrettably is a victim of Leopoldo Franciolini, a noted antiques fraudster in the late 19th century who ruined the instrument by installing two extra keyboards to pump up its price.\n\nSee also\nList of historical harpsichord makers\nGiovanni Batista Giusti (harpsichord maker)\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n Kottick EL, A History of the Harpsichord, 2003, Indiana University Press. \n Kipnis I, The Harpsichord and Clavichord: An Encyclopedia, 2013, Routledge\n Boalch, Builders of the Harpsichord and clavichord 1480 - 1840, 1 ed, 1956, Oxford University Press.\n\nExternal links\n Photo and description of the 1666 harpsichord at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York\n Photo and description of the octave spinet attributed to Zenti at the Metropolitan Museum of Arts in New York\n\n A video of Julian Perkins performing on the harpsichord attributed to Girolamo Zenti in the Cobbe Collection at Hatchlands Park. \n\nCategory:1609 births\nCategory:1666 deaths\nCategory:Inventors of musical instruments\nCategory:Italian inventors\nCategory:Italian musical instrument makers\nCategory:Harpsichord makers\nCategory:17th-century Italian people"}
-{"text": "Guzmania madisonii\n\nGuzmania madisonii is a species of plant in the family Bromeliaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.  Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Flora of Ecuador\nmadisonii\nCategory:Vulnerable plants\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot"}
-{"text": "Dex Manley\n\nDexter \"Dex\" Manley is an American commercial and video game voice actor. He has worked under 300 commercials and 25 video games. He worked for Microsoft, Boeing Company, Alaska Airlines, and others. Dexter extensively worked for Nintendo, providing voice for many Mario and Donkey Kong games. Manley also lent his voice twice to the Star Fox series, voicing ROB 64 in Star Fox: Assault. He appeared as a host on 2005 SIGGRAPH meeting, where he discussed voice acting topics. Manley is the president of Tenacious Media, media and marketing company operating in Seattle, Washington. Dexter is also a film actor, usually filming in independent films and playing supporting roles.\n\nKnown video game work\nKakuto Chojin: Back Alley Brutal - J.D. Stone\nMario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games \u2013 Lakitu\nMario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games - Lakitu (DS version only)Mario Golf - CharlieMario Golf: Advance Tour - CommentatorMario Golf: Toadstool Tour - CommentatorMario Party 9 - LakituMario Party: Island Tour \u2013 LakituMario Super Sluggers - Announcer/LakituMario Superstar Baseball - Announcer/LakituMoonbase Commander - DeWulfSaw - Jeff Thomas RidenhourSiN Episodes: Emergence - VariousStar Fox: Assault - ROB 64Starsiege - Squadmate #5Super Mario Galaxy 2'' - Lakitu, Giga Lakitu\n\nFilmography\nCage the Dog - Bobby\nUnsung - Bruce\nBloody Mary - Luther\nBullets, Blood & a Fistful of Ca$h - Tommy Two Toes\nSon of Terror - Undertaker\nNowhere Man - Mike Jordache\nMovie Pizza Love - Martin\nMondo Scooterama - Stooge\nBite Size - Douglas Peatry's Father\nThe Taken - Chip\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nDex Manley at the MobyGames\n\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:American male video game actors\nCategory:American male voice actors\nCategory:Place of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:American entertainment industry businesspeople"}
-{"text": "Keshwar\n\nKeshwar may refer to:\n\nTatum Keshwar (b. 1981), South African model\nIstgah-e Keshvar, a village in Iran"}
-{"text": "Barber\u00e0 del Vall\u00e8s\n\nBarber\u00e0 del Vall\u00e8s is a municipality in the comarca of the Vall\u00e8s Occidental, in the province of Barcelona, Spain. It is situated in the valley of the Ripoll river to the south of Sabadell, about 17 kilometers from Barcelona. It's integrated in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.\n\nPresent \nBarber\u00e0 del Vall\u00e8s is a city of more than 30,000 people. In the industrial field, it is one of the main cities of the region of Western Valley (Vall\u00e9s Occidental), with a clear division between the urban and industrial area. The population of the city, enlarged by the internal migration movements in the Spain of the sixties, is varied and promotes cultural and folkloric associations. This can be seen in the April Fair (Feria de Abril), held until the 1980s in Barber\u00e0 del Vall\u00e8s, until economic reasons moved it to other locations in the Barcelona metropolitan area.\n\nBarbera in 1985 celebrated its millennium, which coincided with the opening of the Millennium Square in the vicinity of La Rom\u00e0nica, with balconies to Ripoll river and its riverside park.\n\nDemography\n\nReferences\n\n Panareda Clop\u00e9s, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya.  (Spanish).  (Catalan).\n\nExternal links \nOfficial website \n Government data pages \n\nCategory:Municipalities in Vall\u00e8s Occidental\nCategory:Populated places in Vall\u00e8s Occidental"}
-{"text": "Treason in Arthurian legend\n\nThe concept of treason can be dated back to the early Roman republic, but was defined by nebulous criteria. Frederic William Maitland, author of The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I, has said that \"treason is a crime [with] a vague circumference and more than one centre.\"  Early French and Anglo-Saxon laws for the prosecution of persons deemed traitorous were inspired by, and in some cases, directly pulled from, late Roman and Germanic conceptions of the crime. It would be the common laws of this time period which would most directly influence those customary in King Arthur's court \u2014 assuming its existence is founded in more than the legends and fables of medieval romances.\n\nThe origins of the word treason, as speakers of English would recognize it, date to the 13th century. Indeed, prior to the Treason Act of 1351, there were few laws which outlined comprehensively the legal qualifications for treason, or the appropriate punishments for said crimes.  The process of conviction, trial, and sentencing of traitors such as Lancelot or Mordred in Arthurian literature was greatly informed by the very real, very gruesome practices of both French and English courts, depending on the geopolitical origin of the text's author.\n\nPre-Norman Conquest Conceptions of Treason\n\nRoman Definitions of High Treason\n\nWhile it is difficult to pinpoint precisely where the concept of treason originated, as it presumably is as old as history itself, the earliest legal documents pertaining to it are of Roman writ. Its first Latin manifestation came in the form of perduellio, which etymologically stems from the Latin terminology for \"base enemy,\" or \"wicked warfare.\" Thomas R. Robinson of the Georgetown law journal defines perduellio as referring to an enemy to the state \"devoid of the virtues of a [foreign] enemy; openness and frankness; a treacherous enemy from within.\" He also writes that \"it is safe to assert that perduellio was, in the beginning, largely an offence against the military power [of Rome].\"  While its etymological denotations would imply that perduellio was reserved strictly for military offenses, Elmer Truesdell Merrill states in Cases of Treason in the Roman Commonwealth that it is\n\nTowards the end of the Republic, perduellio was phased out of its common usage, in favor of a term which, in the words of Merrill, \"did not seem to suggest the idea of military delinquency as its essential element of applicability.\" Crimen maiestatis, or \"majestic offenses\", became the general-purpose term for all acts falling under the category of treason. Following the rise of crimen maiestatis in popular use, perduellio was retrospectively relegated to solely military insurrections and rebellions. Maiestatis literally refers to the supreme status and dignity of the nation, but was more commonly used to refer to the supreme dignitary of the state, his majesty the emperor. This informed the later middle age interpretations of treason as offenses specifically contra the royal family.\n\nTwo laws in particular, lex Julia Maiestatis and lex Quisquis, served to frame the general definitions of treason not only in Rome, but in early medieval Europe, centuries later. lex Julia Maiestatis defined the following as treason:\n\nLex Quisquis appended the previous statute to include assassination of the emperors councillors, failing to reveal or report a treasonous plot, and perhaps most importantly, the cogitation of treasonous acts against the crown, or \"cognitaverit contra animam regis,\" as acts of treason. It is \"best known,\" however, \"for its provisions on punishment.\" \nLex Quisquis most directly influenced early French statues on treason, but both lex Julia Maiestatis and lex Quisquis were borrowed from heavily in the formation of the English Statute of Treasons of 1352.\n\nGermanic Definitions of High Treason\n\nThe British Isles maintained, historically, some level of isolation and autonomy from mainland European powers. While waves of Romanism washed across much of continental Europe, Britain stood resolute. Therefore, \"the laws of the anglo-saxons were affected by this process more slowly than those of most other Germanic peoples.\"  Moreover, \"what Roman influence there was,\" claims John G. Bellamy in his book, The Law of Treason in England in the Later Middle Ages, \"may have [only] been conveyed to England through the Church.\"  This left early Anglo-Saxon perceptions of treason to very closely mimic greater Germanic doctrine. In contrast to the Roman axiom of holding the emperor above all, as a physical embodiment of the dignity of the nation, pure Germanic treason was defined by loyalty to one's lord \u2014 with \"no special sanctions against hostility directed towards the king.\"  In early Germanic cultures, \"[a] King lived and ruled under the laws of his people.\"  The dignity of the state, therefore, would truly mean the dignity of the res publica. Treason consequently took on a very personal definition, in the form of treubruch, or a breach of faith or trust.\n\nIronically, by the fall of the Roman Empire in Europe, circa 500 AD, Britain could no longer withstand bending to Roman influence. Using treubruch to describe treason was falling out of fashion, with laws barring the general violation of strictly royal dignity taking its place. Treason was also, possibly for the first time, being divided into categories of high and petty treason. The Code of Alfred, otherwise known as the Doom Book, was a compilation of Saxon laws written circa 900 AD which differentiated high treason from petty treason as offenses committed directly against the king, versus those committed against one's immediate lord.  Forgery of national currency was also recognized for the first time as treason, although its classification was fluid, as the severity of the crime was determined by the scope of the act's negative influence.\n\nPost-Norman Conquest Conceptions of Treason\n\nFrench Definitions of High Treason\n\nFrench Royal officials adopted the Roman laws of lex Julia maiestatis and lex Quisquis. They defined the highest form of treason as Regicide, or the murder of a king. Second to the actual assassination of a monarch were attempts to depose him. Plots to overthrow the king, deposition, and conspiracy to \"replace him at the helm of government,\" were all defined as high treason.  Although threats against the king were considered most grave in nature, those made against the royal family were also serious offenses. Causing harm to any members of the royal family also constituted treason. Beyond the self-evident treasonous crimes of murder, injury, and conspiracy, were more vaguely defined offenses involving the royal family. Those implicated in scandals surrounding members of the royal family could also be accused of treason. In 1314 \"Philippe and Gauthier Aulnay, minor nobles of Philippe IV's household, were executed as 'the worst kind of traitors' for their adulterous relationships with the king's daughters-in-law.\"\n\nEnglish Definitions of High Treason\n\nLater medieval definitions of English treason were derived primarily from antiquated Germanic and Roman sources. As in the Roman statute of lex Quisquis, failing to reveal a treasonous plot was considered, and therefore punished, as complicity in said plot; also, those suspected of plotting treason would be tried as if said plot had been carried out, and sentenced to the same punishment as one guilty of the actual act. The English also adopted the French concept of cas royeaux, defining treason as a general violation of royal dignity. Through the Magna Carta, however, \"English kings [were] prevented [from] becoming theocratic monarchs by means of Baronic cohesion.\"  This meant, at least legally, that barons were provided (albeit limited) forum to raise grievances against the crown, in the name of the defense of their own collective rights as barons. Magna carta was signed in 1215, and was swiftly annulled, but nevertheless had long-lasting implications on English common law. England's first \"official\" statute outlying various legal definitions of treason came from the Treason Act of 1351, and subsequent English Statute of Treasons of 1352. Both served to codify a collection of various crimes under a general heading of treason, and provided appropriate, standardized punishments for said offenses. The statute was also impactful through its creation of new types of state trial, designed specifically for alleged traitors.\n\nThere were typically three parties involved in English treason trials: an \"actor,\" or plaintiff, a defendant, and a judge. This three party construction was considered \"one of the cardinal rules of English law...in matters of jurisdiction.\"  In cases of lese-majesty, or injury committed against the king, the king was automatically considered the plaintiff and thus could not act as the judge in a treason trial. Instead, a judicial council was selected to determine if the offense in question constituted treason. English treason law also consisted of complex laws concerning the treatment of accessories to treasonous crimes. Until the principal offender in a treason case had been convicted, \"an accessory of an alleged crime could not be proceeded against.\" If both an accessory and a principle tried to flee, then both would be considered guilty. However, if only the principle attempted to evade arrest, then proceedings against the accessory could not commence until such time as the principle was apprehended.\n\nTreason and knighthood\nKnightly treason was seen, naturally, as a betrayal of a knight's chivalric code. By its nature, treason betrays the chivalric values of loyalty and brotherhood. The status of knighthood was fiercely defended as one of true nobility and manhood. Therefore, knights who committed treasonous crimes threatened to undermine the sanctity of the order as a whole, and all that it stood for. Thus, punishments for knights and nobles deemed traitors typically involved some kind of process in which their identities as both knights, and men, were stripped away. Executions of treasonous knights included a process of removing the physical representations of their titles, such as \"breaking of the traitor's sword and striking of his spurs, removing his sword belt, and publicly stripping him of the rich clothing that visually communicated his status.\" Punishments could also include an either literal or symbolic emasculation of the accused, through dismemberment or disembowelment. These punishments \"feminized\" the traitor, thus separating him from the ranks of \"true knights\" and \"true men,\" implying that his status as a traitor rendered him a \"false\" version of both.   By severing those convicted of treason from their identities as knights and men, they thus preserved the \"elite masculine identity\"  of knighthood.\n\nTreason in Sir Thomas Malory's time\nSir Thomas Malory, author and compiler of Le Morte d\u2019Arthur, the preeminent compilation of Arthuriana of its time, was writing during a time of great political upheaval in Britain. As Robert Kelly writes in his article \"Malory and the Common Law\", \"treason cases were never more politicized and controversial in the late medieval period than they were in Malory's time during the conflict between the Lancastrians and the Yorkists...\"  The War of the Roses was a series of sporadic political conflicts in Britain for the throne, spanning from 1455 to 1487. The war was fought between two rival factions of the House of Plantagenet \u2014 Lancaster and York \u2014 for ultimate control of the crown, and was ended when a Lancaster, Henry Tudor, defeated Yorkist king Richard the III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, though there were several smaller political skirmishes afterwards. During the War of the Roses, accusations of treason were frequent and often ill-founded. A provision in the Treason Statute of 1352 stated that an act of treason only had to be imagined to be treasonous.  Because it was difficult to determine whether or not a person was imagining treason, words spoken against the current king were taken to be indicative of traitorous thoughts. Similarly, words spoken in favor of a deposed king were taken as treason against the one currently in power.  As such, accusations of treason were often used as a means for eliminating political enemies or framing opposition.\n\nSir Thomas Malory was likely familiar with the details of the English Statute of Treasons. Despite not being formally charged with treason, the \"knight prisoner\" Malory was convicted of a number of egregious crimes, including theft, poaching, extortion, rape, and attempted murder of the Duke of Buckingham. He was also purportedly involved in the War of the Roses, in favor of the house of Lancaster. Edward Hicks writes in his biography of Malory that \"though he were involved in the civil strife of Lancaster and York, and dealt with as a traitor by victorious enemies,\" that Malory not only failed to receive capital punishment, but was permitted to pass his inheritance unto his children. Between 1468 and 1470, four general pardons were granted by Edward IV to incarcerated Lancastrians. Sir Thomas Malory was excluded from all four, and died in prison in 1471, shortly after completing L\u2019Morte d\u2019Arthur. His failure to be outright executed for treason alone, ignoring the various other infractions attributed to him, have led many to believe that Malory may have been a victim of political strong-arming.\n\nPunishments of treason\n\nFrench Punishments of treason\nThe punishments for those convicted of treason were often brutal and, by modern standards, distastefully contrived, due to the severity of the crime. As an offense against the entire state, traitors were often executed publicly in a manner that would serve as an example, and a warning, for others. Both decapitation and hanging were common execution practices, but a traitor's death \"could be clearly distinguished by that of other felons by additional penalties of drawing and/ or quartering.\"  Women accused of treason were often burned at the stake, and clerics were often drowned. Not all punishments of treason were considered \"capital.\" Other, non-capital punishments included the pillory, the wheel, or the removal of the accused's eyes. One source reads that \"in 1476, Jean Bon, the would-be assassin of the dauphin Charles, was fortunate not to be punished capitally, though he did have his eyes gouged out.\"  Punishments of treason could also contain a sense of a macabre \"poetic justice,\" or a punishment tailored to fit the crime, as in the instance of counterfeiter Jean Jouye who was boiled alive \"presumably because his crime involved the melting down of coin.\" Imprisonment for traitors was usually the result of a reduced death sentence, rather than of an initial sentencing, and punishments of banishment were announced when the accused escaped. Punishments for petty treason usually involved the paying of fines in the range of 500\u201318,000 livre tournois for \"breach of safeguard, private war, or violation of a truce,\"  and were payable to the plaintiff. Larger fines were enacted for embezzling large sums and were payable to the crown.\n\nEnglish Punishments of Treason\n\nMedieval English punishments of treason were highly similar to those of the French in terms of both their brutality of their sentencing. Drawing and quartering were common practice to the extent that a quick beheading was considered the privilege of one of noble birth, while a death by hanging, drawing and quartering was reserved for those deemed \"ignoble.\"  The English would also disembowel or burn the entrails of those executed for treason, in a practice distinct from the French. Those executed for treason in later medieval England would also often have their bodies put on display to symbolize their shamefulness and their \"excision from the body politic.\"\n\nTreason in Arthurian Texts\n\nTreason is a major feature throughout Arthurian romances. Knights constantly commit acts of treason as does Guinevere herself. The treason of Lancelot, Guinevere, Agravain and Mordred eventually destroy Arthur's court and his downfall is caused by the duplicity in his knights. A linking motif throughout a variety of centuries and countries, authors focus on the treasonous destruction of Arthur's court, and the temptation knights face to engage in treason.\n\nLancelot and Guinevere\n\nGuinevere\nQueen Guinevere found herself facing accusations of treason several times over the course of recorded Arthurian legend. In Malory's Le Morte d\u2019Arthur, she is accused first in the \"Poisoned Apple\" episode, when at a dinner she holds for some of the knights of the Round Table, one of the knights, Sir Patrise, dies from eating a poisoned apple intended for Gawain. The real culprit is Sir Pinell, but Guinevere is the accused because it she who gathered the knights for the dinner. Guinevere is accused of treason because, as Malory writes, \"the custome was at that tyme that all manner of shameful deth was called treson.\" The death is defined as treason because \"Guinevere's alleged murder of Patryse is a crime against the fellowship, and therefore against Arthur as well.\"  Similarly, in \"The Knight of the Cart\" episode, Guinevere is accused of treason by the knight Meliagaunt when he discovers blood on her sheets and assumes that she has spent the night with one of her knights who was captured with her. Meligaunt accuses her of being unfaithful to Arthur and even of \"hyghe treson.\"  For the French however, the act of adultery would not necessarily have been considered such under the law. In both the case of \"the Poisoned Apple\" and the \"Knight of the Cart,\" Guinevere is acquitted of the crime through Lancelot dueling to defend her innocence. This trial by combat is used in lieu of an actual refined judicial proceedings, and Lancelot's ability to fight in place of an actual judicial process undermines the legal procedures of the day.  It is Lancelot's strength as a knight and not the strength of Arthur's courtly judicial system that ultimately saves Guinevere.\n\nMost famous is the exposing of Guinevere's affair with Lancelot that ultimately leads to the dissolution of the Round Table. Guinevere is accused of treason committed with Lancelot and is sentenced to be burned at the stake for the crime. Her treason consists not only of her adulterous affair with Lancelot, but also because she acted as an accessory to Lancelot's escape and homicide of the knights sent to capture him. English Common law would ordinarily have dictated a trial by one's peers in the case of a treason accusation, and as an accessory Guinevere would not have been able to be sentenced until Lancelot was apprehended. However, Malory cites instead an \"Arthurian treason law of his own invention as his basis for the queen's death sentence.\"  Malory writes that in cases where guilt is \"manifest and undeniable,\" that \"hasty judgment is appropriate.\"  However, this concept of \"hasty judgment\" is challenged by Sir Gawain when he protests Arthur's quick sentencing. Because Guinevere can only be considered an accessory to Lancelot's treason, \"her treasonous guilt rests in the judgment on the guilt of Lancelot.\"  Malory's depiction of the judicial practice also differs from legal proceedings in his time in that Arthur is able to act as both the plaintiff and the judge. Guinevere's adultery would not even have necessarily been considered treasonous by English common law of the time. Consensual adultery was not defined as treason, but \"sexual violation.\"  Robert Kelly writes, \"...in western European countries from the twelfth century onwards, adultery and other marital offenses were not criminal, let alone felonious, but under the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts.\"  These courts did not issue the death sentence, and though these courts could try her for her part in the affair, only Lancelot's participation could be construed as treasonous for the violation of the king's wife. Instead Guinevere's treasonous crime can only be defined as her status as an accessory to Lancelot's escape and the killing of several knights.\n\nLancelot\nLancelot is accused of treason for both his affair with Guinevere and for the homicide of his fellow knights during his escape from the court. Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred initially accuse him of sexual treason for his long-standing affair with Guinevere, which was defined under the law in Malory's time as \"if a man violate the king's consort, or the king's eldest unmarried daughter, or the consort of the eldest son and heir of the king.\"  Thus despite the fact that their affair is consensual, Lancelot can be accused of \"violating\" Guinevere, and committing treason against Arthur by the act.\n\nLancelot is also accused of treason for the slaying of the knights sent to catch him in his affair. However, it is uncertain whether or not Lancelot could reasonably be accused of treason for the deaths. His guilt lies in whether or not the knights were acting as agents of the king and under his authority.  When Agravain and Mordred first raise the charge of adultery against Lancelot, Arthur asks for \"proof\" of his guilt before he can take action. However, Arthur does not mean proof by trial, but proof by physical evidence. He states that they have his leave to kill Lancelot, only if he is \"taken in the dede\". Agravain and the knights he gathers to try and catch Lancelot and Guinevere together do not physically catch them in any act of adultery, but rather simply know that they are in Guinevere's bedchamber together. Still, they declare this sufficient evidence to pronounce him traitor, and despite announcing that they will take him to Arthur unharmed, instead try to attack him when he opens the door. Lancelot reacts by arming himself and slaying all the knights who come through the door, including Sir Agravain. Lancelot's slayings would not have been defined as treason under the Statute of 1352, which covered \"the slaying of the royal chancellor, treasurer, or justices, but only when they are sitting and acting in their public capacity.\"   Agravain was only given leave to kill Lancelot if his traitorous guilt was made manifest. Thus he was not acting as an agent of the king, but of his own private volition.\n\nAgravain and Mordred\nIn Thomas Malory's Morte D\u2019Arthur, Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred set a trap for Sir Lancelot and Guinevere. Gawain warns Agravain not to reveal the affair, fearing the repercussions of Arthur's knowledge of their affair. Agravain ignores Gawain's warning. Malory represents Agravain and Mordred's betrayal of Gawain as the beginning of the downfall of Arthur's court. Their actions are motivated by jealousy for Lancelot's superiority as a knight. In a departure from earlier writings, Malory features Agravain as the main traitor in this passage instead of Mordred. Malory directs the reader to view \"Agravain as the agent and Lancelot as the cause for the downfall of the kingdom.\" Lancelot's adultery is traitorous while simultaneously Agravain and Mordred's reveal of his betrayal are equally, if not more, traitorous. Agravain is killed by Lancelot for his revelation of Lancelot and Guinevere's affair during the escape. Mordred, therefore, becomes the main actor in Arthur's downfall.\n\nMordred commits the worst act of treason by usurping the throne from Arthur. In the final book of Morte D'Arthur, Gawain explicitly refers to Mordred as a \"false traytoure.\" In the moment when Mordred takes the throne from Arthur, Mordred is \"the incarnation of treason.\" He betrays Arthur as both his knight and his son, committing two acts of treason simultaneously. It is Mordred's evil nature that Malory views as traitorous rather than simply his actions. Mordred is the incarnation of a traitorous knight during the Morte D'Arthur. Malory condemns Mordred's actions and even \"invents several passages of treason rhetoric to emphasize the wickedness of such an action.\" While Agravain is a traitor, Mordred's actions are far worse due to his position as both son and knight of Arthur, and he ought swear fealty to Arthur.\n\nLanval\n\nMarie de France authored \"Lanval\" in the 12th century. \"Lanval\" is the story of a knight, Lanval, who has a secret fairy lover and rebuffs Guinevere's advances. Guinevere tempts Lanval sexually and he immediately refuses. Her invitation is treason and Lanval's refusal demonstrates his fealty to Arthur. After Lanval refuses, Guinevere accuses Lanval of homosexuality, and homosexuality would have been understood by de France's audience as an act of treason. Sodomy, particularly in homosexual settings, was a charge that mandated burning at the stake in the late Middle Ages. Guinevere's adultery would have brought upon her exactly the same punishment. Sodomy, while a private act, was considered in the late Middle Ages to bring public harm, an act that damaged the whole community. Therefore, sodomy was viewed in the same light as treason during Marie's time. Sodomy accusations in France were so feared that many men openly kept mistresses to ensure no charges were brought against them. Religious figures began aggressively policing sodomy in the 12th century, and many clergymen kept mistresses to rebuff accusations of sodomy. Guinevere's accusation of sodomy is an attempt to ensure her own safety and leverage over Lanval telling anyone about her actions. Both Lanval and Guinevere face the same punishment if their interaction is revealed.\n\nGuinevere's threat attempts to ensnare Lanval into her own treasonous acts, threatening to sic a legal system on him that would demand his burning should he engage in sodomy. While Lanval does not commit any treasonous acts, Guinevere has the power to accuse him of treasonous acts should she so desire. Particularly in Marie's time, readers would have been aware of the power an accusation of sodomy had. If Lanval had been convicted of sodomy he would be burned at the stake.\n\nGawain\n\nSir Gawain is bloodthirsty and often murderous. His own brother Gareth recognizes his tempestuous relationship with those he does not like, and warns his brother not to act rashly when he is unhappy. These elements of Gawain's character play an important part in the last book of Thomas Malory's Morte D'Arthur. Gawain urges Arthur to avenge his brothers' deaths and \"pushes Arthur to pursue Lancelot to France and leave Mordred in charge of England.\" Mordred's rule of England brings about the downfall of Arthur's kingdom and Gawain's vengeful spirit facilitates the end of Arthur's rule. Gawain's actions enable the treasonous acts of Mordred. Gawain is simultaneously a traitor in his unwillingness to reveal the affair to Arthur and his concealment is a violation of Arthur's trust.\n\nGawain and the Green Knight\n\nGawain is duplicitous throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. He is tempted by the wife of Bertilak, a lord who offers his home to Gawain. While Gawain eventually learns the harms of duplicity, Gawain violates \"his responsibility to honor the host\u2013guest relationship\". Gawain keeps the magical girdle, refusing to honor his agreement with Bertilak that he will give everything Lady Bertilak gives to Gawain to the Lord. Instead, Gawain hides the girdle. This treason against the Lord necessitates a physical punishment from the Green Knight before \"Gawain can return to his proper place in Arthurian society\". Treason is committed by Gawain against the Lord and therefore he must be physically punished, as one would be during the Middle Ages for crimes of treason. In this case, however, Gawain's punishment is not death but simply a nick on his neck. This permits Gawain to be punished, but not killed, while still demonstrating the importance of honesty. Gawain's instinct is to act duplicitously but he is chastised for these instances.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Arthurian legend\nCategory:Treason"}
-{"text": "Saint Philip Neri: I Prefer Heaven\n\nSaint Philip Neri: I Prefer Heaven () is a 2010 Italian television movie written and directed by Michele Soavi. The film is based on real life events of Roman Catholic priest and then Saint Philip Neri.\n\nPlot \nThis movie follows the sharp-witted and caring Philip Neri-on a quest for heaven.\n\nCast \n\n Gigi Proietti as Philip Neri\n Adriano Braidotti as Alessandro\n Francesco Salvi as  Persiano Rosa\n Roberto Citran as  Cardinal Capurso\n Sebastiano Lo Monaco as  Prince Nerano\n Francesca Chillemi as  Ippolita\n Antonio Silvestre as  Michele\n Josafat Vagni as  Mezzapagnotta \n Francesca Antonelli as  Zaira\n  Niccol\u00f2 Senni as  Pierotto \n  Emiliano Coltorti as  Camillo\n Sergio Fiorentini as Pope Sixtus V\n  Paolo Paoloni as  Pope Gregory XIII\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:2010 television films\nCategory:Italian television films\nCategory:2010s biographical drama films\nCategory:Films set in Italy\nCategory:Italian biographical drama films\nCategory:Films about Catholic priests\nCategory:Films about religion\nCategory:Films directed by Giacomo Campiotti\nCategory:Philip Neri\nCategory:Italian films"}
-{"text": "William Reynolds\n\nWilliam Reynolds is the name of:\n\nWilliam Reynolds (actor) (born 1931), American movie and television actor\nWilliam Reynolds (footballer, born 1870) (1870\u2013?), English football defender of the 1890s\nWilliam Reynolds (footballer, born 1879) (1879\u2013?), English football forward of the 1900s\nWilliam Reynolds (industrialist) (1758\u20131803), English ironmaster, built Ketley Canal, 1787\u20131788\nWilliam Reynolds (naval officer) (1815\u20131879), U.S. Navy rear admiral in the American Civil War\nWilliam Reynolds (theologian) (1544\u20131594), or Reginaldus, English Catholic biblical translator and scholar\nWilliam Morton Reynolds (1812\u20131876), American minister, college president, and translator \nWilliam Reynolds (VC) (1827\u20131869), Scottish Victoria Cross recipient\nWilliam A. Reynolds (1872\u20131928), American football player and coach\nWilliam Bainbridge Reynolds (1855-1935), British metalworker\nWilliam Bradford Reynolds, United States Assistant Attorney General \nWilliam C. Reynolds (1933\u20132004), American engineer and physicist\nWilliam D. Reynolds (1867\u20131951), American Southern Presbyterian missionary and Bible translator in Korea\nWilliam E. Reynolds (1860\u20131944), Commandant of the United States Coast Guard\nWilliam George Waterhouse Reynolds, British Member of Parliament for Leicester South, 1922\u20131923 \nWilliam H. Reynolds, real estate developer and former New York Senator; developed several prominent New York neighborhoods, including Coney Island's Dreamland and Long Beach\nWilliam H. Reynolds (1910\u20131997), American award-winning film editor\nWilliam Hayden Reynolds (1847\u20131935), Mayor of Orlando, Florida 1910\u20131913\nWilliam Hunter Reynolds (1822\u20131899), New Zealand politician and businessman\nWilliam James Reynolds (1856\u20131934), Member of Parliament for East Tyrone, 1885\u20131895\nWilliam Neal Reynolds (1863\u20131951), American tobacco manufacturer\n\nSee also \nBill Reynolds (disambiguation)\nBilly Reynolds (disambiguation)\nWill Reynolds (?\u20131902), American mass murderer"}
-{"text": "Thomas Crapper\n\nThomas Crapper (baptised 28 September 1836; died 27 January 1910) was an English businessman and plumber. He founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London, a sanitary equipment company. Crapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock. He improved the S-bend plumbing trap in 1880 by inventing the U-bend. The firm's lavatorial equipment was manufactured at premises in nearby Marlborough Road (now Draycott Avenue). The company owned the world's first bath, toilet and sink showroom in King's Road. Crapper was noted for the quality of his products and received several royal warrants. \n\nManhole covers with Crapper's company's name on them in Westminster Abbey have become one of London's minor tourist attractions.\n\nLife\nThomas Crapper was born in Thorne, South Yorkshire in 1836; the exact date is unknown, but he was baptised on 28 September 1836. His father, Charles, was a sailor. In 1853, he was apprenticed to his brother George, a master plumber in Chelsea, and thereafter spent three years as a journeyman plumber. \n\nIn 1861, Crapper set himself up as a sanitary engineer, with his own brass foundry and workshops in nearby Marlborough Road.\n\nIn the 1880s, Prince Edward (later Edward VII) purchased his country seat of Sandringham House in Norfolk and asked Thomas Crapper & Co. to supply the plumbing, including thirty lavatories with cedarwood seats and enclosures, thus giving Crapper his first Royal Warrant. The firm received further warrants from Edward as king and from George V both as Prince of Wales and as king.\n\nIn 1904, Crapper retired, passing the firm to his nephew George and his business partner Robert Marr Wharam. Crapper lived at 12 Thornsett Road, Anerley, for the last six years of his life and died on 27 January 1910. Crapper's death certificate records that he died from colon cancer. He was buried in the nearby Elmers End Cemetery.\n\nPosthumous fate of the Crapper company\nIn 1966, the Crapper company was sold by then owner Robert G. Wharam (son of Robert Marr Wharam) on his retirement, to their rivals John Bolding & Sons. Bolding went into liquidation in 1969. The company fell out of use until it was acquired by Simon Kirby, a historian and collector of antique bathroom fittings, who relaunched the company in Stratford-upon-Avon, producing authentic reproductions of Crapper's original Victorian bathroom fittings.\n\nAchievements\n\nAs the first man to set up public showrooms for displaying sanitary ware, he became known as an advocate of sanitary plumbing, popularising the notion of installation inside people's homes. He also helped refine and develop improvements to existing plumbing and sanitary fittings. As a part of his business, he maintained a foundry and metal shop which enabled him to try out new designs and develop more efficient plumbing solutions. \n\nCrapper improved the S-bend trap in 1880. The new U-bend plumbing trap was a significant improvement on the \"S\" as it could not jam, and unlike the S-bend, it did not have a tendency to dry out and did not need an overflow. The BBC nominated the S-bend as one of the 50 Things That (have) Made the Modern Economy\n\nCrapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock, but none for the flush toilet itself. \n\nCrapper's advertisements implied the siphonic flush was his invention. One such advertisement read \"Crapper's Valveless Water Waste Preventer (Patent #4,990) One movable part only\" even though patent 4990 (for a minor improvement to the water waste preventer) was not his, but that of Albert Giblin in 1898.  \nHowever, Crapper's nephew, George, did improve the siphon mechanism by which the water flow starts. A patent for this development was awarded in 1897.\n\nCrapper invented the manhole cover, enabling easy maintenance access, as well as various improvements to plumbing fittings.\n\nOrigin of the word \"crap\"\nIt has often been claimed in popular culture that the slang term for human bodily waste, crap, originated with Thomas Crapper because of his association with lavatories. A common version of this story is that American servicemen stationed in England during World War I saw his name on cisterns and used it as army slang, i.e. \"I'm going to the crapper\".\n\nThe word crap is actually of Middle English origin and predates its application to bodily waste. Its most likely etymological origin is a combination of two older words: the Dutch krappen (to pluck off, cut off, or separate) and the Old French crappe (siftings, waste or rejected matter, from the medieval Latin crappa). In English, it was used to refer to chaff and also to weeds or other rubbish. Its first application to bodily waste, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, appeared in 1846, 10 years after Crapper was born, under a reference to a crapping ken, or a privy, where ken means a house.\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nThomas Crapper at Snopes.com\nThomas Crapper & Co. Ltd. - the plumbing company founded by Thomas Crapper\n\nCategory:1836 births\nCategory:1910 deaths\nCategory:British chief executives\nCategory:British plumbers\nCategory:British Royal Warrant holders\nCategory:People from Thorne, South Yorkshire\nCategory:Toilets"}
-{"text": "Thunderegg (band)\n\nThunderegg is an American rock and roll band and recording project currently based in San Francisco, California, led by songwriter Will Georgantas (guitar, vocals) and including Reese Douglas (guitar) and Alex Jimenez (bass, vocals). Its earliest incarnation was the Yale University band Larry, formed in 1992 and featuring founding Thunderegg players Jake Fournier (bass) and Keith Woodfin (drums).\n\nBetween 1995 and 2004, Georgantas recorded the first eight Thunderegg albums by himself to four-track cassette in various apartments in Brooklyn, New York, and his parents' house in Princeton, New Jersey. These albums, from 1995's Universal Nut through 2004's Sweetest One, display increasingly elaborate lo-fi (or \"bedroom music\") arrangements, and reviewers have remarked on their high lyrical quality. In January 2006, all of these recordings were collected for the anthology Open Book: The Collected Thunderegg, 1995\u20132004. The independently produced Open Book featured 231 mp3s on a single data CD along with a 108-page illustrated lyric book. It enjoyed a positive reception both for its large scale and its music, which was likened to rock in the vein of Guided by Voices, The Velvet Teen, and The Mountain Goats.\n\nThunderegg began playing and recording as a full band in 2000 after Fournier moved back east to Hartford, Connecticut, from Portland, Oregon. (The band was named after the thunderegg, the state rock of Oregon.) In 2002 a new full-band version of Georgantas's song \"If I Went on a Diet\" was selected for inclusion on a compilation CD produced by Jane magazine; in 2005 that song and nine others would comprise Thunderegg's first full-band album, A Very Fine Sample of What's Available at the Mine. Thunderegg's second full-band album, Line Line, would be produced and mixed by Alan Weatherhead (Sparklehorse, Cracker) at Sound of Music Studios in Richmond, Virginia, and released independently in September 2011. A follow-up with Weatherhead, C'mon Thunder, featuring Darren Jessee of Hotel Lights, was released on May 13, 2014, to positive critical reception.\n\nThroughout, Georgantas continued to record at home on a 424 Portastudio: In 2005 he posted a new song every week to Thunderegg's website, the best of which were collected for the CD This Week, which was self-released in early 2007. Several other albums followed, including Not What I Meant, Thunderegg's first San Francisco album, which was recommended for fans of \"The Eels, Ween, The Flaming Lips, and Pulp.\" That album's closing track, \"The Guest Star of the Rest Stop,\" was initially commissioned by author T Cooper for a CD accompanying his 2012 book Real Man Adventures.\n\nThunderegg toured Germany in the summer of 2013 with a lineup that included Georgantas, Fournier, Moon, and Ken Matsuda (violin), and Georgantas toured the United States (with KC Turner) in summer 2014. In April 2015 the band released the seven-inch single \"Ten Sleeves\"/\"Big Cigarette,\" again recorded with Weatherhead, this time with the California lineup at Tiny Telephone in San Francisco.\n\nWith new drummer Andr\u00e9 Custodio, the band gelled in the Bay Area as a regularly gigging and touring four-piece band, complementing Georgantas's narrative lyrics with a sound described as \"space bar rock\" (\"space rock, bar rock, space bar rock\"). In January 2017, they returned to the studio with Weatherhead, this time at Acoustic Noise in Oakland, to record their new LP, Cosmos. It was completed at Space Bomb Studios in Richmond, Virginia, and released on both black and deluxe color vinyl by Bleeding Gold Records on May 11, 2018.\n\nDiscography\n\n Larry (May 1994)\n Universal Nut (Nov. 1995)\n New England Music (May 1996)\n Personnel Envelo-file (Feb. 1997)\n Thunderegg (Nov. 1997)\n Powder to the People (Aug. 1998)\n Spent Butane: Cassette Outtakes, 1995-1998 (Sept. 1999)\n In Yanistin (Sept. 2000)\n The Envelope Pushes Back (Oct. 2000)\n Sweetest One (Oct. 2004)\n A Very Fine Sample of What's Available at the Mine (June 2005)\n Open Book: The Collected Thunderegg, 1995\u20132004 (Jan. 2006)\n This Week (Feb. 2007)\n Where Are the Cars (Feb. 2008)\n Platinum (Sept. 2009)\n Gazillion (March 2011)\n Line Line (Sept. 2011)\n Thunderegg History Unit Volume One (March 2012)\n Not What I Meant (Dec. 2012)\n He's Actually Pretty Cool Once You Get to Know Him: A Thunderegg Sampler, 1995-2012 (cassette; Dec. 2013)\n C'mon Thunder (May 2014)\n All Right Could Be Better EP (Nov. 2014)\n \"Ten Sleeves\"/\"Big Cigarette\" (7\"; Apr. 2015)\n Cosmos (May 2018)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Thunderegg's official website\n Facebook page\n Thunderegg on Discogs\n\nCategory:American indie rock groups\nCategory:Rock music groups from Connecticut"}
-{"text": "Rhapsody (musical group)\n\nRhapsody was an Australian female duo that consisted of Kymberlie Harrison and Cathy Ford. They had a minor hit (No. 95 on the ARIA singles chart) in the early 1990s called \"Cowboy Lover\" on BMG Records.\n\nAfter the promoter and record label owner Gene Pierson's success with the soap opera actor Melissa Tkautz, who had a No. 1 hit in 1991 as Melissa, he came up with the concept for Rhapsody. He styled the two models and helped them create the song that gave them success.\n\n\"Cowboy Lover\" was originally a slow reggae song, but was remixed into a dance track by Filthy Lucre, famous for their dance remix of Yothu Yindi's \"Treaty\".\n\nPrior to Rhapsody, Kymberlie Harrison was a producer for Melissa's hits \"Read My Lips\" and \"(Sexy) Is The Word\", written by Roy Lachlan Nicolson.\n\nAt the height of their popularity the duo posed in Playboy magazine, making the cover of the August 1993 edition.\n\nExternal links\nPlayboy, August 1993 cover \nRhapsody discography on Discogs\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Australian girl groups\nCategory:Australian pop music groups\nCategory:Australian electronic dance music groups"}
-{"text": "Loxostege allectalis\n\nLoxostege allectalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1877. It is found in the United States, where it has been recorded from southern California to Texas. To the south, the range extends into Mexico and Central America.\n\nThe wingspan is 21\u201326\u00a0mm. The forewings are a mixture of speckled gray and brown patches and dark brownish spots in the median area. The terminal line consists of a series of dark dashes. The hindwings are brownish gray. Adults are on wing from March to September.\n\nThe larvae feed on Lycium berlandieri.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Moths described in 1877\nCategory:Pyraustinae"}
-{"text": "Emiliano Brembilla\n\nEmiliano Brembilla (born 21 December 1978 in Ponte San Pietro, near Bergamo) is a freestyle swimmer from Italy.\n\nBiography\nHe won the bronze medal with the men's 4\u00d7200\u00a0m freestyle relay team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. A long-distance specialist, he made his first mark at the 1997 European Swimming Championships in Seville, Spain, where he won three titles. Brembilla competed in four consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1996.\n\nSee also\n Italy national swimming team - Multiple medalists\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1978 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from the Province of Bergamo\nCategory:Italian male swimmers\nCategory:Olympic swimmers of Italy\nCategory:Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists for Italy\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists in swimming\nCategory:Male freestyle swimmers\nCategory:World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nCategory:Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)\nCategory:European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming\nCategory:Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy\nCategory:Competitors at the 1997 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games\nCategory:Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming"}
-{"text": "Wally (band)\n\nWally was an English progressive rock band, led by the singer-songwriter Roy Webber, which originated in the early 1970s.\n\nCareer \nIn 1973, after playing the northern pub rock circuit that included venues in Manchester, Harrogate, Leeds and Bradford, they entered a New Act competition organised by the music paper Melody Maker making it to the finals at London's Roundhouse. They did not win - that honour went to a Prog Rock band named Druid - but they caught the eye of one of the judges, \"Whispering\" Bob Harris of The Old Grey Whistle Test fame.\n\nTheir \"runners-up\" prize was the chance to record a session for Harris's BBC radio show, The Monday Program. He took the band under his wing and set up a recording contract with Atlantic Records. Their debut album, Wally (1974) was co-produced by Harris, along with Rick Wakeman who had seen one of the band's warm up gigs before the Roundhouse final.\n\nAfter its release the band, now managed by Brian Lane, best known as the manager of Yes, embarked on a series of tours taking in most of Britain, Japan and the United States. They supported Yes at a headline London concert at the Alexandra Palace and also made an appearance on BBC's television music show The Old Grey Whistle Test in 1973.\n\nOn their second album, Valley Gardens (1975), Nick Glennie-Smith replaced Paul Gerrett on keyboards. However, by that time continual touring had taken its toll, and the band eventually split after Atlantic decided to cut their losses and pulled the plug.\n\nIn 1975, the band performed in Japan, as the backing band of French singer Michel Polnareff.\n\nWebber set up a graphic design company, primarily working for Yorkshire Television but also with the Royal Armouries Museum.\n\nViolinist/bassist/mandolinist Pete Sage went to Germany to work as a sound engineer for the pop group Boney M.\n\nKeyboardist Nick Glennie-Smith was proposed as potential replacement for Rick Wakeman in Yes and went on to be a leading session musician and soundtrack composer.\n\nGuitarist Pete Cosker died in 1990, as a result of a heroin overdose.\n\nDrummer Roger Narraway metamorphosed into a talented lead guitarist, and Paul Middleton retreated to the North Yorkshire Dales, becoming a carpenter and venturing out occasionally to play with Roy Webber in a country rock band, Freddie Alva and the Men from Delmonte. He now gigs on a regular basis with his own band, 'The Angst Band', featuring fellow bandmember Frank Mizen on pedal steel, guitar and banjo.\n\nPaul Gerrett died of a heart attack in 2008.\n\nAfter a thirty-year hiatus, the surviving members of the original line-up - augmented by Frank Mizen on pedal steel and Will Jackson on guitar - performed to a sell out crowd in April 2009 in their home town of Harrogate. A DVD of the concert was released later that year.\n\nA third album, Montpellier (2010) comprising reworkings of demos from the band's earlier incarnation, along with new material by both Roy Webber and Paul Middleton, was released in February 2010, and a second \"reunion\" concert took place in April. Funds from ticket sales will be used to erect a permanent memorial to Pete Cosker and Paul Gerrett. A recording of the 2010 reunion has been released as a live album entitled, To the Urban Man (2010) and a third reunion concert is scheduled for 2011, again in the band's home town of Harrogate.\n\nBand members \n\n Roy Webber \u2013 lead vocals, guitar (1971-1976, 2008-2011)\n Nick Glennie-Smith \u2013 keyboards (1974-1976, 2008-2011)\n Pete Sage \u2013 electric violin, bass (1971-1976, 2008-2011)\n Will Jackson \u2013 lead guitar (2008-2011)\n Frank Mizen \u2013 pedal steel, banjo, bass (2008-2011)\n Paul Middleton \u2013 steel guitar, bass, vocals (1971-1976, 2008-)\n Roger Narraway \u2013 drums, percussion (1971-1976, 2008-2011)\n\nWith\n Phil Dean \u2013 electric guitar as concert guest (2008-2011)\n\nFormer band members\n Pete Cosker \u2013 lead electric and acoustic guitars, vocals (1971-1976, died in 1990)\n Paul Gerrett \u2013 Fender Rhodes electric piano, Hammond organ, Mellotron, harmonium, grand piano, harpsichord, vocals (1971-1974, died in 2008)\n Mike Smith \u2013 drums (1972-1973)\n Alan Craig \u2013 Bass Guitar and harmony vocals (1971-1972)\n\nAlbums \n Wally (1974) Atlantic Records\n Valley Gardens (1975) Atlantic Records\n Montpellier (2010) self-released\n To the Urban Man (2010, Live 2CD) self-released\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Wally website [www.WallyMusic.co.uk]\n Wally discography and album reviews, credits & releases at AllMusic\n Wally discography, album releases & credits at Discogs.com\n Wally biography, discography, album credits & user reviews at ProgArchives.com\n\nCategory:English progressive rock groups\nCategory:Musical groups reestablished in 2009\nCategory:2009 establishments in England\nCategory:Musical groups from Harrogate"}
-{"text": "C.D. San Pedro Masahuat\n\nClub Deportivo San Pedro Masahuat  is a Salvadoran professional football club based in San Pedro Masahuat, La Paz,  El Salvador.\n\nThe club currently plays in the Tercera Division de F\u00fatbol Salvadore\u00f1o.\n\nCategory:Football clubs in El Salvador"}
-{"text": "Just Us (Faust album)\n\nj US t (pronounced \"just us\") is the 12th studio album by Faust.\n\nTrack listing\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2014 albums\nCategory:Faust (band) albums"}
-{"text": "Scythris scholzi\n\nScythris scholzi is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt \u00c5. Bengtsson in 2014. It is found in South Africa.\n\nReferences\n\nscholzi\nCategory:Moths described in 2014"}
-{"text": "Thomas Gaal\n\nThomas Gaal, a painter of portraits, birds, and flowers, was born at Dendermonde in 1739. He fixed his residence at Middelburg, and was one of the founders and directors of the Academy in that town. J. Perkois, J. H. Koekkoek, and S. De Koster were his pupils. He died at Middelburg in 1817. The painter Pieter Gaal was his son.\n\nNotes\n \n\nCategory:1739 births\nCategory:1817 deaths\nCategory:Flemish painters\nCategory:18th-century Dutch painters\nCategory:Dutch male painters\nCategory:People from Dendermonde"}
-{"text": "Patryk Czarnowski\n\nPatryk Czarnowski, (born 1 November 1985) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team in 2010\u20132011 and Polish club   Aluron Virtu CMC Zawiercie, silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, Polish Champion (2017, 2018).\n\nPersonal life\nCzarnowski was born in Ostr\u00f3da, Poland. He has brother Dariusz. He graduated School of Sports Championship in Spa\u0142a. He studied pedagogy at the Warmian-Masurian University in Olsztyn. On August 1, 2013 his girlfriend Jagoda gave birth to their son Micha\u0142. He is married to Jagoda (n\u00e9e Majewska).\n\nCareer\n\nClubs\nIn 2012 he came back to Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel. In season 2012/3013 Czarnowaki won the bronze medal of Polish Championship. In 2013/2014 the club advanced to the Final Four of the Champions League in Ankara and after defeating VC Zenit Kazan won the bronze medal. His team beat ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale in the last matches in the fight for a medal. Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel ended season with second bronze, this time of Polish Championship. In season 2016/17 was a member of team ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale. In May 2017 ZAKSA, including Czarnowski, defended title of Polish Champion. Also in May 2017 it was announced that Czarnowski moved to another Polish club PGE Skra Be\u0142chat\u00f3w.\n\nNational team\nPatryk Czarnowski was first appointed to represent the Polish national team by coach Daniel Castellani in 2010. He representing Poland on World Championship 2010. He debuted in Polish national team on May 29, 2010 in a  friendly match with France. He won the silver medal of World Cup 2011.\n\nSporting achievements\n CEV Champions League\n  2013/2014 \u2013 with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n\n CEV Cup\n  2010/2011 \u2013 with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n\n CEV Challenge Cup\n  2008/2009 \u2013 with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n\n National championships\n 2003/2004  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn\n 2004/2005  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn\n 2005/2006  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn\n 2006/2007  Polish Championship, with AZS Olsztyn\n 2008/2009  Polish Championship, with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n 2009/2010  Polish Cup, with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n 2009/2010  Polish Championship, with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n 2010/2011  Polish Championship, with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n 2011/2012  Polish Championship, with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n 2012/2013  Polish Championship, with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n 2013/2014  Polish Championship, with Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel\n 2015/2016  Polish Championship, with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n 2016/2017  Polish Cup, with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n 2016/2017  Polish Championship, with ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale\n 2017/2018  Polish SuperCup, with PGE Skra Be\u0142chat\u00f3w\n 2017/2018  Polish Championship, with PGE Skra Be\u0142chat\u00f3w\n 2018/2019  Polish SuperCup, with PGE Skra Be\u0142chat\u00f3w\n\n National team\n 2003  European Youth Olympic Festival\n 2005  CEV U19 European Championship\n 2011  FIVB World Cup\n\nIndividually\n 2010: Polish Cup \u2013 Best Blocker\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n PlusLiga player profile\n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Ostr\u00f3da\nCategory:Sportspeople from Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship\nCategory:Polish men's volleyball players\nCategory:ZAKSA K\u0119dzierzyn-Ko\u017ale players\nCategory:AZS Olsztyn players\nCategory:Jastrz\u0119bski W\u0119giel players\nCategory:Skra Be\u0142chat\u00f3w players"}
-{"text": "Georges Clairin\n\nGeorges Jules Victor Clairin (11 September 1843, Paris \u2013 Pouldu, Clohars-Carno\u00ebt 2 September 1919) was a French Orientalist painter and illustrator. He was influenced by Eastern imagery Moorish architecture, and visited North Africa many times, in particular Algeria, Morocco and Egypt. In Paris he led the life of a socialite, and befriended the glamorous actress Sarah Bernhardt, his friend for 50 years, and is today best known for his 'in costume' and informal intimate portraits of her.\n\nLife \n\nClairin was apprenticed in the workshops of Isidore Pils and Fran\u00e7ois-\u00c9douard Picot. In 1861 he entered the \u00c9cole des beaux-arts de Paris, and in 1866 first displayed his work. He travelled to Spain with Henri Regnault and to Italy with Fran\u00e7ois Flameng and Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me. He met the Catalan painter Mari\u00e0 Fortuny in Morocco and they visited T\u00e9touan together. In 1895, he travelled to Egypt with the composer Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns.\n\nHe is best known for his portraits of Sarah Bernhardt, with whom he had a long friendship and whom he depicted in costume for a number of her roles, including as the queen in Ruy Blas (1879), M\u00e9lisande in La Princesse Lointaine (1895 and 1899), Cleopatra (1900), Theodora (1902) and Saint Teresa of \u00c1vila; he also showed her in less formal poses. Clairin painted many ceilings, among them the foyers of the Op\u00e9ra Garnier (1874) and the Le Trident, the theatre of Cherbourg.\n\nHe was the uncle of the painter .\n\nPortrait of Sarah Bernhardt, 1876 \n\nClairin's 1876 portrait of Sarah Bernhardt drew praise. Th\u00e9odore V\u00e9ron said of it: \n\n \nEmile Zola found that: \"Mademoiselle Sarah Bernhardt isn't pretty but she has fine intelligent features and Clairin has been able to give her a smooth little face and vulgar sensuality like Cabanel would paint.\"\n\nWorks \n Entr\u00e9e \u00e0 la mosqu\u00e9e du Ch\u00e9rif de Ouassam (1875)\n Les Favorites du sultan (1875)\n  \u00c0 l'ext\u00e9rieur du harem (1875)\n Portrait de Sarah Bernhardt (1876)\n Les br\u00fbleuses de varech \u00e0 la Pointe du Raz (1882)\n Danseuse Ouled-Na\u00efl (1885)\n L'Asie, L'Afrique (1889), Bourse de commerce de Paris\n Le Carnage (1890), Princeton University Art Museum\n Frou-Frou (1892)\n F\u00eate fleurie\n Au balcon\n \u00c0 l'op\u00e9ra\n Portrait d'Alexandre Dumas fils\n Soldats fran\u00e7ais devant le temple de Karnak (1897)\n Sarah Bernhardt en Cl\u00e9op\u00e2tre (1900)\n Retour des conscrits (d\u00e9sert d'\u00c9gypte) (1900)\n March\u00e9 \u00e0 Madrid (1907) shown at the salon \n La Fantasia au Maroc (1907) shown at the salon\n Allah ! Allah ! (1908) shown at the salon\n Au lever du soleil, les moissonneurs arabes font leur pri\u00e8re (1909) shown at the salon\n Portrait de M. Terace \u00e0 cheval, ministre de France \u00e0 Tanger\n\nNotes and references\n\nBibliography \n Christine Peltre, Dictionnaire culturel de l'orientalisme, \u00c9ditions Hazan, Paris, 2008\n\nSee also\nList of Orientalist artists\nOrientalism\n\nExternal links\n Discussion of Portrait of Sarah Bernhardt by Janina Ramirez and Christophe Leribault: Art Detective Podcast, 12 April 2017\n\nCategory:1843 births\nCategory:1919 deaths\nCategory:19th-century French painters\nCategory:20th-century French painters\nCategory:French male painters\nCategory:Orientalist painters"}
-{"text": "Menhat Helmy\n\nMenhat Helmy (1925-2004) was an artist and pioneer in Egyptian etchings and printmaking.\n\nEarly life and education \nMenhat Helmy was born in Helwan, Egypt in on July 11, 1925 as the middle child in a family of seven sisters and two brothers. She graduated from Cairo's High Institute of Pedagogic Studies for Art in 1949 before continuing her education abroad at the Slade School of Fine Art between 1953\u201355, where she focused on drawing, painting, and etching. She later studied coloured graphics at Morley College in London during her second stay in London between 1973-79.\n\nCareer\nAlong with likes of Hussein El Gebaly, Abdullah Gohar, and Mariam A. Aleem, Helmy was part of a pioneering generation of artists who played a pivotal role in the field. Helmy's black-and-white etchings were critically acclaimed for their complexity, as well for their difficulty in realization. Helmy was one of the first artists to engrave entire scenes into her work, replicating the effects of sketches and elaborate drawings on zinc before transforming them into prints.\n\nAfter winning the Slade Prize of Etching in 1955, Menhat Helmy went on to participate in exhibitions around the world. She took part in most local exhibitions in Egypt from 1956 onwards and held her first private etching exhibition in 1966. She participated in many international biennales of etchings in West Germany, Yugoslavia, Poland, Italy, Tokyo, and India. She won the Saloon Du Caire award in 1959 and 1960, the Cairo Production Exhibition prize in 1957, and the Ljublyana Honorary Prize in 1961. Helmy went on to become a lecturer at the Fine Arts Institute in Cairo, a Professor of Fine Arts at the Helwan University in Cairo, an Honorary Professor of Etching at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, Italy, and a member of the Print Maker Council in the United Kingdom.\n\nWhile Helmy retired from printmaking in the 1980s due to a lung condition contracted from the chemicals used in her etchings, she continued to teach at Helwan University until her death in 2004 at the age of 78.\n\nHelmy's work is represented in the Museum of Modern Arts in Egypt and is in private collections in Egypt, Germany, Britain, the U.A.E, and the United States. One of her abstract etching, 'To the Point,' was donated to Cairo University by her daughter, Sara Khallaf. Her painting, 'Procession to Work,' was sold at auction house Christies in 2007. Her abstract painting, 'Space Exploration,' was acquired by Sultan Sooud Al-Qassemi of the Barjeel Art Foundation in 2019.\n\nExhibitions \n\n Participated in most local exhibitions in Egypt from 1956 onwards.\n Solo Show, Etchings at Akhnaton Hall, Cairo, Egypt, 1966.\n Solo Show, Etchings and Graphics, London,1978.\n Solo Show, Etchings at Goethe Institute, Cairo, Egypt, 1979\n Solo Show, at University Austral of Chile, Chile, 1985\n Retrospective Show, Horizon One Gallery, Cairo, Egypt, 2005\n Participated in many biennales including Alexandria Biennale, Ljublyana (Yugoslavia, Grakow (Poland), Frechen (West Germany), Tokyo (Japan), Biella (Italy) and Fredrikstad (Norway).\n Participated at the Venice Biennali, Italy\n Participated at the Third World Biennale of Graphic Art, 1980, Iraqi Cultural Center, London.\n Participated at the Dublin Biennale (Ireland),1982, Bradford(England), 1982 and 1986.\n Participated at the Contemporary Arab Artists exhibition in London, 1982\n Participated at the India Triennale, 1982.\n\nAwards \n\n Slade School of Fine Arts Prize for Etching, 1955.\n Salon Du Caire Prize for 1959 and 1960.\n Cairo Production Exhibition Prize, 1957.\n Ljublyana Honorary Prize, 1961.\n Honorary Professor at the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno, 1963 for works exhibited at the Ljublyana Biennali for Graphics.\n National Merit Prize for Etching, Egypt, 1981.\n\nPublications & Cultural Activities \n\n Drawings of the Anatomy Book for Artists,1961.\n Curator for the Egyptian Show at the 5th Triennali in New Delhi, India; 1982\n Book cover for one of The Canal Medical College,1980-1983\n Member of Acquisition Committee in Egypt for three consecutive years; 1985-1988.\n Member of Fine Arts Committee in Egypt for two consecutive years; 1986-1988.\n Member of the Print Makers Council, United Kingdom\n Member of the World Print Council, U.S.A\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Egyptian artists\nCategory:1925 births\nCategory:2004 deaths"}
-{"text": "Straightaway Glacier\n\nStraightaway Glacier, also known as Crosson Glacier, is a glacier in Denali National Park and Preserve in the U.S. state of Alaska. The glacier begins in the Alaska Range on the north side of Mount Crosson, moving northwest. It is a source of the Foraker River.\n\nSee also\n List of glaciers\n\nCited references\n\nCategory:Glaciers of Denali Borough, Alaska\nCategory:Glaciers of Denali National Park and Preserve\nCategory:Glaciers of Alaska"}
-{"text": "Scarborough Castle (South Shetland Islands)\n\nScarborough Castle is a crag rising to about 30 m near the northeast Entrance point to Shirreff Cove, Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands. Roughly charted and named by British sealer Robert Fildes in 1821.\n\nCategory:Rock formations of Livingston Island"}
-{"text": "Gustaaf van Hulstijn\n\nGustaaf van Hulstijn (24 August 1884 \u2013 22 April 1976) was a Dutch fencer. He competed in the individual sabre event at the 1908 Summer Olympics.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1884 births\nCategory:1976 deaths\nCategory:Dutch male fencers\nCategory:Olympic fencers of the Netherlands\nCategory:Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics\nCategory:People from Batavia, Dutch East Indies"}
-{"text": "Iglesia de Cristo Pinares del Nort\n\nThe Iglesia de Cristo Pinares del Nort is a church in Guatemala City, Guatemala. It is located in Zone 18 of the city.\n\nExternal links\nGuatemala Directory of the churches of Christ\n\nCategory:Roman Catholic churches in Guatemala\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Guatemala City"}
-{"text": "Indian company law\n\nIndian company law regulates the corporations formed under the Section 2(20) Indian Companies Act 2013. \"Company means a company incorporated under this Act or under any previous Company Law\"\n\nHistory\n\nCorporate affairs in India are regulated through the Companies Act, 1956, Companies Act 2013 and related laws and regulations, which are administered by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA).\n\nOn the other hand, the MCA has also recently given the way to a new Act called 'Companies 2nd Amendment Act 2017' with effect from 26 January 2018. The said amendment act covered 93 sections which in entirety shall give effect to changes in 107 sections of the Companies Act 2013 (\"principal act\")\n\nThe Ministry works through the two branches, Regional Director (RD) and Registrar of Companies (ROC). At present, the nation has seven such Directors and 22 ROCs.\n\nCompanies (1st Amendment) Act 2015\n\nCompanies (2nd Amendment) Act 2017 \nThe MCA in India has given way to a new Act with effect from 26 January 2018. It includes 93 sections and out of that 90 (approx. ) sections has been notified by the Ministry through 11 notifications including the latest issued on 19 September 2018. The new Act has given rise to the number of new concepts and also have made the principal act simplified and comprehensive. \n\nHowever, the amendment in the principal act is still under process. In the recent amendment, the MCA has also notified changes in section 134 of the principal act to get mandatory sign the financial statements from the CEO of the Company, if any.\n\nCompanies (3rd Amendment) Act 2019\n\nThe Companies (Amendment) Ordinance 2018\n\nThe Ministry of Corporate Affairs has constituted a committee on 13 July 2018 to review the offenses under the Indian Companies Act 2013 (\"the principal Act\") with specific terms of reference. The said committee to be tasked with the responsibility to declogging the Corporate judiciary system in India. In turn, the committee has recommended some amendments needs to be implemented immediately. Such recommendations include to enlarge the jurisdictions of the two branches of the Ministry in India i.e., Registrar of Companies and Regional Directors (hereinafter called \"In-house adjudications mechanism\"), and also shifting of the approvals from Tribunals to In-House adjudication mechanism, and to also re-categorize the 'Acts/Offences' which is currently punishable to be compounded to the 'Acts' merely resolved through civil liabilities etc.\n\nThe said committee has also recommended 33 provisions of the principal Act to be implemented immediately. The committee has further directed by the authority to make its report public within 30 days of its first meeting, accordingly, the committee has furnished the report on 14 August 2018. \n\nThe Ministry has also felt the needs to make it happen such recommendations effective at the earliest from the Corporate Governance point of view. In India, if any Act needs to be amended, the proposed changes shall be placed before the houses of the parliament into session to make it a part of the Law. However, this is the very first time that the Ministry has felt to bring any immediate changes and such amendments become an act of urgency to be rollout through an \"Ordinance\" \n\nCompany rule in India\nThe Indian Partnership Act, 1932\nThe Limited liability Partnership Act, 2008\nCompanies (Amendment) Ordinance 2018\nCompanies (1st Amendment) Ordinance 2019\nCompanies (2nd Amendment) Ordinance 2019\nCompanies Act 2013\nCompanies (1st Amendment) Act, 2015\nCompanies 2nd Amendment Act 2017\nCompanies (3rd Amendment) Act 2019\n\nIncorporation\n\nCompanies can be incorporated through the rules of the Indian Companies Act 2013. Whereby the new SPICe form helps the companies to get incorporated in one day. However, one-day company registration in India is not possible as there required certain documents, preparation of which takes time.\n\nClassification of the Companies on the basis of Incorporation\n\n(i) Companies incorporated under Royal Charter This was practiced by the British Government.  For example, East India Company came under Royal Charter, which means it was granted Charter by the King or the Queen of British and was controlled by the Charter. However, this is not much in practice now. \n\n(ii) Companies that are incorporated by the special Act of Parliament These Companies are incorporated under specified act of Parliament or State Legislature . These companies are formed with the fulfillment of some specified objects at the National level. These Companies are also called as Corporations. For example, Reserve Bank of India or State Bank of India. \n\n(iii) Companies incorporated under Indian Companies Act of 1956 These companies come under the memorandum of association and articles of association.\n\nTypes of companies\nSole Proprietorship - A sole proprietorship, also known as a trader firm or proprietorship, is a business form that is owned and run by one individual. A sole proprietor may use a trading name or business name other than his or her name.\nRegistration not required - In summary, the biggest advantage is quick formation and low compliances. However, the biggest disadvantage is an unlimited liability.\nPartnership - liability is joint and unlimited.\nRegistration is not compulsory.\nActive partners take part in day-to-day operations of the business, in addition to investing in it. Active partners are entitled to a share of the enterprise's profits.\nSleeping partners invest in the business and are entitled to a share of its profits, but do not participate in day-to-day operations.\nLimited Liability Partnership - Liability is limited\nHUF (Hindu Undivided Family) - businesses owned by a joint family belonging to Hindu religion. Even though Jain and Sikh families are not governed by the Hindu law, they can still form a HUF.\nCooperative\n Dormant company - A company which has been created for a future project or for holding assets including intellectual property of the company\nFamily Owned Business\nPvt Ltd (Private Limited Company): \u2248 Ltd (UK) - May have 2\u2013200 shareholders; shares are held privately and cannot be offered to public.\n Small company - A company other than a public company whose paid up share capital is not more than  50 lakh and turnover does not exceed  crore.\nLtd (Public Limited Company): \u2248 plc (UK)\nPublic sector undertaking (PSU) - Alternatively known as Public Sector Enterprise (PSE). It may be public limited company listed on stock exchanges with major ownership by a state government or a central government of India or it may be unlisted entity with major ownership by a state government or a central government of India. Some of these entities are formed as business entities through special legislation, where these entities are governed by the statutes of these legislation and may or may not be governed by company laws like a typical business entity.\nOne-person company - It is a type of private company which can have only one director and member.\nUnlimited Company - A company, similar to its limited company (Ltd, or Pvt Ltd) counterpart, but where the liability of the members or shareholders is not limited.\nIncorporated Company\nFI\nINCORPORATON\n\n1)Memorandum of association \nDuly stamped signed by directors. in the case of public company should signed by 7 members. In the case of private company signed by 2 person sufficient\n2)Articles of association\nIt is the rules of internal management .pvt company can adopt table a .this is model of articles of association\n3)Consent of preposed director \nThe consent of preposed director act as director and purchase of share\n\nCorporate governance\n\nCompany constitutions\n\nGovernance of the board\nUnder CA 2013 section 169, the basic rule is that any company director may be removed by the general meeting with a simple majority vote, after giving \"special notice\" of 28 days. In companies which elect the board by proportional representation according to section 163, there is an exception so that directors appointed by one particular group of members cannot be ousted by the majority. Those directors can only be removed by the members that appointed them, so as to protect the system of proportional voting.\n\nEmployee rights\n\nIt was the view of many in the Indian Independence Movement, including Mahatma Gandhi, that workers had as much of a right to participate in management of firms as shareholders or other property owners. Article 43A of the Constitution, inserted by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1976, created a right to codetermination by requiring the state to legislate to \"secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings\". However, like other rights in Part IV, this article is not directly enforceable but instead creates a duty upon state organs to implement its principles through legislation (and potentially through court cases). In 1978 the Sachar Report recommended legislation for inclusion of workers on boards, however this had not yet been implemented.\n\nThe Industrial Disputes Act 1947 section 3 created a right of participation in joint work councils to \"provide measures for securing amity and good relations between the employer and workmen and, to that end to comment upon matters of their common interest or concern and endeavour to compose any material difference of opinion in respect of such matters\". However, trade unions had not taken up these options on a large scale. In National Textile Workers Union v Ramakrishnan the Supreme Court, Bhagwati J giving the leading judgment, held that employees had a right to be heard in a winding up petition of a company because their interests were directly affected and their standing was not excluded by the wording of the Companies Act 1956 section 398.\n\nExcel Wearv. Union of India A.I.R. 1979 S.C. 25, 36\n\nDirectors' duties\n\nDirectors' owe a range of duties to the company, which primarily involve acting within the constitution, avoiding conflicts of interest and performing their role to a desired standard of competence. The Companies Act 2013 section 166 lists directors' duties in seven simple sections, which reflect the existing principles developed by the case law in the courts around most Commonwealth countries, in common law and equity. Part of the reason for codification of directors' duties was to provide a transparent statement of the duties directors owe, and therefore to publicise principles of best practice. However, because of their generality, the case of law of the courts matters to interpret how duties will apply in specific situations.\n\nCorporate social responsibility\n\nIn a new with the Companies Act 2013, section 135 requires companies to spend 2% of their net profit on socially responsible projects, if they have a net worth of over rupees 500 crore, or a turnover of over rupees 1,000 crore, or a net profit over rupees 5 crore. Socially responsible projects are defined in Schedule VIII, and mainly involve community development.\n\nEnforcement\nNational Company Law Tribunal, replacing the previous Company Law Board and Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.\nIndian Corporate Law Service\n\nSee also\nUK company law\nEuropean company law\nUS corporate law\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nHK Saharay, Company Law (5th edn 2008)\n\nExternal links\nCompanies Act 2013 on the Ministry for Corporate Affairs website"}
-{"text": "The Inquiry (2006 film)\n\nThe Inquiry (also known as L'inchiesta and The Final Inquiry) is a 2006 Italian historical drama film directed by Giulio Base, and starring Daniele Liotti and Dolph Lundgren. It is a remake of the 1986 film of the same name.\n\nPlot\nThe story follows a fictional Roman tribune named Titus Valerius Taurus, a veteran of campaigns in Germania, who is sent to Judaea by the emperor Tiberius to investigate the possibility of the divinity of the recently crucified Jesus. Although sceptical early on, Taurus is eventually convinced by a Christian girl he meets there named Tabitha, and chooses to abandon the army and remain there with her.\n\nCast\n Daniele Liotti as Titus Valerius Taurus\n Dolph Lundgren as Brixos\n M\u00f3nica Cruz as Tabitha\n Hristo Shopov as Pontius Pilate\n Christo Jivkov as Stefano\n Ornella Muti as Mary Magdalene\n F. Murray Abraham as Nathan\n Max von Sydow as Tiberius\n Anna Kanakis as Claudia Procula\n Enrico Lo Verso as Simon Peter\n Fabrizio Bucci as Jesus Christ\n\nSee also\n List of historical drama films\n List of films set in ancient Rome\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nCategory:2006 films\nCategory:2000s drama films\nCategory:Italian drama films\nCategory:Italian films\nCategory:Films directed by Giulio Base\nCategory:Films about Christianity\nCategory:Films set in the Roman Empire\nCategory:Films set in the 1st century\nCategory:Films set in Jerusalem\nCategory:Italian film remakes\nCategory:2000s historical films\nCategory:Portrayals of Jesus in film\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Tiberius\nCategory:Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate"}
-{"text": "Stranahan House\n\nStranahan House is the home of Fort Lauderdale pioneers Frank and Ivy Stranahan. Built in 1901 as a trading post and converted into a residence for the Stranahans in 1906, the house is the oldest surviving structure in Broward County. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 and today operates as a historic house museum. The House is open for guided tours at 1, 2, and 3 p.m. daily, and hosts special events throughout the year.\n\nThe Stranahans\n\n1893\u20131900\nIn 1893, at the age of 27 Frank Stranahan was hired by his cousin to manage his camp and ferry at Tarpon Bend located on the New River. He would quickly establish his own trading business with the Seminole Indians and gain the reputation of being a fair business man. Arriving via dugout canoes, large groups of Seminole families would camp at the post for days at a time. Eventually, in 1894 Frank would acquire ten acres of land for his own commercial interests and would move the trading post farther west along the river. This property became the focal point of the tiny New River settlement, of which Stranahan was now its postmaster.\n\nBy 1899, the community had grown large enough to qualify for a teacher from the county board of education. Eighteen-year-old Ivy Julia Cromartie of Lemon city (what is now Little Haiti) was hired at $48 a month for the job. Community members built the one-room schoolhouse for Ivy and her nine students. Frank and Ivy would come to know one another during the five months Ivy lived and taught at the settlement. They would marry on August 16, 1900 at her family home, and as was customary for married women at the time, Ivy gave up her paid position. Though she gave up her paid position she did not, however, give up her teaching aspirations. She instead turned her attention to the Seminole children, offering informal lessons at the trading post that respected the Tribe's traditions. Her approach quelled skeptical tribal elders' fears and formed the basis for her lifelong friendship with the Seminole people.\n\n1901\u20131910\nFrank built the present day Stranahan House in 1901; the lower floor served as a trading post and the upper floor as a community hall. By 1906 Frank's business had expanded to include a general store and bank, he would also build a new building closer to the Railroad which had arrived in 1896. The old trading post was renovated as a result into a residence for the Stranahans.\n\nAs Frank's businesses grew, so did the settlement. By 1910 the Census reports that there was 142 people living in the town. Frank and Ivy would take on many leadership roles in the social and civic life of their developing city, Ivy for instance would help found the Women's Civic improvement Association, later the Woman's club of Fort Lauderdale. Throughout the rest of her life Ivy would be involved with virtually every civic and social cause in the city.\n\n1911\u20131929\nRenamed Fort Lauderdale after the army forts that had been built during the Seminole Wars, the area was incorporated in 1911. Frank donated land for many public projects. With this new name Frank would end up selling the trading company in 1912 to focus on real estate and banking while Ivy would become president of the Florida Equal Suffrage Association in 1916. In 1924 due to her close relationship with the Seminoles, the federal government would seek out Ivy and ask for assistance in persuading the tribe to move to the reservation. She would be successful in her efforts.\n\nIn 1926, Florida's land boom had collapsed. Frank suffered extreme economic reverses that were worsened over the next three years by two devastating hurricanes. Adding to Frank's distress was the knowledge that friends and associates who had invested with him were financially ruined as well. On May 22, 1929, deeply depressed and in ill health, Frank committed suicide drowning in the New River in front of his home.\n\n1929\u20131971\nIvy carried on, making ends meet by renting out rooms of her home and eventually leasing the lower floor to a series of restaurants. She gradually returned to her civic activism. Among her many accomplishments she became a long-term member of the city's planning and zoning committee, successfully lobbied for the Homestead Exemption law, established the Friends of the Seminoles and founded Broward County chapters of the Red Cross and Campfire Girls.\nIvy remained in her home until her death on August 30, 1971 at the age of 90. The house was left to the Seventh Day Adventist church, of which Ivy had been a member since 1915 it was purchased by the Fort Lauderdale Historical Society in 1975.\n\nThe House\n\n1901\u20131928\nFrank built the two-story structure at its present site in 1901. The lower floor was used as the trading post, and the upper floor as a community hall. In 1906 Frank renovated the house and made it into their home. Bay windows were added, and gas lighting fixtures were likely installed at this time. The upper floor is believed to have remained an open space, accessible via the exterior stairs. In 1913 the house went through a second major renovation, the interior staircase was added and the house was wired for electricity. Water towers were installed in 1915 and it is believed that indoor plumbing was also installed at the same time.\n\n1929\u2013present\nFollowing Frank's suicide in 1929, Ivy continued to live in the house, but rented out rooms to visitors and later leased the lower floor to a series of restaurants, the last of which is known as the Pioneer House Restaurant. In 1971 Ivy died, but she left the home to the Seventh Day Adventist Church who registered the home with the National Register of Historic Homes in 1973.\n\nWith the last restaurant closed, the Historical Society of Fort Lauderdale bought the house from the Seventh Day Adventists in 1979 and for the next four years a construction project began to restore the house to its 1915 appearance. In 1981 the House became its own corporation, with a separate board of trustees. The house opened to the public in the spring of 1984.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Broward County listings at National Register of Historic Places\n Florida Division of Historical Resources\n \n \n\nCategory:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida\nCategory:Museums in Fort Lauderdale, Florida\nCategory:Historic house museums in Florida\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Broward County, Florida\nCategory:Houses in Fort Lauderdale, Florida\nCategory:Houses completed in 1901\nCategory:1901 establishments in Florida"}
-{"text": "Minot train derailment\n\nThe Minot train derailment occurred just west of Minot, North Dakota, United States, on January 18, 2002, when a Canadian Pacific Railway freight train derailed, spilling hazardous materials.\n\nDerailment\nAt about 1:37 a.m. CST, 30 cars of a Canadian Pacific train derailed about four miles west of the city center, in a development called Terracita Vallejo in Harrison Township in Ward County. Five tanker cars carrying anhydrous ammonia ruptured, releasing a cloud of caustic, poisonous gas over the city. Soon after the derailment, a large area around the derailed train was evacuated, and residents in the remainder of the city were told to stay indoors. The accident killed one person, caused serious injuries to 11 more (including both of the train's crew members), and caused minor injuries to 322 others.\n\nResponse\nDispatchers told residents to close doors and windows, boil water, and cover their faces with wet cloths to counteract the ammonia.\n\nEmergency response to the disaster was disorganized. Local emergency managers did not activate the city's radio-based Emergency Alert System. The public siren system failed during the event and the 911 telephone system became overloaded. Because it was the middle of the night, there were few people at local radio stations, all operated by Clear Channel with mostly automated programming. No formal emergency warnings were issued for several hours while Minot officials located station managers at home. North Dakota's public radio network, Prairie Public Broadcasting, was notified and did broadcast warnings to citizens.\n\nThe incident has been cited as an example of the physical dangers of media consolidation and the cost-cutting practice of not keeping overnight staff at stations. Even without activation of the Emergency Alert System, a live announcer would still have been able to warn citizens of the emergency via the traditional means of the broadcast signal and an on-air microphone. As local stations were running in automated mode, there was nobody on-site to interrupt programming and issue warnings concerning the disaster.\n\nBy the morning of January 18, the cloud was dissipating, but covered a wider area of the city. Governor John Hoeven arrived on a North Dakota National Guard helicopter to survey the disaster, landing near Dakota Square Mall for a brief press conference.\n\nInvestigation\nThe accident was investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board.\n\nThe NTSB determined that the train crew was operating their train at the appropriate speed through the region and adhering to operating procedures, and did not have alcohol or drugs in their system. Therefore, crew training or operation were ruled out as factors. The NTSB found evidence at the derailment site of fatigue cracking on the rail and on joint bars used to connect sections of track together. The joint bar failed, followed by failure of the rail itself, causing the train to derail. The NTSB determined that the railway was using visual inspection to inspect tracks in the area, and that this was inadequate to identify small fatigue cracks. As a result, the NTSB determined the probable cause of the derailment to be ineffective Canadian Pacific inspection and maintenance procedures, which resulted in failure to replace cracked joint bars before they fractured.\n\nCoverage and aftermath\nThe derailment made national news in the United States and Canada, though the CP involvement perhaps encouraged broader coverage in the latter. CBC reporters were on the scene the day of the disaster, and filed reports on the aftermath on the national news programs throughout the week, while ABC News provided only a short clip the day of the disaster.\n\nCleanup operations began around 24 hours after the wreck, as soon as the gas cloud had dissipated enough to allow workers to safely get near the train. As part of the operations, CP removed ammonia-contaminated ice from the Souris River to avoid further environmental damage. After the disaster, CP opened a claims office in Minot to avoid a larger lawsuit. Residents were offered several hundred dollars as a settlement, waiving their rights to pursue a claim in court.\n\nThe NTSB estimated that the accident caused over $2 million in damages, and another $8 million in environmental cleanup costs.\n\nFollowing the incident, the Minot city council imposed a speed limit on trains passing through the city.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Minot, North Dakota\nCategory:Derailments in the United States\nCategory:Railway accidents in 2002\nCategory:Transportation disasters in North Dakota\nCategory:Rail transportation in North Dakota\nCategory:Accidents and incidents involving Canadian Pacific Railway\nCategory:2002 in North Dakota\nCategory:January 2002 events in the United States"}
-{"text": "2018 Pan American Wrestling Championships\n\nThe 2018 Pan American Wrestling Championships was held in Lima, Peru, from 3 to 6 May 2018.\n\nThe top three countries in the 18 weight categories scheduled to be held at the 2019 Pan American Games (also in Lima) qualified for the games.\n\nTeam ranking\n\nMedal table\n\nMedalists\n\nMen's freestyle\n\nMen's Greco-Roman\n\nWomen's freestyle\n\nSee also\nWrestling at the 2019 Pan American Games \u2013 Qualification\n\nReferences \n\nPan America\nPan American Wrestling Championships\n2018 Pan American Wrestling Championships\nCategory:Sports competitions in Peru\nCategory:Qualification tournaments for the 2019 Pan American Games\nCategory:Pan American Wrestling Championships"}
-{"text": "Glina, Sieradz County\n\nGlina  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Z\u0142oczew, within Sieradz County, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship, in central Poland.\n\nReferences\n\nGlina"}
-{"text": "Camp Clover Ranger Station\n\nThe Camp Clover Ranger Station, about two miles west of Williams, Arizona, was built in 1934 by the Civilian Conservation Corps.  It was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1993 for its architecture.  It was designed by the USDA Forest Service in Bungalow/Craftsman style.  It served historically as institutional housing and government office space.  \n\nThe listing included five contributing buildings (an office, a residence, a barn/garage, a shed, and a one-car garage), and one contributing structure (a corral) on .\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Civilian Conservation Corps in Arizona\nCategory:United States Forest Service ranger stations\nCategory:Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Arizona\nCategory:Government buildings completed in 1934\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Coconino County, Arizona\nCategory:1934 establishments in Arizona\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Coconino County, Arizona\nCategory:Williams, Arizona"}
-{"text": "Hazel Hannan\n\nHazel Hannan, former Member of the House of Keys (MHK), was previously the Deputy Speaker of the House of Keys and an Education Minister and then Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry in the Isle of Man Government.  She was elected in 1986 as an independent MHK for Peel, after a failed attempt 5 years earlier standing for Mec Vannin.  She is the President of Peel AFC.\n\nShe was defeated in the 2006 general election by Tim Crookall MHK. Manx Radio exit polls had the incumbent Mrs. Hannan displaying an initial lead.\n\nGovernmental positions \n\n Minister of Education, 1991\u20131995\n Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, 1995\u20131999\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Manx women in politics\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Mec Vannin politicians\nCategory:Members of the House of Keys 1986\u20131991\nCategory:Members of the House of Keys 1991\u20131996\nCategory:Members of the House of Keys 1996\u20132001\nCategory:Members of the House of Keys 2001\u20132006\nCategory:20th-century British women politicians\nCategory:21st-century British women politicians"}
-{"text": "John F. Cherry\n\nJohn F. Cherry is an Aegean prehistorian and survey archaeologist.  He is Joukowsky Family Professor in Archaeology and Professor of Classics at the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World at Brown University.\n\nHe currently co-directs the Survey and Landscape Archaeology on Montserrat project (SLAM) in the West Indies, and has co-directed the Vorotan Project in Southern Armenia and archaeological surveys of Melos, Northern Keos and the Nemea Valley in southern Greece. Previously he was director of the Interdepartmental Program in Classical Art and Archaeology at the University of Michigan. He received his PhD from the University of Southampton, where Colin Renfrew was his thesis advisor.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Faculty page Includes list of books and recent articles.\n Survey and Landscape Archaeology on Montserrat\n Faculty History Project page at University of Michigan\n John Cherry's remarks at December 2015 conference, Regional Approaches to Society and Complexity: Studies in Honor of John F. Cherry\n WorldCat Identities list of publications\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Alumni of the University of Southampton\nCategory:Prehistorians\nCategory:Brown University faculty\nCategory:University of Michigan faculty\nCategory:Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge\nCategory:Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of classics"}
-{"text": "Thomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland\n\nThomas Fane, 6th Earl of Westmorland  (3 October 1681 \u2013 4 June 1736), styled The Honourable Thomas Fane from 1691 to 1699, was a British peer and member of the House of Lords. He was the third son (second surviving son) of Vere Fane, 4th Earl of Westmorland and his wife Rachel Bence; as well as the younger brother of Vere Fane, and the older brother of John Fane, 7th Earl of Westmorland. As his older brother Vere died without issue in 1699, Thomas Fane inherited the Earldom of Westmorland, as well as his brother's further titles Baron Burghersh and Lord le Despencer.\n\nFane held many offices, including that of Deputy Warden of the Cinque Ports between 1705 and 1708, First Lord of Trade between 1719 and 1735 and Lord-Lieutenant of Northamptonshire in 1735. Furthermore, he was Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Queen Anne's husband, Prince George of Denmark, on 25 April 1704, and Lord of the Bedchamber to King George I in 1715. In 1717, he was invested as a Privy Counsellor.\n\nFane married Catherine Stringer, daughter of Thomas Stringer in 1707, and they were married until she died on 4 February 1730. Fane himself died on 4 June 1736 without any issue, and was succeeded as 7th Earl of Westmorland, 7th Baron Burhersh and 10th Lord le Despencer by his younger brother, general John Fane.\n\nReferences\n\nLiterature\n\nCategory:1681 births\nCategory:1736 deaths\nCategory:17th-century English nobility\nCategory:18th-century English nobility\nCategory:18th-century English politicians\nThomas\nCategory:Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain\nCategory:Earls of Westmorland\nCategory:Presidents of the Board of Trade\nCategory:Lord-Lieutenants of Northamptonshire"}
-{"text": "Sachima\n\nSachima (), also called s\u00e0q\u00edm\u01ce or sh\u0101q\u00edm\u01ce, is a common Chinese pastry, originated among Manchus in Northeast China. Sachima has spread throughout all of China. Its decoration and flavor vary in different regional Chinese cuisine, but the appearance of all versions is essentially the same.  It is made of fluffy strands of fried batter bound together with a stiff sugar syrup, showing similarity to American Rice Krispies Treats, but without the marshmallows. Instead, it has different ingredients that makes it sweet.\n\nRegional variations\n\nManchu\nIn Manchu cuisine originally, sachima is a sweet snack. It mainly consists of flour, butter, and rock sugar. It is now popular in mainland China among children and adults.\n\nCantonese\nThe Cantonese pastry version of sachima is slightly sweet. It is also made of essentially the same ingredients as the other varieties of sachima. It is often sprinkled with sesame seeds, raisins or dried coconut. The  Cantonese variety of sachima ranges from chewy to crunchy in texture. Most overseas Chinatowns offer the Cantonese style of the pastry. It is commonly found in Hong Kong.\n\nFujian\nMany of the Fujian distribution companies manufacture packaged versions of Sachima.  This version has sesame and is made of wheat flour, vegetable oil, egg, milk, granular sugar, and malt sugar.  The taste is comparatively plain compared to the more sweetened Cantonese version.\n\nMyanmar (Burma)\nA similar dish called mayway mont (\u1019\u101b\u103d\u1031\u1038\u1019\u102f\u1014\u1037\u103a), consisting of puffed grains of early ripened glutinous rice congealed into a mass with jaggery syrup, is a popular traditional Burmese snack or mont.\n\nSee also\n \u00c7\u00e4k\u00e7\u00e4k\n Funnel cake\n Yeot-gangjeong\n List of Chinese desserts\n Rice Krispie treat\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Chinese desserts\nCategory:Chinese pastries\nCategory:Manchu cuisine\nCategory:Burmese cuisine\nCategory:Burmese desserts and snacks"}
-{"text": "Frederick Tutu Goodwin\n\nSir Frederick \"Fred\" Tutu Goodwin, KBE, was the 6th Queen's Representative to the Cook Islands.\n\nGoodwin joined the Cook Islands Police in 1956.  He served as a constable, then joined the New Zealand Police Force for a short time, before returning to the Cook Islands, where he eventually rose to the rank of Police Superintendent.\n\nHe was elected to the Cook Islands Parliament at the 1978 election, representing the seat of Te Au O Tonga for the Democratic Party. He served as assistant minister of energy and works in the government of Tom Davis.  He then worked as a public servant, before being appointed as Queen's Representative in 2001.  In the Birthday Honours 2004 Goodwin was appointed as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services to the community\n\nThe decision to reappoint Goodwin for another three-year term as Queen's Representative was made in February 2010, and the Queen of New Zealand signed the warrant of appointment in July, to be effective 10 August 2010.\nGoodwin stepped down from the role as Queen's Representative on 27 July 2013, being replaced by former Cook Islands Cabinet Minister Tom Marsters\n\nGoodwin's sister-in-law is MP and Deputy Speaker of the Cook Islands Parliament Cassey Eggelton.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Members of the Parliament of the Cook Islands\nCategory:Queen's Representatives in the Cook Islands\nCategory:New Zealand police officers\nCategory:Democratic Party (Cook Islands) politicians\nCategory:Cook Island knights\nCategory:Cook Island police officers\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)"}
-{"text": "Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder\n\nThe Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder was a weekly, later bi-weekly, English language newspaper published in Condobolin, New South Wales, Australia beginning around 1895 and continuing until 1952. It absorbed The Condobolin Argus and Lachlan Advertiser and was continued by The Lachlander.\n\nNewspaper history \nThe Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder began publication in approximately 1895. It absorbed The Condobolin Argus and Lachlan Advertiser (1892\u20131900). In 1952 it was continued by The Lachlander, a current publication.\n\nDigitisation \nThe Lachlander and Condobolin and Western Districts Recorder has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.\n\nSee also \n List of newspapers in Australia\n List of newspapers in New South Wales\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Defunct newspapers of New South Wales\nCategory:Newspapers on Trove"}
-{"text": "Mugalihal\n\nMugalihal is a village in Belgaum district of Karnataka, India.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Belgaum district"}
-{"text": "Nero Decree\n\nThe Nero Decree () was issued by Adolf Hitler on March 19, 1945 ordering the destruction of German infrastructure to prevent their use by Allied forces as they penetrated deep within Germany. It was officially titled Demolitions on Reich Territory Decree (Befehl betreffend Zerst\u00f6rungsma\u00dfnahmen im Reichsgebiet) and has subsequently become known as the Nero Decree, after the Roman Emperor Nero, who supposedly engineered the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. The decree was deliberately disobeyed by Albert Speer.\n\nBackground \nBy the beginning of 1945, the German situation was desperate. Most of the conquered territories had been liberated or recaptured, the Ardennes Offensive had failed, and Allied armies were advancing on Germany proper from both the East and the West. However, Hitler was not willing to accept the terms of unconditional surrender, and considered this as repeating the same shame of Versailles .\n\nThis was not the first time Hitler had tried to destroy infrastructure before it could be taken. Shortly before the Liberation of Paris, Hitler ordered explosives to be placed around important landmarks, such as the Eiffel Tower, and key transportation hubs. If the Allies came near the city, the military governor, Dietrich von Choltitz was to detonate these bombs, leaving Paris \"lying in complete debris.\" Von Choltitz, however, did not carry out the order and surrendered to the Allies.\n\nThe Decree \n\nIts most pertinent section reads as follows:\n\n \"It is a mistake to think that transport and communication facilities, industrial establishments and supply depots, which have not been destroyed, or have only been temporarily put out of action, can be used again for our own ends when the lost territory has been recovered. The enemy will leave us nothing but scorched earth when he withdraws, without paying the slightest regard to the population. I therefore order:\n\n \"1) All military transport and communication facilities, industrial establishments and supply depots, as well as anything else of value within Reich territory, which could in any way be used by the enemy immediately or within the foreseeable future for the prosecution of the war, will be destroyed.\"\n\nActions \n\nThe decree was in vain. The responsibility for carrying it out fell to Albert Speer, Hitler's Minister of Armaments and War Production. Speer was appalled by the order and lost faith in the dictator. Just as von Choltitz had several months earlier, Speer deliberately failed to carry out the order. Upon receiving it, he requested to be given exclusive power to implement the plan, instead using his power to convince the generals and Gauleiters to ignore the order. Hitler remained unaware of this until the very end of the war, when Speer, while visiting Hitler in his Berlin bunker, admitted to him that he deliberately disobeyed. Hitler was angry with his minister, but allowed Speer to leave nonetheless. Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945, 42 days after issuing the order. Shortly afterwards, on May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl signed the German military surrender, and on May 23 Speer was arrested on the orders of U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, together with the rest of the provisional German government led by Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz, Hitler's successor as head of state.\n\nSee also \n\n Albert Speer\n Gotthard Heinrici\n Hellmuth Reymann\n Morgenthau Plan\n Destruction of Warsaw\n Railroad plough\n Scorched earth\n\nNotes \n\nCategory:Nero\nCategory:Orders by Adolf Hitler\nCategory:1945 in Germany\nCategory:Decrees\nCategory:March 1945 events\nCategory:1945 documents"}
-{"text": "The Story of Little Black Sambo\n\nThe Story of Little Black Sambo is a children's book written and illustrated by Scottish author Helen Bannerman and published by Grant Richards in October 1899. As one in a series of small-format books called The Dumpy Books for Children, the story was a children's favourite for more than half a century.\n\nCritics of the time observed that Bannerman presents one of the first black heroes in children's literature and regarded the book as positively portraying black characters in both the text and pictures, especially in comparison to the more negative books of that era that depicted blacks as simple and uncivilised. However, it would become an object of allegations of racism in the mid-20th century, due to the names of the characters being racial slurs for dark-skinned people, and the fact the illustrations were, as Langston Hughes put it, in the pickaninny style. Both text and illustrations have undergone considerable revisions since.\n\nPlot\nSambo is a South Indian boy who lives with his father and mother, named Black Jumbo and Black Mumbo, respectively.  While out walking, Sambo encounters four hungry tigers, and surrenders his colourful new clothes, shoes, and umbrella so they will not eat him. The tigers are vain and each thinks that he is better dressed than the other. They have a massive argument and chase each other around a tree until they are reduced to a pool of ghee (clarified butter). Sambo then recovers his clothes and collects the ghee, which his mother uses to make pancakes.\n\nControversy\nThe book's original illustrations were done by the author and simple in style, typical of most children's books, and depicted Sambo as a Southern Indian or Tamil child. The book has thematic similarities to Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, published in 1894, which had far more sophisticated illustrations. However, Little Black Sambo's success led to many counterfeit, inexpensive, widely available versions that incorporated popular stereotypes of \"black\" peoples. For example, in 1908 John R. Neill, best known for his illustration of the Oz books by L. Frank Baum, illustrated an edition of Bannerman's story. In 1932 Langston Hughes criticised Little Black Sambo, despite its being set in India, as a typical \"pickaninny\" storybook which was hurtful to black children, and gradually the book disappeared from lists of recommended stories for children.\n\nIn 1942 Saalfield Publishing Company released a version of Little Black Sambo illustrated by Ethel Hays. In 1943 Julian Wehr created an animated version. During the mid-20th century, however, some American editions of the story, including a 1950 audio version on Peter Pan Records, changed the title to the racially neutral Little Brave Sambo.\n\nThe book is beloved in Japan and is not considered controversial there, but it was subject to copyright infringement.  was first published in Japan by Iwanami Shoten Publishing in 1953. The book was an unlicensed version of the original, and it contained drawings by Frank Dobias that had appeared in a US edition published by Macmillan Publishers in 1927. Sambo was illustrated as an African boy rather than as an Indian boy. Although it did not contain Bannerman's original illustrations, this book was long mistaken for the original version in Japan. It sold over 1,000,000 copies before it was pulled off the shelves in 1988, when The Association to Stop Racism Against Blacks launched a complaint against all major publishers in Japan that published variations of the story, and this triggered self-censorship among those publishers. In 2005, after copyright of the 1953 Iwanami Shoten Publishing edition of the book expired, Zuiunsya reprinted the original version and sold more than 150,000 copies within five months' time, and Kodansha and Shogakukan, the two largest publishers in Japan, published official editions. These are still in print, and as of August 2011, an equally controversial \"side story\" for Little Black Sambo, called Ufu and Mufu, is being sold and merchandised in Japan. The reprinting caused criticism from media outside Japan, such as The Los Angeles Times.\n\nModern versions\nIn 1961 Whitman Publishing Company released an edition illustrated by Violet LaMont.  Her colorful pictures show an Indian family wearing bright Indian clothes.  The story of the boy and tigers is as described in the plot section above.\n\nIn 1996 noted illustrator Fred Marcellino observed that the story itself contained no racist overtones and produced a re-illustrated version, The Story of Little Babaji, which changes the characters' names but otherwise leaves the text unmodified.\n\nJulius Lester, in his Sam and the Tigers, also published in 1996, recast \"Sam\" as a hero of the mythical Sam-sam-sa-mara, where all the characters were named \"Sam\".\n\nA modern printing with the original title, in 2003, substituted more racially sensitive illustrations by Christopher Bing, in which, for example, Sambo is no longer so inky black. It was chosen for the Kirkus 2003 Editor's Choice list. Some critics were still unsatisfied. Dr Alvin F. Poussaint said of the 2003 publication: \"I don't see how I can get past the title and what it means. It would be like ... trying to do 'Little Black Darky' and saying, 'As long as I fix up the character so he doesn't look like a darky on the plantation, it's OK.\n\nIn 1997 Kitaooji Shobo Publishing in Kyoto obtained formal license from the UK publisher, and republished the work under the title of Chibikuro Sampo (In Japanese, \"Chibi\" means \"little,\"\"kuro\" means black, and \"Sampo\" means a stroll, a kind of pun for the original word \"Sambo\"). The protagonist is depicted as a black Labrador puppy that goes for a stroll in the jungle; no humans appear in the edition. The Association To Stop Racism Against Blacks still refers to the book in this edition as discriminatory.\n\nBannerman's original was first published with a translation of Masahisa Nadamoto by Komichi Shobo Publishing, Tokyo, in 1999.\n\nIn 2004 a Little Golden Book version was published, The Boy and the Tigers, with new names and illustrations by Valeria Petrone. The boy is called Little Rajani.\n\nThe Iwanami version, with its controversial Dobias illustrations and without the proper copyright, was re-released in April 2005 in Japan by a Tokyo-based publisher Zuiunsya, because Iwanami's copyright expired fifty years after its first appearance.\n\nIt was retold as \"Little Kim\" in a storybook and cassette as part of the Once Upon a Time Fairy Tale Series where Sambo is called \"Kim\", his father Jumbo is \"Tim\" and his mother Mumbo is \"Sim\".\n\nAdaptations\n\nA board game was produced in 1924 and re-issued in 1945, with different artwork.  Essentially the game followed the storyline, starting and ending at home.\n\nIn the 1930s Wyandotte Toys used a pickaninny caricature \"Sambo\" image for a dart-gun target.\n\nAn animated version of the story was produced in 1935 as part of Ub Iwerks' ComiColor series.\n\nIn 1939 Little Nipper (RCA Records for children) issued, in addition to a record storybook set of the traditional story, a 2 45-RPM record storybook set entitled \"Little Black Sambo's Jungle Band\", narrated by Paul Wing. In the story Little Black Sambo (in India) goes for a walk in the jungle and encounters a variety of animals, each with its own distinctive instrument (e.g., elephant with a tuba, \"big baboon with a big bassoon\", honey bear with a \"perfectly peach piccolo\", and a long green snake \"playing its scales\"). They each play a distinctive song for him, and then elect him to be their band director. By trial and error he trains them to play and harmonize together. In short, he is the talented hero of the story.\n\nColumbia Records issued a 1946 version on two 78 RPM records with narration by Don Lyon. It was issued in a folder with artwork showing Sambo to be quite black indeed, though the narrative preserves the locale as India.\n\nIn 1961 HMV Junior Record Club issued a dramatised version \u2013 words by David Croft, music by Cyril Ornadel \u2013 with Susan Hampshire in the title role and narrated by Ray Ellington.\n\nRestaurant\nAn independent restaurant founded in 1957 in Lincoln City, Oregon, is named Lil' Sambo's after the fictional character.\n\nCoincidentally, a popular US restaurant chain of the 1950s through 1970s, Sambo's, borrowed characters from the book (including Sambo and the tigers) for promotional purposes, although the Sambo name was originally a portmanteau of the founders' names and nicknames: Sam (Sam Battistone) and Bo (Newell Bohnett). For a period in the late 1970s, some locations were renamed \"The Jolly Tiger\". Nonetheless, the controversy about the book led to accusations of racism that contributed to the 1,117-restaurant chain's demise in the early 1980s. Images inspired by the book (now considered by some racially insensitive) were common interior decorations in the restaurants. Though portions of the original chain were renamed No Place Like Sam's to try to forestall closure, all but the original restaurants in Santa Barbara, California, had closed by 1983. The original location still exists in Santa Barbara under the name Sambo's.\n\nSee also\n\nList of banned books\nZambo (or in Southern Spanish Sambo/sambo), a term used in the Spanish colonial caste system to denote a person with both African and Amerindian ancestry.\nEthnic issues in Japan\nMurzynek Bambo \u2013 Little black Bambo by Polish writer Julian Tuwim\nJynx\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nBarbara Bader (1996). \"Sambo, Babaji, and Sam\", The Horn Book Magazine. September\u2013October 1996, vol. 72, no. 5, p.\u00a0536.\nPhyllis Settecase Barton (1999). Pictus Orbis Sambo: A Publishing History, Checklist and Price Guide for The Story of Little Black Sambo (1899\u20131999) Centennial Collector's Guide. Pictus Orbis Press, Sun City, CA.\nDashini Jeyathuray (2012). \"The complicated racial politics of Little Black Sambo\", South Asian American Digital Archive. 5 April 2012: \nKazuo Mori (2005). \"A Comparison of Amusingness for Japanese Children and Senior Citizens of The Story of Little Black Sambo in the Traditional Version and Nonracist Version.\" Social Behavior and Personality, Vol.33, pp.455\u2013466.\n\nExternal links\n\nThe Story of Little Black Sambo (1923 authorized American edition) at Internet Archive.\nThe Story of Little Black Sambo (illus. John R. Neill) at Internet Archive.\n\nCategory:Child characters in literature\nCategory:Black people in literature\nCategory:Novels set in India\nCategory:British novels adapted into films\nCategory:1899 children's books\nCategory:Scottish children's literature\nCategory:Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for general manga\nCategory:1890s children's books\nCategory:British children's books\nCategory:Censored books\nCategory:Books about cats\nCategory:Self-censorship"}
-{"text": "Hot-wire barretter\n\nThe hot-wire barretter was a demodulating detector, invented in 1902 by Reginald Fessenden, that found limited use in early radio receivers. In effect, it was a highly sensitive thermoresistor, which could recover amplitude-modulated signals, something that the coherer (the standard detector of the time) could not do.\n\nThe first device used to demodulate audio signals, it was later superseded by the electrolytic detector, also generally attributed to Fessenden. The barretter principle is still used as a detector for microwave radiation, similar to a bolometer.\n\nDescription and construction\nFessenden's 1902 patent describes the construction of the device. A fine platinum wire, about  in diameter, is embedded in the middle of a silver tube having a diameter of about . This compound wire is then drawn until the silver wire has a diameter of about ; as the platinum wire within it is reduced in the same ratio, it is drawn down to a final diameter of . The result is called Wollaston wire.\n\nThe silver cladding is etched off a short piece of the composite wire, leaving an extremely fine platinum wire;  this is supported, on two heavier silver wires, in a loop inside a glass bulb. The leads are taken out through the glass envelope, and the whole device is put under vacuum and then sealed.\n\nOperation \nThe hot-wire barretter depends upon the increase of a metal resistivity with increasing temperature.  The device is biased by a direct current adjusted to heat the wire to its most sensitive temperature.  When there is an oscillating current from the antenna through the extremely fine platinum wire loop, the wire is further heated as the current increases and cools as the current decreases again. As the wire heats and cools, it varies its resistance in response to the signals passing through it. Because of the low thermal mass of the wire, it is capable of responding quickly enough to vary its resistance in response to audio signals. However, it cannot vary its resistance fast enough to respond to the much higher radio frequencies. The radio frequencies are essentially removed, and the sound is demodulated because the current through the circuit varies with the changing wire resistance. Headphones are connected in series with the DC circuit, and the variations in the current are rendered as sound.\n\nSee also\n\n Electrolytic detector a development of the  barretter detector.\n Iron-hydrogen resistor\n\nExternal links\n\nPatents\n , \"Current Actuated Wave Responsive Device\" \u2013 August, 1902 (\"barretter\" detector)\n , \"Receiver for Electromagnetic Waves\" \u2013 May, 1903 (improved \"barretter\")\n\nOther\nDetectors of electrical oscillations\nTech Definitions - Radio Concepts\nUnited States Early Radio History \nSecor, H. Winfield (January, 1917). Radio Detector Development. The Electrical Experimenter, pages 652+, accessed 2007-12-20.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:History of radio\nCategory:Radio electronics\nCategory:Detectors\nCategory:Canadian inventions"}
-{"text": "Brush Mountain East Wilderness\n\nBrush Mountain East Wilderness is a U.S. wilderness area in the Eastern Divide Ranger District of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forests. It was designated as wilderness area in 2009 by Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009.\n\nTraversed by the Appalachian Trail, the wilderness is rugged and steep with contrasting habitats containing dry table mountain pine on the southwest ridges and sugar maples, white oaks, and hemlock in wetter drainages.  Small tracts of old-growth forest support bird species dependent on mature, deciduous forests for breeding.\n\nThe area is part of the Craig Creek Cluster.\n\nLocation and Access\nThe wilderness is about 8 miles southwest of New Castle, Virginia and extends into Craig, Roanoke, and Montgomery Counties.  It is bounded on the northwest by VA  621, on the northeast by VA 620, on the southeast by FS Road 11060, and a powerline on the south.\n\nThe Appalachian Trail travels for 7.5 miles through the wilderness from the northern trailhead on VA 620 to the southern trailhead on VA 621.  Many old access and logging roads, offering additional access to the area, have become overgrown, but others are kept open by hikers and hunters.   An older part of the Appalachian Trail, now abandoned, stretches  a few miles along the midslope of Brush Mountain.\n\nNatural history\nThe wilderness contains colluvial drainages, toeslopes and alluvial floodplains providing a rich environment that supports yellow poplar, northern red oak, white oak, basswood, cucumber tree, white ash, eastern hemlock, white pine and red maple. In the remaining land, white oak, northern red oak, and hickory are found to the north and west while chestnut oak, scarlet oak and yellow pine are found on ridgetops and slopes to the east and south.  The area is one of the few sites in Virginia with table mountain pine and box huckleberry, species requiring fire to reproduce, and therefore becoming uncommon because of fire exclusion.\n\nThe 20-acre Brush Mountain Special Biological Area is located on the crest of the mountain.  The wilderness also contains the Central Appalachian Shale Barrens which support rare plant species such as the Virginia white-haired leatherflower and other unique rare species of plants and butterflies.\n\nThe forest type found in the wilderness is a habitat for songbirds such as  cerulean warblers, Swainson\u2019s warblers, black-throated green warblers, and winter wrens.\n\nTopography\nThe area is part of the Ridge and Valley Subsection of the Northern Ridge and Valley Section with the Central Appalachian Broadleaf-Coniferous Forest-Meadow Province.  This section is marked by ridges oriented along the northeast/southwest and composed of sandstone and shale.  Wide valleys between the ridges are composed of limestone and shale.  The drainage density is high with many tributaries feeding into Craig Creek on the north and Trout Creek on the east and south.\n\nCraig Creek, part of the James River watershed, was once part of the New River watershed before being captured by the James River.\n\nElevations range from 1520 feet along Craig Creek to 3070 feet at the crest of Brush Mountain.\n\nCultural History\nAudie Murphy, a 2nd world war hero, died in a plane crash on Brush Mountain in 1971.  The crash site, near the Appalachian Trail on the crest of Brush Mountain, is marked by a stone monument erected by the Veterans of Foreign Wars.\n\nManagement\nThe wilderness is managed by the Forest Service. There are some regulations to maintain the integrity of the area as a wilderness. For example, motorized equipment, motor vehicles, and mountain bikes are prohibited, group size is limited to ten people, and limits are placed on camping.\n\nSee also\nList of U.S. Wilderness Areas\nCraig Creek Cluster\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Wilderness connect\n Virginia Wilderness\n Trails\n\nCategory:George Washington and Jefferson National Forests\nCategory:IUCN Category Ib\nCategory:Wilderness Areas of Virginia\nCategory:Protected areas of Craig County, Virginia\nCategory:Protected areas established in 2009\nCategory:2009 establishments in Virginia"}
-{"text": "Greenside Tunnel\n\nGreenside Tunnel is a former railway tunnel in Pudsey, West Yorkshire, England.\n\nHistory \n\nGreenside Tunnel was built when the branch line from Stanningley to Pudsey Greenside was extended towards Laisterdyke, resulting in the line known as Pudsey Loop. The tunnel was opened in 1893. Since the railway line closed on 15 July 1964, it has been out of use and has been fenced off. Around 2006, planning permission had been granted to fill in the tunnel and the adjoining cuttings, but work has not started yet.\nPartial landfill has begun as of spring 2018. An application has been made to Leeds city council for complete full landfill as of October 2018\n\nDescription \n\nThe tunnel is located west of the site of Pudsey Greenside railway station and of the bridge leading Carlisle Road across the former line, and east of a bridge of Smalewell Quarry track, beneath the Fox and Grapes public house. It is  long, according to some sources , and led a double-tracked railway beneath a hill on the western side of Pudsey town. The tunnel has not been built in a straight line, but with a slight S-shaped curvature that nevertheless allows to keep at least one entrance in sight at any point of its route. A ventilation shaft had been built about  from its western portal. Its opening was located near today's junction of Westroyd, Windmill Hill, and Smalewell Road, beneath an access road to some garages, but is now capped off.\n\nThe eastern portal is located below steep retaining walls on the south side of the approach cutting. Since closure of the line, it has been partly blocked by tipped spoil. The lining consists of masonry side walls with a height of about , the roof arch has been constructed from engineering brick. Throughout the tunnel, amply-sized refuges in brick have been provided at regular intervals. The western portal is built from stone with buttresses and wing walls to each side.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Tunnels in West Yorkshire\nCategory:Rail transport in West Yorkshire\nCategory:Railway tunnels in England"}
-{"text": "Giulio Cowley Smith\n\nGiulio Cowley Tyler Smith (2 May 1849 \u2013 22 July 1909) (also known as J. C. Smith and Giulio Tyler-Smith) was an amateur athlete who played for England in the first unofficial football match against Scotland in March 1870.\n\nEarly life and education\nSmith was born in Piccadilly, London, on 2 May 1849, the son of Dr William Tyler Smith (1815\u20131873) who was an eminent obstetrician and his wife, Tryphena Yearsley.\n\nSmith attended Westminster School between 1863 and 1868 and represented the school at football in 1866\u201367 and 1867\u201368. He also won the school 100 yards and mile races. At Westminster, he was enrolled as \"Julio\" and is listed in the school match reports as \"J.C. Smith\".\n\nFootball career\nHe played football for Middlesex in 1867, while still at school. After leaving school, he played for Old Westminsters, Crusaders, the Flying Dutchmen and the N.N. Club.\n\nIn March 1870, Smith was selected to represent England in the first pseudo-international against Scotland organised by C. W. Alcock and Arthur F. Kinnaird. The first \"international\" was played at Kennington Oval on 5 March 1870, and ended in a 1\u20131 draw.\n\nLater life\nAfter leaving school, Smith became a tea and coffee merchant with Cassell & Co., who later became better known as publishers, based in Fenchurch Street, London. Smith served in the Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps between 1868 and 1872.\n\nHe married Florence Gadesden in 1878; the couple had no children. Late in life, he change his surname to \"Tyler-Smith\". He died on 22 July 1909 at Seaford in East Sussex.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nGiulio Cowley Tyler-Smith (1849\u20131909) genealogy\n\nCategory:1849 births\nCategory:1909 deaths\nCategory:Footballers from Westminster\nCategory:People educated at Westminster School, London\nCategory:England v Scotland representative footballers (1870\u20131872)\nCategory:Old Westminsters F.C. players\nCategory:Crusaders F.C. (London) players\nCategory:N.N. Club players\nCategory:Association footballers not categorized by position\nCategory:English footballers"}
-{"text": "Bignall\n\nBignall may refer to:\n\nBignall (surname)\nBignall End, a small village in North Staffordshire\nBignall Hill, Staffordshire\nBignall FC, a football club based in Rotherham"}
-{"text": "1947\u201348 League Algiers\n\nThe 1947\u201348 League Algiers Football Association season started on September 14, 1947 and ended on June 3, 1948. This is the 26th edition of the championships.\n\nFinal results\n\nDivision Honneur \n Clubs of Division Honneur\nThe Division Honneur is the highest level of League Algiers Football Association, the equivalent of the elite for this league. It consists of twelve clubs who compete in both the title of \"Champion of Division Honneur\" and that of \"Champion of Algiers\", since it is the highest degree.\n\nFirst Division \n Groupe I\n Groupe II\n Groupe III\n Results of Playoffs First Division\n\nSecond Division \n Groupe I\n Groupe II\n Groupe III\n Groupe IV\n Results of Playoffs Second Division\n\nThird Division \n Groupe I\n Groupe II\n Groupe III\n Groupe IV\n Results of Playoffs Third Division\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nLeague Algiers\n\nCategory:League Algiers Football Association seasons\nCategory:1947\u201348 in Algerian football\nAlgeria"}
-{"text": "Bruce MacLean\n\nVice-Admiral M. Bruce MacLean CMM, CD is a retired officer of the Canadian Forces. He was Chief of the Maritime Staff from 2004 to 2006.\n\nCareer\nEducated at Dalhousie University, MacLean joined the Canadian Forces in 1970. He became Commanding Officer of the submarine  in 1982. He went on to be Director Maritime Force Development in the Directorate of Submarine Requirements in 1986, Commanding Officer of the supply ship  in 1992 and Chief of Staff to the Commander Maritime Forces Pacific in 1994. He was next appointed Director General Maritime Development in the National Defence Headquarters in 1995, Director General International Security Policy at National Defence Headquarters in 1998 and Commander of Maritime Forces Atlantic in 2000. His final posts were as Canadian Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee in August 2002 and Chief of the Maritime Staff in 2004 before retiring in 2006.\n\nAwards and decorations\nMacLean's personal awards and decorations include the following:\n\n110px\n\nHe was a qualified Submariner and as such wore the Canadian Forces Submariner Dolphins\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Royal Canadian Navy officers\nCategory:Commanders of the Order of Military Merit (Canada)\nCategory:Canadian admirals\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)\nCategory:Commanders of the Royal Canadian Navy"}
-{"text": "Darnell L. Moore\n\nDarnell L. Moore (born January 24, 1976) is an American writer and activist whose work is informed by anti-racist, feminist, queer of color, and anti-colonial thought and advocacy. Darnell's essays, social commentary, poetry, and interviews have appeared in various national and international media venues, including the Feminist Wire, Ebony magazine, and The Huffington Post.\n\nEarly life and education\nMoore was born in Camden, New Jersey. \n\nMoore received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Social and Behavioral Science from Seton Hall University, a Master of Arts degree in Clinical Counseling from Eastern University, and a Master of Arts degree in Theological Studies from the Princeton Theological Seminary.\n\nCareer \nMoore was appointed by Mayor Cory Booker as inaugural Chair of the city of Newark, New Jersey LGBT Concerns Advisory Commission, the first of its kind in the state of New Jersey. He is the co-chair, with Beryl Satter, of the groundbreaking Queer Newark Oral History project\u2014an archival project that seeks to chronicle the multifaceted lives of LGBTQ Newarkers and their allies.\n\nMoore's scholarship focuses broadly on Black Theology and Black Christian thought that is inclusive of queer subjectivities. He has published peer-reviewed essays that attempt to queer Black Christian thought in Black Theology: An International Journal, Theology & Sexuality, and Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies. He was a member of the Beyond Apologetics colloquium organized by theologians Joretta Marshall and Duane Bidwell, which brought together scholars/pastors centered on the themes of sexual identity, pastoral theology, and pastoral practice. Moore was also a selected participant in the 2012 Seminar on Debates on Religion and Sexuality convened by theologian Mark Jordan at Harvard Divinity School.\n\nHe is an Editorial Collective Member of the Feminist Wire and co-author, with former NFL player Wade Davis, II, of a bi-monthly column on The Huffington Post Gay Voices focused on black manhood and queer politics titled \"Tongues Untied.\" Moore has served appointments as a visiting fellow at Yale Divinity School and a visiting scholar at the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality at New York University and has served as a Lecturer at Rutgers University and The City College of New York (CUNY). Moore is a board member of the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at CUNY and The Tobago Center for Study and Practice of Indigenous Spirituality. He has interviewed Frank Mugisha, Steve Harper, Cheryl Clarke (Lambda Literary), Amiri Baraka and Mayor Cory Booker. Moore is part of the Audre Lorde Human Rights Speaker Series at The Sexuality, Gender & Human Rights Program at Harvard Kennedy School, CARR Center for Human RIghts Policy\n\nMoore's memoir, No Ashes in the Fire, a \u201ccritically-acclaimed memoir about growing up black and queer in New Jersey in the \u201980s\u201d, was released in 2018.\n\nEditing \nIn 2013 he edited the book Astor Place \u2013 Broadway \u2013 New York about a barber shop, one of the last stores remaining from the 1940s in Lower Manhattan, with photographs by Nicolaus Schmidt.\n\nHe is working on a co-edited anthology which examines the intersections and convergences within America's contemporaneous moments of radical protest, an essay collection, and book on Black queer Christian thought.\n\nCitations\nMoore's Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality talk cited in Carolyn Poljski, Coming Out, Coming Home or Inviting People In? Supporting same-sex attracted women from immigrant and refugee communities, 2011.\nMoore's work on \"complex relationships between race and sexuality in the black community\" cited in Patrick S. Cheng's Radical Love: An Introduction to Queer Theology, 2011.\n\nTheoretical contributions\n\"Intralocality\" is a theoretical perspective conceptualized by Moore. Moore employs intralocality as an analytic that extends Kimberle Crenshaw's theory of intersectionality. According to Moore, \"Borrowing from sociologists, the term 'social location,' which broadly speaks to one's context, highlights one's standpoint(s)\u2014the social spaces where s/he is positioned (i.e., race, class, gender, geographical, etc.) Intralocality, then, is concerned with the social locations that foreground our knowing and experiencing of our world and our relationships to the systems and people within our world. Intralocality is a call to theorize the self in relation to power and privilege, powerlessness and subjugation. It is work that requires the locating of the 'I' in the intersection. And while it could be argued that such work is highly individualistic, I contend that it is at the very level of self-in-relation-to-community where communal transformation is made possible.\"\n\nPalestinian solidarity work\n In January 2012, Moore visited Israel and the Palestinian territories as a member of the first US LGBTQ Delegation to Palestine organized by scholar/activist Sarah Schulman.\n Moore is a member of the International Committee on Queer BDS and Pinkwashing for World Social Forum 2013.\n\nPersonal life\nMoore lives in Brooklyn.\n\nHonors and awards\n 2012: American Conference on Diversity, Humanitarian Award \u2013 for his advocacy in the city of Newark where he served as Chair of the LGBTQ Concerns Advisory Commission under the auspices of Mayor Cory A. Booker\n 2012: Rutgers University LGBTQ and Diversity Resource Center, Outstanding Academic Leadership Award \u2013 with Prof. Beryl Satter, for their work on developing the Queer Newark Oral History Project\n First Annual Episcopal Diocese of Newark's Dr. Louie Crew Scholarship for individuals and groups working \"at the intersection of sexuality and faith.\"\n In June 2019, to mark the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, sparking the start of the modern LGBTQ rights movement, Queerty named him one of the Pride50 \u201ctrailblazing individuals who actively ensure society remains moving towards equality, acceptance and dignity for all queer people.\n\nWorks and publications\n\nBooks\n\nArticles\n\nSee also\n LGBT culture in New York City\n List of self-identified LGBTQ New Yorkers\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading \n Uptown Social Magazine: Darnell L. Moore. (feature).\n Signified: Darnell Moore. (documentary).\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n Where is your line? Inspiring Young Leaders to End Sexual Violence, Darnell Moore & Queer Newark Oral History Project.\n\nCategory:1976 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American Christians\nCategory:African-American feminists\nCategory:American male writers\nCategory:Anti-racism activists\nCategory:Proponents of Christian feminism\nCategory:Critical race theory\nCategory:Critical theorists\nCategory:Lambda Literary Award winners\nCategory:LGBT African Americans\nCategory:LGBT Christians\nCategory:LGBT feminists\nCategory:LGBT people from New Jersey\nCategory:LGBT writers from the United States\nCategory:Male feminists\nCategory:Postcolonialism\nCategory:Writers from New Jersey\nCategory:LGBT memoirists"}
-{"text": "K\u00e9vin Aubeneau\n\nK\u00e9vin Aubeneau (born 10 February 1989 in Niort, Deux-S\u00e8vres) is a goalkeeper currently playing for Championnat de France amateur side Vitr\u00e9. Between 2007 and 2011 he played for his hometown club Chamois Niortais, where he made 87 league appearances. Aubeneau made his league debut for Niort in the 2\u20131 victory over US Boulogne in Ligue 2 on 27 July 2007. On 2 June 2011, he joined Ligue 2 club Stade Laval. However, Aubeneau failed to break into the first team at Laval and made only one appearance for the reserve team, and subsequently joined CFA side Les Herbiers on 16 June 2012.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nK\u00e9vin Aubeneau career stats at chamoisfc79.fr\n\nCategory:1989 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Niort\nCategory:French footballers\nCategory:Association football goalkeepers\nCategory:Chamois Niortais F.C. players\nCategory:Stade Lavallois players\nCategory:Les Herbiers VF players\nCategory:AS Vitr\u00e9 players\nCategory:Ligue 2 players\nCategory:Championnat National players\nCategory:Sportspeople from Deux-S\u00e8vres"}
-{"text": "Shut Down (Prison Break)\n\n\"Shut Down\" is the 60th episode of the American television series Prison Break and was broadcast on September 8, 2008 in the United States on the Fox Network. Jodi Lyn O'Keefe does not appear in this episode.\n\nPlot \nAfter learning that they have five more cards to track down, Michael Scofield confronts Don Self about the news. Self swears that he knows nothing about the five other cards, and orders him to track the next one by the end of the day, or they will return to prison. Michael has no choice but to find the second Scylla card. While Michael discusses with the gang about finding the next card, Alexander Mahone disappears to make a call to Agent Felicia Lang, imploring her to find out who murdered his son. Lincoln Burrows becomes suspicious of Mahone, as he overhears the phone call. Meanwhile in Self's office, his director, Stanton is shocked to discover the fact that Scofield's team has to find another five cards. Despite Self's reassurances, Stanton is adamant that the team will not succeed and decides to shut down the operation.\n\nSara Tancredi discovers an e-mail that was sent to Stuart Tuxhorn about an arrival in London. Mahone suggests that the email is actually written in code, and Scofield quickly deciphers the contents, revealing the word \"Scylla\", and a four o'clock meeting. Roland then traces the e-mails to a server in Anaheim. While Fernando Sucre and Brad Bellick stake out Tuxhorn's office, the rest head to Anaheim to hack into the main server. Sara distracts an officer by claiming that she has \"a job interview with human resources\", sneaking his security badge from desk and passing it to Michael. Michael and Roland find the server room on the first floor and Roland proceeds to retrieve the email. Lincoln, who is observing from afar, spots the officer confronting Sara over his security badge, and calls Michael to warn him. To stall for time, Michael activates the fire alarm. When Roland successfully retrieves the email, they realize that they are trapped in the server room. As a fire safety measure, the server room is locked down and the oxygen is sucked out of the room to prevent the spread of the fire. Michael manages to call Lincoln, who shows up in time with a fire axe and rescues them by smashing a window.\n\nTheodore \"T-Bag\" Bagwell finds himself on one of James Whistler's furnished apartments in Los Angeles. He later opens a Gate corporation letter, which mentions that he would be paid $75,000 a year, with a further $10,000 commencement bonus. He contacts the director of the organization, who readily agrees to meet him. The director has never met him before, and a meeting for the next day is arranged. Elsewhere in Chicago, Wyatt interrogates Bruce Bennett, who doesn't reveal anything. Wyatt injects him with a substance which seems to disorient him, trying to make him talk. Bennett maintains that he does not know their whereabouts, but eventually reveals that Sara is somewhere in Los Angeles. With this new-found information, Wyatt shoots Bennett in the back of the head, execution style.\n\nBack in Los Angeles, Sucre and Bellick prepare to leave when Tuxhorn does not shows up for work. However, they are quickly surrounded by armed agents and Sucre manages to text Michael a warning message, asking them simply to \"Run.\" The gang flees after Roland learns that he is being locked out of the servers. They escape in a SUV, and a car chase ensues. The chase continues on foot when their vehicles are stuck in a gridlock and Self tracks them with their GPS ankle bracelets while they are on the run. They take temporary refuge in a tunnel where the GPS signal is lost. Michael figures out the code in the emails that leads them to the 4pm meeting at the Newport Beach power plant. They carjack a taxi and head to the power plant. However, Self tracked them down and detains everyone except for Michael who manages to slip away with some help from Sara. Michael sneaks across the plant to the meeting between Tuxhorn and the Pad Man and discovers that the meeting was between all six cardholders. Michael records the meeting on video and turns himself in to Self back at the warehouse, presenting him with the video. With the identity of the six cardholders in the video, Self decides to let the team to continue their work. Mahone receives information from Agent Lang on his son's killer. Lincoln confronts Mahone and agrees to help him find his son's killer when the Scylla mission is over - a change of heart from the last episode.\n\nReception \nIGN gave the episode a rating of 8.1/10 saying that in contrast to the premiere episode of the season \"The story made sense, the action sequences were quite good, and the last scene was very satisfying.\"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Prison Break episodes\nCategory:2008 American television episodes"}
-{"text": "Aro History\n\nAro History starts from Ibibio migration to the present Arochukwu area.\n\nIbibio presence \nBefore Igbo arrival in the Aro territory, a Semi-Bantu group of the Ibibio arrived from present day Southern Cameroon. They mainly inhabited the area now known as Southeastern Nigeria. Prominent settlements were Ibom and Obong Okon Ita. These hunters and farmers perhaps lived peacefully until foreign settlers invaded.\n\nIgbo migration and invasion \nThe Igbo migration led by Eze Agwu clan from Abiriba among the Ibibio in the Aro territory started around the 17th century. Tensions escalated between the Eze Agwu group led by Agwu Inobia and Obong Okon Ita kingdom led by Akpan Okon resulting in the Aro-Ibibio Wars. Neither group had a victorious position in the war. Eze Agwu asked Priest Nnachi of the Edda clan near Afikpo for help. The alliance also supported prince Kakpokpo Okon's coup against his brother Akpan Okon. The war escalated and Nnachi called on Eastern Cross River allies for assistance.\n\nAkpa invasion and the foundation of Arochukwu \nOsim and Akuma Nnubi were Akpa merchant princes from the Akamkpa area. They led Akpa forces into the Aro territory to assist their Igbo allies to victory. However, this came at the cost of Osim losing his life at the start of the 18th century. With the Akpas and Igbos being victorious, the Arochukwu kingdom was founded with Akuma as its first king or EzeAro. After Akuma died, the Igbo took over the throne starting with Nnachi's son Oke Nnachi in 1720. Many changes occurred as Arochukwu expanded into 19 city-states due to the increasing population and Aro colonies were forming throughout the area now known as Southern Nigeria.\n\nAro Confederacy \n\nBy the mid-18th century, there were mass migrations of several Aro business families all over Eastern Nigeria and surrounding areas. This migration, influence of their god Ibini Ukpabi through priests, and their military power supported by alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly Ohafia, Abam, Abiriba, Afikpo, Ekoi, etc.) quickly established the Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power.\n\nAro activities helped coastal Niger Delta city-states become important centers for the export of palm oil and slaves. Such city-states included Opobo, Bonny, Brass, Calabar, as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by the Ijaw, Efik, and Igbo. The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. The Ajalli, Arondizuogu, and Bende Kingdoms were the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after Commanders and Chiefs like Izuogu Mgbokpo and Iheme whom led Aro forces to conquer Ikpa Ora and founded Arondizuogu. Later Aro commanders such as Okoro Idozuka also of Arondizuogu expanded the state's borders through warfare in the start of the 19th century. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, was mostly derived from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of the 19th century, things changed.\n\nBritish conquest \nBritish colonialism in the late 19th century turned Anglo-Aro relations sour. Aro leaders knew that Christianity, colonialism, and end of their monopoly would destroy Aro economic rule. Also the British felt that repeated Aro attacks rendered outright war inescapable. They made plans for war in 1899. The conflict had both religious and economic causes. Aro traders and the Royal Niger Company, had their own issues. An Aro invasion of Obegu in 1901 started the Anglo-Aro War. In 1902, following a direct attack on Arochukwu and months of fighting, the British were victorious. The Aro Confederacy's power was shattered, making it easier for the British to take over the Eastern Nigerian region although resistance in the area was far from over. Although Aro dominance crumbled in March 1902, many Aros took part in later resistances against the British in the region such as Afikpo (1902\u20131903), Ezza (1905), and other areas where the Aro had a particularly significant presence.\n\nNigeria \nWhen Nigeria won independence from Great Britain in 1960, ethnic tensions rose between the regions resulting in the Nigerian Civil War in 1967-1970. After the war, the Aros and the rest of the Igbo People suffered discrimination from other Nigerians.  Aro culture suffered. However, they are currently efforts to unite Aro people and revive their culture.\n\nReferences\nArochukwu Network geography page\n(https://archive.is/20041205014430/http://eabuja.com/index.html)\n\nCategory:History of Igboland\nCategory:History of Africa\nCategory:Aros"}
-{"text": "George Trosse\n\nGeorge Trosse (1631\u20131713) was an English nonconformist minister. He is now best known for his autobiographical accounts of periods of mental illness he experienced in his younger years.\n\nEarly life\nThe younger son of Henry Trosse, counselor-at-law, he was born at Exeter on 25 October 1631; his mother was Rebekah, daughter of Walter Burrow, a prosperous merchant, twice mayor of Exeter. His family had no Puritan leanings; his uncle Roger Trosse (1595\u20131674), rector (1618) of Rose Ash, Devon, was one of the sequestered clergy of the English Civil War. Trosse was intended for the law; his father, dying early, left him his law library; but on leaving Exeter grammar school Trosse went into business.\n\nIn 1646 Trosse was sent to an English merchant at Morlaix in Brittany, who placed him for a year with Ramet, a Huguenot pastor at Pontivy, to learn French. Returning to Exeter in 1648, he was sent to a brother-in-law in London for introduction to a Portugal merchant. Having been made free of the Drapers' Company, he sailed for Oporto where he remained for two and a half years. He returned to Exeter early in 1651.\n\nBreakdown, recovery and Oxford\nThree times Trosse's friends then placed him under restraint with a physician at Glastonbury. Between his episodes he listened to Presbyterian preachers, became a communicant, and was especially drawn to Thomas Ford. After two relapses and an attempt at suicide, he enjoyed better mental health.\n\nSupported by his mother, Trosse entered Pembroke College, Oxford as a gentleman commoner at the end of May 1657, where his tutor was Thomas Cheeseman, a blind scholar; among his contemporaries at Oxford was his kinsman Denis Grenville. He matriculated on 9 August 1658, spent seven full years at Oxford, acquired a fair amount of Greek and Hebrew, but took no degree in consequence of the required subscription to the 39 Articles.\n\nMinister\nMeaning to enter the ministry, Trosse studied the question of conformity; his views were formed under the influence of Henry Hickman. Returning to Exeter in 1664, he attended church with his mother, but began to preach privately out of church hours. Robert Adkins, ejected from St. John's, Exeter, pressed him to receive ordination. He was ordained in Somerset (1666) by Joseph Alleine of Taunton, and five others, including Adkins. During the year (1672\u20133) of Charles II's indulgence, he preached publicly in a licensed house. For conventicle preaching he was arrested with others on 5 October 1685 and imprisoned for six months. He declined to avail himself (1687) of James II's Declaration of Indulgence, though the Exeter dissenters built a meeting-house, James's Meeting, in that year for Joseph Hallett I.\n\nOn Hallett's death (14 March 1688\u20139) Trosse succeeded him, and from the passing of the Act of Toleration 1689 conducted services in church hours and took a stipend which (except in the year of indulgence) he had until then declined. His assistant was Joseph Hallett II. He took part in the formation (1691) of a union of Devon ministers, on the London model. He remained active to the end of a long life; though failing, he preached as usual on the morning of Sunday, 11 January 1713, and died soon after reaching home. He was buried on 13 January in St. Bartholomew's churchyard, Exeter; his funeral sermon was repeated to thronging audiences.\n\nWorks\nTrosse published, besides a sermon (1693) before the united ministers at Taunton:\n\nThe Lord's Day Vindicated, 1682; in reply to Francis Bampfield; answered by Joseph Nott and by Edmund Elys, and defended in The Sauciness of a Seducer Rebuked, 1693.\nA Discourse of Schism, 1701.\nA Defence of \u2026 Discourse of Schism, Exeter, 1702.\nMr. Trosse's Vindication \u2026 from \u2026 Aspersions, Exeter, 1709.\n\nThe Exposition of the Assembly's Catechism, 1693, by John Flavel, was finished and edited by Trosse. In 1719, during the Exeter controversy around James Peirce, a catechism and sermon by Trosse were published in a pamphlet, and answered by Thomas Emlyn.\n\nTrosse's autobiography to 1689 (finished 15 February 1693) was published (1714) as The Life of the Reverend Mr. Geo. Trosse Late Minister of the Gospel in the City of Exon, in accordance with his instructions to his widow in his will; a preface by Hallett, his assistant, defends the publication. He dwells on his drunkenness, lechery and masturbation. Attacks of mental illness recurred until he was about 26. He attributed the attacks, in part, to demonic possession. His work, in which theology is used to describe madness, has been considered the first such psychological account of an episode.\n\nThe autobiography was abridged in the Life by Isaac Gilling, who made use also of a further manuscript, and of correspondence. Gilling gives an elaborate account of Trosse's ministry.\n\nFamily\nTrosse married (1680) Susanna, daughter of Richard White, an Exeter merchant, who survived him, without issue.\n\nNotes\n\nCategory:1631 births\nCategory:1713 deaths\nCategory:English Presbyterians\nCategory:History of mental health in the United Kingdom\nCategory:People from Exeter"}
-{"text": "Fergus Kavanagh\n\nFergus Kavanagh (born 21 May 1985) is an Australian field hockey player. He plays Western Australia in the Australian Hockey League. He is a member of the Australia men's national field hockey team, winning a bronze medal with the team at the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2012 Summer Olympics. He won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games and at the 2014 Commonwealth Games.\n\nPersonal\nKavanagh was born in Dublin, Ireland and moved to Western Australia when he was four.  He took up playing hockey in primary school and attended Nagle Catholic College in Geraldton.\n\nField hockey\nKavanagh represents Western Australia in national competitions. In 2010, he was a member of the Western Australian state team that competed in the Australian Hockey League.  In a June 2010 game against the South Australian Southern Hotshots, he scored a goal. He played in a June 2010 game for Western Australia against the NT Stingers that Western Australia won 4-1.  He scored a goal in the game. He played for the team in the first found of the 2011 season.\n\nKavanagh is a member of the Australia men's national field hockey team. In January 2008, he was a member of the senior national team that competed at the Five Nations men's hockey tournament in South Africa. He represented Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics, playing in the Australia's 6-1 victory over Canada. His team won a bronze medal at the 2008 Games. New national team coach Ric Charlesworth named him, a returning member, alongside fourteen total new players who had few than 10 national team caps to the squad before in April 2009 in a bid to ready the team for the 2010 Commonwealth Games. In 2009, he was a member of the national team during a five-game test series in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia against Malaysia. He was a member of the 2009 Hockey Champions Trophy winning team, playing in the gold medal match against Germany that Australia won by a score of 5-3. In 2010, he represented Australia at the Commonwealth Games, and played in the game against Pakistan during the group stage.  He was the Kookaburras captain during the Games.  The Pakistan match was his 100th international cap for Australia. Australia won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. In May 2011, he played in the Azlan Shah Cup for Australia.  The Cup featured teams from Pakistan, Malaysia, India, South Korea, Britain and New Zealand. In December 2011, he was named as one of twenty-eight players to be on the 2012 Summer Olympics Australian men's national training squad.  This squad was narrowed in June 2012.  He trained with the team from 18 January to mid-March in Perth, Western Australia.  In February during the training camp, he played in a four nations test series with the teams being the Kookaburras, Australia A Squad, the Netherlands and Argentina.\n\nHe was named on the Australian Olympic team, which proceeded to win the bronze medal again.\n\nCoaching\nIn October 2010, Kavanagh ran a hockey clinic in Hobart, Tasmania.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1985 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Irish male field hockey players\nCategory:Olympic field hockey players of Australia\nCategory:Australian male field hockey players\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Olympic bronze medalists for Australia\nCategory:Irish expatriates in Australia\nCategory:Olympic medalists in field hockey\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\nCategory:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia\nCategory:Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nCategory:Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey"}
-{"text": "Copenhagen Atomics\n\nCopenhagen Atomics is a Danish molten salt technology company developing mass manufacturable molten salt reactors. The company headquarters are co-located with Alfa Laval in Copenhagen.\n\nCopenhagen Atomics is pursuing small modular, molten fuel salt, thorium fuel cycle, thermal spectrum, breeder reactors using separated plutonium from spent nuclear fuel as the initial fissile load for the first generation of reactors.\n\nHistory\nCopenhagen Atomics was founded in 2014 by a group of scientists and engineers meeting at Technical University of Denmark and around the greater Copenhagen area for discussions on thorium and molten salt reactors, who later incorporated in 2015.\nIn 2016, Copenhagen Atomics was part of MIMOSA, a European nuclear molten salt research consortium.\n\nCopenhagen Atomics became the first private company in 2017, to offer a commercial molten salt loop.\n\nResearch and development\nCopenhagen Atomics is pursuing a hardware-driven iterative component-by-component approach to reactor development, instead of a full design license and approval approach. Copenhagen Atomics is actively developing and testing valves, pumps, heat exchangers, measurement systems, salt chemistry and purification systems, and control systems and software for molten salt applications.\nThe company has also developed the world\u2019s only canned molten salt pump and are developing an active electromagnetic bearing canned molten salt pump.\n\nCopenhagen Atomics offers many of their technologies through commercially available pumped molten salt loops for use in molten salt reactor research, high temperature concentrated solar power, molten salt energy storage, and molten salt chemistry research.\n\nSee also \n Molten Salt Reactor\n Molten Salt Reactor Experiment\n Liquid fluoride thorium reactor\n Thorium\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nOfficial website\n\nCategory:Nuclear reactors\nCategory:Thorium\nCategory:Technology companies based in Copenhagen\nCategory:Danish companies established in 2015"}
-{"text": "Houldsworth Mill, Reddish\n\nHouldsworth Mill, also known as Reddish Mill, is a former mill in built in 1865 in Reddish, Stockport, Greater Manchester, England (). Designed by Abraham Stott, it was constructed for Henry Houldsworth, a prominent mill owner at the time. It is currently a Grade II* listed building.\n\nHistory\n\nReddish mill was built by Stott and Sons for William Houldsworth, snd opened in 1865.  It covers , and employed 454 workers. \n\nIn 1898, it amalgamated with the Fine Cotton Spinners Association. The mill had 136,692 spindles and at one time spun counts of 700 and 800, but normally 80s to 250s.\n\nAfter cotton\nCotton production at Houldsworth Mill ceased in the 1950s. The mill was sold to a mail-order catalogue company, John Myers, and was used principally as a warehouse. In the late 1960s the building was expanded with a five-storey extension to the rear of the north end of the mill. This was built of glass and concrete in the style of the period.  \n\nMail-order trading ceased in the 1970s, and the mill was sold. It was divided into separate business units, but most of the building remained vacant and it fell into a state of disrepair.\n\nArchitecture\nThe 1865 mill consists of two five-storeyed blocks of 18 bays, with a narrower 9 bay central block for warehousing and offices. The central block has two Italianate stair towers and carries a central clock. The floors have become wider to accommodate the larger mules of the period. All floors are fireproof, with transverse vaults. \n\nThe detached engine house used horizontal shafts that connected to vertical shafts in each spinning block. The chimney  was octagonal, on a plinth with a highly embellished oversailer. In the early 20th century this was replaced with separate inverted compound engines for each block, with external rope races for rope drives.\n\nRestoration\nThe pilot study for restoration was part-funded by English Heritage. The refurbishment was funded by:\n\n The mill's owners (Heaton and Houldsworth Property Company)\n Northern Counties Housing Association (and Housing Corporation)\n English Partnerships\n European Regional Development Fund\n Stockport Council\n Various anchor tenants, including Ridge Danyers College and Kingfisher Pools\n\nThis mill was converted by Stephenson Bell architects. It provides 70 shared ownership apartments for social housing provider Northern Counties Housing Association, start-up units for emerging high-technology and arts-based businesses with commercial and leisure uses at the lower floors to provide active frontages.\n\nSee also\n\n Units of textile measurement#Thread count\n Fine Spinners and Doublers, former cotton-spinning business in Manchester, once in FT 30 index \n Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester\n Listed buildings in Stockport\n List of mills in Stockport\n Broadstone Mill, Reddish\n\nReferences\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n www.cottontown.org\n www.spinningtheweb.org.uk\n Houldsworth Village\n\nCategory:Cotton industry in England\nCategory:Textile mills in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport\nCategory:Industrial buildings completed in 1865\nCategory:Grade II* listed buildings in Greater Manchester"}
-{"text": "Az\u00e9\n\nAz\u00e9 is the name of the following communes in France:\n\n Az\u00e9, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loir-et-Cher department\n Az\u00e9, Mayenne, in the Mayenne department\n Az\u00e9, Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire, in the Sa\u00f4ne-et-Loire department\n\nSee also \n Aze (disambiguation)\n Azay (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Jabar Gaffney\n\nDerrick Jabar Gaffney (born December 1, 1980) is an American former football wide receiver. He played college football for the University of Florida, and was recognized as a consensus All-American. He was drafted by the Houston Texans in the second round of the 2002 NFL draft, and also played for the New England Patriots, Denver Broncos, Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins.\n\nEarly years\nGaffney was born in San Antonio, Texas.  He attended William M. Raines High School in Jacksonville, Florida, and was a letterman for the Raines Vikings high school football team.  In football, he was a two-year starter as a wide receiver, and as a junior in 1997, he caught the game-winning, fourth-quarter touchdown pass in the state championship game.\n\nCollege career \n\nGaffney accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Steve Spurrier's Florida Gators football team in 2000 and 2001.  The Gators coaching staff decided to redshirt him as a true freshman in 1999.  Gaffney became a prolific pass-catcher as a first-year starter for the Gators in 2000, and made the game-winning touchdown \u201ccatch\u201d with fourteen seconds remaining to defeat the Tennessee Volunteers 27\u201323\u2014a game that ultimately decided the 2000 winner of the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC).  Gaffney amassed 1,184 receiving yards and fourteen touchdown receptions in 2000, and another 1,191 and thirteen touchdowns in 2001.\n\nHe was a first-team All-SEC selection in 2000 and 2001; he was  a College Football News first-team All-American after his redshirt freshman season in 2000, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team All-American by the Associated Press, American Football Coaches Association, Football Writers Association of America, Sporting News, and Walter Camp Foundation following his 2001 sophomore season.  In 2001, he was one of the three finalists for the Biletnikoff Award, recognizing the best receiver in college football.  He finished his two-season college career with 138 receptions for 2,375 yards and twenty-seven touchdowns, and was chosen by his teammates as the Gators' most valuable player.  He remains the only receiver in Gators history with two seasons of 1,000 yards or more.\n\nProfessional career\n\nHouston Texans \n\nGaffney was selected with the 1st pick in the 2nd round of the 2002 NFL draft by the Houston Texans. His tenure with the team was marred by his often inconsistent play which led to his benching in favor of veteran receivers, in particular Corey Bradford. After his rookie contract was up, the Texans chose not to re-sign him.\n\nPhiladelphia Eagles \n\nOn March 16, 2006, the Eagles signed Gaffney to a one-year contract. He was released before the start of the season.\n\nNew England Patriots \n\nGaffney signed a two-year deal with the New England Patriots on October 9, 2006. On March 5, 2008, Gaffney re-signed with the Patriots for one year worth $2 million.\n\nIn his first-ever playoff game, on January 7, 2007 against the New York Jets, Gaffney had a caught eight passes for 104 yards, his second 100-yard performance as a receiver (in ten regular season games, Gaffney caught 11 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown.) Gaffney followed that performance a week later against San Diego with another 100-yard game, in which he caught ten passes and scored a touchdown.\n\nGaffney finished the 2008 season with 44 receptions for 468 yards and two touchdowns.\n\nDenver Broncos \n\nOn February 27, 2009, Gaffney signed a four-year, $10 million contract with the Denver Broncos. In the Broncos' week 17 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, Gaffney caught 14 passes for 213 yards as the Broncos played without Brandon Marshall, who was benched for disciplinary reasons by head coach Josh McDaniels.  He finished the 2009 season with 54 receptions for 732 yards and two touchdowns, ranking second on the team in receptions and receiving yards. Gaffney put up 875 yards in 2010.\n\nWashington Redskins \n\nGaffney was traded to the Washington Redskins for defensive end Jeremy Jarmon on July 27, 2011.  In , he led the team with 68 receptions, 947 yards and 5 touchdowns, all career bests.\n\nOn April 18, 2012, Gaffney announced that he was told not to attend the team's offseason conditioning program and that the Redskins were attempting to trade him.  Head coach Mike Shanahan later stated that Gaffney could still remain on the Redskins, but felt obligated to let him explore other options throughout the league.\n\nGaffney was released by the Redskins on May 1, 2012.\n\nReturn to New England Patriots \n\nGaffney signed a two-year contract to return to the Patriots on May 2, 2012.  He was released by the team on August 27.\n\nMiami Dolphins \nOn October 2, 2012, Gaffney was signed by the Miami Dolphins. On November 20, 2012, Gaffney was waived. Days after his release, the NFL announced that Gaffney would be suspended for two games for failing to report an arrest to the league that occurred in Miami in 2010.\n\nNFL statistics \n\nReceiving Stats\n\nLegal Issues\n\nIn February 2000, Gaffney was charged with allegedly stealing $245 and a watch from the Florida Field locker room during the high school state championships, but the prosecutor placed him in a pretrial diversion program.  After Steve Spurrier kicked him off the team in December 1999, he was eventually allowed to earn his way back onto the squad but forfeited his scholarship for a year.\n\nDuring the 2001 season, Gaffney and another athlete forcefully detained a 15-year-old boy who was stealing motor scooters from their apartment, and held him until police arrived.  The boy's mother later alleged that Gaffney beat, kicked, choked and attempted to drown her son.  The police declined to file charges and the state attorney agreed, stating the mother's allegations were inconsistent with the evidence and no jury would convict given the circumstances.\n\nIn 2006, Gaffney was arrested and charged with unlawful possession of a handgun in New Jersey.\n\nIn 2010, Gaffney was charged with non-violent resisting arrest.\n\nIn January 2016, he was arrested for marijuana and drug possession.\n\nIn October 2017, Gaffney was arrested for domestic battery.\n\nFamily \nGaffney and ex-wife Terin have a son, Jackson Tyrel Gaffney, and a daughter, Teagan Danae Gaffney.  He is the son of former New York Jets wide receiver Derrick Gaffney, and the first cousin of NFL cornerback Lito Sheppard.\n\nSee also \n\n List of Florida Gators football All-Americans\n List of Florida Gators football players in the NFL\n List of Houston Texans players\n List of New England Patriots players\n List of Washington Redskins players\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \n\n Carlson, Norm, University of Florida Football Vault: The History of the Florida Gators, Whitman Publishing, LLC, Atlanta, Georgia (2007).  .\n Golenbock, Peter, Go Gators!  An Oral History of Florida's Pursuit of Gridiron Glory, Legends Publishing, LLC, St. Petersburg, Florida (2002).  .\n Hairston, Jack, Tales from the Gator Swamp: A Collection of the Greatest Gator Stories Ever Told, Sports Publishing, LLC, Champaign, Illinois (2002).  .\n\nExternal links \n  Jabar Gaffney \u2013 Florida Gators bio\n\nCategory:1980 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:African-American players of American football\nCategory:All-American college football players\nCategory:American football wide receivers\nCategory:Denver Broncos players\nCategory:Florida Gators football players\nCategory:Houston Texans players\nCategory:Miami Dolphins players\nCategory:New England Patriots players\nCategory:Players of American football from Florida\nCategory:Players of American football from Texas\nCategory:Sportspeople from Jacksonville, Florida\nCategory:Sportspeople from San Antonio\nCategory:Washington Redskins players"}
-{"text": "Belmonte\n\nBelmonte may refer to:\n\nPeople and titles\n\nArts and entertainment\nMoses Belmonte (1619\u20131647), 17th-century Dutch Jewish poet and translator\n\"Belmonte\", protagonist of the Mozart opera  Die Entf\u00fchrung aus dem Serail\nBelmonte (Brazilian caricaturist), pseudonym of Benedito Carneiro Bastos Barreto\n\nSport\nJason Belmonte (born 1983), Australian professional ten-pin bowler\nJuan Belmonte (1892\u20131962), Spanish bullfighter\nMireia Belmonte Garc\u00eda (born 1990), Spanish Olympic swimmer\nNicola Belmonte (born 1987), Italian footballer\n\nOther fields\nPrince of Belmonte or Princess Belmonte, a Spanish and Italian noble title\nDomenico Pignatelli di Belmonte (1730\u20131803), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\nGennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte (1851\u20131948), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church\nFeliciano Belmonte Jr. (born 1936), House Speaker Representative of the Philippines from 2010\nWivina Belmonte, UNICEF staff member\n\nPlaces\n\nBrazil\n Belmonte, Santa Catarina, a municipality in the State of Santa Catarina\n Belmonte, Bahia, a municipality in the State of Bahia\n\nIberia\n Belmonte, Cuenca, a municipality in the region of Cuenca, autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha\n Castle of Belmonte (Cuenca)\n Belmonte de Campos, a municipality in the province of Palencia, autonomous community of Castile and Le\u00f3n\n Belmonte de Graci\u00e1n, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, autonomous community of Aragon\n Belmonte de Miranda, a municipality in the autonomous community of the principality of Asturias\n Belmonte de San Jos\u00e9, a municipality in the province of Teruel, autonomous community of Aragon\n Belmonte de Tajo, a municipality in the autonomous community of Madrid\n Belmonte, Portugal, a municipality in the district of Castelo Branco\n Castle of Belmonte\n\nItaly\n Belmonte Calabro, a commune in the province of Cosenza, region of Calabria\n Belmonte Castello, a commune in the province of Frosinone, region of Lazio\n Belmonte del Sannio, a commune in the province of Isernia, region of Molise\n Belmonte in Sabina, a commune in the province of Rieti, region of Lazio\n Belmonte Mezzagno, a commune in the province of Palermo, region of Sicily\n Belmonte Piceno, a commune in the province of Fermo, region of Marche\n San Colombano Belmonte, a comune in the province of Turin, region of Piedmont\n\nOther uses\nBelmonte (film), a 2018 film\nBelmonte (rose)\nBelmonte (telenovela), a Portuguese telenovela which began in 2013\n\nSee also\n\nBelmont (disambiguation) \nBeaumont (disambiguation) \nBellmont (disambiguation)\nBelmont (disambiguation)\nDelmonte\nMontebello (disambiguation)\nSch\u00f6nberg (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "George Chiriac\n\nGeorge Chiriac (born October 30, 1979 in B\u00e2rlad) is a former Romanian rugby union player. He played as a flanker.\n\nClub career\nDuring his career, Chiriac played for RC B\u00e2rlad, Politehnica Ia\u0219i, RCJ Farul Constan\u021ba in Romania and for Rumilly, RC Orl\u00e9ans, RC Compi\u00e9gnois and RC Beauvais in France.\n\nInternational career\nChiriac gathered 20 caps for Romania, from his debut in 1996 against Belgium to his last game in 2003 against Namibia. He was a member of his national side for the 6th  Rugby World Cup in 2003, where he played all four matches in Pool A against Ireland, Australia, Argentina and Namibia, which was also his final match for the Oaks. He scored two tries for his national team, 10 points on aggregate.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1979 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Romanian rugby union players\nCategory:Romania international rugby union players\nCategory:Rugby union flankers\nCategory:Farul Constan\u021ba (rugby) players\nCategory:CS Politehnica Ia\u0219i (rugby) players\nCategory:RC Orl\u00e9ans players\nCategory:People from B\u00e2rlad\nCategory:Expatriate rugby union players in France"}
-{"text": "List of teams and cyclists in the 1934 Tour de France\n\nAs was the custom since 1930, the 1934 Tour de France was contested by national teams. Belgium, Italy, Germany and France each sent teams of 8 cyclists each, while Switzerland and Spain sent a combined team of eight cyclists. In addition, there were 20 individual cyclists; other than in 1933, they were no longer racing under the nomer \"touriste-routier\" but as \"individuel\". In total this made 60 cyclists. Split up in nationalities, there were 20 French, 12 Belgian, 12 Italian, 8 German, 4 Spanish and 4 Swiss cyclists.\n\nThe French team of 1934 consisted of all good riders, with the core of the team being the winner of 1933, Georges Speicher, Roger Lap\u00e9bie, former winner Antonin Magne and Maurice Archambaud, who had performed well in 1933. The French selectors were criticized for selecting Ren\u00e9 Vietto, a twenty-year-old rider who had only won some small races. The Italian team now included Giuseppe Martano, who had ridden as a touriste-routier in 1933. The Belgian team, which normally included some big contenders, was lackluster.\n\nBy team\n\nBy rider\n\nBy nationality\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1934 Tour de France\n1934"}
-{"text": "Lower Sanatorium Cascade\n\nLower Sanatorium Falls is a  talus classic cascade waterfall found near the Chedoke Civic Golf Course in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.\n\nNearby attractions include the Bruce Trail, Dundas Valley Conservation Area, Mountview Falls, Tiffany Falls Conservation Area, Iroquoia Heights Conservation Area, Chedoke Radial Trail, Chedoke Civic Golf Course.\n\nDirections\nFrom Highway 403 take the Aberdeen Avenue exit and travel approximately 1 kilometre until Studholme Road. Turn right onto Studholme Road and then turn left onto Bedddoe Drive and follow to Chedoke Civic Golf Course. Follow the Chedoke Radial Trail/ Bruce Trail west to the base of the waterfall.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Hamilton- \"The Waterfall Capital of the World\" (www.cityofwaterfalls.ca)\n Bruce Trail (www.brucetrail.org)\n Vintage Postcards: Waterfalls in and around Hamilton, Ontario\n\nMaps\n Hamilton Waterfall Map PDF. (http://map.hamilton.ca)\n Map: Hamilton Waterfalls (www.hamiltonnature.org)\n\nCategory:Waterfalls of Hamilton, Ontario"}
-{"text": "Weekly Playboy\n\n, also known as  or WPB, is a Japanese weekly magazine published by Shueisha since 1966. Although the magazine publishes a variety of news and special interest articles, columns, celebrity interviews, and manga, it is considered an adult magazine. The target demographic is men, and each issue features several nude pictorials of female models.\n\nThis magazine is not a regional edition of the American Playboy magazine; the Japanese edition of that magazine was published as Monthly Playboy (MPB) by Shueisha until its cancellation in January 2009.\n\nNotable people in WPB\nGeinokai:\n AKB48\n\nWriters:\n\n Bakusho Mondai\n Yujiro Ishihara\n Chol-Hwan Kang\n Takeshi Kaik\u014d\n Hitoshi Matsumoto\n Tar\u014d Okamoto\n\nGravure idols:\n\n Saki Aibu\n Yui Aragaki\n Reiko Chiba\n Leah Dizon\n Akina Minami\n Aki Hoshino\n Sayaka Isoyama\n Nozomi Sasaki\n Mayuko Iwasa\n Yukie Kawamura\n Yumi Kobayashi\n Ayaka Komatsu\n Yoko Matsugane\n Yuko Ogura\n Saaya Irie\n Ai Takabe (Miss Sh\u016bpure 2005)\n Erika Toda\n Erina Yamaguchi\n Misako Yasuda\n Agnes Lum\n\nAV idols:\n\n Mari Ayukawa\n Sakurako Kaoru\n Hitomi Kobayashi\n Yuri Komuro\n Rena Murakami\n Maria Yumeno\n\nPink film actresses\n Naomi Tani\n\nManga in WPB\n\n Circuit no \u014ckami II: Modena no Tsurugi by Satoshi Ikezawa\n Lady Snowblood (\u4fee\u7f85\u96ea\u59eb) by Kazuo Koike and Kazuo Kamimura\n Modena no Ken (\u30e2\u30c7\u30ca\u306e\u5263) by Satoshi Ikezawa\n My Favorite Carrera (\u5f7c\u5973\u306e\u30ab\u30ec\u30e9) by Kia Asamiya\n Ore no Sora (\u4ffa\u306e\u7a7a) by Hiroshi Motomiya\n Polo Shirt and Upper Cut by Norifusa Mita\n The First President of Japan by Yoshiki Hidaka and Ryuji Tsugihara\n Taiy\u014d no Makiba\u014d by Tsunomaru \n Ultimate Muscle by Yudetamago\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Weekly Playboy Online\n WPB-net\n  (Lists appearances in Weekly Playboy from 1966-2011.\n\nCategory:1966 establishments in Japan\nCategory:Japanese men's magazines\nCategory:Japanese weekly magazines\nCategory:Magazines established in 1966\nCategory:Shueisha magazines"}
-{"text": "Lucas Vorsterman II\n\nLucas Vorsterman II, Lucas Vorsterman the Younger or Lucas Vorsterman Junior (1624 \u2013 between 1666 and 1676) was a Flemish Baroque engraver and draughtsman. Her produced engravings after the work of the leading painters of the next generation and for the various book projects of the Antwerp publishers.\n\nLife\nLucas Vorsterman the Younger was born in Antwerp. He was the son of Lucas Vorsterman I who worked as an engraver with leading Flemish artists Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck.   He trained under his father and became a master of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke in 1651/2.\n\nHe is believed to have died in Antwerp between 1666 and 1676.\n\nWork\n\nLucas Vorsterman the Younger made many engravings after Rubens, van Dyck, Jacob Jordaens and Cornelius Schut.  He worked on various publication projects of Antwerp publishers.\n\nHe worked with Gaspar Bouttats on engravings after drawings by Jan Peeters I for the publication by Jacob Peeters in Antwerp of several sets of prints issued under the title Description des principales villes, havres et isles du golfe de Venise du cote oriental, comme aussi des villes et fortresses de la Moree et quelques places de la Grece et es isles principales de l'Archipel et fortresses d\u00edcelles et en suittes quelques places renomm\u00e9es de la Terre Saincte, et autres dessous la domination Ottomane vers le Midij et l'Orient, et quelques principales villes en Perse et le regne du Grand Mogol le tout en Abrege.  This was a series of maps and views of locations in Southern Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East.<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/10934/RM0001.COLLECT.192483 Print from the 'Description des principales villes] at the Rijksmuseum</ref>\n\nLucas Vorsterman the Younger also made many reproductive engravings for David Teniers the Younger\u2019s illustrated catalogue of the Italian pictures in the  collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria.  The publication entitled Theatrum pictorium'' was published in Antwerp in  1658.\n\nThe Scottish National Gallery in Edinburgh holds a drawing by his hand.\n\nThe works of Lucas Vorsterman II are regarded as lacking skilled draughtsmanship and to be mechanical in their execution.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nEngravings by Lucas Vorsterman at the British Museum website\n\nCategory:1624 births\nCategory:Flemish engravers\nCategory:Members of the Antwerp Guild of Saint Luke\nCategory:People from Antwerp\nCategory:Year of death unknown"}
-{"text": "New England Antiquities Research Association\n\nThe New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA) is a non-profit organization founded 1964. According to its website, it \"is dedicated to a better understanding of our historic and prehistoric past through the study and preservation of New England's stone sites in their cultural context.\" The current president of NEARA is Terry J. Deveau.\n\nThe membership of NEARA consists for the most part of amateurs, and the organization was in 2003 described as a 'hotbed of \"Diffusionist\" thought, the belief that the Americas were widely visited by European and Asiatic cultures before Columbus'.\n\nWriting about NEARA's interest in lithic sites, archaeologist Kenneth Feder has said that \"For many in NEARA, these lithic sites represent a wealth of remarkable evidence of the ancient occupation of New England by ancient Celts and other western Europeans long before the arrival of the Pilgrims in Massachusetts or even Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean. Orthodox archaeology and history reject this claim, ascribing most of the lithic sites to more recent migrants to New England, namely, seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century settlers and farmers. Archaeological skepticism about claims of much earlier dates for the chambers is based on the complete lack of any artifactual evidence found in any of the chambers that would allow us to confidently trace these features to an earlier time period.\"\n\nThe association has published New England Antiquities Research Association Journal, formerly known as New England Antiquities Research Association Newsletter, since 1964. The Journal is published twice a year, as of 2016. It was formerly published quarterly. According to Ulrich as of 1997 the number of associated disciplines it discusses was growing.  It also published Across Before Columbus?  Evidence for Transoceanic Contact with the Americas prior to 1492 in 1998, .\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n \n\nCategory:Organizations established in 1964\nCategory:Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact\nCategory:History of New England\nCategory:Non-profit organizations based in the United States\nCategory:Pseudoarchaeology\nCategory:1964 establishments in the United States"}
-{"text": "Ornithoglossum\n\nOrnithoglossum is a genus of plants native to southern Africa, some of which are widely cultivated as ornamentals. Nine species are currently recognized, as of April 2014:\n\nOrnithoglossum calcicola K.Krause & Dinter - Namibia\nOrnithoglossum dinteri K.Krause - Namibia, South Africa\nOrnithoglossum gracile B.Nord. - Cape Province\nOrnithoglossum parviflorum B.Nord. - Namibia, Cape Province\nOrnithoglossum pulchrum Snijman, B.Nord. & Mannh. - Namibia\nOrnithoglossum undulatum Sweet - Namibia, Cape Province\nOrnithoglossum viride (L.f.) Dryand. ex W.T.Aiton - Cape Province\nOrnithoglossum vulgare B.Nord. - Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa \nOrnithoglossum zeyheri (Baker) B.Nord. - Cape Province\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Colchicaceae\nCategory:Colchicaceae genera\nCategory:Flora of Tanzania\nCategory:Flora of South Tropical Africa\nCategory:Flora of Southern Africa"}
-{"text": "Scirtes\n\nScirtes is a genus of marsh beetles in the family Scirtidae. There are more than 80 described species in Scirtes.\n\nSpecies\nThese 84 species belong to the genus Scirtes:\n\n Scirtes adustus Boheman, 1858\n Scirtes affinis Motschulsky, 1858\n Scirtes albamaculatus Watts.However, 2004\n Scirtes albotaeniatus Yoshitomi\n Scirtes auratus Watts, 2004\n Scirtes axillaris Motschulsky, 1863\n Scirtes babeldaobensis Yoshitomi\n Scirtes bimaculaticeps Pic, 1918\n Scirtes bo Klausnitzer, 2016\n Scirtes brisbanensis Pic, 1956\n Scirtes caledonicus Bourgeois, 1884\n Scirtes californicus Motschulsky, 1845\n Scirtes canescens Motschulsky, 1863\n Scirtes caraguata Libonatti, 2017\n Scirtes cayennensis Gu\u00e9rin, 1861\n Scirtes championi Picado, 1913\n Scirtes circumcisus Kirejtschuk & Nel, 2013\n Scirtes confinis\n Scirtes constans Pic, 1918\n Scirtes convexiusculus Motschulsky, 1863\n Scirtes dentatus Libonatti, 2017\n Scirtes dicerorhinus Klausnitzer, 2016\n Scirtes diversenotatus Pic, 1930\n Scirtes dufaui Pic, 1916\n Scirtes ebenus Ruta & Yoshitomi, 2010\n Scirtes elegans\n Scirtes elisabethae Pic, 1955\n Scirtes exoletus Waterhouse, 1880\n Scirtes flavohumeralis\n Scirtes gallus Libonatti, 2017\n Scirtes gelimensis Ruta, 2014\n Scirtes goliai Epler, 2012\n Scirtes grandis (Motschulsky, 1863)\n Scirtes gressitti Yoshitomi\n Scirtes guillaumati Pic, 1918\n Scirtes haemisphaericus\n Scirtes helicoidalis Libonatti, 2017\n Scirtes helmsi Blackburn, 1892\n Scirtes hemisphaericus (Linnaeus, 1767)\n Scirtes herthae Klausnitzer, 2005\n Scirtes humeralis Horn, 1895\n Scirtes insularis Champion, 1897\n Scirtes japonicus Kiesenwetter, 1874\n Scirtes lemoulti Pic, 1913\n Scirtes lynnae Watts, Cooper & Saint, 2017\n Scirtes mahensis\n Scirtes majerorum Klausnitzer, 2016\n Scirtes maynei Pic, 1955\n Scirtes micronesianus Yoshitomi\n Scirtes nigropunctatus Motschulsky, 1863\n Scirtes nocturnus Pic, 1955\n Scirtes oblongus Gu\u00e9rin-M\u00e9neville, 1861\n Scirtes okinawanus Nakane, 1963\n Scirtes orbicularis (Panzer, 1793)\n Scirtes orbiculatus (Fabricius, 1801)\n Scirtes ovalis Blatchley, 1924\n Scirtes ovatulus Lewis, 1895\n Scirtes palauensis Yoshitomi\n Scirtes piceolus Blatchley, 1924\n Scirtes pinjarraensis Watts, 2004\n Scirtes plagiatus Schaeffer, 1906\n Scirtes quadrifossulata Pic, 1916\n Scirtes rufonotatus Pic, 1915\n Scirtes rutai Watts, Cooper & Saint, 2017\n Scirtes sakishimanus Sat\u00f4 & Ch\u00fbj\u00f4, 1972\n Scirtes scheat Klausnitzer, 2003\n Scirtes serratus Watts, Cooper & Saint, 2017\n Scirtes seychellensis Champion, 1924\n Scirtes seydeli Pic, 1955\n Scirtes sobrinus Lewis, 1895\n Scirtes talamauensis Klausnitzer, 2016\n Scirtes testaceicornis Pic, 1913\n Scirtes testaceus Fabricius, 1801\n Scirtes tibialis Guerin-Meneville, 1843\n Scirtes tigmanensis\n Scirtes tinianensis Yoshitomi\n Scirtes townshendi Pic, 1918\n Scirtes tsumaguro Sat\u00f4 & Ch\u00fbj\u00f4, 1972\n Scirtes variegata Gu\u00e9rin, 1843\n Scirtes victoris Pic, 1918\n Scirtes wanati Ruta & Yoshitomi, 2010\n Scirtes zerchei\n Scirtes zwicki Watts, Cooper & Saint, 2017\n Scyrtes japonicus Kiesenwetter, 1874\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\nCategory:Scirtoidea\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot"}
-{"text": "D\u00f6nmem Yolumdan\n\nD\u00f6nmem Yolumdan (I don't Retract from My Way) is the name of a Turkish album by Asya. It is her fourth studio album, released in Turkey on July 3, 2002.\n\nTrack listing\n \"Nazara Geldik\" (We Were Struck by The Evil Eye)\n \"35 Ya\u015f\" (Age of 35)\n \"D\u00f6nmem Yolumdan\" (I don't Retract from My Way)\n \"Bo\u015fver Hayat K\u0131sa\" (Never Mind, Life is Short)\n \"Mart\u0131 Ku\u015flar\u0131\" (Gulls)\n \"S\u00f6ns\u00fcn Bu Ate\u015f\" (Let The Fire Put Out)\n \"Hata Kimde\" (Who is Faulty)\n \"Sensiz Saadet\" (Happiness without You)\n \"Allah Korkusu\" (Fear of God)\n \"\u0130stanbul\" (Istanbul)\n \"Beni Unutma\" (Don't Forget Me)\n \"Sahnede\" (on The Stage)\n\nMusic and lyrics\nAsya, Hamit \u00dcnda\u015f, Eugene Raskin, \u015eehrazat, Emre Irmak, Ya\u015far G\u00fcvenir, Erol Sava\u015f\n\nCategory:Asya (singer) albums\nCategory:2002 albums"}
-{"text": "Night Light (2nd Chapter of Acts album)\n\nNight Light is the title of a 1985 studio album by 2nd Chapter of Acts.\n\nTrack listing\nFrom Discogs.\n Night Light \u2013 3:29\n Heartstrings \u2013 3:37\n Oh No! Can't Believe It! \u2013 4:25\n He Will Rule \u2013 4:28\n Consider the Lilies \u2013 3:14\n He's the Light \u2013 4:04\n Oh Boy! \u2013 3:16\n What To Do With My Heart \u2013 3:43\n That's Not Nice To Say \u2013 5:07\n Jesus Will Be Right Back \u2013 3:30\n\nPersonnel\n Curt Bartlett \u2013 guitar\n Annie Herring \u2013 piano\n Jim Tenneboe \u2013 piano\n Si Simonson \u2013 piano\n Jack Kelly \u2013 drums\n Michael Celenza \u2013 drums\n John Scudder \u2013 bass\n Leland Sklar \u2013 bass\n Kerry Livgren \u2013 guitar, synthesizers\n Michael Omartian \u2013 piano, synthesizers\n Sherman Trivette \u2013 saxophone\n\nKerry Livgren was not part of the band but appeared as a courtesy from CBS Records.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:2nd Chapter of Acts albums\nCategory:1985 albums"}
-{"text": "Cole Deggs & the Lonesome\n\nCole Deggs & the Lonesome was an American country music band founded in 2006 by Cole Deggs (lead vocals), Shade Deggs (bass guitar), David Wallace (lead guitar, vocals), Jimmy Wallace (keyboards), and Brian Hayes (drums). Cole and Shade Degges are brothers from Lake Jackson, Texas, David and Jimmy Wallace (who are also brothers) are from Shreveport, Louisiana, and Hayes is a Florida native. Before the band's foundation, Cole Degges co-wrote songs for other country artists, including an album track for Kenny Chesney, as well as Tracy Byrd's 2006 single \"Cheapest Motel\" and Andy Griggs' 2008 single \"Tattoo Rose\". He also wrote Gary Allan's 2013 single \"It Ain't the Whiskey\".\n\nCole Deggs & The Lonesome signed to Columbia Records Nashville in 2007, releasing their self-titled debut album that year. The first single, \"I Got More,\" reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. After the second single, \"Girl Next Door,\" failed to reach the Top 40, Cole Degges & The Lonesome were dropped by Columbia.\n\nDiscography\n\nAlbums\n\nSingles\n\nMusic videos\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:American country music groups\nCategory:Columbia Records artists\nCategory:Musical groups established in 2006\nCategory:Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee\nCategory:Musical groups disestablished in 2007\nCategory:2006 establishments in Tennessee"}
-{"text": "Miss Bellows Falls Diner\n\nMiss Bellows Falls Diner is a historic diner at 90 Rockingham Street in Bellows Falls, Vermont.  The diner was constructed in 1941 by the Worcester Lunch Car Company as #771, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.\n\nDescription and history\nThe Miss Bellows Falls Diner stands on the southwest side of Rockingham Street, just northwest of the central business district of Bellows Falls.  The diner is set parallel and close to the road.  It is a barrel-roofed metal structure,  in size, its exterior finished in original enamel panels bearing the diner's name.  The entrances to the diner are at its ends, each sheltered by an added vestibule.  The kitchen and bathroom facilities are located in a wood-frame addition to the rear.  The interior of the diner retains original finishes, including walls finished in enamel panels and varnished wood, a polychrome tile floor, oak booths with Formica table tops, and the main counter's marble and metal finish.  The service area also has original features, including enameled refrigerator cabinets and recessed menu boards.\n\nThe diner, built in 1941 by the Worcester Lunch Car Company, is the only known intact example of a Worcester barrel-roofed diner in the state. It was originally built for John Korsak and Frank Willie for a location in Lowell, Massachusetts, where it was called Frankie & Johnny's. Both Korsak and Willie were called up into the military for World War II, and the diner was sold to go to Bellows Falls, where it arrived on May 14, 1944, replacing an earlier diner on the site.\n\nDate of Construction\nThe National Register application for Miss Bellows Falls Diner incorrectly states this diner was assembled \"probably in the 1930's\", but its model number (#771) indicates 1941. The Rosebud (diner) in Somerville, Massachusetts, Worcester #773, was built in 1941. Worcester serialized their diners consecutively in order of production.\n\nSee also\nNational Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Vermont\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Diners on the National Register of Historic Places\nCategory:Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont\nCategory:Restaurants in Vermont\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Bellows Falls, Vermont\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Vermont"}
-{"text": "LGBT history in Sweden\n\nThis article concerns LGBT history in the Nordic country of Sweden.\n\nHistory\nHomosexuality in Sweden was decriminalised in 1944.\n\n6 years later, the Swedish Federation for LGBT Rights (RFSL) was founded.\n\nSee also\nLGBT rights in Sweden\nLGBT rights by country or territory\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Bertilsdotter Rosqvist, Hanna, and Klara Arnberg. \"Ambivalent Spaces\u2014The Emergence of a New Gay Male Norm Situated Between Notions of the Commercial and the Political in the Swedish Gay Press, 1969\u20131986.\" Journal of homosexuality 62.6 (2015): 763-781.\n Carlson-Rainer, Elise. \"Sweden Is a World Leader in Peace, Security, and Human Rights.\" World Affairs 180.4 (2017): 79-85. online\n Rydstr\u00f6m, Jens. Odd couples: A history of gay marriage in Scandinavia (Amsterdam Univ. Press, 2011).\n Rydstr\u00f6m, J. Sinners and citizens: Bestiality and homosexuality in Sweden, 1880\u20131950 (U  of Chicago Press, 2003) online.\n Rydstr\u00f6m J. & K. Mustola, eds. Criminally queer: homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia 1842\u20131999 (Amsterdam: Aksant, 2007). online\n Sundevall, Fia, and Alma Persson. \"LGBT in the military: policy development in Sweden 1944\u20132014.\" Sexuality Research and Social Policy 13.2 (2016): 119-129. online\n\nExternal links"}
-{"text": "Buddy Wolfe\n\nLes Wolff (April 11, 1941 \u2013 July 11, 2017) was an American football player and professional wrestler, known by his ring name \"Beautiful\" Buddy Wolfe, who competed in North American regional promotions including the American Wrestling Association, National Wrestling Alliance and the World Wide Wrestling Federation during the 1970s and 80s. He found his greatest success as the tag team partner of Don Jardine wrestling as the second incarnation of The Spoilers in the Tri-State territory. He was one of several men to team with Jardine as Spoiler #2, twice winning the NWA United States Tag Team Championship during the early 1970s. Wolff later formed a tag team with \"Luscious\" Larry Heinimi who together were considered one of the top \"heel\" tag teams in the Midwest United States during the mid-1970s.\n\nProfessional wrestling career\n\nEarly career\nTrained by wrestler Verne Gagne, Wolff was one of several students to debut during the early 1970s including Ricky \"The Dragon\" Steamboat, \"Nature Boy\" Ric Flair and Pacific Northwest Wrestling mainstay \"Playboy\" Buddy Rose, whom he would become a mentor to during his early career. In one of his earliest matches, he lost to his future brother-in-law Maurice \"Mad Dog\" Vachon in Fargo, North Dakota on December 20, 1970.\n\nFrom Atlanta to Texas\nHe spent his first years in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling feuding with fellow Minnesota State alumni Ole and Lars Anderson. Wolff dominated his feud with Ole Anderson and, to further the storyline, a real-life incident in which Ole Anderson broke his nose while the two attended college was often referenced by Anderson who frequently claimed that Wolff was trying to end his wrestling career.\n\nDuring mid-1971, Wolff wrestled in the Dallas-area for promoter Jack Adkisson. On July 20, he and Bronko Lubich fought Nick Kozak and Johnny Valentine to a draw at The Sportatorium. Later single matches against Bobby Shane and Johnny Valentine also resulted in draws. He scored one of his earliest victories when he defeated The Great Scott on August 10, however this was followed by a defeat in an 8-man tag team match with Bronko Lubich, Toru Tanaka and Skandor Akbar losing to Nick Kozak & Johnny Valentine, Rey Mendoza and Jose Lothario on August 17. He continued feuding with Kozak and Valentine, fighting to a draw with Kozak on August 31 and defeating Valentine on September 7. The following week, he lost to Wahoo McDaniel in a best 2-of-3 pinfalls match. On September 21, he teamed with Toru Tanaka and Thunderbolt Patterson in a 6-man tag team match losing to Johnny Valentine, Jose Lothario and Fritz von Erich. He faced Paterson and Valentine in a three-way elimination match with Valentine defeating pinning Patterson and himself on September 28. Although the Dallas Morning News reported that this match was the first \"3-man free-for-all wrestling match\" held in Dallas, this statement in inaccurate.\n\nOn October 5, he teamed with Lubich, Patterson, Tanaka and George Hultz in a 10-man tag team match losing to Kozak, Valentine, Jose Lothario, Sabu Singh and Bobby Burns. He defeated Burns in a singles match later that night. In another best 2-of-3 falls match, he teamed with Wahoo McDaniel and lost to Thunderbolt Patterson and Toru Tanaka on October 26. In the following weeks, he faced Toru Tanaka, Patterson and Joe Dusek. He fought his last match in the promotion fighting former tag team partner Bronko Lubich on December 14, 1971.\n\nWorld Wide Wrestling Federation (1972\u20131973)\nIn late 1972, Wolff began competing in the World Wide Wrestling Federation. He defeated Blackjack Slade in his debut match at Madison Square Garden on October 16, 1972. He defeated El Olympico but lost to Chief Jay Strongbow and Tony Garea during the next few weeks. He also faced his old trainer Verne Gagne at Madison Square Garden on November 27. The next month, he defeated Sonny King but lost to Victor Rivera via disqualification on December 29.\n\nThe following year, he faced then WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Pedro Morales at the Westchester Civic Center in White Plains, New York on January 24, 1973. He would be the first of several major opponents to challenge Morales for the title that year. Three days later, substituting for Prof. Toru Tanaka, he faced Chief Jay Strongbow at Sunnyside Gardens in Queens, New York. Later that day, he teamed with Moondog Mayne and King Curtis in a 6-man tag team match against Pedro Morales, Chief Jay Strongbow and Gorilla Monsoon in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on January 27.\n\nOn February 10, he would score his first victory defeating Mike Conrad and would face Pedro Morales in several matches during the year. Teaming with Prof. Toru Tanaka & Mr. Fuji losing to Pedro Morales, Gorilla Monsoon and Bobo Brazil at the Baltimore Civic Center in Baltimore, Maryland on February 20 and again faced Morales in a singles match at the Zembo Mosque in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on February 23. During the match, Wolfe sustained a serious head wound after hitting one of the turnbuckles and the referee stopped the match.\n\nHe would also face Mil M\u00e1scaras and Lee Wong during the next several weeks before losing to Pedro Morales in a Texas Death match on March 16 and, the following night, teamed with Moondog Mayne and Toru Tanaka in a 6-man tag team match against Gorilla Monsoon, Sonny King and El Olympico. On March 26, he lost to Andr\u00e9 the Giant in his debut match at Madison Square Garden on March 26  and to Pedro Morales in New London, Connecticut on April 13.\n\nHe again faced Morales on April 21, during which time the match was again stopped by the referee due to a serious wound being sustained. He and Frank Valois faced Andr\u00e9 the Giant in a handicap match in Augusta, Maine on April 26 as well as facing Gorilla Monsoon and \"Classie\" Freddie Blassie before leaving the promotion in late April 1973.\n\nAmerican Wrestling Association & National Wrestling Alliance (1973\u20131978)\nLater that year, he and Lars Anderson (under the name \"Luscious\" Larry Heinimi) began teaming together and billed as \"cousins\" although this was kayfabe. While in the Midwest, they were one of the top tag teams in the World Wrestling Association. They also had successful runs in the American Wrestling Association and in the Tri-State territory. For a brief time in the mid-1970s, he and Anderson owned and operated a chain of \"shirt shacks\" selling tie-dye shirts.\n\nWolff also traveled to Japan along with Ric Flair, Skandor Akbar and The Outlaws (Dick Murdoch & Dusty Rhodes) and toured with Isao Yoshihara's International Wrestling Enterprise promotion from June 18 to July 15, 1973. The next year, he made an appearance for Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association fighting Greg Gagne to a time limit draw at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois on September 7, 1974.\n\nAfter Anderson lost a retirement match to Billy Robinson forcing him to leave the AWA, Wolff announced he had found a new tag team partner Kim Duk. He and Kim Duk had a brief but memorable run as a tag team, however they were ultimately unsuccessful in winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship and split up soon after. In one of their last appearances as a team, they lost to Greg Gagne & Jim Brunzell at the Omaha Civic Auditorium on August 19, 1975.\n\nIn October, while in NWA Texas, he scored victories over Red Bastien, Abe Jacobs and Bruiser Blackwell before fighting to a draw against NWA Texas Heavyweight Champion Al Madril in Dallas, Texas on October 28. The next night, he and John Tolos lost a tag team match to Andr\u00e9 the Giant and Jose Lothario in San Antonio. On November 3, he defeated Al Madril for the NWA Texas Heavyweight Championship. He successfully defended the title against Tony Atlas and in rematches with Al Madrill before he losing to John Tolos later that month.\n\nIn June 1976, he was a wrestling sparring partner for Muhammad Ali and later faced him in an exhibition match at an AWA event in Chicago. At the time, Ali was preparing for his match against Japanese wrestler Antonio Inoki. He was also a sparring partner for Kenny Jay. The next month he lost to Moose Cholak at Comiskey Park in Chicago, Illinois on August 27, 1976. Later that year, he traveled to Japan where he faced Abdullah the Butcher in a rare meeting.\n\nWhile in NWA Florida, he teamed with Superstar Billy Graham and Steve Strong against Rhodes, Jack and Jerry Brisco at North Dade Jr. College in Miami on January 12, 1977. He also defeated Steve Keirn in a tournament final to win the vacant NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship in March before losing it to Dusty Rhodes three months later. The following year, he and Killer Karl Kox feuded with Rhodes and Wahoo McDaniel in Florida Championship Wrestling facing them in several tag team matches. Teaming with Ric Flair and Ox Baker, Wolfe lost to Andr\u00e9 the Giant and Dick the Bruiser in a three-on-two handicap match in St. Louis, Missouri on March 17, 1978.\n\nLater career and retirement (1983\u20131988)\nHe defeated Lars Anderson for the WWL Heavyweight Championship in Joplin, Missouri on January 18, 1983. After this point, Wolff began to slow down making brief appearances in various regional territories. He teamed with Ken Timbs against Tojo Yamamoto & Johnny Wilhoit at the Mid-South Coliseum in Memphis, Tennessee on July 16, 1984.\n\nHe eventually returned to the AWA where he spent the last years of his career. At the supercard Brawl in St. Paul, Wolff fought Buck Zumhofe to a time limit draw at St. Paul Civic Center in St. Paul, Minnesota on December 25, 1986. The following year at SuperClash II, with Doug Somers & \"Mr. Magnificent\" Kevin Kelly, Wolff lost to Ray Stevens and The Midnight Rockers (Shawn Michaels & Marty Jannetty) in a 6-man tag team match at the Cow Palace in San Francisco, California on May 2, 1987.\n\nPersonal life\nWolff played football in high school and college, later attending St. Cloud State College, prior to becoming a former defensive end for the Norfolk Neptunes. He was voted Rookie of the Year during his first year in the Continental Football League but left the organization in 1968 to pursue a career in professional wrestling.\n\nHe was also the husband of Vivian Vachon, a popular French-Canadian female wrestler and member of the famous Vachon wrestling family, to whom he was married from 1976 to 1979. He also had two daughters, Lisa and Ann, from his first marriage.\n\nFollowing his retirement, he eventually moved to Hackensack, Minnesota and formed a company, Banner Saver Pro 2000, which manufactures special custom brackets to keep banners from falling off signs in strong winds. He came up with the idea while watching the 2002 Winter Olympics and saw some of the banners being blown off signs.\n\nIn 2003, he made a public appearance with the Vachon brothers at the 2003 Cauliflower Alley Club Banquet & Reunion in Las Vegas, Nevada from April 4\u20136, 2003. At the event, he gave a speech.\n\nDeath\nOn July 11, 2017, Wolff's daughter Lisa Wolff Clausen posted on her Facebook page that Wolfe had died. Minnesota historian and decades-long friend George Schire afterwards stated that Wolfe had been battling dementia in recent years. His brain will be donated to Boston University.\n\nChampionships and accomplishments\nAmerican Wrestling Association\nAWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (2 times)\nChampionship Wrestling from Florida\nNWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time) \nNWA Tri-State\nNWA United States Tag Team Championship (Tri-State version) (2 times) \u2013 with Don Jardine \nNWA Big-Time Wrestling\nNWA Texas Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWrestler: Buddy Wolff\nLars and Les's inventions, the Tummy Twister\nLes Wolff's Sports Memorabilia\n\nCategory:1944 births\nCategory:2017 deaths\nCategory:American male professional wrestlers\nCategory:Sportspeople from St. Cloud, Minnesota\nCategory:Professional wrestlers from Minnesota\nCategory:People from Blue Earth, Minnesota"}
-{"text": "Duttaphrynus scaber\n\nDuttaphrynus scaber (common names: Schneider's (dwarf) toad, and for the now-synonymized Bufo fergusonii, Ferguson's toad and Boulenger's burrowing toad) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is found in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. Bufo fergusonii, now synonymized with Duttaphrynus scaber, was named after Harold S. Ferguson who collected the type specimen.\n\nDuttaphrynus scaber is a widespread and common toad in India and Sri Lanka up to elevations of about  asl. It is a terrestrial species that occurs in various habitats: wet evergreen tropical forest, tropical dry forest, dry scrubland, grassland, coastal marshes and rural farmland areas. Adult toads are generally found under ground cover, except during the breeding season when they are found in grasslands close to waterbodies. The tadpoles develop in stagnant waters.\n\nIn parts of its range, Duttaphrynus scaber is seriously threatened by habitat loss caused by deforestation, pollution, and urbanization.\n\nReferences\n\nscaber\nCategory:Frogs of India\nCategory:Frogs of Sri Lanka\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot\nCategory:Amphibians described in 1799"}
-{"text": "Alternate versions of Scarlet Witch\n\nThe Scarlet Witch is a fictional superheroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in X-Men #4 (March 1964) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The character has since starred in two self-titled limited series with husband the Vision, and has historically been depicted as a regular team member in superhero title The Avengers. She has numerous alternative versions throughout the Marvel Comics multiverse.\n\nAge of Apocalypse\nAge of Apocalypse was a comic book event where reality was altered by a time travel, and the mutant Apocalypse wages a devastating war over the world. The Scarlet Witch appears in X-Men Chronicles #1, a comic set in the early days of the war. She is a member of the X-Men, led by her father Magneto. While the team fights Apocalypse in his first attack, she dies defending their base on Wundagore Mountain from Nemesis. As a last request, she asks the newly recruited Rogue to stay close to her father.\n\nThe event was quite popular, and many new comics set in it were published in later years. One of those comics was Uncanny X-Force #19.1. The long dead Scarlet Witch is cloned, so that Jean Grey can control her body and use her power to replicate the mass mutant depowering seen in the House of M event. The spell fails, and only works in a limited radius, depowering only Jean Grey and Sabretooth.\n\nHeroes Reborn\nThe Scarlet Witch is one of the Avengers participating in the defeat of the entity Onslaught, and is subsequently trapped in the Heroes Reborn universe. In this artificial reality, with her mutant heritage non-existent, Wanda was raised by Agatha Harkness, with the Asgardian sorceress the Enchantress falsely claiming to be her mother.\n\nExiles\nThe title Exiles features an alternate version from Earth-8823 with the call sign \"Witch\". The character joins the inter-dimensional superhero team but is killed in action, and is replaced\u2014without the knowledge of her teammates\u2014by yet another alternate version of herself.\n\nMarvel 1602\nIn Marvel 1602, Sister Wanda and her brother, Petros, are followers of Enrique, High Inquisitor of the Spanish Catholic Church.\n\nMarvel Noir\nIn the limited series X-Men Noir, Wanda Magnus is a wealthy socialite and the daughter of Chief of Detectives Eric Magnus.\n\nMarvel Zombies\nIn the Marvel Zombies storyline, an alternate universe version of Scarlet Witch helps Ash find the Necronomicon Ex-Mortis. Wanda is eventually attacked, hunted down and infected by zombified vigilante the Punisher. She reappears, still \"zombified\" in the third instalment in the series, Marvel Zombies 3. She works with the Kingpin, using the Vision\u2014who was still in love with her\u2014to block enemy radio signals as necessary. She (along with the other zombies) was later confronted by Machine Man, and Jocasta, who decided to save the Vision and finally kill the zombie Kingpin. At yet one point, zombie Scarlet Witch is decapitated by Machine Man's temporary chainsaw limb and was ripped apart in the zombie pile where Machine Man and Jocasta are victorious.\n\nMC2\nAn older version of Scarlet Witch appears in the MC2 title A-Next. Having been placed in a coma during the original Avengers final battle (as part of an attempt to save Iron Man), Scarlet Witch was captured, revived, and brainwashed by Loki as part of his plan to corrupt various heroes into punishing the Avengers. She eventually returned to her normal mindset, and has made sporadic appearances in the MC2 universe since then.\n\nUltimate Marvel\n\nIn the Ultimate Marvel imprint title Ultimates, Scarlet Witch and her brother Quicksilver defect from Magneto's Brotherhood of Mutant Supremacy to the Ultimates in exchange for the release of imprisoned Brotherhood members\n\nIn the third volume of Ultimates 3, the Scarlet Witch is killed by a lovesick Ultron which is later revealed to have been orchestrated by Doctor Doom. She is shown to be alive in Wundagore together with Teddy (Blob's other mutant child), Quicksilver and Mystique. However this is revealed to be an illusion by Apocalypse.\n\nThe Ultimate version's powers differ from the mainstream version's in that the character has to \"do the math\" in order to use her powers\u2014she must calculate the mathematical probability that the effect she intends to create will actually happen; the more complex the effect, the more complex the mathematical formula.\n\nInfinity Warp\nDuring Infinity Wars, when the universe was folded in half, the Scarlet Witch was fused with X-23 to create Weapon Hex. The Evolutionaries, an occult and scientific group, had been using mutants in order for one of them to become a vessel for Mephicton (fusion of Mephisto and Chthon). However, this process always resulted in the mutants death. Seeing that their plan was failing, the groups leaders, Sarah Kinney and Herbert Wyndham decided to conceive a flawed child to act as the perfect vessel for the demon. However, Sara raised Laura and told her about empathy and humanity, while Herbert wanted the girl to be a weapon. At the age of seventeen, Laura along with Hellhound (fusion of Magik and Sabretooth) were sent on missions. Following her mother's death and discovering that she had a younger sister named Gavrill (fusion of Quicksilver and Honey Badger), she decided to escape the Evolutionaries along with her sister, but was cut in pieces by Hellhound, while Herbert took Gavrill in order for her to become the new vessel for Mephicton. Laura eventually healed and killed both Hellhound and Herbert with the latter being attacked by the spirits who had died from his experiments. After that, Laura along with her sister left the place.\n\nMarvel Cinematic Universe\nIn the film universe or Earth-199999, Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch is played by American actress Elizabeth Olsen.\n\nWanda makes her debut in the mid-credits scene of Captain America: The Winter Soldier, where she and her brother Pietro are shown as test subjects of Hydra leader Baron Strucker. She is shown levitating small blocks with her psionic powers and then crushing it.\n\nWanda then has a major role in Avengers: Age of Ultron, where she and Pietro escape from Strucker's lab and side with the rogue Ultron against the Avengers, due to harbouring a vendetta against Tony Stark, Ultron's creator as they hold him responsible for their parents' deaths from his weapons dealing days, in their second encounter Wanda subdues the majority of the team with her powers, giving them disturbing visions and also setting the Hulk loose in the city. They later learn the full extent of Ultron's plans and switch sides after realising the error of their ways. In the ensuing conflict against Ultron in Sokovia, Pietro is killed trying to protect a child and Clint Barton resulting in a vengeful Wanda destroying Ultron's main body, thus shutting down and eliminating his army. Wanda later becomes a member of the new team lead by Steve Rogers and Natasha Romanoff alongside Vision, Sam Wilson and James Rhodes.\n\nWanda next appears in Captain America: Civil War, she aids Rogers, Romanoff and Wilson in stopping Crossbones from stealing a nuclear weapon, but loses control of her powers and accidentally pushes Crossbones as he activated a bomb to kill himself across a nearby building killing several Wakandan relief workers, much to her horror as she only tried to contain the blast. Wanda is unsure of her opinion on the Sokovia Accords but later sides with Captain America against them which was further fueled when she was placed under house arrest by Vision on the orders of Stark, until Barton (who owed her a debt as Pietro died saving his life) rescues her. During the battle against Stark and his faction, she mainly targets Romanoff, Peter Parker and T'Challa. Wanda is later imprisoned alongside Barton, Wilson and Scott Lang but is broken out by Captain America and goes into hiding. She is also shown growing close to Vision and has developed romantic feelings for him.\n\nTwo years later, in Avengers: Infinity War, Wanda and Vision are shown living in Scotland and have formed a romantic relationship. They are soon ambushed by Corvus Glaive and Proxima Midnight who seek Vision's Mind Stone for their master Thanos. Wanda and Vision struggle fighting them until they are rescued by Rogers, Romanoff and Wilson who were contacted by Bruce Banner. The five later regroup with Banner and Rhodes in the New Avengers Facility and travel to Wakanda to remove the Mind Stone from Vision's head with T'Challa's sister's Shuri's help. Wanda later takes part in the Battle of Wakanda alongside the Avengers, T'Challa, Bucky Barnes, Okoye, M'Baku, the Dora Milaje, the Jabari Tribe, Rocket Raccoon and Groot, she kills Midnight and later put up a brave front against Thanos when he arrives, but is forced to kill Vision despite her reluctance and bids him a tearful goodbye. The action is futile as Thanos reverses the destruction using the Time Stone and kills Vision again by ripping the Mind Stone from his forehead much to her shock. When Thanos snaps his fingers with the completed Infinity Gauntlet and wipes out half of all life, Wanda is among the victims, disintegrating peacefully while kneeling over Vision's lifeless body.\n\nMaximoff returns in Avengers: Endgame. She is revived alongside other victims of the Decimation by Banner when he uses the Infinity Stones collected from the past. She later takes part in the battle against a past version of Thanos and tries to avenge Vision's death by using her telekinetic powers to violently cripple his armor. She later attends Stark's funeral after the latter sacrifices himself to kill Thanos and his army. She is then shown comforting Clint Barton over Natasha Romanoff's death by claiming she knows the Avengers succeeded.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Alternative versions of comics characters\nCategory:Fictional characters from parallel universes"}
-{"text": "Dandenong Football and Netball Club\n\nThe Dandenong Football and Netball Club, nicknamed Redlegs, is an Australian rules football and netball club located in the southern suburbs of Melbourne. The club participates in the Southern Football Netball League, based in the south and south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne.\n\nHistory\n\nDandenong was established in 1964, and was originally called \"Dandenong West Football Club\". It was initially a junior club that fielded boys teams of various age groups. In 1987 the club had enough seniors to enter the Eastern Suburban Churches Football Association for the first time. \n\nThe club maintained the name until 2003 when it renamed itself the Dandenong Demons. In 2009 it shortened the name to Dandenong, because it was the only Dandenong club to remain competitive. \n\nIn 2015 the name became Dandenong Football and Netball Club to include the netballers and acknowledge the efforts they put in for the club.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official Facebook\n Unofficial site\n\nCategory:Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne\nCategory:Southern Football League (Victoria)\nCategory:1964 establishments in Australia\nCategory:Sports clubs established in 1964\nCategory:Dandenong, Victoria"}
-{"text": "Ted de Corsia\n\nTed de Corsia (September 29, 1903 \u2013 April 11, 1973) was an American radio, film, and television actor best remembered for his roles as  the ex-wrestler murderer Willie Garzah in the film The Naked City (aka Naked City) is a 1948 American film noir and as a gangster who turned state's evidence in the film The Enforcer (1951).\n\nEarly years\nEdward Gildea De Corsia was born in Brooklyn, New York.\n\nRadio\nDe Corsia was a member of the cast of Blackstone Plantation. He starred in the title role on Mike Hammer and played Sergeant Velie on The Adventures of Ellery Queen. He also voiced roles on Family Theater, The March of Time, Cavalcade of America, Gang Busters, and The Shadow.\n\nFilm\n\nHe made his film debut in Orson Welles' The Lady from Shanghai (1947) and went on to make a career playing villains and gangsters in 1940s and 1950s films, including The Naked City (1948), The Enforcer (1951), Crime Wave (1954), The Big Combo (1955), The Killing (1956), Baby Face Nelson, Slightly Scarlet (1956), and The Joker is Wild (1957).\n\nIn his last feature, The Outside Man (1972) with Ann-Margret and Angie Dickinson, his character, the mobster Victor, is killed off early in the film, but he later appears as his embalmed corpse, posed in a chair, holding a cigar.\n\nTelevision\nIn the late 1950s and 1960s, he appeared in a number of television series, mostly westerns. He was featured on three episodes of the CBS courtroom drama series Perry Mason, including the episodes \"The Case of the Drifting Dropout\" (1964), in which he played murder victim Mort Lynch, and \"The Case of the Positive Negative\" (1966), in the role of murder victim George Emory. Other television appearances included The Californians, The Lone Ranger, Maverick, Have Gun Will Travel, Tales of Wells Fargo, Sugarfoot, Jefferson Drum, Richard Diamond, Private Detective, Frontier Doctor, Mackenzie's Raiders, Riverboat, Tate, The Twilight Zone, Sea Hunt, Lawman, Stoney Burke, Rawhide, Daniel Boone, Gunsmoke, 77 Sunset Strip,The Dakotas, I Dream of Jeannie, Get Smart, Zane Grey Theater,The Outer Limits (episode \"The Inheritors\", 1964) and The Monkees, episode \"Hitting The High Seas\", (1967) and \"The Devil And Peter Tork\", (1968).\n\nDeath\nHe died at the age of 69 in Encino, California, from a heart attack. His body was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1903 births\nCategory:1973 deaths\nCategory:Male actors from New York City\nCategory:American male film actors\nCategory:American male radio actors\nCategory:American male television actors\nCategory:American people of Italian descent\nCategory:People from Brooklyn\nCategory:Male actors of Italian descent\nCategory:20th-century American male actors\nCategory:Disease-related deaths in California\nCategory:Western (genre) television actors"}
-{"text": "Stadionul Dumitru M\u0103t\u0103r\u0103u\n\nStadionul Dumitru M\u0103t\u0103r\u0103u is a multi-use stadium in \u0218tef\u0103ne\u0219tii de Jos, Romania. It is used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of CS \u0218tef\u0103ne\u0219ti and Unirea T\u0103rlungeni. Temporarily here played Sportul Snagov, team whose stadium was under renovation. The stadium holds 1,200 people.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Football venues in Romania\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Ilfov County"}
-{"text": "Penn Yan Boat Company\n\nPenn Yan Boat Company, which produced a wide range of wooden and fiberglass powerboats, sailboats, canoes and rowboats, was founded in 1921 by German-native Charles A. Herrman.  It derived its name from the location of its headquarters, Penn Yan, New York. At its founding, the company built wood boats and canoes, switching to all fiberglass production in the early 1960s. No records are known to survive.\n\nIn 1936, Penn Yan introduced its \"Car Top\" outboard boat.  The Car Top, which Penn Yan marketed as being easily lifted by two people, was designed to be light and narrow enough to fit on top of most cars of that era.\n\nAmong other innovations, Penn Yan was known for its patented \"Tunnel Drive\" concept, whereby a cavity was molded into the bottom of the boat's hull, partially enclosing the propeller and drive shaft.  The tunnel drive system provided better boat speed and stability.\n\nThe company was sold to new owners in 1979 and finally ceased operations in 2001. Further contacts for remaining final production  indicated that the last owner (Female name; Camilla) had fallen ill with cancer forcing the decision to close. At the time, she stated that supporting the business at their present location was too costly, non-profiting and conflicting with the latest NY state hazardous waste issues and therefore the added expense of implementing new emissions regulations and chemical pollution controls on their buildings sealed the final blow. The \"Penn Yan\" trademark has since been cancelled by the United States Patent & Trademark Office.  The former Penn Yan boat works property is abandoned and has fallen into ruin.  Many of the buildings have collapsed, and the grounds are full of debris.  There is a plan to clean up and redevelop the site into residential property.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Penn Yan Antique and Classic Boat Owners Club\n Finger Lakes Boating Museum Area Builders: Penn Yan Boat Company\n Video: Beginning Restoration on a Penn Yan Canoe\n\nCategory:American boat builders\nCategory:Manufacturing companies based in New York (state)\nCategory:Defunct companies based in New York (state)\nCategory:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1921\nCategory:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2001"}
-{"text": "Journal of Regional Science\n\nThe Journal of Regional Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.  Established in 1958, it was the first journal in the field of Regional science. The current editors-in-chief are Marlon G. Boarnet (University of Southern California), Steven Brakman (University of Groningen), Mark D. Partridge (The Ohio State University) and Gianmarco I.P. Ottaviano (The London School of Economics and Political Science). Contributors hold positions in a variety of academic disciplines: economics, geography, agricultural economics, rural sociology, urban and regional planning, and civil engineering. Articles are usually empirical, occasionally methodological or theoretical, but always quantitative.\n\nAccording to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.743, ranking it 19th out of 55 journals in the category \"Planning & Development\".\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:Economics journals\nCategory:Geography journals\nCategory:English-language journals\nJournal of Regional Science\nCategory:Publications established in 1958\nCategory:Wiley-Blackwell academic journals\nCategory:5 times per year journals"}
-{"text": "Domhnall Ua M\u00e1ille\n\nDomhnall Ua M\u00e1ille, Lord of Ui Mail and Chief of the Name, died 1176. \n\nUa M\u00e1ille was lord of the area around Clew Bay in what is now County Mayo. According to Knox, his pedigree is as follows:\n\nDomnall mac Muiredhach mac Domnall Finn mac Muiredhach mac Dubhdara mac Muiredhach mac Dubhdara mac Dubhdara mac Flannabhra mac Seachnusach mac Maille mac Conall.\n\nDomhnall himself is given a son, Brian, who had sons Domnall Ruadh \u00d3 M\u00e1ille (died 1337) and Diarmait.\n\nSee also\n\n Gr\u00e1inne N\u00ed Mh\u00e1ille, c.1530-c.1603, \"Pirate Queen of Connacht.\"\n \u00d3r\u00f3 S\u00e9 do Bheatha 'Bhaile\n\nFamily tree\n\n    Domhnall Ua M\u00e1ille, died 1176.\n    |\n    |\n    Brian\n    |\n    |\n    Diarmait\n    |\n    |\n   Eoghan mac Diarmait \u00d3 M\u00e1ille\n     |\n     |_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________\n     |         |       |      |      |       |           |            |        |       |      |         |\n     |         |       |      |      |       |           |            |        |       |      |         |\n  Diarmait  Domnall  Conor  Maine  Brian  Ruaidhri  Maelsechlainn  Donchadh  Tomas  Maghnus  Aedh  Tadhg Ballach\n     |         |       |\n     |         |       |__________________________________________\n     |         |       |             |           |             |\n     |         |       |             |           |             |\n     |         |      Dubhgall   Muiredhach   Tuathal   Maelsechlainn (died 1396)\n     |         |\n     |         |______________________________________________________________\n     |         |                           |       |          |             |\n     |         |                           |       |          |             |\n     |       Cormac Cruinn \u00d3 M\u00e1ille  Eoghan  Brian  Cormac Buadhach   Ruaibh\n     |             died 1384.\n     |\n     |___________________________________________\n     |           |          |         |        |\n     |           |          |         |        |\n     Cormac   Diarmait    Eoghan   Dubhdara   Tadhg\n\nExternal links\n http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C/\n\nReferences\n\n The History of Mayo, pp.\u00a0388\u201389, T.H. Knox, 1902.\n\nCategory:Medieval Gaels from Ireland\nCategory:12th-century Irish people\nCategory:Monarchs from County Mayo\nCategory:Irish lords\nCategory:1176 deaths\nCategory:Year of birth unknown"}
-{"text": "1977\u201378 Division 1 season (Swedish ice hockey)\n\n1977-78 was the third season that Division 1 operated as the second tier of ice hockey in Sweden, below the top-flight Elitserien (now the SHL).\n\nDivision 1 was divided into four starting groups, based on geography.  The top four teams in the group would continue to the playoffs to determine which clubs would participate in the qualifier for promotion to Elitserien. The bottom one/two teams in each group were relegated to Division 2 for the 1978\u201379 season.\n\nRegular season\n\nNorthern Group\n\nWestern Group\n\nEastern Group\n\nSouthern Group\n\nPlayoffs\n\nNorth/West\n\nFirst round \n IF Bj\u00f6rkl\u00f6ven - Str\u00f6msbro IF 2:0 (7:2, 2:1 OT)\n IFK Kiruna - Fagersta AIK 2:1 (3:0, 3:4, 5:1)\n Mora IK - Kiruna AIF 2:0 (5:2, 10:0)\n KB Karlskoga - Bodens BK 2:0 (7:3, 5:0)\n\nSecond round \n IF Bj\u00f6rkl\u00f6ven - KB Karlskoga 2:0 (11:3, 5:4)\n IFK Kiruna - Mora IK 2:0 (6:5, 5:3)\n\nSouth/East\n\nFirst round \n \u00d6rebro IK - Nybro IF 2:1 (7:0, 3:6, 5:1)\n Huddinge IK - IFK B\u00e4cken 2:0 (9:2, 7:2)\n Tingsryds AIF - V\u00e4sby IK 2:0 (7:3, 9:0)\n HV71 - Hammarby IF 1:2 (4:8, 4:1, 3:6)\n\nSecond round \n \u00d6rebro IK - Hammarby IF 2:1 (3:5, 2:0, 4:3)\n Huddinge IK - Tingsryds AIF 2:0 (7:2, 8:5)\n\nElitserien promotion\n\nExternal links\nHistorical Division 1 statistics on Svenskhockey.com\n\nCategory:Swedish Division I seasons\n2\nSwe"}
-{"text": "Akgedik\n\nAkgedik is a village in Tarsus district of Mersin Province, Turkey. It is situated in the \u00c7ukurova plains (Cilicia of the antiquity) to the south of \u00c7ukurova motorway and Berdan Dam reservoir at .The distance to Tarsus is . and to Mersin is . The population of Akgedik is 1065  as of 2010. Cotton and grape are the two main crops of the village.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in Mersin Province\nCategory:Mediterranean Region, Turkey\nCategory:Villages in Turkey\nCategory:Populated places in Tarsus District"}
-{"text": "Shenzhou 6\n\nShenzhou 6 ( Sh\u00e9nzh\u014du l\u00ecuh\u00e0o) was the second human spaceflight of the Chinese space program, launched on October 12, 2005 on a Long March 2F rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The Shenzhou spacecraft carried a crew of F\u00e8i J\u00f9nl\u00f3ng (\u8d39\u4fca\u9f99) and Ni\u00e8 H\u01ceish\u00e8ng (\u8042\u6d77\u80dc) for five days in low Earth orbit. It launched three days before the second anniversary of China's first human spaceflight, Shenzhou 5.\n\nThe crew were able to change out of their new lighter space suits, conduct scientific experiments, and enter the orbital module for the first time, giving them access to toilet facilities. The exact activities of the crew were kept secret but were thought by some to include military reconnaissance, however this is likely untrue given that similar experiments in the US and USSR determined that humans in space are not suited for military reconnaissance. It landed in the Siziwang Banner of Inner Mongolia on October 16, 2005, the same site as the previous crewed and uncrewed Shenzhou flights.\n\nCrew\n\nBackup Team 1\n\nBack-up Team 2\n\nCrew notes \nThis is the first spaceflight for both crew members. The crew was introduced to the Chinese public and international media about five hours before the launch. Ni\u00e8 H\u01ceish\u00e8ng celebrated his 41st birthday in space.\n\nHuang Chunping, the chief designer of the Long March 2F rocket, was quoted in the Beijing Times as saying the crew members who would fly the mission were selected from a pool of three pairs. Five pairs of astronauts trained for the flight and about one month before launch the two pairs with the lowest performance were dropped. The Ta Kung Pao newspaper had reported that Zhai Zhigang and Nie Haisheng were the leading pair, after having been in the final group of three for Shenzhou 5.\n\nMission highlights\n\nLaunch \n\nThe crew arrived at the spacecraft about 2 hours and 45 minutes before the launch and the hatch closed 30 minutes after their arrival. At 01:00:05.583 UTC on October 12 Shenzhou 6 lifted off from the launch pad at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The launch phase was reported to be normal with the escape rocket separating 120 seconds after launch when the rocket was travelling 1,300\u00a0m/s (4300\u00a0ft/s). Sixteen seconds later the four booster rockets separated at an altitude of . The payload fairing and first stage detached 200 seconds after launch. The second stage burned for a further 383 seconds and the spacecraft separated from the rocket  above the Yellow Sea. The spacecraft then used its own propulsion system to place it into a 211\u00a0km by 345\u00a0km (131 by 214 statute miles) orbit, with an inclination of 42.4 degrees, about 21 minutes after launch. At 01:39 UTC Chen Bingde, the Chief Commander of the Chinese space program, announced the launch was successful. The crew ate their first meal in space at 03:11 UTC.\n\nBefore the flight, the launch time had been the object of speculation by the Chinese media. For several months before the planned launch its time was only given as mid-October, or even late-September. Then on September 23 it was reported by the Hong Kong-based news agency China News Service that the launch was tentatively scheduled for 03:00 UTC on October 13. This launch time was confirmed two weeks later by Jiang Jingshan, a member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. But then on October 10 an official from the technical department of the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center said the launch was then scheduled for 01:00 UTC on October 12. This new launch time could have been designed to dodge the cold weather which had been forecast to hit the area. Assembly of the rocket was reported complete on September 26. On October 4, the Shenzhou 6 spacecraft was attached to the CZ-2F rocket, also known as Shenjian.\n\nUnlike the uncrewed Shenzhou flights, Shenzhou 5 and 6 were launched during daylight hours to provide greater safety in case of abort. The launch was televised live with China Central Television selling advertising for RMB\u00a52.56 million (US$316,000) for five seconds, to RMB\u00a58.56 million (US$1 million) for 30 seconds. A video camera had been added to the rocket and images of it were broadcast during the ascent and the separation of the Shenzhou spacecraft.\n\nShortly after launch, recovery crews began searching a region from the Badain Jaran Desert in Inner Mongolia to Shaanxi for the launch escape tower, booster rockets, first stage and payload fairing. Of particular interest was the \"black box\" of the rocket, which contained telemetry that may not have been downlinked during the launch phase. It was found 45 minutes after launch somewhere near Otog Banner. It was first sighted by a herdswoman, Lian Hua, about 1.5\u00a0km from her home. Other wreckage from the launch was found and destroyed at its impact location or brought back to Jiuquan.\n\nGeneral Secretary and President Hu Jintao was present at the Beijing Aerospace Control Center to watch the launch. Premier Wen Jiabao was present at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.\n\nFive days in orbit \n\nThe first of several orbit changing maneuvers happened as planned at 07:54:45, with a 63-second burn to circularize the orbit. Based on United States Space Command orbital elements, it was in a 332 by 336\u00a0km (206 by 209 statute miles) orbit. After about an hour and a half, the hatch between the re-entry and orbital modules was opened and, for the first time, crew were able to enter the second living compartment of the Shenzhou spacecraft. F\u00e8i J\u00f9nl\u00f3ng was the first to enter, while Ni\u00e8 H\u01ceish\u00e8ng remained in the reentry module. They would swap positions about three hours later.\n\nAt 13:32 UTC, Ni\u00e8 and F\u00e8i had a seven-minute conversation with their wives and children who were in Mission Control. Ni\u00e8's daughter sang \"Happy Birthday to You\", as his birthday is October 13.\n\nThe activities of the crew were not fully revealed by the Chinese. Only vague references to experiments were made, though some were made public. One experiment involved the crew testing the reaction of the spacecraft to movement within the orbital and reentry modules. They moved between the modules, opening and closing the hatches and operating equipment with \"more strength\" than normally required.\n\nA second orbital maneuver occurred at 21:56 on October 13. It raised the orbit that had been lowered due to atmospheric drag, and lasted 6.5 seconds.\n\nOn October 15, Ni\u00e8 and F\u00e8i had a two-minute conversation with General Secretary and President Hu Jintao, beginning at 08:29. During the conversation, Hu told them \"The motherland and people are proud of you. I hope you will successfully complete your task by carrying out the mission calmly and carefully and have a triumphant return\".\n\nRe-entry and landing \n\nThe re-entry process began at 19:44 on October 16 when the orbital module separated as planned from the rest of the spacecraft. Unlike with the Soyuz spacecraft, this is done before the re-entry burn, allowing the orbital module to stay in orbit for extended months-long missions or to act as a docking target for later flights. The orbital module fired its engines twice on October 19 to give it a circular orbit with a height of .\n\nOne minute after this separation, the engines on the service module ignited over the coast of West Africa to slow the spacecraft. At 20:07, the re-entry module separated and five minutes later the re-entry proper began, as the Shenzhou capsule entered the top of the atmosphere, over China. The communications blackout that occurs during re-entry started at 20:16 and two minutes later radio communication was regained with the spacecraft. The main parachute opened and the capsule began to slowly descend to a landing on the Inner Mongolia northern grasslands at 4:33\u00a0a.m. local time (20:33 UTC). The capsule landed approximately 1\u00a0km (about 1000 yards) from its planned target.\n\nAbout half an hour after landing, the recovery forces had the hatch of the spacecraft open and first F\u00e8i, and then Ni\u00e8 emerged. Hou Ying, chief designer of the landing site system, said the recovery was improved over that of Shenzhou 5. After medical check-ups and a light meal the astronauts were put on a special plane bound for Beijing, where they were placed into medical isolation for the following two weeks. At 21:46, Chen Bingde had declared the entire mission to be a success.\n\nThe capsule was returned to Beijing by train and handed over to China Research Institute of Space Technology at Changping railway station.\n\nThe orbital module continued to orbit the Earth, gathering more information from experiments on board. The module also gave Chinese mission controllers experience at long-duration spaceflights. After 2,920 orbits of the Earth, its active mission ended on April 15, 2006. It is still in orbit, and will reenter when its orbit sufficiently decays.\n\nThere were two planned landing sites for the mission. The primary site was the banner of Siziwang in Inner Mongolia. The secondary site was at the Jiuquan launch site. In addition, there were recovery forces at Yinchuan, Yulin and Handan. It is also possible for the Shenzhou spacecraft to splashdown in the ocean should the need arise, with further recovery crews in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean.\n\nSome Chinese diplomats are trained and equipped for any emergency landing at sites that are not on Chinese territory. Zhang Shuting, chief designer of the emergency and rescue system, has said that emergency landing sites have been identified in Australia, Southwest Asia, North Africa, Western Europe, the United States and South America. The diplomatic mission nearest to the landing site will be given the task to head any rescue mission if necessary. The Chinese government had advised Australia that emergency landing sites have been identified in New South Wales, Queensland, the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Emergency Management Australia, the Australian government agency that co-ordinates the response to major contingencies, has said they are ready to deal with any emergencies that arise during spaceflights. However, the return module is designed to allow access from the outside only to those with a special key. A copy of this key has not been made available to Australian officials, but it was reported that an unnamed Chinese military attach\u00e9 at the Chinese embassy in Canberra had one.\n\nProject management \nAs with previous Shenzhou series, Chinese military is heavily involved, and in official Chinese documents, project managers are referred as project commanders instead:\n General project manager / commander: Chen Bingde\n 1st vice general project manager / commander: Lieutenant General Hu Shixiang (\u80e1\u4e16\u7965), vice director-general of General Armaments Department\n Vice general project manager / commander: Zhang Qingwei\n Vice general project manager / commander: Jiang Mianheng\n Vice general project manager / commander: Sun Laiyan\n General engineer: Wang Yongzhi\n Vice general engineer: Zhou Jianping (\u5468\u5efa\u5e73), who was born in Wangcheng County, 1957. He obtained his M.S .from Dalian University of Technology, his Ph.D from National University of Defense Technology, where he became a professor. From 1993 thru 1995, he studies in the United States. He would later become the general engineer for Shenzhou 7.\n Director of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center: Major General Zhang Yulin (\u5f20\u80b2\u6797)\n Vice director of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center: Major General Cui Jijun (\u5d14\u5409\u4fca)\n General engineer of ground support at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center: Wang Jingan (\u738b\u91d1\u5b89)\n\nUpgrades \nThe Chinese space officials have said that the Long March 2F rocket featured a \"fire security system\" on the escape tower. Speculation on what this means ranges from better fail-safes to stop accidental firings, to the addition of a fire extinguisher. The Wen Wei Po newspaper have reported that the rocket appeared the same as that used for Shenzhou 5 except that a \"transition segment\" was visible at the top of the Shenzhou 6 stack, attached to one end of the orbital module.\n\nChina Aerospace Science and Technology, the major manufacturer of both the Shenzhou spacecraft and the Long March rocket have said that although the flight featured a second astronaut and was much longer than Shenzhou 5, the rocket and spacecraft did not weigh much more due to optimisation of its systems. Only 200\u00a0kg (about 440\u00a0lb) more was needed for the second astronaut. Among the amenities on board for the crew was hot food, sleeping bags and essential sanitary equipment. The sleeping bag was hooked to a wall of the orbital module and the crew had alternating sleep periods. The shock absorbers in the crew seats were redesigned so as to provide more safety to the crew in case the braking rockets fail to fire just before touchdown. The flight telemetry recorder on the spacecraft had its memory increased to about 1 gigabyte, and the read/write speed was now 10 times as fast as the computers carried on previous flights. It was also about half the size of that carried on Shenzhou 5. Overall, 95% of the Shenzhou 6 space capsule is indigenously designed/produced in China, the highest rate in comparison to the previous ones.\n\nThe menu included pineapple-filled mooncakes, green vegetables, braised bamboo shoots, rice, and bean congee. In total there was 40\u00a0kg (about 88\u00a0lb) of food on board. A somewhat strange aspect of the mission reported in the Chinese press was the fixation on the purity of drinking water for the astronauts, where it was claimed that their water reportedly comes from a mine  underground and was disinfected with an electrolytic silver solution. It has thus been said by the press that they are drinking the \"purest water in China\".\n\nIt had been reported that, on Shenzhou 5, astronaut Yang Liwei suffered from a \"minor heartache\" after his launch. It is thought that this refers to space adaptation syndrome experienced by about one third of astronauts during the first few days of a spaceflight. The People's Daily said that the interior design of the spacecraft has been changed to hopefully lessen the likelihood of nausea and other symptoms.\n\nExperiments \nIt was announced in July 2005 that Shenzhou 6 would carry one experiment involving the sperm of pigs from Rongchang County, Chongqing. But on October 11 it was revealed by Liu Luxiang, director of the Centre for Space Breeding at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, that there were no plans for animal or plant seeds on the flight. He said the focus of Shenzhou 6 was the physical reactions of the crew to the space environment. This was seemingly contradicted a year and a half after the flight when sweet potatoes started being sold for Valentine's Day that had been grown from seeds reportedly taken on the flight.\n\nMorris Jones who writes for SpaceDaily.com has speculated that the lack of any other announced experiments suggested that the mission could be oriented more toward the military. The crew could have operated a large surveillance film camera, supplementing the uncrewed recoverable satellite program.\n\nTracking \n\nThere are 20 land-based tracking stations in the Chinese space telemetry network. These are supplemented by four Yuanwang-series tracking ships. The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center global map showed their positions to be:\n Yuanwang 1 in the Yellow Sea\n Yuanwang 2 about 1500\u00a0km (about 900 statute miles) southwest of French Polynesia\n Yuanwang 3 off the Namibian coast\n Yuanwang 4 off the coast of Western Australia in the Indian Ocean\n\nOnly one other land-based tracking station is outside China \u2014 at Swakopmund in Namibia.\n\nShortly after the Shenzhou 5 flight in 2003, the Pacific nation of Kiribati established diplomatic ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan), leading the People's Republic of China (PRC) to cut off diplomatic ties under its One-China policy. Following this, the PRC has dismantled a tracking station that had been built on Tarawa, the capital island of Kiribati, to track spaceflights.\n\nInternational reaction\n\nStatements from the Greater China area \n  The Central Government of the People's Republic of China \u2013 Premier Wen Jiabao reiterated China's policy for peaceful use of space and hailed the successful launch.\n  Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China \u2013 Chief Executive Donald Tsang congratulated the motherland on the successful launch.\n  The Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) \u2013 Lien Chan, honorary party chairman, said the \"great scientific achievement is worthy of joy and pride\".\n\nForeign countries and international organizations \n  \u2013 Foreign Minister Alexander Downer stated that \"Australia warmly welcomes the success of China's mission into space\".\n  \u2013 President Georgi Parvanov sent a letter to Hu Jintao congratulating the PRC on the \"remarkable achievements in peaceful exploitation of the outer space\".\n  \u2013 Ndoumba Eloungou Nestor, secretary of Cameroon's External Relations Ministry said the launch encouraged a vast number of developing countries.\n  \u2013 President Jacques Chirac congratulated the successful return of the spacecraft.\n  \u2013 Chief Cabinet Secretary Hiroyuki Hosoda hoped the crew would have a safe return and said development in China of crewed spacecraft was not a \"military threat\".\n  \u2013 Nikolai Moiseyev, deputy head of the Russian Federal Space Agency said \"another power has joined the space club\" and that Russia looked \"forward to further cooperation with them in all areas\".\n  \u2013 President S.R. Nathan sent a congratulatory letter to President Hu Jintao saying it was a proud moment for all Chinese.\n  \u2013 Minister of State for Information Nsaba Buturo said the launch will stop the domination of outer space by a few countries in the world.\n  United Nations \u2013 A spokesperson for United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, said that Annan extended his \"warm congratulations...on the safe and successful completion of its second mission into space\".\n  \u2013 Deputy State Department spokesman Adam Ereli congratulated China on the launch of its second crewed spacecraft, and applauded its success as only the third nation with this capability.\n  NASA \u2013 Administrator Michael Griffin congratulated China on its launch and wished them a safe journey. In his remarks, he noted \"China, once again, has demonstrated that it is among the elite number of countries capable of human space flight. We wish them well on their mission, and we look forward to the safe return of their astronauts.\"\n  European Space Agency \u2013 European astronaut Frank De Winne wished the crew a smooth journey. He commented on the fact that Europe had yet to create its own independent crewed spacecraft.\n\nSee also \n\n Chinese space program\n Tiangong program\n Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center\n Long March 2F Rocket\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Xinhua News Agency coverage\n Dragon Space \u2013 China's civilian, military and manned space programs\n Shenzhou 6 \u2013 China's Second Manned Space Mission\n Spacefacts data about Shenzhou 6\n Shenzhou 6 training photographs. From Xinmin Evening News (in Chinese)\n \"Getting ready for space flight tomorrow\u2014\"Heroic astronaut team\" makes preparations for manned spaceflight\", PLA Daily. Accessed July 24, 2005\n \"Satellite Spots China\u2019s Manned Rocket\", Space.com article about IKONOS satellite image of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center\n\nShenzhou 06\nShenzhou 06\nCategory:Spacecraft launched in 2005\nCategory:2005 in China\nCategory:Spacecraft which reentered in 2005"}
-{"text": "Anaconda Peak\n\nAnaconda Peak () is located in the Livingston Range, Glacier National Park in the U.S. state of Montana. Anaconda Peak lies to the southeast of the eastern reaches of Logging Lake.\n\nSee also\n List of mountains and mountain ranges of Glacier National Park (U.S.)\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Livingston Range\nCategory:Mountains of Flathead County, Montana\nCategory:Mountains of Glacier National Park (U.S.)\nCategory:Mountains of Montana"}
-{"text": "Criorhina nigriventris\n\nCriorhina nigriventris is a species of syrphid fly in the family Syrphidae.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Eristalinae\nCategory:Articles created by Qbugbot\nCategory:Insects described in 1911"}
-{"text": "Needmore, Pennsylvania\n\nNeedmore is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 170. Needmore was created on April 27, 1954.\n\nGeography\nNeedmore is in south-central Fulton County, at the intersection of U.S. Route 522 (Great Cove Road) and Route 655 (Thompson Road) in Belfast Township. US 522 leads south  to Interstate 70 at Warfordsburg and northeast  to McConnellsburg, the Fulton County seat. PA 655 leads south  to the Maryland border (the Mason\u2013Dixon line). Hancock, Maryland, is  south via PA 655 and  south via US 522.\n\nThe community is in the valley of Tonoloway Creek, a south-flowing tributary of the Potomac River. The north end of Tonoloway Ridge rises just south of Needmore.\n\nGeology\nThe Devonian geologic formation called the Needmore Formation is named after the town of Needmore.\n\nIn popular culture\nA fictionalized version of Needmore appeared in the Season 1 finale (\"Hiatus\") of the NBC comedy program 30 Rock.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Census-designated places in Fulton County, Pennsylvania\nCategory:Census-designated places in Pennsylvania"}
-{"text": "Xerez Cromlech\n\nThe Xerez Cromlech (), also known as the Xarez Cromlech, is a megalithic complex that is believed to date back to the 4th or 5th millennia BCE. It is situated near the town of Monsaraz in the \u00c9vora district of the Alentejo region of Portugal, close to the Spanish border. The present site of the cromlech is not its original location. Due to the construction of the Alqueva Dam for  hydroelectric purposes, which led to the flooding of the original site from 2002, it was transferred from an area that is now under water to its present site close to the Orada Convent. This was the only monument to be moved, with the dam leading to the disappearance of prehistoric engravings and the Roman Castelo da Lousa.\n \nAlthough it has much in common with megalithic stone circles, the Xerez cromlech is, in fact, square. There has been some dispute about the authenticity of the square layout or even whether it is a cromlech at all. When first discovered, the stones had been widely dispersed due to agricultural work and an initial topographical survey only identified 12 stones that could be part of a cromlech, although the present layout has 55. As the original site is now under water it is unlikely that the dispute will ever be resolved. It is acknowledged that the square shape results solely from interpretations by Jos\u00e9 Pires Gon\u00e7alves, a doctor and an amateur archaeologist from Reguengos de Monsaraz, previously responsible for identifying the nearby Menhir of Outeiro, who identified the stones as a cromlech in 1969, having been alerted to the existence of the central phallic stone by two local residents, Jos\u00e9 Cruz e Leonel Franco.\n \nThe 55 menhirs are of different types of granite of local origin. These are mainly between 0.37 and 2.10 meters in height, with varying shapes (ovoid, slightly flattened, cylindrical, sub-square, conical or polyhedral). Originally raised and put into position by Gon\u00e7alves and others in 1972, they are arranged around a large phallic menhir, which is about 4.50 meters high and weighs 7 tons. Seven menhirs, including the central one, are decorated with different motifs that show strong similarities to the designs identified in other monuments of the same type in the region, such as the better-known Almendres Cromlech.\n\nIn 1998, as part of the efforts to minimize the impact on Portugal\u2019s heritage resulting from the construction of the dam, M\u00e1rio Varela Gomes of the New University of Lisbon (Universidade NOVA de Lisboa) excavated the site, identifying a diverse set of highly fragmented items, including lithic artefacts (trapezoids and flakes in silica, silicon shale, quartz and quartzite), and some fragments of ceramic containers, such as decorated cups. At the time, Gomes apparently saw no reason to contradict the findings of Gon\u00e7alves. The architectural complexity of the site, the decorations on some of the menhirs and the archaeological materials collected suggested use of the area in the Late Paleolithic, a first phase of construction of the site in the early and middle Neolithic, and redesign in the late Neolithic (including placement of the central menhir). The complex is believed to have been used throughout the Chalcolithic.\n\nIn November 2001, three months after the dam's floodgates were closed, the whole complex was dismantled and the stones were stored for more than two years. The present location was chosen because of the availability of government land and the fact that there would also be room to build a planned archaeology museum, which remained unbuilt in 2019. The reconstruction of the cromlech was carried out on 24-25 June 2004 to coincide with the summer solstice.\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:National monuments in Portugal\nCategory:Megalithic monuments in Portugal\nCategory:Prehistoric sites in Portugal\nCategory:Buildings and structures in \u00c9vora\nCategory:Stone Age Europe\nCategory:Prehistoric art\nCategory:Tourist attractions in \u00c9vora District\n\nExternal site\n Video of the Cromlech"}
-{"text": "Madison, IN \u00b5SA\n\nREDIRECT Jefferson County, Indiana"}
-{"text": "F. A. Whitney Carriage Company\n\nThe F. A. Whitney Carriage Company in Leominster, Massachusetts is named after Francis Austin Whitney, who founded the company in 1858 with his cousin Francis Wolfe Whitney. They were the first manufacturers of baby carriages in America.\n\nSources \nBlair, Cynthia, 1848: Baby Carriage Invented, retrieved 2007-08-14\nMonoosnoc Brook Greenway Project, retrieved 2007-08-14\nF. A. Whitney Carriage Company, retrieved 2007-08-14\nCarriage Spring patent # 157,952, retrieved 2007-08-14\nCarriages made of wicker didn't stand the test of time, San Diego Union-Tribune, May 1, 2005, retrieved 2007-08-14\n\nCategory:Companies established in 1858\nCategory:1858 establishments in Massachusetts"}
-{"text": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n\nIn many countries, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the government department responsible for the state's diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral relations affairs as well as for providing support for a country's citizens who are abroad. The entity is usually headed by a foreign minister (the title may vary, such as secretary of state who has the same functions).\n\nLists of current ministries of foreign affairs\n\nNamed \"Ministry\" \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)\n Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (Albania)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Algeria)\n Ministry of External Affairs (Andorra)\n Ministry of External Relations (Angola)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship (Argentina)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Austria)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahamas)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bahrain)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bangladesh)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and International Business (Barbados)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belarus)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Belize)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and African Integration (Benin)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bhutan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bolivia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bosnia and Herzegovina)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Botswana)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brunei)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Bulgaria)\n Ministry of External Relations and International Cooperation (Burundi)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Cambodia)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cameroon)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Central African Republic)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Chile)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Colombia)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Republic of the Congo)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ivory Coast)\n Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (Croatia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Cuba)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)\nMinistry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (East Timor)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Equatorial Guinea)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Eritrea)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Estonia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ethiopia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Fiji)\n Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Finland)\n Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia\nMinistry for Foreign Affairs (Ghana)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Greece)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Guatemala)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Guyana)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Haiti)\n Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Iceland)\n Ministry of External Affairs (India)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iraq)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade (Jamaica)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Jordan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kenya)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kosovo)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kuwait)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kyrgyzstan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Laos)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Latvia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants (Lebanon)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Relations (Lesotho)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Lithuania)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Macedonia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Maldives)\n Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Malta)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mauritania)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Moldova\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Mongolia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Morocco)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and African Integration (Niger)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Oman)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Peru)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Portugal)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Qatar)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saint Kitts and Nevis)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Communities (S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Seychelles)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Slovakia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Slovenia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somalia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Somaliland)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (South Sudan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation (Spain)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sri Lanka)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Sudan)\n Ministry for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates (Syria)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tajikistan) \n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Co-operation (Tanzania)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)\n Minister of Foreign Affairs (Transnistria)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Tunisia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkmenistan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uganda)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (United Arab Emirates)\n Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Uzbekistan)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yemen)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zambia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Zimbabwe)\n\nNamed \"Department\" \n Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)\n Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Ireland)\n Department of External Relations (Monaco)\n Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)\n Department of International Relations and Cooperation (South Africa)\n Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (Switzerland)\n United States Department of State\n\nOther names \n Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs (Belgium)\n Global Affairs Canada\n European External Action Service (European Union)\n Federal Foreign Office (Germany)\n Secretariat of State (Holy See)\n Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Honduras)\n Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region\n Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region\n Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (Mexico)\n Foreign and Commonwealth Office (United Kingdom)\n\nHistorical\n\nNamed \"Ministry\" \n Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary\n Ministry of External Affairs and Defence (Ceylon)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czechoslovakia)\n Foreign Ministry of the Independent State of Croatia\n Ministry for Foreign Affairs (East Germany)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)\n Prussian Ministry of the Interior\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Imperial Russia)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)\n Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Yugoslavia)\n\n \nForeign Affairs"}
-{"text": "Dorsey B. Hardeman\n\nDorsey Brodie Hardeman (December 11, 1902 \u2013 August 11, 1992) was a Democratic politician, attorney, businessman, farmer, and rancher from San Angelo, Texas.\n\nBackground \nDorsey Hardeman was born in Henderson in Chester County, Tennessee, the son of Church of Christ Minister (Christianity)|minister N. B. Hardeman and Joanna Hardeman. He first studied at Freed-Hardeman College, co-founded by his father, but then attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida and procured his LLB from Vanderbilt University Law School in Nashville, Tennessee. Dorsey Hardeman was a descendant of William P. Hardeman and Bailey Hardeman, two of the signers in Washington County in 1836 of the Texas Declaration of Independence.\n\nMove to Texas and political involvement \nIn 1932, Hardeman came to West Texas to practice law in San Angelo, the seat of Tom Green County. In 1936, he was elected mayor of San Angelo, a position that he held until 1938, when he was elected to the Texas House of Representatives from District 91 and served two two-year terms before he enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps, the forerunner of the Air Force. Sent to officers training school, he became a judge advocate general.\n \nAfter his military service, Hardeman was elected in 1946 to the Texas State Senate from District 25, which then included Brewster, Coke, Coleman, Crane, Crockett, Edwards, Glasscock, Irion, Jeff Davis, Pecos, Presidio, Reagan, Runnels, Schleicher, Sterling, Sutton, Terrell, Tom Green, Upton, and Val Verde counties. Hardeman served in the upper legislative chamber for twenty-two years. He was unseated in the 1968 Democratic primary in Senate District 25 by W. E. \"Pete\" Snelson, a businessman from Midland, who held the seat until 1983.\n\nHardeman became a powerful, well-known senator because of his knowledge of the lengthy and intricate Texas Constitution, implemented in 1876 and still in use. Through his chairmanship of the Senate State Affairs Committee, Hardeman became a master of legislative procedures. He worked to revise the code of criminal procedure. He pushed for completion of Angelo State University, a four-year state-supported institution in San Angelo. He supported the construction of the Stacy Dam and Reservoir (now the S. W. Freese Dam and the O. H. Ivie Reservoir) on the Upper Colorado River of Texas. \n \nIn 1969, Governor Preston E. Smith named Hardeman executive director of the Texas Water Commission, a position which he retained for two years. From 1971 to 1982, he was a commissioner of the agency.\n\nPrivate and business life \nA successful businessman, Hardeman owned the historic San Angelus Hotel in San Angelo and held both ranching and farming interests in Texas and Colorado. He also owned a title company. He was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, knighted by the Sons of the Republic of Texas in the Order of San Jacinto, a member of Sons of Confederate Veterans, Military Order of the Stars and Bars, the Baronial Order of Magna Charta, The Huguenot Society of America, and the Knights of Malta. He was an honorary member in the Greek order of St. Denis of Zante. Hardeman was a lifetime member of the Texas State Historical Association. He was also affiliated with the American Legion and the State Bar of Texas and additionally the bar associations of Travis and Tom Green counties.\n \nDorsey Hardeman was married to the former Geneva Moore (born 1918) of Brownwood, Texas. He died in Austin at the age of eighty-nine and is interred there at the Texas State Cemetery.\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:1902 births\nCategory:1992 deaths\nCategory:Businesspeople from Texas\nCategory:Alumni of Freed\u2013Hardeman University\nCategory:People from Henderson, Tennessee\nCategory:People from San Angelo, Texas\nCategory:Mayors of places in Texas\nCategory:Members of the Texas House of Representatives\nCategory:Texas state senators\nCategory:Texas Democrats\nCategory:Burials at Texas State Cemetery\nCategory:American members of the Churches of Christ\nCategory:20th-century American businesspeople\nCategory:20th-century American politicians"}
-{"text": "Kalima (band)\n\nKalima was a Manchester-based Factory Records band who were active from 1980 to 1991 and in 2001 after a reformation, playing in a funk, Latin and jazz style.\n\nHistory\nThe band originally formed as the Swamp Children in 1980, with a lineup of Ceri Evans (keyboards and bass), John Kirkham (guitar, formerly of Pink Military),  Martin Moscrop (drums), Ann Quigley (vocals), Tony Quigley (sax and bass) and Cliff Saffer (sax). As the Swamp Children, the band released the 12\" singles \"Little Voices\" on Factory in October 1981 and \"Taste What's Rhythm\" (September 1982) and the album So Hot (October 1982, also released by Factory UK) on Factory Benelux. The album was rated 5 stars in the Virgin Books publication Rock Yearbook 1983 and received a strongly positive review in Melody Maker. The track \"Flesh\" also appeared on the Cr\u00e9puscule compilation The Fruit of the Original Sin.\n\nThe band changed its name to Kalima in 1983, named after a track by Elvin Jones on his 1978 album Remembrance. That year, the band added Chris Manis (percussion), Andy Connell (piano, keyboards) and Jeremy Kerr (bass, vibes). This meant the band contained all members of A Certain Ratio except Donald Johnson. Tony Quigley also joined A Certain Ratio at the beginning of 1985. Kalima released their first recording, \"Fly Away/The Smiling Hour\", in January 1984 on Factory. The EP Four Songs followed in October 1985 and the album Night Time Shadows in May 1986.\n\nHaving such a large band and sharing most members with A Certain Ratio led to problems coordinating with that band's schedule and US tour. Andy Connell also achieved chart success with Swing Out Sister, in which he ended up leaving both bands after Kalima released the single \"Whispered Words\" in May 1986. Evans, Kerr and Moscrop soon followed.\n\nThe new Kalima released the single \"Weird Feelings\" in May 1987 with new bassist Martin Hennin. Hennin and Saffer soon left. The band then added Warren Sharples (bass), David Higgins (drums), Andy Boothman (percussion), Matthew Taylor (horns) and Bernard Moss (horns). This lineup recorded the album Kalima! at the end of 1987, released mid-1988. The band moved to London to become part of the acid jazz scene and released the collection, Flyaway in 1989 and recorded their third album, Feeling Fine, at the end of 1989. Feeling Fine was finally released in August 1990 and did not sell well (in the liner notes of the Palatine compilation, Tony Wilson says \"Never got the credit. Blame the company.\") and the band then became inactive.\n\nAnn Quigley, Tony Quigley and John Kirkham reformed the band as a trio in 2001 and recorded the album In Spirit, released on their own Kin label.\n\nAll Swamp Children and Kalima recordings except the last album were reissued by LTM Recordings in 2004 and 2005.\n\nDiscography\n\nSwamp Children\n\nAlbum\n So Hot (LP, Factory Benelux FBN-21, October 1982; LP, Factory FACT-70, October 1982)\n \"Samba Zippy (Part One)\" (0:53) / \"El Figaro\" (4:20) / \"Tender Game\" (5:34) / \"Magic\" (4:05) / \"Sunny Weather\" (4:13) // \"Samba Zippy (Part Two)\" (4:34) / \"No Sunshine\" (4:20) / \"Spark the Flame\" (6:15) / \"Secret Whispers\" (5:05)\n Factory Benelux and Factory releases in different sleeves\n 2004 reissue (CD, LTM LTMCD-2364, 2004) extra tracks: \"Taste What's Rhythm\" (6:00) / \"You've Got Me Beat\" (4:53) / \"Softly Saying Goodbye\" (4:09) / \"Call Me Honey\" (4:52) / \"Boy\" (4:23) / \"Little Voices\" (7:18)\n\nSingles\n \"Little Voices\" (7:10) // \"Call Me Honey\" (4:52) / \"Boy\" (4:21) (12\", Factory FAC-49, October 1981)\n \"Taste What's Rhythm\" (6:00) // \"You've Got Me Beat\" (4:55) / \"Softly Saying Goodbye\" (4:08) (12\", Factory Benelux FBN-16, September 1982)\n\nCompilation appearance\n \"Flesh\" (5:50) on The Fruit of the Original Sin (2\u00d7LP, Cr\u00e9puscule TWI-035, November 1981)\n\nKalima\n\nAlbums\n Night Time Shadows (LP, Factory FACT-155, May 1986)\n \"Mystic Rhymes\" (5:19) / \"After Hours\" (4:09) / \"Green Dolphin Street\" (3:09) / \"Black Water\" (6:36) / \"In Time\" (1:03) // \"Father Pants\" (7:45) / \"Start the Melody\" (4:25) / \"Token Freaky\" (3:36) / \"Love Suspended in Time\" (4:13)\n Night Time Shadows + Singles (CD, LTM LTMCD-2379, 2004)\n extra tracks: \"The Smiling Hour\" (4:36) / \"Fly Away\" (5:39) / \"Trickery\" (4:27) / \"Land of Dreams\" (6:48) / \"Sparkle\" (3:44) / \"So Sad\" (5:15)\n Kalima! (LP, Factory FACT-206, May 1988)\n \"That Twinkle (In Your Eye)\" (4:46) / \"Casabel\" (3:18) / \"Sad and Blue\" (4:22) / \"Over the Waves\" (3:36) / \"Now You're Mine\" (3:28) // \"The Strangest Thing\" (4:40) / \"Special Way\" (3:55) / \"Autumn Leaves\" (5:01) / \"Julan\" (5:02)\n 2004 reissue (CD, LTM LTMCD-2407, 2005) extra tracks: \"Weird Feelings\" (3:36) / \"The Dance\" (5:30) / \"Rainforest\" (5:00) / \"Whispered Words\" (4:36) / \"Sugar and Spice\" (5:04) / \"In Time (Version)\" (1:50) \t\n Feeling Fine (LP, Factory FACT-249, August 1990)\n \"Shine\" (5:58) / \"A Thousand Signs\" (5:23) / \"Take It Easy\" (4:05) / \"Interstella\" (5:03) // \"All the Way Through\" (6:03) / \"Big Fat City\" (5:17) / \"The Groovy One\" (4:48) / \"Azure\" (1:51) / \"Unreal\" (4:20)\n Feeling Fine + Singles (CD, LTM LTMCD-2449, 2005)\n extra tracks: \"Shine (Vibrazonic Dub Mix)\" (8:59) / \"Shine (Concr\u00e8t Mix)\" (7:12)\n In Spirit (CD, Kin KIN-001, 2001)\n \"Remember\" (5:50) / \"Send Me\" (4:49) / \"A Thousand Sighs\" (5:24) / \"Smitten\" (6:16) / \"Unreal\" (4:25) / \"Ready\" (7:19) / \"Vroom\" (5:40) / \"Laurie's Song\" (4:08) / \"Vroom Down\" (0:43) / \"Firefly\" (4:36) / \"Shine (Concrete Mix)\" (7:11)\n\nSingles and EPs\n \"The Smiling Hour\" (4:20) / \"Fly Away\" (5:13) (12\", Factory FAC-87, January 1984)\n Four Songs (12\", Factory FAC-127, October 1985)\n \"Trickery\" (4:21) / \"Land of Dreams\" (6:47) // \"Sparkle\" (3:39) / \"So Sad\" (4:13)\n \"Whispered Words\" (4:37) // \"Sugar and Spice\" (5:07) / \"In Time\" (1:54) (12\", Factory FAC-147, May 1986)\n \"Weird Feelings\" (3:34) / \"The Dance\" (5:28) (12\", Factory FAC-187, May 1987)\n \"Shine (Vibrazonic Dub Mix)\" (8:59) / \"Shine (Concr\u00e8t Mix)\" (7:12) (12\", Factory FAC-269, July 1990)\n\nCompilation\n Flyaway (CD, Factory FACD-219, 1989)\n\"Samba Zippy\" (4:34) / \"Tender Games\" (5:34) / \"Smiling Hour\" (4:20) / \"Flyaway\" (5:13) / \"Trickery\" (4:21) / \"Land of Dreams\" (6:47) / \"Sparkle\" (3:39) / \"Whispered Words\" (4:37) / \"Sugar and Spice\" (5:07) / \"Mystic Rhymes\" (5:19) / \"After Hours\" (4:09) / \"Start the Melody\" (4:25) / \"Token Freaky\" (3:36) / \"Love Suspended\" (4:13) / \"Weird Feelings\" (3:34) / \"The Dance\" (5:28)\n first two tracks by the Swamp Children\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:English jazz ensembles\nCategory:English funk musical groups\nCategory:Musical groups from Manchester\nCategory:Musical groups established in 1980\nCategory:Factory Records artists\nCategory:Factory Benelux artists"}
-{"text": "Arkansas Highway 24\n\nArkansas Highway 24 is the designation of two separate state highways in southwest and south central Arkansas. The two sections were formerly connected, but a middle segment of  between Lockesburg and Prescott was redesignated as U.S. Route 371 (US 371) in 1994.\n\nSection 1\nArkansas Highway 24 is a state highway of  in Sevier County. It runs from Oklahoma east to US 71 in Lockesburg.\n\nRoute description\nThe route begins at the Oklahoma state line as CR E2100 in McCurtain County, Oklahoma and runs east to Horatio. AR 24 has a short concurrency with AR 41 in Horatio, but continues east alone. The route is the southern terminus of AR 329 (a former alignment of US 71) before terminating at US 71 in Lockesburg.\n\nMajor intersections\n\nSection 2\nArkansas Highway 24 is a state highway of  in Nevada and Ouachita Counties.\n\nRoute description\nThe route begins at U.S. Route 371 in Prescott and runs east through the Prairie D'Ane Battlefield. The route intersects a few minor routes near Bluff City and near White Oak Lake State Park before entering Ouachita County. The route also meets AR 368, which leads to the Poison Springs Wildlife Management Area. AR 24 meets AR 57 in Chidester and AR 76, which runs to Poison Springs Battleground State Park near Bragg Lake. The route continues east past the Richmond-Tufts House and Harvey's Grocery and Texaco Station and terminates at US 278 in Camden. AR 24 has  in Nevada County and  in Ouachita County. The route runs through mostly forested areas.\n\nA two-mile (3.2\u00a0km) segment segment of Highway\u00a024 in Ouachita County was awarded a Perpetual Pavement Award by the Asphalt Pavement Alliance in 2017, awarded on the basis of longevity and structural design. Opened in 1972, the roadway was first resurfaced in 2014.\n\nMajor intersections\n\nSee also\n\n List of state highways in Arkansas\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n024\nCategory:Transportation in Sevier County, Arkansas\nCategory:Transportation in Nevada County, Arkansas\nCategory:Transportation in Ouachita County, Arkansas"}
-{"text": "Kurt Kostecki\n\nKurt Kostecki (born 4 July 1998) is an Australian racing driver currently competing in the Dunlop Super2 Series in the No. 55 Holden VF Commodore for Kostecki Brothers Racing. He is also co-driving in the Pirtek Enduro Cup alongside Bryce Fullwood in the No. 2 Holden ZB Commodore for Walkinshaw Andretti United.\n\nBiography\n\nAustralia\n\nSuper2 Series\nIn December 2014, Kostecki became one of the youngest people to drive a V8 Supercar when, at the age of 16, he debuted in the Dunlop Series support race for the Sydney 500 for MW Motorsport. Failing to finish his first race and finishing 19th in the second, he was picked up by RSport. His season lasted four rounds, but with a best result of 14th he stepped down from the drive to focus on school studies and was replaced with privateer Phil Woodbury. The Kostecki family purchased two Gen2 Holden VF Commodore chassis from Triple Eight Race Engineering (who Kurt worked for as a third mechanic), running Kurt and brother Jake from 2016 onwards. His fortunes improved with six top 10 finishes (including two 4th placings) and 16th in the championship.\nHe finished eighth in the 2017 Super2 Series and is also competing full time in the 2018 Super2 Series. \nIn 2019 he switched to Triple Eight Race Engineering finishing second in the championship.\n\nSupercars Championship\nIn 2016, Kostecki was also gifted the unusual opportunity to drive for Charlie Schwerkolt Racing at the Townsville and Ipswich rounds of the championship following extensive damage to the teams' original chassis and injury to driver Lee Holdsworth, seeing as he could provide the team a spare chassis. At Townsville he finished 25th in Race One and DNFed in Race Two, and in Ipswich he finished 23rd in Race One and 21st in Race Two.\n\nFor 2018, he is entered as a wildcard at round 9 at Queensland Raceway and round 11 The Bend SuperSprint driving a Holden VF Commodore.\n\nUnited States\nKostecki was initially slated to run the second half of the 2014 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East alongside his cousin Brodie Kostecki, however this plan did not come to fruition.\n\nCareer Results\n\nCareer summary\n\nComplete Super2 Series results\n(key) (Round results only)\n\nSupercars Championship results\n(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)\n\nComplete Bathurst 12 Hour results\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Profile at Driver DataBase\n Profile at Racing Reference\n News, pictures & video's at Motorsport.com\n\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:1998 births\nCategory:Australian racing drivers"}
-{"text": "Chondroitin ABC lyase\n\nChondroitin ABC lyase ( , chondroitinase, chondroitin ABC eliminase, chondroitinase ABC) is an enzyme with systematic name chondroitin ABC lyase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction\n\n Eliminative degradation of polysaccharides containing 1,4-beta-D-hexosaminyl and 1,3-beta-D-glucuronosyl or 1,3-alpha-L-iduronosyl linkages to disaccharides containing 4-deoxy-beta-D-gluc-4-enuronosyl groups\n\nThis enzyme acts on chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and dermatan sulfate.\n\nUses \n\nFollowing a spinal cord injury, this enzyme can be used to erode scar tissue that can interfere with regeneration.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \n\nCategory:EC 4.2.2\nCategory:Regenerative biomedicine"}
-{"text": "Tisch\n\nTisch may refer to:\n\nTisch School of the Arts at New York University\nJonathan M. Tisch College of Citizenship and Public Service at Tufts University\nTisch Library, the main library of Tufts University\nTisch, a novel by Stephen Dixon\n\nPeople\nTisch family of American businesspeople\nAndrew Tisch, son of Laurence Tisch; co-chair of Loews Corporation\nJames S. Tisch (born 1953), son of Laurence Tisch; CEO of Loews Corporation\nJamie Tisch, wife of Steve Tisch\nJoan Tisch, widow of Preston Robert Tisch\nJonathan Tisch (born 1953), son of Preston Robert Tisch; chairman and CEO of Loews Hotels\nMerryl Tisch, Chancellor of the New York State Board of Regents\nLaurence Tisch (1923\u20132003), brother of Preston Robert Tisch; part owner of Loews Corporation\nPreston Robert Tisch (1926\u20132005), brother of Laurence Tisch; part owner of Loews Corporation\nSteve Tisch (born 1949), son of Preston Robert Tisch; chairman of the New York Giants NFL football team\nDavid Tisch (born 1981), grandson of Laurence Tisch; part owner of Loews Corporation\n\nOthers\nCharles Tisch (1829-1895), American politician\nWilliam F. Tisch (1838-1877). American politician\nHarry Tisch (1927\u20131995), German trade-union leader\nCl\u00e4re Tisch (1907-1941), also known as Kl\u00e4re Tisch and Klara Tisch, German economist\nLindsay Tisch (born 1947), New Zealand politician\nChristoph Tisch (born 1986), also known as Chris Tisch, German fashion and graphic designer; Founder of Epandor\n\nSee also\nTish (disambiguation)"}
-{"text": "Junkerberg Formation\n\nThe Junkerberg Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.\n\nSee also\n\n List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany\n\nReferences\n \n\nCategory:Geologic formations of Germany\nCategory:Devonian System of Europe\nCategory:Devonian Germany\nCategory:Devonian southern paleotemperate deposits"}
-{"text": "Melrose/Cedar Park station\n\nMelrose/Cedar Park is an MBTA Commuter Rail station located in downtown Melrose, Massachusetts. The station has two low-level platforms serving the two tracks of the Haverhill Line; it is not accessible.\n\nHistory\n\nThe Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) opened its line from Wilmington Junction to Boston on July 1, 1845. A station opened at Emerson Street in North Malden then or soon thereafter. The village was then sparsely populated; the station building also served as the post office and sometimes a churchroom. In 1850, the new development around the railroad prompted North Malden to split from Malden to form the town of Melrose. The station was quickly renamed Melrose as well.\n\nHistorically the primary station in Melrose, it has always been supplemented by nearby Wyoming Hill station and Melrose Highlands station. The original station was on the east side of the tracks; it was replaced by a newer station on the west side and converted for use as a freight house. Neither station building is extant, though sections of the platform roofs remain as shelters. \n\nThe MBTA, formed in 1964 to subsidize suburban commuter rail service, began funding Reading Line service on January 18, 1965. As with the other two MBTA rail stations in Melrose, it would have become a station on the Orange Line extension north to Reading, had that project not been cancelled due to lack of funding. Around 1978, the MBTA modified the names of several stations for clarity, with Melrose station becoming Melrose\u2013Cedar Park.\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMBTA - Melrose Cedar Park\nStation from Emerson Street from Google Maps Street View\n\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Melrose, Massachusetts\nCategory:MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts\nCategory:Railway stations in the United States opened in 1845"}
-{"text": "Stardust Memories\n\nStardust Memories is a 1980 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring himself, Charlotte Rampling, Jessica Harper, Marie-Christine Barrault and  Sharon Stone in her film debut. The film is about a filmmaker who recalls his life and his loves - the inspirations for his films - while attending a retrospective of his work. The film is shot in black and white and is reminiscent of Federico Fellini's 8\u00bd (1963), which it parodies.\n\nStardust Memories was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Comedy written directly for screen, but was not warmly received by critics on its original release, and is not among the most renowned works in Allen's filmography. The film has nonetheless been re-evaluated to some extent, with modern reception more often positive than negative. Allen, who denies that the work is autobiographical and has expressed regret that audiences interpreted it as such, even considers it to be one of his finest, alongside The Purple Rose of Cairo and Match Point.\n\nPlot\nThe film follows famous filmmaker Sandy Bates, who is plagued by fans who prefer his \"earlier, funnier movies\" to his more recent artistic efforts, while he tries to reconcile his conflicting attraction to two very different women: the earnest intellectual Daisy and the more maternal Isobel. Meanwhile, he is also haunted by memories of his ex-girlfriend, the unstable Dorrie.\n\nCast\n\nThemes\nAllen has asserted that Stardust Memories is not an autobiographical work. \"[Critics] thought that the lead character was me,\" the director is quoted as saying in Woody Allen on Woody Allen. \"Not a fictional character but me, and that I was expressing hostility towards my audience. That was in no way the point of the film. It was about a character who is obviously having a sort of nervous breakdown and, in spite of success, has come to a point in his life where he is having a bad time.\"\n\nThe conflict between the maternal, nurturing woman and the earnest, usually younger one, is a recurring theme in Allen's films. Like many of Allen's films, Stardust Memories incorporates several jazz recordings including those by such notables as Louis Armstrong, Django Reinhardt, and Chick Webb. The film's title alludes to the famous take of \"Stardust\" recorded in 1931 by Armstrong, wherein the trumpeter sings \"oh, memory\" three times in succession. However, it is the master take that plays in the movie during the sequence where Sandy is remembering the best moment of his life: looking at Dorrie while listening to Armstrong's recording of the song.\n\nThe film deals with issues regarding religion, God, and philosophy; especially existentialism, psychology, symbolism, wars and politics.  It is also about realism, relationships, and death.  It refers to many questions about the meaning of life. It also ruminates on the role that luck plays in life, a theme Allen would revisit in Match Point.\n\nProduction\nFilming locations include:\n Asbury Park, New Jersey, USA\n Belmar, New Jersey, USA\n Deal, New Jersey, USA\n Hoboken, New Jersey, USA\n Neptune City, New Jersey, USA\n Ocean Grove, New Jersey, USA\n\nFrom the sleevenotes of MGM's 2000 DVD release: \"Shot on location in the fall of 1979, Stardust Memories may look as though it takes place in a Victorian-style seaside hotel, but it was actually shot at the Ocean Grove Great Auditorium and the Methodist Episcopal Conference Center and Concert Hall in New Jersey. Most of the interiors, including the bedroom scenes, were shot in a vacant Sears Roebuck building, but the crew also recreated a vintage train at Filmways Studio in Harlem. To reproduce the movement of a rail car, the whole train was mounted on jacks and gently jostled back and forth.\"\n\nReception\nIn Diane Jacobs' But We Need the Eggs: The Magic of Woody Allen, the director is quoted as saying: \"shortly after Stardust Memories opened, John Lennon was shot by the very guy who had asked him for his autograph earlier in the day... This is what happens with celebrities: one day people love you; the next day they want to kill you.\"\n\nAggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports a 68% approval of Stardust Memories, with an average rating of 6.7/10 from 28 reviews. Janet Maslin wrote the work \"is [Allen's] most provocative film thus far and perhaps his most revealing\" and certainly \"the one that will inspire the most heated debate\". Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and called it \"a disappointment. It needs some larger idea, some sort of organizing force, to pull together all these scenes of bitching and moaning, and make them lead somewhere.\" Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and suggested that Allen \"seems to have run out of creative gas. The film doesn't have much of a premise.\" Gary Arnold of The Washington Post wrote that the film \"has no dramatic shape or resonance, and the incidental laughs are few and far between.\" Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times was positive, calling the film \"both extremely funny and extremely affecting ... Allen's growth as an actor and as a filmmaker in confident command of his medium is one of the several remarkable readouts from this film.\" Pauline Kael of The New Yorker wrote, \"In 'Stardust Memories' we get more of the same thoughts over and over\u2014it's like watching a loop. The material is fractured and the scenes are very short, but there was not a single one that I was sorry to see end. 'Stardust Memories' doesn't seem like a movie, or even like a filmed essay; it's nothing.\"\n\nIn a joint article, The Daily Telegraph film critics Robbie Collin and Tim Robey listed it as Allen's 10th greatest film and wrote; \"slammed at the time, it's a retrospective knock-out, thanks to its ambitious structure, vinegary gags and the searing monochrome photography, courtesy of Gordon Willis\". Sam Fragoso of IndieWire also ranked it among Allen's best works, lauding it as \"an extraordinarily realized portrait of artistic stagnation\". The film was listed 16th among Allen's efforts in a poll of Time Out contributors, with editor Joshua Rothkopf praising it as \"a piece of self-referential hilarity in its own right.\"\n\nIn October 2013, Stardust Memories was voted by the Guardian readers as the eighth best film directed by Woody Allen.\n\nBox office\nStardust Memories opened in North America on September 26, 1980 to an onslaught of bad reviews. At 29 theatres, it grossed $326,779 ($11,268 per screen) in its opening weekend. The film failed to attract more than Allen's loyal fanbase in the long run, and it grossed  $10,389,003 by the end of its run. The film's budget was $10 million.\n\nSoundtrack\n \"Hebrew School Rag\" (Dick Hyman) by Dick Hyman\n \"Just One of Those Things\" (Cole Porter) by Dick Hyman\n \"You'd Be So Easy to Love\" (Cole Porter) by Dick Hyman\n \"Tropical Mood Meringue\" (Sidney Bechet) by Sidney Bechet\n \"I'll See You in My Dreams\" (Isham Jones and Gus Kahn) by Django Reinhardt\n \"Tickletoe\" (Lester Young) by Lester Young with Count Basie and His Orchestra\n \"Three Little Words\" (Harry Ruby, Bert Kalmar) by The Jazz Heaven Orchestra\n \"Brazil\" (Ary Barroso, S.K. Russell) by Marie Lane\n \"Palesteena\" (J. Russel Robinson and Con Conrad) by The Original Dixieland Jazz Band\n \"Body and Soul\" (Edward Heyman, Robert Sour, Johnny Green, and Frank Eyton) by Django Reinhardt\n \"Night on Bald Mountain\" (Modest Mussorgsky) by Vienna State Opera Orchestra\n \"If Dreams Come True\" (Irving Mills, Edgar M. Sampson, and Benny Goodman) by Chick Webb\n \"Just One of Those Things\" (Cole Porter) by Dick Hyman\n \"You'd Be So Easy to Love\" (Cole Porter) by Dick Hyman\n \"One O'Clock Jump\" (Count Basie) by The Jazz Heaven Orchestra\n \"Sugar\" (Maceo Pinkard and Sidney D. Mitchell)\n \"Sweet Georgia Brown\" (Ben Bernie, Kenneth Casey and Maceo Pinkard)\n \"Moonlight Serenade\" (Glenn Miller) by Glenn Miller\n \"Stardust\" (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish) by Louis Armstrong\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:1980 films\nCategory:1980s comedy-drama films\nCategory:American comedy-drama films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films about film directors and producers\nCategory:Films about filmmaking\nCategory:Films directed by Woody Allen\nCategory:Films shot in New Jersey\nCategory:Films with screenplays by Woody Allen\nCategory:United Artists films\nCategory:Films produced by Robert Greenhut"}
-{"text": "David Balfour\n\nDavid Balfour may refer to:\n David Balfour (1574\u20131634), Scottish-Danish shipbuilder, director of Bremerholm\n David Balfour, the main character and narrator in the books Kidnapped and Catriona by Robert Louis Stevenson\n David Balfour, an alternative title to the above-mentioned novel Catriona\nDavid A. Balfour (1889\u20131956), Canadian politician\nDavid A. Balfour Park named after the same politician\n David Paton Balfour (1841\u20131894), New Zealand sheepfarmer, station manager, roading supervisor and diarist\n\nSee also\nBalfour (surname)\n\nBalfour, David"}
-{"text": "Z\u00e1mrsky\n\nZ\u00e1mrsky is a village and municipality (obec) in P\u0159erov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic.\n\nThe municipality covers an area of , and has a population of 198 (as at 3\u00a0July 2006).\n\nZ\u00e1mrsky lies approximately  east of P\u0159erov,  east of Olomouc, and  east of Prague.\n\nReferences\nOlomouc Regional Statistical Office: Municipalities of P\u0159erov District\n\nCategory:Villages in P\u0159erov District"}
-{"text": "M-88\u2013Intermediate River Bridge\n\nThe M-88\u2013Intermediate River Bridge is a bridge located on M-88 over the Intermediate River in Bellaire, Michigan.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is a noteworthy product of Depression-era relief work.\n\nHistory\nIn 1893, a steel truss bridge was constructed to carry Bellaire's main north-south street over the Intermediate River. By 1931, with the tourism boom in northern Michigan, the bridge needed replacement. The Michigan State Highway Department drafted plans, and in late 1931 awarded Jackson contractor L. W. Lamb a $21,419 contract for the concrete construction. The Fort Pitt Bridge Works of Massillon, Ohio provided the structural steel.  Work on the bridge began in late 1931, with many workers provided by the County Relief Committee.  The bridge opened for traffic in June 1932.  The original balusters have at some points been replaced with replicas.\n\nDescription\nThe M-88\u2013Intermediate River Bridge is  long and  wide, with a roadway width of  and sidewalks lining both edges.  It has concrete balustrade railings with square balusters and posts, and an ornamental railing on one wing wall to protect pedestrians from the steep drop. A bridge plate gives the construction date of 1931.\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nPhotos from HistoricBridges.org\n\nCategory:Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Michigan\nCategory:Bridges completed in 1930\nCategory:Buildings and structures in Antrim County, Michigan\nCategory:National Register of Historic Places in Antrim County, Michigan\nCategory:Road bridges in Michigan\nCategory:Steel bridges in the United States"}
-{"text": "ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction\n\nZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction may refer to:\n\n ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction (comics), 2008 comic book series by Kevin Grevioux\n ZMD: Zombies of Mass Destruction (film), 2010 zombie comedy film by Kevin Hamedani"}
-{"text": "Julian Borchardt\n\nJulian Borchardt (1868\u20131932) was a socialist activist and participant in the Zimmerwald Left.\n\nBorchardt was born in Bromberg, Prussia in 1868. He became a socialist journalist and writer, serving as editor on Social Democrat newspapers from 1901 to 1906. He was appointed as a lecturer to the SPD central education committee in 1907 and entered the Prussian diet in 1911. In 1913 he relinquished these posts and started editing Lichtstrahlen, which provided a platform for German and international left anti-war-opposition and texts of the nascent Communist movement towards the end of the First World War and after. However he never joined the Communist party. He also wrote on historical and economic subjects including a widely translated digest of Karl Marx's Das Kapital.\n\nHe was a member of the Association of Proletarian-Revolutionary Authors.\n\nFrom 1927 until his death in Berlin, 1932, he was working on a history of Germany which was never completed. His manuscript of this is in the International Institute of Social History.\n\nTexts\n Preface to The People\u2019s Marx, 1919\n ''The Essence of Marx\u2019s Theory of Crises'', 1919\n Di yesoydes\u0300 fun der poli\u1e6disher e\u1e33onomye: loy\u1e6d'n \u1e32api\u1e6dal fun \u1e32arl Mar\u1e33s, 1925 in Yiddish\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:German anti\u2013World War I activists\nCategory:Members of the Prussian House of Representatives\nCategory:1868 births\nCategory:1932 deaths"}
-{"text": "EPUB\n\nEPUB is an e-book file format that uses the \".epub\" file extension. The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub. EPUB is supported by many e-readers, and compatible software is available for most smartphones, tablets, and computers. EPUB is a technical standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). It became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard.\n\nThe Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. The EPUB format is implemented as an archive file consisting of HTML files carrying the content, along with images and other supporting files. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based (as opposed to PDF) e-book format; that is, it is supported by almost all hardware readers, except for Kindle.\n\nHistory \nA successor to the Open eBook Publication Structure, EPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) approved in September 2010.\n\nThe EPUB 3.0 specification became effective in October 2011, superseded by a minor maintenance update (3.0.1) in June 2014. New major features include support for precise layout or specialized formatting (Fixed Layout Documents), such as for comic books, and MathML support. The current version of EPUB is 3.1, effective January 5, 2017. The (text of) format specification underwent reorganization and clean-up; format supports remotely-hosted resources and new font formats (WOFF 2.0 and SFNT) and uses more pure HTML and CSS.\n\nIn May 2016 IDPF Members approved World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) merger,  \"to fully align the publishing industry and core Web technology\".\n\nVersion 2.0.1\nEPUB 2.0 was approved in October 2007, with a maintenance update (2.0.1) intended to clarify and correct errata in the specifications being approved in September 2010. EPUB version 2.0.1 consists of three specifications:\n Open Publication Structure (OPS) 2.0.1, contains the formatting of its content.\n Open Packaging Format (OPF) 2.0.1, describes the structure of the .epub file in XML.\n Open Container Format (OCF) 2.0.1, collects all files as a ZIP archive.\n\nEPUB internally uses XHTML or DTBook (an XML standard provided by the DAISY Consortium) to represent the text and structure of the content document, and a subset of CSS to provide layout and formatting. XML is used to create the document manifest, table of contents, and EPUB metadata. Finally, the files are bundled in a zip file as a packaging format.\n\nOpen Publication Structure 2.0.1\nAn EPUB file uses XHTML 1.1 (or DTBook) to construct the content of a book as of version 2.0.1. This is different from previous versions (OEBPS 1.2 and earlier), which used a subset of XHTML. There are, however, a few restrictions on certain elements. The mimetype for XHTML documents in EPUB is application/xhtml+xml.\n\nStyling and layout are performed using a subset of CSS 2.0, referred to as OPS Style Sheets. This specialized syntax requires that reading systems support for only a portion of CSS properties and adds a few custom properties. Custom properties include oeb-page-head, oeb-page-foot, and oeb-column-number. Font-embedding can be accomplished using the @font-face property, as well as including the font file in the OPF's manifest (see below). The mimetype for CSS documents in EPUB is text/css.\n\nEPUB also requires that PNG, JPEG, GIF, and SVG images be supported using the mimetypes image/png, image/jpeg, image/gif, image/svg+xml. Other media types are allowed, but creators must include alternative renditions using supported types. For a table of all required mimetypes, see Section 1.3.7 of the specification.\n\nUnicode is required, and content producers must use either UTF-8 or UTF-16 encoding. This is to support international and multilingual books. However, reading systems are not required to provide the fonts necessary to display every unicode character, though they are required to display at least a placeholder for characters that cannot be displayed fully.\n\nAn example skeleton of an XHTML file for EPUB looks like this:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd\">\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n  <head>\n    <meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"application/xhtml+xml; charset=utf-8\" />\n    <title>Pride and Prejudice</title>\n    <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"css/main.css\" type=\"text/css\" />\n  </head>\n  <body>\n    ...\n  </body>\n</html>\n\nOpen Packaging Format 2.0.1\nThe OPF specification's purpose is to \"...[define] the mechanism by which the various components of an OPS publication are tied together and provides additional structure and semantics to the electronic publication.\" This is accomplished by two XML files with the extensions .opf and .ncx.\n\n.opf file\n\nThe OPF file, traditionally named content.opf, houses the EPUB book's metadata, file manifest, and linear reading order. This file has a root element package and four child elements: metadata, manifest, spine,  and guide. Furthermore, the package node must have the unique-identifier attribute. The .opf file's mimetype is application/oebps-package+xml.\n\nThe metadata element contains all the metadata information for a particular EPUB file. Three metadata tags are required (though many more are available): title, language, and identifier. title contains the title of the book, language contains the language of the book's contents in RFC 3066 format or its successors, such as the newer RFC 4646 and identifier contains a unique identifier for the book, such as its ISBN or a URL. The identifier's id attribute should equal the unique-identifier attribute from the package element.\n\nThe manifest element lists all the files contained in the package. Each file is represented by an item element, and has the attributes id, href, media-type. All XHTML (content documents), stylesheets, images or other media, embedded fonts, and the NCX file should be listed here. Only the .opf file itself, the container.xml, and the mimetype files should not be included. Note that in the example below, an arbitrary media-type is given to the included font file, even though no mimetype exists for fonts.\n\nThe spine element lists all the XHTML content documents in their linear reading order. Also, any content document that can be reached through linking or the table of contents must be listed as well. The toc attribute of spine must contain the id of the NCX file listed in the manifest. Each itemref element's idref is set to the id of its respective content document.\n\nThe guide element is an optional element for the purpose of identifying fundamental structural components of the book. Each reference element has the attributes type, title, href. Files referenced in href must be listed in the manifest, and are allowed to have an element identifier (e.g. #figures in the example).\n\nAn example OPF file:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n<package version=\"2.0\" xmlns=\"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf\" unique-identifier=\"BookId\">\n\n  <metadata xmlns:dc=\"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/\" xmlns:opf=\"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf\">\n    <dc:title>Pride and Prejudice</dc:title>\n    <dc:language>en</dc:language>\n    <dc:identifier id=\"BookId\" opf:scheme=\"ISBN\">123456789X</dc:identifier>\n    <dc:creator opf:file-as=\"Austen, Jane\" opf:role=\"aut\">Jane Austen</dc:creator>\n  </metadata>\n\n  <manifest>\n    <item id=\"chapter1\" href=\"chapter1.xhtml\" media-type=\"application/xhtml+xml\"/>\n    <item id=\"appendix\" href=\"appendix.xhtml\" media-type=\"application/xhtml+xml\"/>\n    <item id=\"stylesheet\" href=\"style.css\" media-type=\"text/css\"/>\n    <item id=\"ch1-pic\" href=\"ch1-pic.png\" media-type=\"image/png\"/>\n    <item id=\"myfont\" href=\"css/myfont.otf\" media-type=\"application/x-font-opentype\"/>\n    <item id=\"ncx\" href=\"toc.ncx\" media-type=\"application/x-dtbncx+xml\"/>\n  </manifest>\n\n  <spine toc=\"ncx\">\n    <itemref idref=\"chapter1\" />\n    <itemref idref=\"appendix\" />\n  </spine>\n\n  <guide>\n    <reference type=\"loi\" title=\"List Of Illustrations\" href=\"appendix.xhtml#figures\" />\n  </guide>\n\n</package>\n\n.ncx file\n\nThe NCX file (Navigation Control file for XML), traditionally named toc.ncx, contains the hierarchical table of contents for the EPUB file. The specification for NCX was developed for Digital Talking Book (DTB), is maintained by the DAISY Consortium, and is not a part of the EPUB specification. The NCX file has a mimetype of application/x-dtbncx+xml.\n\nOf note here is that the values for the docTitle, docAuthor, and meta name=\"dtb:uid\" elements should match their analogs in the OPF file. Also, the meta name=\"dtb:depth\" element is set equal to the depth of the navMap element. navPoint elements can be nested to create a hierarchical table of contents. navLabel's content is the text that appears in the table of contents generated by reading systems that use the .ncx. navPoint's content element points to a content document listed in the manifest and can also include an element identifier (e.g. #section1).\n\nA description of certain exceptions to the NCX specification as used in EPUB is in Section 2.4.1 of the specification. The complete specification for NCX can be found in Section 8 of the Specifications for the Digital Talking Book.\n\nAn example .ncx file:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE ncx PUBLIC \"-//NISO//DTD ncx 2005-1//EN\"\n\"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx-2005-1.dtd\">\n\n<ncx version=\"2005-1\" xml:lang=\"en\" xmlns=\"http://www.daisy.org/z3986/2005/ncx/\">\n\n  <head>\n<!-- The following four metadata items are required for all NCX documents,\nincluding those that conform to the relaxed constraints of OPS 2.0 -->\n\n    <meta name=\"dtb:uid\" content=\"123456789X\"/> <!-- same as in .opf -->\n    <meta name=\"dtb:depth\" content=\"1\"/> <!-- 1 or higher -->\n    <meta name=\"dtb:totalPageCount\" content=\"0\"/> <!-- must be 0 -->\n    <meta name=\"dtb:maxPageNumber\" content=\"0\"/> <!-- must be 0 -->\n  </head>\n\n  <docTitle>\n    <text>Pride and Prejudice</text>\n  </docTitle>\n\n  <docAuthor>\n    <text>Austen, Jane</text>\n  </docAuthor>\n\n  <navMap>\n    <navPoint class=\"chapter\" id=\"chapter1\" playOrder=\"1\">\n      <navLabel><text>Chapter 1</text></navLabel>\n      <content src=\"chapter1.xhtml\"/>\n    </navPoint>\n  </navMap>\n\n</ncx>\n\nOpen Container Format 2.0.1\nAn EPUB file is a group of files that conform to the OPS/OPF standards and are wrapped in a ZIP file. The OCF specifies how to organize these files in the ZIP, and defines two additional files that must be included.\n\nThe mimetype file must be a text document in ASCII that contains the string application/epub+zip. It must also be uncompressed, unencrypted, and the first file in the ZIP archive. This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.\n\nAlso, there must be a folder named META-INF, which contains the required file container.xml. This XML file points to the file defining the contents of the book. This is the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed.\n\nApart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS.\n\nAn example file structure:\n--ZIP Container--\nmimetype\nMETA-INF/\n  container.xml\nOEBPS/\n  content.opf\n  chapter1.xhtml\n  ch1-pic.png\n  css/\n    style.css\n    myfont.otf\n\nAn example container.xml, given the above file structure:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?>\n<container version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container\">\n  <rootfiles>\n    <rootfile full-path=\"OEBPS/content.opf\" media-type=\"application/oebps-package+xml\"/>\n  </rootfiles>\n</container>\n\nVersion 3.0.1\nThe EPUB 3.0 Recommended Specification was approved on 11 October 2011.  On June 26, 2014 EPUB 3.0.1 was approved as a minor maintenance update to EPUB 3.0.  EPUB 3.0 supersedes the previous release 2.0.1.\n\nEPUB 3 consists of a set of four specifications:\n EPUB Publications 3.0, which defines publication-level semantics and overarching conformance requirements for EPUB Publications\n EPUB Content Documents 3.0, which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG and CSS for use in the context of EPUB Publications\n EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0, which defines a file format and processing model for encapsulating a set of related resources into a single-file (ZIP) EPUB Container.\n EPUB Media Overlays 3.0, which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audio\n\nThe EPUB 3.0 format was intended to address the following criticisms:\n While good for text-centric books, EPUB was rather unsuitable for publications that require precise layout or specialized formatting, such as comic books.\n A major issue hindering the use of EPUB for most technical publications was the lack of support for equations formatted as MathML. They were included as bitmap or SVG images, precluding proper handling by screen readers and interaction with computer algebra systems. Support for MathML is included in the EPUB 3.0 specification.\n Other criticisms of EPUB were the specification's lack of detail on linking within or between EPUB books, and its lack of a specification for annotation. Such linking is hindered by the use of a ZIP file as the container for EPUB. Furthermore, it was unclear if it would be better to link by using EPUB's internal structural markup (the OPF specification mentioned above) or directly to files through the ZIP's file structure. The lack of a standardized way to annotate EPUB books led to difficulty in sharing and transferring annotations and therefore limited the use scenarios of EPUB, particularly in educational settings, because it cannot provide a level of interactivity comparable to the web.\n\nOn June 26, 2014, the IDPF published EPUB 3.0.1 as a final Recommended Specification.\n\nIn November 2014, EPUB 3.0 was published by the International Standards Organization as ISO/IEC TS 30135 (parts 1-7).\n\nFeatures\nThe format and many readers support the following:\n Reflowable document: optimize text for a particular display\n Fixed-layout content: pre-paginated content can be useful for certain kinds of highly designed content, such as illustrated books intended only for larger screens, such as tablets.\n Like an HTML web site, the format supports inline raster and vector images, metadata, and CSS styling.\n Page  bookmarking\n Passage highlighting and notes\n A library that stores books and can be searched\n Re-sizable fonts, and changeable text and background colors\n Support for a subset of MathML\n Digital rights management\u2014can contain digital rights management (DRM) as an optional layer\n\nDigital rights management\nAn EPUB file can optionally contain DRM as an additional layer, but it is not required by the specifications. In addition, the specification does not name any particular DRM system to use, so publishers can choose a DRM scheme to their liking. However, future versions of EPUB (specifically OCF) may specify a format for DRM.\n\nThe EPUB specification does not enforce or suggest a particular DRM scheme. This could affect the level of support for various DRM systems on devices and the portability of purchased e-books.  Consequently, such DRM incompatibility may segment the EPUB format along the lines of DRM systems, undermining the advantages of a single standard format and confusing the consumer.\n\nDRMed EPUB files must contain a file called rights.xml within the META-INF directory at the root level of the ZIP container.\n\nAdoption \n\nEPUB is widely used on software readers such as Google Play Books on Android and Apple Books on iOS and macOS, but not by Amazon Kindle e-readers. iBooks also supports the proprietary iBook format, which is based on the EPUB format but depends upon code from the iBooks app to function.\n\nData interchange EPUB is a popular format for ebook creation because it can be an open format and is based on HTML, as opposed to Amazon's proprietary format for Kindle readers. Popular EPUB producers of public domain and open licensed content, include Project Gutenberg, PubMed Central, SciELO and others.\n\nImplementation\nAn EPUB file is an archive that contains, in effect, a website.  It includes HTML files, images, CSS style sheets, and other assets. It also contains metadata. EPUB 3 is the latest version. By using HTML5, publications can contain video, audio, and interactivity, just like websites in web browsers.\n\nContainer\nAn ePub publication is delivered as a single file. This file is an unencrypted zipped archive containing a set of interrelated resources.\n\nAn OCF (Open Container Format) Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common root directory for all contents in the container. All (non-remote) resources for publications are in the directory tree headed by the container's root directory, though EPUB mandates no specific file system structure for this. The file system model includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. META-INF stores container.xml.\n\nThe first file in the archive must be the mimetype file. It must be unencrypted and uncompressed so that non-ZIP utilities can read the mimetype. The mimetype file must be an ASCII file that contains the string \"application/epub+zip\". This file provides a more reliable way for applications to identify the mimetype of the file than just the .epub extension.\n\nAn example file structure:\n\n--ZIP Container--\nmimetype\nMETA-INF/\n  container.xml\nOEBPS/\n  content.opf\n  chapter1.xhtml\n  ch1-pic.png\n  css/\n    style.css\n    myfont.otf\n  toc.ncx\n\nThere must be a META-INF directory containing container.xml. This file points to the file defining the contents of the book, the OPF file, though additional alternative rootfile elements are allowed. Apart from mimetype and META-INF/container.xml, the other files (OPF, NCX, XHTML, CSS and images files) are traditionally put in a directory named OEBPS. An example container.xml:\n<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" ?>\n<container version=\"1.0\" xmlns=\"urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container\">\n  <rootfiles>\n    <rootfile full-path=\"OEBPS/content.opf\" media-type=\"application/oebps-package+xml\"/>\n  </rootfiles>\n</container>\n\nPublication\nThe ePUB container must contain:\n At least one content document.\n One navigation document.\n One package document listing all publication resources. This file should use the file extension .opf. It contains metadata, a manifest, fallback chains, bindings, and a spine. This is an ordered sequence of ID references defining the default reading order.\nThe ePUB container may contain:\n style sheets.\n PLS Documents.\n media overlay documents.\n\nContents\nContent documents include: HTML 5 content, navigation documents, SVG documents, scripted content documents, and fixed layout documents.\nContents also include CSS and PLS documents. Navigation documents supersedes the NCX grammar used in EPUB 2.\n\nMedia overlays\nBooks with synchronized audio narration are created in EPUB 3 by using media overlay documents to describe the timing for the pre-recorded audio narration and how it relates to the EPUB Content Document markup.  The file format for Media Overlays is defined as a subset of SMIL.\n\nSoftware\nMany editors exist including calibre and Sigil, both of which are open source. Another open source tool, called epubcheck, can be used for validating and detecting errors in the structural markup (OCF, OPF, OPS), image, and XHTML files.\n\nReaders exist for all major hardware platforms with the exception of Amazon Kindle, such as Adobe Digital Editions and calibre on desktop platforms, Google Play Books and Aldiko on Android and iOS, and Apple Books on macOS and iOS.\n\nReading software\nThe following software can read and display EPUB files: \n\nSee also the Wikipedia category for articles about EPUB readers.\n\nEditing software\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n ISO/IEC TS 30135-1:2014 - EPUB3 \u2014 Part 1: EPUB3 Overview\n EPUB Validator (beta)\n https://github.com/idpf/epubcheck\n\nCategory:Computer file formats\nCategory:Document-centric XML-based standards\nCategory:E-books\nCategory:Electronic paper technology\nCategory:EPUB readers\nCategory:Open formats\nCategory:World Wide Web Consortium"}
-{"text": "Hawaii College of Pharmacy\n\nThe Hawaii College of Pharmacy (HICP) was an unaccredited Pharm.D. school in Hawaii owned and operated by Pacific Educational Services. After an investigation by the State of Hawaii's department for consumer protection for not following its regulations on non-accredited schools, it was shut down and its owners prohibited from running any business in Hawaii again. It is alleged that the college did not follow requirements for disclosure on not being accredited.\n\nControversy\nA Hawaiian news report noted the school \"falsely assured students it would obtain accreditation and wrongly took over six (m) million dollars in tuition from some 240 students.\"\n\nThe Hawaii College of Pharmacy was created by David C. Monroe (aka. David Yacas) and Denise Criswell (aka Denise Nakajima).\n\nMonroe and Criswell have been banned by the state of Hawaii from doing any business there until they pay $14 million in restitution and fines to the former 240 students. Around $1.2 million has been recovered so far.\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\nReport from 2005\nKPUA News Report on Hawaii College of Pharmacy\nPacific Business News\nDepartment of Commerce & Consumer Affairs Current status of case against Hawaii College of Pharmacy\n\nCategory:Universities and colleges in Hawaii\nCategory:Unaccredited institutions of higher learning in the United States\nCategory:Pharmacy schools in Hawaii"}